CHAPTER 6 SMALL ELEMENT PAVEMENTS - TU Delft

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It should be realised that the design graphs, shown in figure 6.16 and figure 6.17, donot take into account the frost penetration depth criterion. In the case of a frostsusceptiblesubgrade the total thickness of the pavement structure (concrete blocktoplayer + bedding sand layer + unbound base (if any) + sand sub-base) should be atleast about 0.7 m (western parts of The Netherlands) and about 1.0 m (northern andeastern parts of The Netherlands) respectively to prevent frost- and thaw-damage.6.4.5.3 Design examples:To illustrate the use of the design graphs, presented in the proceeding paragraph, intable 6.6 some design examples are given, i.e. for N=4*10 4 (lightly loaded pavement,for instance a residential street) and for N= 2.5*10 6 (heavily loaded pavement, forinstance road in industrial area). In the examples it is assumed that the total thicknessof the unbound base and the sand sub-base should be minimal (to limit theconstruction costs).Subgrade modulus E 0 (N/mm 2 ) 40Design traffic loading N 4*10 4 2.5*10 6Pavement structure S CCS CBS S 2) CCS CBS 2)Concrete paving blocks (m) 0.08 0.08 0.08 - 0.08 -Bedding layer, crushed sand (m) 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 -Base, concrete granulate (m) - 0.10 4) - 0.30 -Base, mix granulate (m) - - - - -Sand sub-base 0.90 0.40 5) - 1.10 -Subgrade modulus E 0 (N/mm 2 ) 140Design traffic loading N 4*10 4 2.5*10 6Pavement structure S CCS CBS S 3) CCS CBSConcrete paving blocks (m) 0.08 0.08 0.08 - 0.08 0.08Bedding layer, crushed sand (m) 0.05 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 0.05Base, concrete granulate (m) - 0.10 4) - - 0.13 -Base, mix granulate (m) - - 0.10 - - 0.15 4)Sand sub-base 0 0 0 0 0 01)S = sand sub-base onlyCCS = concrete granulate base and sand sub-baseCBS = mix granulate base and sand sub-base2)This pavement structure is not possible for the combination of E 0 = 40 N/mm 2 and N = 2.5*10 63)This pavement structure is not possible for the combination of E 0 = 140 N/mm 2 and N = 2.5*10 64)This base thickness is a theoretical thickness; in practice the thickness of the unbound basematerial, mostly having a grading 0/40 mm, normally is 250 or 300 mm, which results in an overdesignedpavement structure5)The sand sub-base thickness should be greater than 0.40 m tot prevent frost- and thaw-damageTable 6.6: Design examples for concrete block road pavements on a subgrade with adynamic modulus of elasticity E 0 = 40 N/mm 2 and E 0 = 140 N/mm 2respectivily.205
6.5 References:1. Houben, L.J.M.Structural Design of Pavements – Part V: Design of Small Element PavementsLecture Notes CT4860, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft,Delft - 20032. Shackel, B.Design and Construction of Interlocking Concrete Block PavementsElsevier Applied Science, London - 19903. Concrete Block Pavements (Concrete Paving Blocks) (in Dutch)Publication 44; S.C.W.; Arnhem – 1978(since 1985 S.C.W. is part of CROW, Ede)4. Comparison of construction methods for concrete block paving (in Dutch)Publication 78; CROW; Ede - 19935. Specifications for Road Construction 2000 (‘Standaard RAW Bepalingen 2000’)(in Dutch)CROW; Ede - 20006. Specifications for Concrete Paving Blocks (in Dutch)NEN 7000; Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut; Delft - 19857. Specifications for Concrete Tiles (in Dutch)NEN 7014; Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut; Delft - 19748. Recycled Granular Materials (in Dutch)Publication 12; CROW; Ede - 19889. Specifications for Concrete Edge Restraints (in Dutch)NEN 7015; Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut; Delft - 197210. Manual for Design of Concrete Block Road Pavements (in Dutch)Publication 25; CROW; Ede - 198811. Design of Concrete Block Pavements for Roads (in Dutch)Publication 42; CROW; Ede - 1991206
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CHAPTER 6 SMALL ELEMENT PAVEMENTS - TU Delft

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