A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with ...

A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretationwith Emphases inForensic Geotaphonomic and Forensic ArchaeologicalField Techniques(Eleventh Edition)compiled byMichael J. HochreinSpecial AgentFederal Bureau of InvestigationLaurel Highlands Resident Agency, Pittsburgh DivisionJohnstown, Pennsylvania

Trace and Impression Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386DNA Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Blood Stain Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Other Blood and Body Fluids Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Fecal and Coprolite Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428Hair and Feather Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Fiber and Textile Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444Foot, Shoe, and Tire Impression Evidence, including Casting . . . . . . . . . . 452Tool Mark Impression Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Other Trace Evidence Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Mass Fatality and Human Rights Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Air Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Mass Graves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491Other Mass Fatalities and General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500General and Cultural Anthropology of Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528Criminal and Cultural Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571Nonfiction Accounts of Buried Body Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598Expert Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604Related Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614Investigative, Regulatory, and Crisis Management Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . 614General Forensic Science Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Forensic Entomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622Other Helpful Sites .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623ii

AcknowledgmentsThis bibliography began eleven years ago as a several page handout for interested forensicscience students. It continues to grow because of the questions posed by students andpractitioners about various disciplines used in solving crimes. My deepest appreciation goes toforensic experts such as Frank Ciaccio, D-ABMLDI, Forensic Archaeologist Melissa A.Connor, G. Geophysicist Clark Davenport, Dennis C. Dirkmaat, Ph.D., D.-A.B.F.A., RobertHall, PhD, JD, D-ABFE, Stephen Nawrocki, Ph.D., D.-A.B.F.A, York Regional Police StaffSergeant Greg Olsen, and Steven Symes, Ph.D., A.B.F.A. developing and supporting trainingprograms for which this resource continues to be used. They continue their support and providevenues for exploring and presenting topics which address holistic approaches toward therecovery of crime scene evidence. They, as well as the members of the F.B.I. EvidenceResponse Team Unit and FBI St. Louis Division's Evidence Response Team have unselfishlysupported the multi-disciplinary training for which this bibliography was created. Now that Ihave moved to another F.B.I. Division, I have had the opportunity to work with members of thePittsburgh's FBI Evidence Response Team. Again, I am impressed with the professionalism andskill displayed by individuals volunteering their efforts toward the complete and accuratecollection of evidence from crime scenes.Each year, I receive constructive comments and recommendations for additional citations.David W. Hall, Ph.D., Tom Adair, Arapaho County Sheriff's Office, Mark Benecke, PhD,Robert Spalding, and others I apologize if I have overlooked, have contributed this year to amore complete collection of forensic resources. The advice and criticisms of my peers willalways be welcome toward helping all of us realize historical developments in forensic sciencesas well as the most recent innovations. Throughout the professional and scientific communitiesfrom which crime scene investigators draw expertise, there are those who constantly strive topush the state of arts to higher levels. For the experts and investigators who conceive then applythose interdisciplinary developments I have the greatest respect and appreciation.The printing of this document was only possible with the assistance of FBI Evidence ControlTechnician Paula Wass, and through the efforts and expertise of Herbert Irvin of the FBI PrintShop. The cd version of this bibliography was possible with the assistance of FBI St. LouisInformation Technology Assistant Anthony Meadows. And, as always, my wife and kidsreceive my love and thanks for their patience, support, and for letting me come out and play.cite as:Hochrein, Michael J.2004 A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with Emphases in Geotaphonomicand Forensic Archaeological Field Techniques. United States Department of Justice,Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Print Shop, Washington, D.C.(Cover designed by compiler)iii

IntroductionThe following bibliography consists of resources that contain information related to therecovery of evidence in outdoor contexts. In practice, archaeology and criminalistics share thegoal of systematically documenting, collecting and interpreting physical evidence for thepurpose of understanding the factors which affected the depositional history of that evidence.Archaeological method and theory can extend far beyond the recovery of buried remains. Thegoals of forensic science in general, and archaeology specifically, are similar in many ways.This is evident in their respective definitions. Archaeology may be defined as “the systematicrecovery by scientific methods of material evidence remaining from man’s life and culture inpast ages, and the detailed study of this evidence” (American Heritage Dictionary, 1978:67). Ifthe temporal references in this definition are removed it becomes interchangeable with broaderdefinitions of “forensic science”.One of the most often addressed areas in forensic science literature is that of homicidevictims. Among outdoor crime scenes, an often used means of concealment is burial. Forensicarchaeology is almost exclusively thought associated with the recovery of buried bodies. It ishoped however that this and past editions of the bibliography are used in considering all types ofevidence and the processing of crime scenes in general. Crime scene burials do not alwaysinvolve matrices of soil, just as they are not limited to concealing human remains. Several of thelisted sources may not discuss excavation techniques per se but are related in their discussions ofmortuary practices, photography, mapping procedures, geological and pedological studies,geophysical sensing applications, and environmental parameters affecting entomological,botanical and taphonomic research.When the crime scene is located outdoors the potentially vast number of extrinsic factors(such as geological, environmental, plant and animal disturbances) often leads to a sense offutility toward fully documenting and ultimately interpreting the range of factors affecting thefinal disposition of the evidence. Forensic archaeologists, unlike most crime scene experts,focus upon the collection of a plethora of evidence in order to reconstruct events of the, veryoften, distant past. Standard documentation procedures in the archaeological investigation of asite/scene include descriptions of the physical setting, climatic setting, botanical remains,entomological remains, architectural features, and specifics of the associations of all of thephysical evidence to the entire contextual setting. These details are documented via writtennotes, photographic and videographic images as well as through the production of detailed mapsof the spatial distribution of evidence relative to topographic and other features of the physicalsetting.In an attempt to bring archaeological methods out of entirely subterranean contexts,resources are included which contain information applicable to most crime scenes. For example,mapping protocols developed by archaeologists for data collection in confined spaces such asrockshelters or caves, have direct use indoors at scenes requiring precision documentation ofballistic, blood spatter, and other positional evidence. Published methodologies for collecting1

and analyzing residual blood evidence from artifacts more than 10,000 years old have been inpractice for the last twenty years. Techniques of trace evidence analyses have evolvedthroughout the formal history of archaeological science. Some of the most recent contributionscontinue to help link artifacts with their genetic or manufactured origins.The 2004 printing of this bibliography contains more than 10,000 citations. An attempthas been made to group references in one of seventeen sections organized in much the way aninvestigator might logically approach the search for, and processing of, a scene containinghuman remains. The topics continue beyond the crime scene; however, and take the investigatorto analytical, cultural, and theoretical views of cases and evidence. The section of ExpertTestimony represents the culmination of the investigator’s work in the presentation of the factsto jurists and juries. To that point, this journey from planning to presentation is reflected in thefollowing categories: Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques; Photography;Canines; Geophysical/Remote Sensing Technology and Applications; Excavation andRecovery Strategies; Geoarchaeology and Soil Science; Taphonomy; Entomology; Botanyand Related Areas; Trace and Impression Evidence; General and Cultural Anthropology ofDeath; Criminal and Cultural Behavior; General Crime Scene and Death SceneInvestigation; and Nonfiction Accounts. A section containing resources on Mass Fatalityand Human Rights Investigations was added in previous editions to reflect the increasedservice of forensic scientists as a result of international human rights atrocities, and increasedterrorism. The final section entitled Related Web Sites reflects the omnipresent nature of theInternet. And as a further reflection of that ubiquity, attempts will again be made to make thisbibliography available through URLs such ashttp://mai.mercyhurst.edu/academics/F1_program_forensic.htm . In an effort to make thebibliography more "user friendly" several sections contain subcategories. For example,references in the Taphonomy section are categorized under "Decomposition", "ThermalAlteration", "Scavenging", et cetera. References were also reviewed for redundancy in order tomake the compilation more concise. As a result categories are not mutually exclusive. Thecompiler has attempted to place articles in those sections/subcategories which seem to mostdirectly reflect the content of the article as represented by its title. There are, however, citationswhich might apply to one or more categories. For example, “Detection of Crop Diseases” byMeyer and Calpouzos (1968) has been categorized under "Botany, Phytology, and GeneralTopics" subcategory of the Botany, Palynology, Mycology, Algology, Diatomology, andLimnology section; however, it could just as easily have been included in the Photography orGeophysical/Remote Sensing Technology sections because it describes the use of aerialphotography/photogrammetry in identifying areas of botanical disease. Similarly, the article“The Dirty Dozen: The Recognition and Collection of Tool Marks in the ForensicGeotaphonomic Record”, by the compiler (1997) contains observations and discussion ofgeoarchaeology, archaeological techniques, and search logistics. It was placed in the categoryTrace and Impression Evidence because it most directly addressed the collection of tool marksas trace evidence left behind at buried crime scenes. In an effort to avoid redundancy suchcitations are only mentioned once and not cross-referenced. Therefore, readers are encouragedto explore categories outside those which might seem to contain more obvious citations.2

This bibliography is not annotated or intended as a review of the compiled citations.Many of the citations are included because they are cited in more primary resources and, bycaption or abstract, appear to offer information relative to archaeological/geotaphonomic theoryand practice. It is left to the reader to determine of what value each reference might be to theirown research, or whether the research supporting citations is sound. Many citations are ofearlier vintage. Although some of these earlier articles, especially in technical areas such asgeophysical exploration or mapping, might seem outdated, many contain information on basic,immutable, technological principles of any age. Also, the inclusion of older resources allows thereader an opportunity to examine the evolution of certain thought and techniques in particularareas.References strictly concerned with osteological, odontological, and physicalanthropological analyses of human remains, toward determinations of sex, race, age, and stature,were avoided. (The exceptions are a few field guides which represent basic aids for gross fieldidentifications.) Resources in this area are so extensive the reader is better served bybibliographies specifically addressing physical anthropology. Articles which containinformation on taphonomy, or the use of physical anthropology to determine the ante-, peri-, andpostmortem history of remains, are included. Occasional prehistoric and historic archaeologicalreports are included. They not only document excavation techniques, but are also included forthe information they provide concerning the cultural and temporal diversities of mortuarypractices. Non-fiction accounts of well known homicide investigations are referenced. Suchaccounts may not offer analytical or scientific views; however, they do present the reportedcircumstances surrounding high profile buried body investigations. These non-fiction accountsmay also offer some insight into the application, or lack, of forensic archaeology andgeotaphonomy in homicide investigations.This bibliography is by no means exhaustive. Beyond the exclusion of strict physicalanthropological, odontological, and osteological references, there are innumerablearchaeological field reports which address the sampling and excavation of interment sites. Eachday newspapers and magazines across the world include articles about the discovery of humanremains in forensic and non-forensic situations. As with all science, research in archaeologicalfield techniques, taphonomy, entomology, botany, and criminalistics are not static. As theybecome available to the writer, applicable citations will be added to this bibliography, and anysuggestions are appreciated. Images used below are derived from the compiler's photographs,those taken by photographer Richard G. Marty Jr., available from the FBI Laboratory, or fromMicrosoft clipart.Special Agent Mike HochreinFederal Bureau of InvestigationLaurel Highlands Resident AgencyP.O. Box 615Elton, Pennsylvania 15934(814) 262-9290ERTSL@hotmail.com3

