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likely to fuel concern about the sustainabilityof nuclear power.Emissions trading andenergy taxationDespite the conflicts with the UK emissionstrading scheme that it will now have toresolve, the Government supports the EUwideemissions trading proposal. It alsosupports further harmonisation andfocussing of energy taxation policy to internaliseenvironmental costs and commentssuggest an acceptance that the UK’s climatechange levy should be reviewed.PartnershipsA Sustainable Energy Policy Network ofthose department units involved in deliveringthe White Paper’s commitments willbe set up – to include the DTI, DEFRA, theDepartment for Transport, the Foreign andCommonwealth Office, the Treasury, theOffice of the Deputy Prime Minister, theScottish and Welsh Offices and devolvedadministrations, OFGEM and theEnvironment Agency.“The Directive requires that consideration is given toalternative energy systems…”TransportThe White Paper adds little in relation totransport. The Government is sticking tothe principles of its recent policy paper,Powering Future Vehicles, and deferringpolicy decisions on aircraft emissions untilpublication of its Air Transport White Paper.However, a hydrogen fuel cell technologyagency, Fuel Cell UK, is to be set up andthere are indications that there may beadditional support for biofuels and hybridfuel-electric vehicles.WasteOn waste, the Government is deferring anypolicy decisions until it publishes itsresponse to the review of its Strategy Unit(formerly Policy Innovation Unit), “WasteNot Want Not”, into delivery of the WasteStrategy 2000.EU Directive on the energyperformance of buildingsBut is this Government’s strategy ahead ofor merely following thinking in Brussels? Intruth, the answer is probably that it is both,to an extent. Energy efficiency nowfeatures prominently in the Government’sthinking although it has been the subject ofCommission activity over a number of yearsand is central to the Directive on the energyperformance of buildings adopted at theend of last year and to a further directiveproposal due this Summer. Buildings, notcounting industrial buildings, are estimatedto account for approximately 40% of allenergy consumed across the EU and,directly and indirectly, a substantial proportionof greenhouse gas emissions.Consequently, improving the energyperformance of buildings can make asignificant contribution to climate changegoals. The recently published EU Directiveon the Energy Performance of Buildings willintroduce new obligations affecting newbuildings, renovations and virtually allexisting buildings. Implementation of theDirective will drive energy performancestandards upwards, particularly in the UK.Minimum standardsUnder the Directive, the Government willhave to set energy performance standardsdifferentiating between different categoriesof building type and virtually all new buildingswill have to comply with the newstandards. The Directive also requires virtuallyall existing buildings to be upgraded tomeet applicable standards, ‘in so far astechnically, functionally and economicallyfeasible’, if the useful floor area of thebuilding exceeds 1000m 2 and a ‘majorrenovation’ of the building is planned. Theobligation to upgrade existing buildingscould either require the energy performanceof the whole building to be upgradedor, in certain circumstances, simply that ofthe renovated system or component.Certain categories of building may beexcluded from the requirement to complywith these energy performance requirements,including places of worship and architecturallyor historically important buildings.Environment Law BulletinApril 20036
Alternative energy sourcesThe Directive requires that consideration isgiven to alternative energy systems, such as: renewable energy technologies (forexample, solar electric roof tiles or wallcladding); combined heat and power plant (boilersthat generate both heat and electricity); district or block heating and/or coolingschemes (a central source providingheating and/or cooling to a number ofbuilding or occupational units); and heat pumps (for example, pumpsextracting heat from the ground orresidual heat from used air or water).Where a new building is to have a usefulfloor area of more than 1000m 2 , the ‘technical,environmental and economicfeasibility’ of incorporating such alternativeenergy systems will have to be consideredand taken into account before the constructionof the building starts. Buildingscurrently in the pipeline, where constructionis not due to start until after January 2006,will have to comply with this obligation.In the England and Wales, much can bedone to implement this requirement byamendment of the Building Regulations.Some of the systems, however, will requireconsideration that falls outside the currentscope of the Building Regulations andwhich may require consideration under theplanning system. A consultation draft revisionof the planning policy guidance noteon renewable energy (PPG22) is due shortlyalthough the alternative energy systemsrequirement of the Directive may requireseparate regulations or incorporation intogeneral development orders to ensureappropriate consideration is given in alldevelopments required under the Directive.The Government promises, in its EnergyWhite Paper, to