formation of generalization words ("mohmil") - Center for Language ...

248Center for Research in Urdu Language ProcessingTherefore it was concluded that there wasn'ta general tendency for individuals to useeither a [v] or a [].21 subjects used other types ofgeneralizations for some of the words.Overall the five Urdu speaking test subjectstended to use [v] more, and also used [p],[t] and [t]. The Punjabi speakers tended touse [] more, and also changed vowels moreoften, as in [hati huti].The survey showed that the most commonlygeneralized words are everyday words withone or two syllables. The three syllablewords in the survey were mostly notgeneralized by the test subjects, and insome cases the syllables of the words werereduced in order to generalize them, e.g.[aludi udi].There is the possibility that with a largernumber of test subjects, the results quotedabove about words generalized by [v] and[] may change. Initially the survey wasconducted using only 20 test subjects, butthe results varied too erratically for almost allthe words, so the number of test subjectswas increased to get a more dependableresult. A second list of words may also becompiled based on these results to reach abetter conclusion.6. REFERENCESFeroz al Lughat, Urdu Jadeed. FerozsonsLahore, Rawalpindi, Karachi.Rafiq, M. Urdu Qawaid o Insha Pardazi,Hissa Awal. Ferozsons Lahore, Rawalpindi,Karachi.Rafiq, M. Urdu Qawaid o Insha Pardazi,Hissa Dom. Ferozsons Lahore, Rawalpindi,Karachi.Siddiqi, A.K. Aina Urdu Lazmi, Pilot UrduGrammar and Composition, Urdu LazmiParcha (Alif-Bay) Mukamal, baray jamatnaham, daham. Urdu Bazaar Lahore.Siddiqi, A.K; Siddiqi, A.T. Aina Urdu Lazmi,Qawaid o Insha Pardazi, baray jamathashtam, parcha bay. Urdu Bazaar Lahore.7. APPENDIX AList of words used in survey forundocumented generalization words:1. kpe clothes2. kana food3. kenti scissors4. kursia chairs5. dute shoes6. phai studies7. lai fight8. dant scold9. blli cat10. btte children11. seb apple12. tor thief13. tuha mouse14. ptae fire crackers15. msla problem16. tpkli lizard17. tot injury18. tia birds19. tar ready20. drt tree21. lmari cupboard22. ttri umbrella23. alu potato24. ur grapes25. dadu magic26. pani water27. roti bread28. hati elephant29. bhavlpr bahawalpur30. aludi pollution31. dari beggary32. mzahra demonstration33. dhtrdi terrorism34. shafi journalist35. fanstan afghanistan36. kam work37. zmbil small ba38. zndir chain39. kmbl blanket40. mhavrat41. fvara fountain42. bar rain

24943. svab8. APPENDIX BGeneralization words listed by type (wordsfrom the survey were included if they wereused by more than 3 people or if they werealso commonly observed):1. Initial phoneme replacement/insertion:bart vbart (Rafiq)klam vlam (Rafiq)lt slt (Rafiq)mel ktel (Rafiq)lta plta (Rafiq)pani vani (Rafiq)pk dk (Rafiq)dadu vadu (Rafiq)nhr vhr (Rafiq)hati vati (Rafiq)bta kta (Siddiqi)lek slek (Siddiqi)m sm (Siddiqi, Siddiqi)ol mol (Feroz al Lughat)la bla (Feroz al Lughat)nmaz maz (observed)kana vana (observed)nd mnd (observed)mti ti (observed)pse vse (observed)rona dona (observed)roz broz (observed)dn bdn (observed)tr mr (observed)alu ktalu (survey)alu ktalu (survey)tot mot (survey)pani dani (survey)tha mha (survey)khana vana (survey)knti vnti (survey)krsia vrsia (survey)phai vhai (survey)bte vte (survey)tot vot (survey)tia via (survey)dadu vadu (survey)pani vani (survey)roti voti (survey)hati vati (survey)mzahra vzahra (survey)dhtrdi vhtardi (survey)shafi vhafi (survey)bari vari (survey)lmari lmari (survey)mhavrat havrat (survey)fvara vara (survey)svab vab (survey)2. Middle phoneme replacement:ik ak (Rafiq)bi ba (Rafiq)tp tap (Rafiq)dum dam (Rafiq)3. Replacement of major part of word:bat tit (Rafiq)sda slf (Rafiq)st mt (Rafiq)but pret (Siddiqi)ka dka (Siddiqi)r bar (observed)as pus (observed)kpe lte (survey)4. Increase in syllables:tori tkari (Rafiq)dol dmka (Rafiq)ol mtol (Rafiq)lmba ta (Rafiq)dana dnka (Siddiqi)kala klota (Siddiqi)tal mtol (Siddiqi)dn bdn (observed)roz broz (observed)dant dpt (survey)alu ktalu (survey)5. No Relation:dka pel (Rafiq, Hissa Dom)kona kdra (Rafiq, Hissa Dom)dadu tuna (survey)roti tukr (survey)