Training in polar coordinate mapping in a confined space (left) and the total electronic stationReconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping TechniquesObviously, the first step toward processing a crime scene is assessing and recording its position in situ aswell as its relationship to other sites affected by subject(s) and the victim(s). This follows tenets shared byarchaeology, geotaphonomy, and general criminalistics: Crime scenes do not occur in vacuums. They entail pointsof access, egress, and are influenced by immediate and neighboring environments. Consider cases in which loneskulls are found by pedestrians. More often than not, those skulls were once attached to remains which lie nearby.By recording the environment or context from which the skull was recovered, (beyond its mere two dimensionalsituation within a small grid), its peri- and postmortem history may become more clear. The routine recording ofelevations and topographic features such as streams, flood plains, slopes, etc., near remains could provide theinvestigator, laboratory analyst, and ultimately a jury with information related to taphonomic processes affectingthose remains and explanations for their ultimate dispositions. Too often investigators take a myopic view towardcrime scenes and concentrate only on the area around the primary piece of evidence. Toward expanding thatperspective, this category contains resources which generally entail topics of search or survey techniques as well asmapping methodologies and equipment. Several of the articles also apply to logistics and preparation; however, thereader is also directed to the categories of “General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation” and"Excavation and Recovery Strategies" for more general references which contain discussions about logistics andplanning.This section is divided into the following categories:Planning and Reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 005Surveying and Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0184

Line searches and Aerial ReconnaissancePlanning and ReconnaissanceAdams, William Hampton1995 Archaeological Surveying and Testing, Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Washington. Boise State University Resources Report 1, BoiseState University, Boise, ID.Adams, William Hampton (editor)1986 Archaeological Testing of Aboriginal and Historical Sites, Kings Bay, Georgia: The 1982-1983 Field Seasons. University of Florida, Departmentof Anthropology, Reports of Investigation 4, Gainesville, FL.Adrian, W.J.1996 Wildlife Forensic Field Manual. Association of Midwest Fish and Game Law Enforcement Officers.Aldenderfer, Mark S, and Carolyn A. Hale-Pierce1984 The Small-Scale Archaeological Survey Revisited. American Archaeology, 4(1):4-5.Aldenderfer, Mark S., and Frank J. Schieppati1984 To Be or Not to Be: The Small Scale Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Research. American Archeology, 4(1):49-53.Ammerman, Albert J.1981 Surveys and Archaeological Research. Annual Review of Anthropology, 10:63-88.Anderson, J.E.1962 The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.Anonymous1978 Role of an Anthropologist in Law Enforcement. Human Organization, 37(1):89-94.n.d.Eliminating an Unnecessary Risk. Missouri Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Land Survey, Rolla, Missouri.Aspinwall, A.1968 Induced Polarization as a Technique for Archaeological Surveying. Propezioni Archeologiche, 3: 91-93.Bailey, Geoff and Gwyn Thomas1987 The Use of Percussion Drilling to Obtain Core Samples from Rock Shelter Deposits. Antiquity, 61: 433-439.Baldwin, Hayden B.n.d. The Recovery of Human Remains: A Crime Scene Perspective. Illinois State Police. (e-mail hbaldwin@compuserve.com.Ball, Bruce F., and Peter T. Bobrowsky1987 Cost Effectiveness and Time Management Evaluation of Intensive Recovery Techniques. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 11:75-98.Ballou, Susan M.1995 Moves of Murder, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(4): 675-680.5

Bank, P. and P. Dahlstrom1974 Collins Guide to Animal Tracks and Signs. Collins, London, England.Bass, William M., and Hugh E. Berryman1990 Forensic Fire Scenes: Check them Carefully. Tennessee Forensic Headliner, 1990:9.Batchelor, James2000 Solving the Osteological Conundrum of Buried Human Remains: What Can Your Local Archaeologist Offer?http://www.soton.ac.uk/~jb3/forearc2.htmlBellairs, A. A. and C.R. Jenkin1960 The Skeleton of Birds. in Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, A.J. Marshall editor, Academic Press, New York, NY. pp.241-300.Bennett, Kenneth A.1987 A Field Guide for Human Skeletal Identification. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.1993 A Field Guide for Human Skeletal Identification. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.Berryman, Hugh E., and Phillip R. Michael1998 Forensic Applications of Man Tracking: Adaptation of Ancient Visual Tracking Skills to Modern Crime Scene Investigation and LawEnforcement Training. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA., p. 112.Bigbee, Paul D.1999 Collecting and Handling Evidence Infected with Human Disease-Causing Organisms. Law Enforcement Bulletin, as duplicated In ManagingDeath Investigation, United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D.C. pp.101-105.Bourque, B.J., K. Morris, and A. Spiess1978 Determining Season of Death of Mammal Teeth from Archeological Sites: A New Sectioning Technique. Science, 149:530-531.Bowron, S.F.M., and R.J. Ruprecht1981 Fixed Wing Aircraft in Support of Police Operations: An Introductory Report of the Work of the Hampshire Constabulary Air Support Unit.Police Research Bulletin, 37:38-45.Brainerd, G.W.1939 An Illustrated Field Key for the Identification of Mammals Bones. Ohio State Archaeology and History Quarterly, 48: 4-328.Broadhurst, A.V.1963 Self Contained Breathing Apparatus for Police Work. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 4(1):3-6.Brooks, S.T.1975 Human or Not? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 20(1):149-153.Brown, C.L., and C.E. Gustafson1979 A Key to Postcranial Skeletal Remains of Cattle/Bison, Elk, and Horse. Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington University Reports ofInvestigations 57.Brown, Tom Jr., and Brandt Morgan1983 Tom Brown’s Field Guide to Nature Observation and Tracking, Berkley Books, New York, NY.Bunch, Ann W., and Calvin Y. Shiroma2002 Be Tenacious in Your Searches for Clandestine Burials: A Lesson From the Field. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of theAmerican Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.Burke, T.W.1998 Forensic Diving. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 67(4):1-8.Burns, Karen Ramey1999 The Forensic Anthropology Training Manual. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.(ISBN: 0130105767)Burt, William H., and Richard P. Grossenheider1983 A Field Guide to Mammals. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. (also cited as published by The RiversidePress, Cambridge, England).Byers, Steven N.2001 Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook, Allyn & Bacon,(ISBN: 020532181X)Byrd, Mike2000a Disaster Management: Lost Innocents.http://police2.ucr.edu/disaster.html6

2000b2000c2000dHazards and a Crime Scene.http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/hazards.htmlInnovative Evidence Identification Markers At a Crime Scene.http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/markers.htmlUnearthing New Technology in Crime Scene Responses with Forensic Mapping.http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/forensicmapping.htmlCanti, M.G. and F.M. Meddens1998 Mechanical Coring as an Aid to Archaeological Projects. Journal of Field Archaeology, 25(1):97-105.Casteel, Richard W.1970 Core and Column Sampling. American Antiquity, 35(4):465-467.Chaplin, R.1971 The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press, London, UK.Chartkoff, Joseph L.1978 Transect Interval Sampling in Forests. American Antiquity, 43(1):46-53.Cockriel, R.1990 Mapping and Plotting of Physical Evidence Conducive to Accident/Death Scenes Devoid of Permanent Landmarks. Extended Abstract.Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Mass Disasters and Crime Scene Reconstruction, June 23-29,1990,Forensic Science Research and Training Center, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia. sponsored by the Laboratory and Identification Divisions,Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp 287.Cohen, A., and D. Serjeanston1996 A Manual for the Identification of Bird Bones from Archaeological Sites, Archetype Publications, Limited, London, UK.Conner, Melissa, and Douglas D. Scott2001 Paradigms and Perpetrators. Historical Archaeology, 35(1):Connolly, Thomas J. and Paul W. Baxter1983 The problem with probability: alternative methods for forest survey. Tebiwa, 20: 22-34.Cosgrove, Margaret1968 Bone for Bone. Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, NY.Dancey, William S.1974 The Archaeological Survey: A Reorientation. In Man in the Northeast, 8:98-112.Davenport, Clark2004 The Concept of a Multi-Discipline Approach to the Search for Clandestine Graves. Evidence Technology Magazine, 2(3):18-21.Deepsea Development Services, Incorporated1992 New Underwater Towed Laser Survey System. Waves, Windate Enterprises Incorporated, Spring Valley, CA.Detweiler, A. Henry1948 Manual of Archaeological Surveying. American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven, CT.Dickinson, D.J.1977 The Aerial Use of an Infrared Camera in a Police Search for the Body of Missing Person in New Zealand. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 16:205-211.Dilen, D.R.1984 The Motion of Floating and Submerged Objects in the Chattahoochee River, Atlanta, GA. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29:1027-1037.Dillon, Brian D.1993 The Archaeological Field Vehicle. In Practical Archaeology, Field and Laboratory Techniques and Archaeological Logistics, Third Edition, B.D.Dillon, (editor), Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, pp.39-62.Dirkmaat, Dennis C.1998 Reconsidering the Scope of Forensic Anthropology: Data Collection Methodologies Prior to the Laboratory. A Paper presented at the 50thAnnual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, February 9-14, 1998.Donoghue, E.R., and G.C. Minnigerode1977 Human Body Buoyancy: A Study of 98 men. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 22:573-579.Drew, L.1979 Pattern Drilling Exploration: Optimum Pattern Types and Hole Spacings when Searching for Elliptical Shaped Targets. Mathematical Geology,11(2): 223-254.7