urge regional developmentbodies and local authorities to developrenewable energy and energy efficiencystrategies and targets. In sum, the alternativeenergy systems obligation could meanhaving to justify to the planning authorityany decision not to include such measuresin a building’s design and, if the feasibilityof such measures is not considered in thedecision to grant a building planningpermission, the permission itself may beopen to challenge by judicial review.Energy certificatesIn England and Wales, energy performancecertificates are already required under theBuilding Regulations in respect of newbuildings. The Directive extends the certificationconcept to the regular energycertification of virtually all new and allexisting buildings. Only limited categoriesof buildings (as mentioned above) may beexcluded from this requirement.A valid certificate of energy performancewill have to be shown to the owner by thedeveloper on construction of any newbuilding, and by the owner to any prospectivepurchaser or tenant on the construction, saleor letting of any new or existing building. Thecertificate will have to be no more than 10years old, although wary purchasers andtenants are likely to ask for certificates thatare not just technically valid but also recent.A certificate will include an assessment ofa building’s energy performance and acomparison with the performance of anequivalent new building or similar benchmark.Each certificate will also include anyrecommendations for cost-effective measuresto improve the building’s energy performance.Whilst these recommendations are notintended to be binding, they are likely to leadto a de facto obligation to implement therecommendations in at least two scenarios: where a prospective purchaser or tenantwith a strong negotiating position isable to demand that recommendedenergy performance improvements arecarried out to bring the building closerinto line with then current legal standardsor industry benchmarks; and where major renovation is undertakenof a building with a useful floor areaover 1000m 2 , it will be difficult to arguethat the upgrading requirement doesnot include recommendations on thecertificate which effectively amount toan expert assessment that the specifiedmeasures are technically, functionallyand economically feasible.As a result of mandatory energy performancedisclosure in virtually every property transaction,energy performance is likely to gain amuch higher priority than it currently enjoys.“The Directive extends the certification concept to theregular energy certification of virtually all new andall existing buildings.”All other factors being equal, prospectivepurchasers and tenants are likely to choosebuildings with good energy performance overthose with poor performance. Alternatively,faced with buildings that do not matchcurrent benchmarks and that may requireupgrading if any renovation work is undertaken,they are more likely to use poor energyperformance as a bargaining chip to negotiatepurchase prices and rents downwards. Inthe UK, in conjunction with sweeteners thatalready exist for the property industry in theform of tax incentives, capital grants and thepossibility of generating ‘credits’ to sell intothe UK emissions trading scheme, the overalleffect of the Directive should be positive.Interestingly, in its Energy White Paper,the UK Government commits to raising thebuilding energy performance requirementsof the Building Regulations 2000 during thecourse of 2005. Meanwhile, the UK isbound to implement the Directive by 4 thJanuary 2006, and for England and Walesthis will require amendment of the BuildingRegulations. Therefore, it will be interestingto see if the Government’s policy commitmentwill result in energy performancestandards being set that are comparablewith those of our northern European neighboursand whether any other measures willbe introduced that go beyond the requirementsof the Directive.Tom Bainbridge - Senior Assistant SolicitorEnvironment Law GroupCMS Cameron McKenna7Environment Law BulletinApril 2003
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Page 3 and 4: APRIL 2003ContentsArticles Renewabl
Page 5: “The Government acknowledges that
Page 9 and 10: “The time limit for full and tran
Page 11 and 12: SECTION 1Liability inenvironment la
Page 13 and 14: “…it states that the UK is stil
Page 15 and 16: efrigerants with less potent greenh
Page 17 and 18: SECTION 3Water“The proposedlegisl
Page 19 and 20: ships as it relies on shipping for
Page 21 and 22: SECTION 5Waste“A plant will only
Page 23 and 24: guidance for monitoring particulate
Page 25 and 26: sible for the pollution cannot be i
Page 27 and 28: SECTION 6Transport and labellingof
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Page 31 and 32: “The guidance is intended to help
Page 33 and 34: “Consent has been granted for bui
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Page 37 and 38: “The move could have far reaching
Page 39 and 40: “…there were 241 offshore hydro
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Page 45 and 46: HELEN HARRISONhelen.harrison@cmck.c
Page 47 and 48: environmental effects. Finally, the
Page 49 and 50: Health and safety - finesYorkshire
Page 51 and 52: conclude that there was no duty of

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