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(3) Orbital expansion: Au(d) statesHigher l-quantum number states expand due to better shielding of nucleus charge fromcontracted s-statesNon-relativistic (NREL)Relativistic (REL)-e+Ze-e-e+Ze-e-eZ eff1= Z- σ(NREL) Z eff1> Z eff2-eZ eff2= Z- σ(REL)+Z eff1e +Z eff2e-e-e