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Photography of latent fingerprint evidencePhotographyPerhaps no aspect of crime scene documentation is more important and more demonstrable thanphotographs. The mere click of a shutter can lock in time a theoretically unbiased account of a scene or subject.How often have we experienced, or heard of, cases that were affected by accurate and complete photographs, or thelack of same. For the analyst, jurist and jury person who have not had the opportunity to be at the crime scene as itwas found by the investigator, photographs may be the only remaining means of observing the condition of remainsand environmental factors which may have affected their state. Most forensic anthropologists can relate personalhorror stories of remains brought or shipped to their laboratories with little or no contextual record. Photographs ofthe original position/context of the scene can be invaluable in such situations. An often used adage in policeinvestigations is “film is cheap,” meaning that one can never take too many pictures of the crime scene, its contents,and its environs. For these reasons, this bibliography devotes an entire category to photography andphotogrammetry - The art or process of surveying or mapping via photographs, and usually aerial photographs.Several references to photogrammetric mapping may be found in “Reconnaissance, Surveys, and MappingTechniques”. This section of the bibliography also includes several references to remote sensing and satelliteimagery. For more sources related to remote sensing, the reader is directed to " Geophysical/Remote SensingTechnology and Applications"This section is divided into the following categories:Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 035Evidence Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 042General and Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05134

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Cody (left) and Cinder (right) of the Missouri Region C Technical Rescue TeamCaninesThe topic of search dogs could be a component of a more all-encompassing category of search techniques.It is highlighted here, however, because of the routine and historic use of dogs in searches for both live anddeceased victims. The compiler has found the use of qualified cadaver dog teams the most efficient and costeffective means of searching large areas. Search and rescue teams will typically volunteer their efforts. A caninesearch is inherently a low impact technique involving minimal disruption of potential buried scenes. It is also atechnique which can be implemented discretely and repeatedly as environmental conditions (ie. temperature,moisture, or vegetation), change across a search area. A drawback to the use of dogs involves confirmation of theirabilities. Obviously, the best confirmation of such abilities include a history of past finds. In the absence of suchhistory and referrals, the nature and extent of the team’s training should be considered. The resources listed belowshould offer insight into proper training techniques and the use of canine search teams. The use of trained canines isonly one of several search tools. The competent investigator incorporates as many tools as feasible yet does not basehis investigation on one technique or resource.Increasingly, research into scent measurements, are appearing in forensic science literature. Thoseencountered by the compiler are included in this section. The reader is also directed to that section of thisbibliography which deals with topics of Decomposition under Taphonomy.Adams, G.J., and K.G. Johnson1994 Sleep, Work, and the Effects of Shift Work in Drug Detector Dogs Canis Familiaris. Appl. Anim. Behv. Sci., 41:115-126.Allen, William1996 "Scratch and Sniff", St. Louis Post Dispatch, June 10, 1996, Section D, page 1.Almey, H., and S. Nicklin1996 How Does Your Dog Smell? A Review of Canine Olfaction. Journal of Defence Science, 1:345-352.Anonymous1973a Canine Detectors. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 42(7):16-22.1973bUSAF Military Working Dog Program. United States Air Force, United States Printing Office, Washington, D.C.1976 Constitutional Limitations on the Use of Canines to Detect Evidence of Crime. Forham Law Review, 44(5):973-990.57

1979a What's Ahead for Police Dogs? Police Chief, 46(11):36-38.1979b Benefits of Canine Squads. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 7(2):155-160.1979cPolice Dogs in America. University of Oklahoma, Bureau of Governmnet Research, Norman, OK.1984a SAR Dogs and Water Searching. East Coast SAR Dog Confederation, 4 Orchard Way North, Rockville, MD 20854.1984bSearch Dog Training. Boxwood Press.(ISBN: 0910286477)1990 Police Dogs in North America. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.(ISBN: 0-398-05693-5)1993 Law Enforcement Canine Training. Department of Treasury, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.1995 Maximizing the Impact of Drug Scent Evidence. United States Drug Enforcement Administration, United States Government Printing Office,Washington1999 On the Methods and Forms of Performing Tasks Connected with the Organisation, Manners of Use, and Keeping of Police Dogs. (w sprawiemetod i form wykonywania zadan zwiazanych z organizacja, sposobami uzywania i utrzymania psow stuzbowych policji). Circular of the ChiefCommander of the Police, May 28, 1999.Barbour, G.1988 Managing Police Canine Operations. Police Chief, 55(5):49-52.Bednarek, T.1998 Basic Issues Concerning Scent Examination. (Podstawowe zagadnienia z badan osmologicznych). Prolemy Kryminalisstyki, 222:32-34.Berluti, A.F.1990 Arson Investigation: Connecticut's Canines. Police Chief, 57(12):38-45.1991 Connecticut's Explosives-Detecting Canines. Police Chief, 58(10):59-65.Bernhardt, Todd1987 Canine Class. Police: The Law Officer's Magazine, 11(6):35-67.Bradshaw, J.W.S., D. Goodwin, A.M. Lea, and S.L. Whitehead1996 A Survey of Behvioural Characteristics of Pure-Bred Dogs in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec., 138:465-468.Brisbin Jr., I.L. and S.N. Austad1991 Testing the individual odour theory of canine olfaction. Animal Behavior, 42: 63-69.Bryson, Sandyn.d. Search Dog Training . NASAR Bookstore, P.O. Box 3709, Fairfax, VA 22038.1996 Police Dog Tactics, Mc Graw Hill Companies, Blacklick, OH.1997 Avalanche Rescue Dogs: Multiple v Single Handler Teams. Avalanche Review, April, 1997.http://www.avalanche.org/~doghouse/sbryson.htm2000 Police Dog Tactics, Detselig Enterprises LTD, Alberta, Canada.Bulanda, Susan1995 Ready! The Training of the Search and Rescue Dog. Doral Publishing.(ISBN: 0944875416)Centralne Laboratorium Kryminalistycne Komendy Glownej Policji1999 Analysis of Problems Connected with the Use and Keeping of Police Dogs in 1998 (Analiza zagadnien dotyczacych uzywania I utrzymania psowsluzbowwych Policji w 1998), Centralne Laboratorium Kryminalistycne Komendy Glownej Policji, Warsaw, Poland.Champness, K.A.1996 Development of a Breeding Program for Drug Detector Dogs – Based on Studies of a Breeding Population of Guide Dogs. PhD Thesis.University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.Chapman, Samuel G.1983 Update on United States and Canadian Police Dog Programs. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 11(4):434-441.1990 Police Dogs in North America. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.(ISBN: 0-398-05693-5)58

Chin, Shirley S., and Kenneth G. Furton2004 Comparison of Field Portable Instruments and Accelerant Detection Canines for the Detection and Collection of Ignitable Liquid Residue at FireScenes. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20,2004, Dallas, Texas.Chow, Michael, Samantha S. Tolliver, Kenneth G. Furton, and Allen S. Lowry2004 Identification of Canis Familiaris Signature Odor Chemicals in Human Remains. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of theAmerican Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Ciminelli, M.L.1988 Fourth Amendment Primer for Canine Officers. Law and Order, 36(12):54-56.Clede, B.1988 Arson Dog. Law and Order, 36(7):40-42.Collins, Kimberly C., Rob Smith, Arpad A. Vass, Jennifer A. Synstelien, and Cyril Thompson2004 What's That Smell? Odor Composition of Human and Animal Bone Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Presentation before the56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.CSP-CLK KG Policji1998 Methodology of Collection, Preservation and Identification of Preserved Human Scent Trace. (Metodyka pobierania, zabezpieczania irozpoznawania zabezpieczonych slladow zapachowych ludzi). CSP-CLK KG Policji, Legionowo-Warzawa, Poland.Curran, Allison M., and Kenneth G. Furton2004 Optimization of Collection and Storage Methods for Scent Evidence and the Identification of the Volatile Components Comprising an IndividualHuman Odor Signature. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AdvanceProgram), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Dean, Edward Ernest, and Samuel John Tomlinson1983 Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Detection of Explosives, Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 29-31, 1983,Quantico, VA. pp. 451-457.De Bruin, J.C.1989 The Detection Dog and Science. Report from Dog Section or Dog Traning Centre, Rotterdam Municipal Police.Dees, Timothy M.1996 Tracking Dogs with KATS, Law Enforcement Technology, August 1996: 50-51.District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department1980 Washington (DC) Metropolitan Police Department Training Division Canine Training Section. (revised January 1980). National Institute ofJustice, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Rockville, Maryland.Dold, C., and S.S. Warren1997 For Rescue Dogs "Nothing's Better Than a Live Find." Smithsonian, 28(5):72-80.Eckenrode, Brian A., Valerie J. Cavett, and Scott A. Ramsey2004 An Adaptive Sampler for Human Scent Measurements in Field Forensics. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the AmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Eden, R.1993 K-9 Officer's Manual, Temeron Books, Bellingham, WA.Ekspiertno-kriminalisticzieski centr MWD Rossii1999 Guidelines for the Treatment of Human Scent Traces in Trial and Investigative Practice. (Riekomendacja po rabotie s zapachowymi sliedamiczielowieka pri prowiedienii sliedstwiennych diejstwij i opieratiwno-rozysknych mieroprijatij). Ekspiertno-kriminalisticzieski centr MWD Rossii,Moskwa, Poland.Emanovsky, Paul D.2004 Preliminary Results of the Use of Cadaver Dogs to Locate Vietnam War-Era Human Remains. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting ofthe American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Faris, Don, and Walter Currie1983 Review of the Regina Police Service Canine Unit. Regina Board of Police Commissioners, Regina, Canada.Fernandez, Fernando1995 Landfill Searches, Body Language, Issue 5, December, p. 4.Filiatre, J.C., J.L. Millot, and A. Eckerlin1991 Behavioural variability of olfactory exploration of the pet dog in relation to human adults. Applied Animal Behavioral Science, 30: 341-350.Flaim, Denise2002 9-11's Canine Heroes. Dog Fancy, September: 28-37.59

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Hess, R.1991 Forming of a Canine Unit. Canine Courier, 13(2):28-29.Honsinger, H.P.1984 Katz and Dogs: Canine Sniff Inspections and the Fourth Amendment. Louisiana Law Review, 44(4):1093-1107.Hunt, Robert1999 The Benefits of Scent Evidence. Law Enforcement Bulletin, November, 68(11): 15-18.International Association of Chiefs of Police Law Enforcement Policy Center2001 Law Enforcement Canines, IACP Law Enforcement Policy Center, Alexandria, VirginiaJohnson, Glen R.1977 Tracking Dog: Theory and Method. Arnes Publications, Westmoreland, New York.Kalmus, H.1955 The discrimination by the nose of the dog of individual human odours and in particular of the odour of twins. British Journal of AnimalBehavior, 3(1): 25-31.Kanable, Rebecca1998 Training is Nothing to Bark at. Law Enforcement Technology, 25(11):56-61.Katz, S.R., and C.R. Midkiff1998 Unconfirmed Canine Accelerant Detection: A Reliability Issue in Court. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(2):329-333.King, J.E., R.F. Becker and J.E. Markee1964 Studies on olfactory discrimination in dogs: ability to detect human odour trace. Animal Behavior, 12(3): 311-315.Kirchner, C.1977 Metropolitan Police Department Canine Branch. Metropolitan Police Department, Washington, D.C.Koenig, Marcia1984 Utilizing Dogs for Body Searches. NASAR Bookstore, P.O. Box 3709, Fairfax, VA. 22038.2000 Do Pseudoscents Work? CadaverDog.comhttp://www.cadaverdog.com2001a2001b2001cGauze Pads as Scent Articles. CadaverDog.comhttp://www.cadaverdog.comScent in a Disaster Scene. CadaverDog.comhttp://www.cadaverdog.comResidual Scent. CadaverDog.comhttp://www.cadaverdog.comKomar, Debra1999a The Use of Cadaver Dogs in Locating Scattered, Scavenged Human Remains: Preliminary Field Test Results. Journal of Forensic Sciences,44(2):405-408. (also cited as The Use of Cadaver Air Scent Detection Dogs in Locating Scattered, Scavenged Human Remains: Preliminary FieldTest Results)1999bThe Use of Cadaver Dogs in Locating Graves and Human Remains in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Physicians for Human Rights Report, November.Komar, D., and J. Galloway1998-99 Cadaver Dog Training/ Research Program Begins in Alberta. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette, 60(12)/61(1):2-4.Kovacich, P.R.1982 Case Study of the Development of a Police Canine Unit. dissertation, California State University, Sacaramento, CA.Kristofeck, W.1991 A Study of Attitudes, Knowledge and Utilization of Canine Teams by the Louisville Division of Police. Thesis, University of Louisville,Louisville, KY, UMI Dissertation Information Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan..Kurz, M.E., M. Billard, M. Rettig, J. Augustiniak, J. Lange, M. Larson, Et al.1994 Evaluation of canines for accelerant detection at fire scenes. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(6):1528-1537.Kurz, M.E., S. Schultz, J. Griffith, K. Broadus, J. Sparks, G. Dabdoub, Et al.1996 Effect of Background Interference on Accelerant Detection by Canines. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(5):868-873.K9 Scene of Crime Equipment Limited1998 Paws for Thought. SOCO News, Sping, 3:1-3.http://www.k9sceneofcrime.co.uk/news6.html61

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Ground penetrating radar used in the search for a clandestine graveGeophysical/Remote Sensing Technology and ApplicationsThis category is dedicated to every investigator who has ever said or thought, “I wish I had X-Ray vision.”In the development of search technology, the area of subsurface reconnaissance is one of increasing refinement andnew developments. Perhaps one day, researchers will come upon the X-Ray vision one can only now read of inscience fiction or comic book accounts. For now, geophysical prospecting is limited to the identification ofsubsurface anomalies. The only means of precisely determining the nature or cause of those anomalies isexcavation.Subsurface reconnaissance methods may be divided, as Killam (1990) does, into six types: non-intrusivesearches, intrusive ground searches, passive geophysical prospecting, active geophysical prospecting, remotesensing, and aerial photography. Resources on topics of non-intrusive searches, intrusive ground searches, andphotography (see Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques, Photography, and Canines), includingmore primitive search methods such as probing or coring, and materials on infrared and ultraviolet aerialphotography could also have been included in this category in as much as they are among the defined searchmethods for subterranean anomalies. The compiler reserved this category, however, for those more sophisticatedapplications of physics and engineering which generally require consultation with certified engineers. Thereferences listed below are available for investigators who wish to consult with geophysical experts on the mostappropriate means of applying particular techniques to particular settings. Such consultation should include anunderstanding of the techniques available, their potential given the unique parameters of each search area, and theirlimitations given those same crime scene conditions. Some engineering firms have experience in the application oftheir techniques to forensic settings. For the most part, however, the geophysical or structural engineer has neverparticipated in forensic searches for buried evidence. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the investigator to understandhow the techniques might be applied, as well as the basis for data generated from such applications. Some of theresources in this category are antiquated given the rapid pace of technological development in the field. Like othercategories, however, these earlier articles help to shed light on the history of the field, and might offer some older,but relatively less expensive alternatives to “State of the Art” techniques.This section is divided into the following categories:Ground Penetrating Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 068Infrared and Thermal Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 075Magnetometry and Metal Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 077Remote Sensing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 086Miscellaneous Techniques and General Topics . . . . . . 09767

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Fischer, P.M., Sven G.W. Follin, and P. Ulriksen1980 Subsurface Interface Radar Survey at Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus. In Applications of Technical Devices in Archaeology, Studies in MediterraneanArchaeology 63, Peter M. Fischer, editor, P. Astrom, Goteborg, Sweden, pp.48-51.Fisher, E., G.A. McMechan, and A.P. Annan1992 Acquisition and Processing of Wide-Aperture Ground Penetrating Radar Data. Geophysics, 57: 495-508.Garrison, Ervan G.1996 Archaeogeophysical and Geochemical Studies at George Washington Carver National Monument, Diamond, Missouri. Historical Archaeology,30(2): 22-40.1998 Radar Prospection and Cryoprobes: Early Results from Georgia. Archaeological Prospection 5(1):57-65.Goodman, D.1994 Ground penetrating radar simulation in engineering and archaeology. Geophysics, 59(2): 224-232.Goodman, D., and Y. Nishimura1993 A Ground-Radar View of Japanese Burial Mounds. Antiquity, 67:349-354.Goodman, D, Y. Nishimura and J.D. Rogers1995 GPR Time Slices in Archaeological Prospection. Archaeological Prospection, 2(2): 85-89.Goodman, D., Y. Nishimura, R. Uno, and T. Yamamoto1994 A Ground Radar Survey of Medieval Kiln Sites in Suzu City, Western Japan. Archaeometry, 36(2):317-326.Grossman, Joel W.1980 Defining Boundaries and Targeting Excavation with Ground-Penetrating Radar: The Case of Raritan Landing. Environmental ImpactAssessment Review, 1(2): 145-166.Hänninen, Pauli1992 Application of Ground Penetrating Radar and Radio Wave Moisture Probe Techniques to Peatland Investigations. Geologian tutkimuskeskus,Espoo, Finland.Hänninen, Pauli, and Sini Autio (editors)1992 Fourth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar: June 8-13, 1992, Rovaniemi, Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Espoo, Finland.Hildebrand, J.A., S.M. Wiggins, P.C. Henkart, and L.B. Conyers2002 Comparison of Seismic Reflection and Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging at the Controlled Archaeological Test Site, Champaign, Illinois.Archaeological Prospection, 9(1):9-21.Hruska, J., and G. Fuchs1999 GPR Prospection in Ancient Ephesos. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 41(2-3):293-312.Hubbard, R.K., L.E. Asmussen, and H.F. Perkins1990 Use of Ground Penetrating Radar on Upland Coastal Plain Soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 45(3): 309-405.Imai, Tsuneo, Toshihko Sakayama and Takashi Kanemori1987 Use of Ground Penetrating Radar and Resistivity Surveys for Archaeological Investigation. Geophysics, 52(2):137-150.Kamei, Hiryuki, Magdy Ahmed Atya, Tareq Fahmy Abdallatif, Masato Mori, and Pasomphone Hemthavy2002 Ground Penetrating Radar and Magnetic Survey to the West of Al-Zayyan Temple, Kharga Oasis, Al-Wadi Al-Jadeed (New Valley), Egypt.Archaeological Prospection, 9(2):93-104.Kenyon, Jeff L.1977 Ground-Penetrating Radar and Its Application to a Historical Archaeological Site. Historical Archaeology, 11:48-55.Kloehn, .B., M.B. Junck, H.M. Jol, G.L. Running, W. Greek, and K. Caldwell2000 GPR Investigations of the West Prairie Mound Group, Central Wisconsin, U.S.A.; Are they Buried Mounds or Natural Landforms?, in D.A.Noon, G.F. Stickley, and D. Longstaff, editors, GPR 2000, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar,Gold Coast, Australia, May 23-26, 2000, SPIE 4084, pp: 590-595.Kutrubes, Dorin L., Steven Sotor, and Jie Zhang1997 “The Search for Ancient Helike: A GPR Case Study”. Poster Session at the Tenth Annual Symposium on the Application of Geophysics toEngineering and Environmental Problems, March 23-26, 1997, Reno, Nevada.Leckebusch, Jürg2000 Two and Three Dimensional Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys Across a Medieval Choir: A Case Study in Archaeology. ArchaeologicalProspection, 7(3):189-200.Leckebusch, Jürg2003 Ground-Penetrating Radar: A Modern Three-Dimensional Prospection Method. Archaeological Prospection, 10(4):213-240.71

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Investigators conduct a forensic archaeological excavation for human remains interred within a family pet's graveExcavation and Recovery StrategiesRegardless of the technique which brings the investigator to a site believed to contain buried evidence,there is only one means, to date, of precisely determining what that spot contains. In making that determination, it isas important to recover and document the precise position of associated and trace evidence as it is the primary pieceof evidence. It has been the compiler’s observation that law enforcement examinations of buried body crime scenes,in particular, tend to concentrate on the location and removal of the primary evidence - the body. There isconsiderably less “excitement”, and therefore emphasis, on associated and trace elements. This can be extremelyunfortunate given the value of such evidence in determining when, why, how, and by whom the body was deposited.The effects of time and environment on the post-depositional history of remains represent the bases of taphonomy.The lack of similar emphasis on recognizing and collecting associated and trace evidence caused the compiler toconsider geotaphonomy as a legitimate area of research in forensic science.In order to record the context of buried evidence, it is paramount that proper archaeological excavationtechniques be applied. Often, what is described in media accounts as “archaeological excavation” for the remains ofa homicide victim, are in fact merely “digging up” the remains. For the recovery to truly be archaeological, twoimmutable principles must be followed: the excavation must be systematic, and it must include the recognition anddocumentation of all contextual, or environmental, evidence. Toward providing resources which describe, affect,and/or suggest methods in archaeology, the following citations were compiled. Included are a few specific sitereports with which the compiler had access or was aware. It should be understood that thousands of such reportsexist. They continue to be drafted around the world as sites of historical and archaeological significance areexcavated. It would not be feasible to include even a fraction of these reports. What becomes readily apparent aftera review of the following citations is the diversity of search settings, and the need to form equally diverse planstoward the excavation of these sites. As long as the principles of systematic excavation and contextual recovery aremaintained, flexible excavation strategies will remain appropriate.113

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Human tibia and fibula fragment in the context of soil stratification on an eroded river embankmentGeoarchaeology and Soil ScienceGeological and pedological processes of formation affect the ante-, peri-, and post-deposition of artifactsor evidence. An understanding of these processes must extend beyond the immediate crime scene to the surroundingenvironment. For example, information that a victim’s body was buried near a river ten years ago, is greatlysupplemented with an understanding of the effects of soil formation and erosion in a flood plain environment.Although every site will be unique, there are basic principles of stratification, superposition, and contemporaneousdeposition, which have served as tenets of geology and archaeology since the seventeenth century.The impact of burrowing animals, and even earthworms, on buried objects is well documented. Anawareness of the terrestrial and subterranean fauna inhabiting crime scene environs may be essential inunderstanding the formation and or disruption of soils containing primary, associated, and trace evidence. For thisreason the reader is directed to “Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques” for general guides to thetypes of faunda which might inhabit a particular crime scene area.This section contains references directly and indirectly addressing soil sciences including the recognitionand interpretation of soils in archaeological contexts - geoarchaeology. Of interest, from the standpoint of traceevidence, are those references to cases in which geoarchaeology has been utilized not only to understanding soilformation/alteration related to buried evidence, but in identifying once buried items via trace soil evidence (ie.Adovasio, et al. [1991]). It has been the experience of the compiler that forensic scientists are generally unfamiliarwith work accomplished on, and toward the interpretation of, traditional archaeological sites. Most forensicreferences in forensic geology concentrate on laboratory techniques and analyses, rather than formal archaeologicalcollection of geological and pedological samples/evidence. Therefore, this section occasionally referencesarchaeological site reports, or journal articles, citing specific site interpretations and the techniques used in thoseinterpretations.Abbott, James T.1988 A Re-evaluation of Boulderflow as a Relative dating Technique or Surficial Boulder Features. Plains Anthropologist, 33: 113-118.1997 Stratigraphy and Geoarchaeology of the Red Canyon Rockshelter, Crook County, Wyoming. Geoarchaeology, 12(4):315-335.146

Acott, T.G., G.M. Cruise, and R.I. MacPhail1997 Soil Micromorphology and High-Resolution Images. In S. Shoba, M. Gerasimova, and R. Miedema, editor. Soil Micromophology Diversity,Diagnostics and Dynamics. Elsevier, Moscow-Wageningen. pp.372-378.Adovasio, J.M., Gary A. Cooke, D.C. Hyland, Jack Donahue, and A. Potter1993 Executive Summary of Analyses Conducted on a Perishable Fiber Artifact Collection from Manti-LaSal National Forest, Utah. ReportPrepared by Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute for the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service under the Terms of PurchaseOrder Number 43-8462-2-3610.Adovasio, J.M. and J. Donahue1988 Geoarchaeological Investigations in Pennsylvania: One View of the State of the Art. A Paper Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of theSociety for Pennsylvania Archaeology.Adovasio, J.M., J. Donahue, G.A. Cooke, and Michael N. Quigley1991 Forensic Geoarchaeology: Three Case Studies. A Paper Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, NewOrleans, LA, April 23-28, 1991.Adovasio, J.M. and D.R. Pedler1991 Geoarchaeological, Paleoenvironmental, ad Paleoeconomic Investigations at Caesarea: A Long-Term Prospectus. Paper Prepared by theMercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, Erie, Pennsylvania for the 1991 American Academy of Religion/Society of BiblicalLiterature/American Schools of Oriental Research Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Missouri, November 22-25, 1991.Ahler, S.A.1973 Chemical Analysis of Deposits at Rodgers Shelter, Missouri. Plains Anthropologist, 18: 116-131.Ahlrichs, J.L.1972 The Soil Environment. in Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment, edited by C.A.I. Goring and J.W. Hamaker, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NewYork, NY., pp. 3-46.Alef, Kassam, and Paolo Nannipieri (editors)1995 Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, London.(ISBN: 0125138407)Allen, J.D.1995 Stream Ecology - Structure and Function of Running Waters. Chapman and Hall, London.Allen, J.R.L.1965 A review of the origin and characteristics of recent alluvial sediments. Sedimentology, 5:89-191.Ambach, E., W. Tributsch, and R. Henn1991 Fatal Accidents on Glaciers: Forensic, Criminological and Glaciological Conclusions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36(5):1469-1473.Ammerman, A.J.1985 Plow-Zone Experiments in Cantabria, Italy. Journal of Field Archaeology, 12:33-40.Anderson, J.P.E. and K.H. Domsch1978 A Physiological Method for the Quantitative Measurement of Microbial Biomass in Soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 10:215-221.Andrasko, J.1981 Soil, in Maehli and Strömberg, editors, Chemical Criminalistics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.Anonymous1975aSoil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. United States Department of Agriculture SoilConservation Service, Handbook 436, Washington, D.C.1975b Soil as Evidence. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, April, 1975 44(4):10-12.1984 Keys to Soil Taxonomy. United States Government Printing Office.(ISBN: 9994862553)1988 Federal Court Finds Pothunter Guilty of Felony Under ARPA. Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology, 6(1): 1,3.Antoci, P.R. and N. Petraco1993 A Technique for Comparing Soil Colours in the Forensic Laboratory. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(2): 437-441.Arrenhius, O.1963 Investigation of Soil from Old Indian Sites. Ethnos, 2-4: 122-136.Armour-Chelu, M., and P. Andrews1994 Some Effects of Bioturbation by Earthworms (Oligochaeta) on Archaeological Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21:433-443.147

Artz, Joe Alan1985 A Soil-Geomorphic Approach to Locating Buried Late Archaic Sites in Northeast Oklahoma. American Archaeology, 5(2):142-150.Association of Iowa Archaeologists1993 Guidelines for Geomorphological Investigations in Support of Archaeological Investigations in Iowa. The Journal of the Iowa ArchaeologicalSociety, 40:1-19.Atkinson, R.J.C.1957 Worms and Weathering, Antiquity, 31: 219-233. (also cited as volume 33).Babel, U.1975 Micromorphology of Soil Organic Matter. In J.E. Giesking, editor. Soil Components: Organic Components, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.pp.369-473.Bagnold, R.A.1941 The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. Chapman and Hall, London.Bal, L.1977 The Formation of Carbonate Nodules and Intercalary Crystals in the Soil by the Earthworm Lumbrucus rubellus. Pedobiologia, 17(8):102-106.Bakkevig, Sverre1980 Phosphate Analysis in Archaeology - Problems and recent Progress. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 13: 73-100.Baldy, V., M.O. Gessner, and E. Chauvet1995 Bacteria, Fungi, and the Breakdown of Leaf Litter in a Large River. Oikos, 79:93-102.Balek, Cynthia L.2002 Buried Artifacts in Stable Upland Sites and the Role of Bioturbation: A Review. Geoarchaeology, 17(1):41-51.Barber, J. (editor)1993 Interpreting Stratigraphy. Edinburgh.Barbetti, M.1986 Traces of Fire in the Archaeological Record Before One Million Years Ago? Journal of Human Evolution, 15:771-781.Barford, P.M.1979 Mineral Pseudomorphs of Organic Materials: A Study in Burial Environments. An unpublished dissertation. Institute of Archaeology,University of London, UK.Barham, A.J., and M.R. Bates1994 Strategies for the Use of Boreholes in Archaeological Evaluations: A Review of Methodologies and Techniques. Geoarchaeological ServiceFacility Technical Report 94/01. Geoarchaeological Service Facility University College, London Institute of Archaeology, pp.33.Barham, Anthony J. and Richard I. Macphail (editors)1995 Archaeological Sediments and Soils: Analysis, Interpretation and Management. Papers from the Tenth Anniversary Conference of theAssociation for Environmental Archaeology held at the Institute of Archaeology, University College, London, July 1989, University MuseumPublications, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA.(ISBN: 0-905853-31-8)Barker, H.1950 Unusual phosphate material in the Sutton Hoo ship burial. Nature, 166: 348.Barker, H., M.J. Hughes, W.A. Oddy, and A.E. Warner1975 Report on phosphate analysis carried out in connection with the cenotaph problem. in R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford (editor), The Sutton Hoo ShipBurial, Volume 1. British Museum, London, pp. 550-572.Barley, K.P.1959 The Influence of Earthworms on Soil Fertility. II. Consumption of Soil and Organic Matter by the Earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa.Australian Journal of Agricultural Resources, 10:171-185.1961 The Abundance of Earthworms in Agricultural Land and Their Possible Significance in Agriculture. Advances in Agronomy, 13:249-268.Basile, Robert M.1971 A Geography of Soils. William C. Brown, Dubuque, IA.Bates, M.R.1998 Locating and Evaluating Archaeology Below the Alluvium: The Role of Sub-surface Stratigraphic Modeling. Lithics, 19:4-18.Bates, M.R. and C.R. Bates2000 Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Geoarchaeological Evaluation of Deeply Stratified Sedimentary Sequences: Examples from Pleistoceneand Holocene Deposits in Southern England, United Kingdom.148

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Victim's remains affected by decomposition, scavenging, and other taphonomic factorsTaphonomyTaphonomy has been defined as the study of the processes by which animal and plant remainsbecome fossilized. The discipline arose from the work of paleontologists to explain the contexts and conditions offossilized remains. Taphonomy, with its roots in the Greek “taphos” for tomb or burial, and “nomos”-laws, wasadapted by physical anthropologists to explain, and sometimes predict, the condition and contexts of more recentfinds. In this respect, and especially as it applies to forensic situations, taphonomy has come generally to refer to thescience of examining transitions of remains from the biosphere to the lithosphere as impacted by weather, animals,plants, biochemical reactions, and cultural factors. Haglund and Sorg (2002) serves as the most recent compilationof works discussing the various forms those transitions might entail. It represents one source, offered below, whichdemonstrates the multitude of areas currently being researched to explain reasons for, and the results of, particulartransitional events.Because of taphonomy’s roots in paleontology, many of the resources in this section deal exclusively withpaleontological theory and method. It is important for researchers to understand the bases for theories andmethodologies which have come to be applied in forensic settings. Many of the references are historical orprehistoric archaeology site/subject reports. Just as traditional physical anthropology and archaeology drew uponthe earlier work of paleontologists, much current work in forensic taphonomy relies upon discoveries made duringthe exhumation of historic and prehistoric burials. The reader is referred back to the section on "Excavation andRecovery Strategies" for additional archaeological site reports which may contain taphonomy related information.Likewise, “General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation” may contain research regarding wound ortrauma analysis and pathology - topics which are inherently taphonomic.This section is divided into the following categories:Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Disease and Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Thermal Alteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Scavenging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Sharp, Blunt, Ballistic and Other Trauma . . . . 249Fingerprint and Tattoo Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . 292General and Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . 295180

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Netting of flying insects over a cadaverEntomologyThe collection and analyses of insects, or invertebrates, from crime scenes is generally wellknown among homicide investigators and death scene investigators. It has been the compiler’s experience, however,that the actual practice of such collection outside the presence of a forensic entomologist, is still overlooked oravoided. Often an attitude prevails that that level of information is not necessary given the investigator’s knowledgeof when an abduction took place or a subject’s confession. In other situations, collections are not made simplybecause the investigators are not properly equipped with packaging materials, or are not sure of what to do with, orhow to store, live specimens. Entomological evidence is unique in that it is, in most criminal investigations, the onlytype of non-human evidence consisting of living, moving, species. It is the hope of the compiler that this sectionwill offer some answers toward appropriate collection procedures and equipment which are not expensive, do notinvolve a lot of time, or the need for additional manpower. The proper collection of entomological samplescombined with accurate spatial, temporal, and environmental data, can yield valuable information towarddetermining postmortem intervals. Subject/Witness statements might be supported or disproved. Works such asCatts and Haskell (1990), and Lord and Burger (1983) have become standards in the field of forensic entomologicalprocedures. Many of the works below include laboratory analyses and research. That research goes beyondaddressing the timing of a death or deposition (post-mortem interval) to toxicological determinations, interpretationsof death scene versus depositional environments, et cetera.Abbott, C.E.1937 The Necrophilous Habit of Coleoptera. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 32:202-204.Abell, D.H., S.S. Wasti, and G. Hartmann1982 Saprophagous Arthropod Fauna Associated with Turtle Carrion. Applied Entomological Zoology, 17: 301-307.Acikgoz, H.N., I.H. Hanci, and G. Cetin2002 How Can We Make Use of Insects in Forensic Cases? Ankara University Law Journal, 51(3):117-125.310

Adair, Thomas, W.1999a Three Species of Blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Collected from a Human Stillborn Infant in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. J. Med.Entomol. 36(3):236-237.1999b Chain of Custody in the University Setting: Considerations for Entomologists. antenna, 23(3):140-143.1999cArapahoe County Colorado: A Field Manual for the Collection and Preservation of Entomological Evidence, Arapahoe County Sheriff's OfficeCrime Laboratory, Colorado.2000 Long-Term Storage of Entomological Evidence. Police Chief, April, pp.180-184.Adair, Thomas W., and Boris C. Kondratieff1996 The Occurrence of Nitidula Flavomaculata (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on a Human Corpse. Entomological News, 107(4):233-236.Adams, Zoe J.O., and Martin J.R. Hall2003a Seasonal Flight Activity and Reproductive Status of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Other Calliphoridsw in Central London. Apaper presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.2003b Methods Used for the Killing and Preservation of Blowfly Larvae, and Their Effect on Post-mortem Larval Length. Forensic ScienceInternational, 138(1-3):50-61.Adkins, T.R.1988 Investigations of the Diptera Infesting Three Human Corpses of Known Postmortem Interval. Proceedings of the XVIII International Congress onEntomology, Vancouver, p.267.Aldrich, J.M.1916 Sarcophaga and Allies in North America. Thomas Say Foundation, LaFayette, IN.Alexis, Jason C., and Wayne D. Lord1998 Differences in Larval Development When Subjected to Environmental Influences. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences,San Francisco, CA., pp.39-40.Alfieri, A.1931 Les Insectes de la Tombe de Toutankhamon. Bulletin de la Société Royale Entomologique _ Égypte, 3/4: 188-189.Allen, Douglas C.1984 Principles of Forest Entomology: Laboratory Manual. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY.Allen, E.R., and W.T. Neill1950 Cleaning Mammal Skeletons with Meal Worms. Journal of Mammalogy, 31(4):464.Allen, Jon C. and Jason H. Byrd1999 Computer Modeling of Insect Growth and Its Application to Forensic Entomolology, United States Department of Justice, National Institute ofJustice, Washington, D.C.Alluaud, C.1908 Notesdur les coléoptères trouvés dans les momies _ Égypte. Bulletin de la Société Royale Entomologique _ Égypte, 1: 29-36.Altamura, B.M., and F. Introna Jr.1982 A New Possibility of Applying the Entomological Method in Forensic Medicine: Age Determination of Postmortem Mutilation. Med. Leg. Quad.Cam., 4:127-130.Amendt, J., R. Krettek, and H. Bratzke1999 Praxis der Forensischen Insektenkunde. Teil 1: Insektenaufsammlung am Fundort Einer Leiche. Arch. Kriminol., 204(3-6):106-114.Amendt, Jens, Roman Krettek, Constanze Niess, Richard Zehner, and Hansjürgen Bratzke2000 Forensic Entomology in Germany. Forensic Science International, 113(1-3):309-314.American Board of Forensic Entomology1997 Welcome tot he World of Forensic Entomology.http://www.missouri.edu/cafnr/entomology/index.htmlAmes, Carole, and Bryan Turner2003 Low Temperature Episodes in the Development of Blowflies: Implications for Post Mortem Interval Estimation. Presented at the First Meeting ofthe European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.Anderson, Gail S.1995 The Use of Insects in Death Investigations: An Analysis of Forensic Entomology Cases in British Columbia over a Five Year Period. CanadianSociety of Forensic Sciences Journal, 28(4): 277-292.1996 Practical Exercise in Forensic Entomology. Gazette, 58(9):3-6.311

1997 The Use of Insects to Determine Time of Decapitation: A Case Study from British Columbia. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(5): 947-950.1998a1998bForensic Entomology: The Use of Insects in Death Investigations.http://www.rcmp-learning.org/docs/ecdd0030.htmWildlife Forensics: Using Forensic Entomology in the Investigation of Illegally Killed Black Bears. Proceedings of the American Academy ofForensic Sciences, 4:45.1999a Wildlife Forensic Entomology: Determining Time of Death in Two Illegally Killed Black Bear Clubs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(4):856-859.1999bForensic Entomology: The Use of Insects in Death Investigations, in Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology, S. Fairgreave, Charles C. Thomas,Toronto, Ontario, (Unpuiblished data, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.2000 Minimum and Maximum Development Rates of Some Forensically Important Calliphoridae (Diptera). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(4):824-832.2001 Insect Succession on Carrion and Its Relationship to Determining Time of Death. in Entomological Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in LegalInvestigations. Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.pp. 143-175.Anderson, Gail S., and Valerie J. Cervenka2001 Insects Associated with the Body: Their Use and Analysis. In W. Haglund and M. Sorg, editors, Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method,Theory, and Archaeological Perspectives, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp:173-200.Anderson, Gail S., John J. Gaudet, and A. Brian Yamashita1996 A Practical Exercise in Forensic Entomology. RCMP Gazette.http://www.rcmp-gic.gc.ca/html.bugs.htmAnderson, Gail S., W. Graneli, and J. Stenson1988 The Influence of Animals on Phosphorous Cycling in Lake Ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 170: 267-284.Anderson, Gail S., and Niki Hobischak2001 Effects of Marine Submergence on Pig Decomposition and Faunal Colonization in British Columbia. A Paper Presented at the AmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences 53rd Annual Meeting, February 19-24, 2001, Seattle, Washington.2003 Effects of Season, Depth and Sediment Type on Faunal Succession and Decompositional Rates of Carrion in the Marine Environment. Presentedat the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.Anderson G.S., and N.R. Huitson2003 Use of Insect Evidence in Animal Abuse Cases. Presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April,2003, Frankfurt, Germany.Anderson, Gail S., and S.B. Peck1985 The Carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska: Coleoptera: Silphidae and Agyrtidae. In The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 13,Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp.44-45.Anderson, Gail S. and Sherah L. Van Laerhoven1996 Initial Studies on Insect Succession on Carrion in Southwestern British Columbia. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(4): 617-625.Anderson, R.S.1982a Resource Partitioning in the Carrion Beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) Fauna of Sotuhern Ontario: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations.Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60:1314-1325.1982b On the Decreasing Abundance of Nicrophorus americanus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in Eastern North America. Coleopt. Bull., 36(2):362-365.Anderson, R.S. and S.B. Peck1985 Carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska, Publication 1778 edition, in The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Volume 13, Biosystematics ResearchInstitute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.Anonymous1883 Report on P. Mégnin, Préparations, en Partie Microscopiques, de Tous es Restes d'Insects Trouvès Sur ou Dans un Cadavre. Rev. Hyg. Pol. San.,5:203-204.1945aReport on J.C. Bequaert, Some Observations on the Fauna of Puterfaction and Its Potential Value in Establishing the Tme of Death. New EnglandJournal of Medicine, 227:856.1945b Report on Pemberton, Fly Control in Carrion. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 12:213-214.Archer, Mel S.2002 The Ecology of Invertebrate Associations with Vertebrate Carrion in Victoria, with Reference to Forensic Entomology, PhD Thesis, TheUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.312

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Bauch, R., K. SZiesenhenn, and C. Groskoppf1984 Lucilia sericata Myiasis (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on a Gangrene of the Foot. Angewandte Parasitologie, 25(3):167-169.Baumgartner, D.L.1986 The Hairy Maggot Blowfly, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Confirmed in Arizona. Journal of Entomological Science, 21:130-132.1993 Review of Chrysommya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 30(2):338-352.Baumgartner, D.L., and B. Greenberg1984 The Genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Journal of Medical Entomology, 21(1):105-113.1985 Distribution and Medical Ecology of the Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Peru. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 78:565-587.Benecke, Mark1996a Use of Forensic Entomology in Cases Concerning Putrefied Corpses. Archiv fuer Kriminologie, 198(3-4):99-109.1996b Expert Insect Identification in Cases of Decomposed Bodies. Archiv für Kriminologie, 198:99-109.1996c Zur Insektenkundlichen Begutachtung in Faulleichenfällen. Arch. Kriminol., 198:99-109.1997a1997bValue of Insect Spiders and Crustaceans for Forensic Investigations. Archiv fuer Kriminologie, 199(5-6):167-176. (also cited as "CollectingInsects, Spiders, and Crustaceans for Criminal Forensic Study")Estimation of Post Mortem Intervals in Humans: A Macroscopic Application of Developmental Biology Called "Forensic Entomology". Tagungder Deutschen Gesellschaft für Entwicklungsbiologie, March 11-14, 1997, Kön, Germany.1997c DNA Typing in Forensic Medicine and in Criminal Investigations: A Current Survey. Naturwissenschaften, 84:181-188.1998a Six Forensic Entomology Cases: Description and Commentary. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(4): 797-805.1998b1998cRandom Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Typing of Necrophageous Insects (diptera, coleoptera) in Criminal Forensic Studies: Validationand Use in Practice. Forensic Science International, 98:157-168.Rechtsmedizinisch Angewandte Kerb und Spinnentierkundliche Begutachtungen in Europa: Eine Kurze Öbersicht über Ursprüunge und denaktuellen Stand der Forschung (Use of Insect Evidence in History and in Europe's Forensic Medicine - A Short Survey). Rechtsmedizin, 8:153-155.1999 Personal Perspective on Forensic Science: Maggots Tell All (or: How to Become a Forensic Entomologist). Science Nextwave, January 15, 1999.http://www.benecke.com/nextwave.html2000 Forensic Entomology in a Murder Case: Blood Spatter Artifacts Caused by Flies, and Determination of Post Mortem Interval (PMI) by Use ofBlowfly Maggots. Zoology, 103:106.2001a Forensic Entomology: The Next Step. Forensic Science International, 120(1-2):1.2001b A Brief History of Forensic Entomology. Forensic Science International, 120(1-2):2-14.2001c Leichenbesiedlung durch Gliedertiere (Arthropods on Corpses). In Handbuch Rechtsmedizin (Handbook of Forensic Medicine Volume 1, B.Brinkman and B. Madea, editors, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.2001dForensic Entomology: Lethal Child Neglect and Credit Card Fraud. Zoology, 104(Suppl.IV):532001e Rein Einseitiges Auftreten von Schmeißfliegenmaden im Gesicht Einer Faulleiche. Archiv für Kriminologie, 208:182-185.2002a Insects and Corpses. In E. Baccino editor, 16th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, Monpellier, France, September 2-7,2002. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna, pp:135-140.2002b A Police Quarrel over "Maggots" in Soljanka Stew. Zoology, 105(Suppl. 5):96.2003a2003b2003cARF/FBI Training: Insects on Corpses Version 1.0. prepared for Humans Remains Recovery Training sponsored by the University of TennesseeForensic Anthropology Program and Federal Bureau of Investigation Evidence Response Team Unit, March 2003, Knoxville, Tennessee.Neglect of the Elderly: Cases and Considerations. Presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April,2003, Frankfurt, Germany.Neglect of the Elderly: Cases and Considerations. Proceedings of the Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, Frankfurt,Germany, April 2-5, 2003, pp.29-30.2004 Evidence for Neglect of Children and Elderly Persons by Use of Forensic Entomology. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of theAmerican Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.314

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Perennial Pokeweed stalk growing through the remains of a homicide victimBotany, Palynology, Mycology, Algology, Diatomology, and LimnologyBotanical or plant evidence is rarely collected from crime scenes. Unless plant remains such asseeds, or “burrs” are found adhering to the victim’s hair or remains, incidental to the collection of the body,independent control and questioned samples of plant parts “from leaf to root” are typically not recognized asevidence. Perhaps recent writings of scientists such as Hall (1988, 1997), Willey and Heilman (1987), Warren(1975, 1980, 1984), or Bock and Norris (1997), will alert investigators and prosecutors to the value of plant andplant component evidence. Forensic botany is a relatively young application of an old science. The majority of thereferences below address botanical and palynological collections and analyses as they relate to archaeological sitedeposits. For this reason, the researcher should also be aware of archaeological site reports under Excavation andRecovery Strategies which might contain information on site specific collections and analyses of plant remains. Ithas long been a standard in archaeology protocol to collect soil samples or “constant volume” samples forseparation and identification of small plant remains. The use of this information by archaeologists to help interpretthe climate and environment of sites during particular time periods, or to determine the diet of a site’s populationhave direct application to forensic settings. The same “answers” are often sought by crime scene investigatorsseeking to validate subject or witness accounts, as well as time and location of death.This bibliography’s references in Taphonomy may also contain information/observations on theeffect(s) of plant activity on disposed remains. Like entomological evidence, plant remains offer the opportunity toplace remains or associated evidence in temporal and spatial contexts. Over time, plant growth may first serve todemarcate areas in which remains were disposed, and then impact the remains by utilizing them as a component ofthe lithosphere or biosphere. Botanical evidence also represents trace evidence which could link subject and victimand crime scene, as well as establish the movement of the subject and/or victim through a crime scene. The use andinterpretation of botanical evidence requires holistic knowledge of crime scene environments, the accurate recordingof same, and site specific conditions which might affect plant growth (see Photography, Reconnaissance, Survey,and Mapping Techniques, Excavation and Recovery Strategies, as well as Geoarchaeology and Soil Science).This section is divided into the following categories:Algology, Diatomology, and Limnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Palynology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Botany, Phytology, and General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370358

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Cigarette butt and organic debris deposited at a homicide scene.Collection of blood evidence with a swabTrace and Impression EvidenceReferences in this section are most often thought of in traditional criminalistics or police sciences.Some of the references below date to the early days of forensics and criminalistics. This section is includedbecause it represents two of the six areas comprising Geotaphonomy: Stratification, Tool Marks, Bioturbation,Sedimentation, Compression/Depression (foot and shoe prints), and Internal Compaction. In addition to therecovery and interpretation of tool marks, other trace evidence which might be found on surface and subsurfacedeath scenes are cited. Entomological and botanical evidence also constitute trace items left or taken from crimescenes. Because of the number of works referencing those topics, they are addressed in respective sections in thisbibliography. Some citations in this section could also be cross-referenced with those in Taphonomy given theirdiscussion of tool marks on skeletal material as well as the deterioration or contamination of tool mark and.impression evidence through prolonged exposure at crime scenes. From an archaeological perspective, numerousresources regarding the retrieval of blood, fingerprint, and other types of trace evidence from historic and prehistoriccontexts are included. The compiler wishes to reinforce that evidence exposed to the elements, or deposited yearsprior to discovery may retain significant information capable of impacting the interpretation of a crime scene.This section is divided into the following categories:DNA Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Blood Stain Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Other Blood and Body Fluid Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Fecal or Coprolite Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428Hair and Feather Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Fiber and Textile Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444Foot, Shoe, and Tire Impression Evidence, and Casting . . . . . . . . 452Tool Mark Impression Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Other Trace Evidence Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472386

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Mass Fatality and Human Rights InvestigationsTerrorist actions, mass suicides, and "ethnic cleansings" unfortunately continue to make headlinesconcerning massive losses of life. September 11, 2001 placed terms associated with terrorism among the everydaylexicon of all members of society. Where such news was once limited to commercial aircraft disasters or naturaldisasters, it seems to increasingly include the results of criminal acts requiring the services of multi-disciplinaryteams of forensic experts. This section of the bibliography includes references mostly developed from the work ofexperts at mass graves in places like Kosovo, Rwanda,or Gautemala, or air disasters and explosions around theglobe. Included among these references are those about high speed aircraft crashes involving one or two victims.Even though one or two victims may have been lost, the nature of the scene, trauma and wreckage was similar to thatencountered with larger numbers of victims in commercial aircraft crashes. Similarly, recoveries involving knownpolitical, or human rights type, tortures of single victims are listed below. Whether the loss of life involves thesearch and recovery of a single victim, or those of an entire community, the disciplined and contextual collection ofevidence must be carried out. For this reason, many of the resources listed in sections such as Reconnaissance,Surveying, and Mapping Techniques, or Excavation and Recovery Techniques, or Geophysical/RemoteSensing and Applications are applicable at mass fatality scenes. The use of proper search, recording, and collectionprotocols at many of the above ground settings demonstrates the applicability of formal archaeological techniqueswhich were once thought only relevant in subterranean settings. The reader interested in methodologies at largescenes should review the other sections of this bibliography.This section is divided into the following categories:Air Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Mass Graves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491Other Mass Fatalities and General Topics . . . . . . . 500Tree strike information and structural components from an aircraft crash investigationAir DisastersAdams, Bradley J.1999 The Fate of Leon II: The Excavation of a Bay of Pigs B-26 Crash Site in Nicaragua. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences,V:220. (as well as presented in the same year at Advances in Personal Identification in Mass Disaster, Hickman Air Force Base, Hawaii.Afsin, Huseyin, M. Elif Gunce, Bulent Sam, A. Sadi Cagdir, and Sermet Koc2003 Dental Identification in Airplane Accident of THY Flight Number TK 634. Proceedings of the 3rd European Academy of ForensicScience Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Suppl. 1):279-280.483

Anker, R. and F. Taylor1989 The Trajectories of Falling Parts Following In-Flight Breakup. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Seminar of the International Society ofAir Safety Investigators, Forum, ISASI, 22:133-140.Armentrout, Terry1990 Reconstructive Analysis of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Mass Disastersand Crime Scene Reconstruction, June 23-29,1990, Forensic Science Research and Training Center, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia. sponsoredby the Laboratory and Identification Divisions, Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp.93-96.Ast, F.W., G. Kernbach-Wighton, H. Kampmann, E. Koops, K. Püschel, H.D. Tröger, and W.J. Kleemann2001 Fatal Aviation Accidents in Lower Saxony from 1979 to 1996. Forensic Science International, 119(1):68-71.Baker, Maurice, and John Winn1998 Evidence of Explosive Damage to Materials in Air Crash Investigations. In Forensic Investigation of Explosions. A. Beveridge editor, Taylor &Francis, London, England.Barrie, H.J., and N. Hodson-Walker1970 Incidence and Pathogenesis of Fractures of the Lumbar Transverse Processes in Air Crashes. Aerospace Medicine, 41:805Barsley, R.E., R.F. Carr, J.A. Cumminale, and J.A. Cottone1985 Identification Via Dental Remains: Pan American Flight 759. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30:128-136.Bartone, P.T., R.J. Ursano, K.M. Wright, and L.H. Ingraham1989 The Impact of a Military Disaster on the Health of Assistance Workers. A Prospective Study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 177:317-326.Batterman, Steven C., and Scott D. Batterman2001 A Forensic Review of the Terrorist Bombing of Pan Am 103 Over Lockerbie. A Paper Presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences53rd Annual Meeting, February 19-24, 2001, Seattle, Washington.Bergen-Henengouwen, S.G.1970 Wreckage Trajectory Analysis in Aircraft Accident Investigation, Unpublished Master of Engineering Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa.1971 Wreckage Trajectory Analysis in Aircraft Accident Investigation. Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, 17:335-361.1973 Aircraft Wreckage Trajectory Analysis User Manual. Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering Department, Southern Alberta Institute ofTechnology, Calgary, Alberta.Besant-Matthews, P.E.1973 Photography and Radiography in Aircraft Accident Investigation, in J.K. Mason, and W.J. Reals, editors, Aerospace Pathology, College ofAmerican Pathologists Foundation, Chicago, IL., pp:177Brannon, Robert B., and William M.Morlang2001 Tenerife Revisited: The Critical Role of Dentistry. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46:722-725.Brannon, Robert B., and William M. Morlang2002 The Crash of LOT Flight 007: Dental Identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(6):1323-1325.Brannon, Robert B., William M. Morlang, and Brion C. Smith2003a The Gander Disaster: Dental Identification in a Military Tragedy. A paper presented at the 55th Annnual Meeting of the American Academy ofForensic Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, February 20, 2003.2003b The Gander Disaster: Dental Identification in a Military Tragedy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(6):1331-1335Burgoyne, J.H., and V.J. Clancey1973 Annex 13 Sabotage and Malicious Acts Against Aircraft: Practical Problems. Symposium on International Aircraft Accidents Investigation,Royal Aeronautical Society, London, UK.Cairns, F.J., P.B. Herdson, G.C. Hitchcock, T.D. Koelmeyer, W.M.I. Smeeton, B.J.L. Synek1981 Aircrash on Mount Erebus. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 21(3):184-188.Campman, S.C., and K.D. Bexfield2000 The Sensitivity and Specificity of Control Surface Injuries in Aircraft Accident Fatalities. A paper presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of theNational Association of Medical Examiners, Indianapolis, IN, Septermber 16, 2000.Carpenter, J.P.1968 Dental Identification of Plane Crash Victims. J N C Dent Soc, 51(1):9-12.Charles, M.M1989 The Lockerbie Aircraft Disaster. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Seminar of the International Society of Air Safety Investigators,Forum, 22:21-25.484

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General and Cultural Anthropology of DeathThe use of cultural anthropology in examining ritual or cult crime scenes is well documented. Thecompiler contends that a general knowledge of various cultures’ attitudes toward death and the handling of the dead,may become useful in analyzing inter- and intra-cultural homicides. This is not to say that homicides are committedin the same manner a traditional death or burial/disposal might be treated. We all carry, however, “cultural baggage”which has ingrained beliefs, customs, rituals, and practices to a degree where they might be subconsciously acted onin the commission and concealment of crimes. The compiler is aware of at least one reported case in which, wheninterviewed, the subject claimed he had to bury the spouse he just killed in a particular place and position, because ofthe family’s religious and cultural background.Abercrombie, J.R.1979 Palestinian Burial Practices from 1200 to 600 B.C.E. PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania.Ahern, E.1973 The Cult of the Dead in a Chinese Village. Stanford, CA.Aiken, L.R.1994 Dying, Death and Bereavement. Third edition. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA.Ali, A.K.1962 Introduction to Islamic Culture. Mohammadi Book House, Dacca, Pakistan.Anderson, B.G.1965 Bereavement as a subject of Cross-Cultural Inquiry: An American Sample. Anthropology Quarterly, 38:181-200.Anderson, S., and Boyle K.1996 Ritual Treatment of Human and Animal Remains. Oxbow Books.Anima, N.1978 Childbirth and Burial Practices Among Philippine Tribes, Omar Publishing, Quezon City, Philippines.Anonymous1973 Fire as a Symbol and as a Weapon of Death. Medicine Science and the Law, 13(2):79-86.1994 Female Genital Mutilation: Report No. 47. Queensland Law Reform Comission, North Quay, Australia.Anthony, Z. and Bhana K. Kastoor1989 An Exploratory Study of Muslim Girls' Understanding of Death. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 19(3):215-227.Arden, Harvey1989 Who Owns the Past? National Geographic, 175(3): 376-392.528

Arnold, Bettina, and Nancy L. Wicker (editors)2001 Gender and the Archaeology of Death. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.(ISBN: 0-7591-0137-X)Antón, S.C., and D.W. Steadman2003 Mortuary Patterns in Burial Caves on Mangaia, Cook Islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(3):132-146.Arriaza, Bernardo T.1995 Beyond Death, The Chinchorro Mummies of Ancient Chile. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.(ISBN: 1-56098-512-7)Aries, Philippe1974 Western Attitudes Toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.(also cited as published by Galen Press, Tucson, Arizona)1981 The Hour of Our Death. Harmondsworth.1985 Images of Man and Death. New York.Arnold, Bettina and Nancy L. Wicker2001 Gender and the Archaeology of Death. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California.(ISBN: 0-7591-0137-X or 0-7591-0136-1)Artamonov, M.L.1965 Frozen Tombs of the Scythians. Scientific American, 212: 101-109.Attneave, C.1982 American Indians and Alaska Native Families: Emigrants in Their Own Homeland. in Ethnicity and Family Therapy, M. McGoldrick, J.K.Pearce, and J. Gordinano, editors. Guilford Press, New York.Avni, Gideon, and Zvi Greenhut1996 Architecture, Burial Customs and Chronology. In The Akeldama Tombs: Three Burial Caves in the Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. G. and Z.G. Avnieditors, IAA Reports, Volume 1, Ahva Press, Jerusalem, pp. 1-39.Baby, Ray S.1954 Hopewell Cremation Practices. Papers in Archeology, 1. Ohio Historical Society, pp.1-7.Bachman, David C., and Wade P. Catts1990 Final Archaeological Investigations of the Lafferty Lane Cemetery, 7K-D-111, State Route 1 Relief Corridor, Dover, Kent County, Delaware.Delaware Department of Transportation, Archaeology Series 80, Dover, DE.Bachman, Ronet1992 Death and Violence on the Reservation: Homicide, Family Violence, and Suicide in American Indian Populations. Auburn House, New York,NY.Badgam, P., and L. Badgam1987 Death and Immortality in the Religions of the World. Paragon House, New York.Bahn, Paul G.1997 Bodies of the Bogs. Archaeology, July/August, 50(4): 62-67.Bahn, Paul G. (editor)1998 Tombs, Graves and Mummies, Phoenix Illustrated, London, England.Barber, Edwin A.1877 Aboriginal Funereal Customs in the United States. American Naturalist, 11: 197-204.Barber, P.1988 Vampires, Burial and Death Folklore and Reality. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.Bardis, P.D.1981 History of Thanatology: Philosophical, Religious, Psychological, and Sociological Ideas Concerning Death from Primitive Times to the Present.University Press of America, Lanham, MD.Barfield, Lawrence1994 The Iceman reviewed. Antiquity, 68: 10-26.Barley, Nigel1997 Grave Matters: A Lively History of Death Around the World. Henry Holt and Company.(ISBN: 0805048243)Barrett, John C.1992 Comment. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 11(1): 157-162.529

Bartel, Brad1982 A historical review of ethnological and archaeological analyses of mortuary practice. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1: 32-58.Bass, W.M., D. Evans, and D.H. Ubelaker1971 The Leavenworth Site Cemetery: Archaeology and Physical Anthropology. In Anthropology, 2. University of Kansas Publications.Bassett, S. (editor)1992 Death in Towns: Urban Responses to the Dying and the Dead, 100-1600. Leicester University Press, UKBathrick, M. D. and C.M. Niquette1994 Bibliography of Funeral and Burial Practices.http://wings.buffalo.edu/academic/department/anthropology/documents/deathbibBeattie, O. and J. Geiger1987 Frozen in Time: Unlocking the Secrets of the Franklin Expedition. E.P. Dutton, New York, NY.Beck, Lane Anderson1995 Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, Plenum Press, New York.Bell, Edward L.1990 The Historical Archaeology of Mortuary Behavior: Coffin Hardware from Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Historical Archaeology, 24:54-78.1994 Vestiges of Mortality and Remembrance: A Bibliography on the Historical Archaeology of Cemeteries. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, N.J.Bendann, E.1930 Death Customs: An Analytical Study of Burial Rites, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.Bengston, V.L., J.A. Cuellear, and P.K. Ragon1976 Group Contrasts in Attitudes Toward Death: Variation by Race, Age, Occupation, Status, and Sex. unpublished manuscript.Benson, Donna Lynn1985 "Prepare for Death and Follow Me": Perceptions of Death in Pleasant Bottoms. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Ohio Valley Urban andHistoric Archaeology, Donald B. Ball and Philip J. Diblasi, editors, Archaeological Survey, University of Louisville, pp.48-54.Benson, Elizabeth P. (editor)1975 Death and the Afterlife in Pre-Columbian America. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Berger, A., et al. (editors)1989 Perspectives on Death and Dying: Cross-cultural and Multi-disciplinary Views. Charles Press, Philadelphia, PA.Bernard, H.Y.1979 The Law of Death and Disposal of the Dead, 2nd edition, Oceana Publishing, Dobbs Ferry, NY.Binford, Lewis1971 Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Potential. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, J.A. Brown, editor, Memoirs ofthe Society for American Archaeology, No. 25, pp. 6-29.Bienert, H.D.1991 Skull Cult in the Prehistoric Near East. Journal of Prehistoric Religion, 5:9-23.Bird, J.B.1975 The Copper Man: A Prehistoric Miner and his Tools from Northern Chile. Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Pre-Columbian Metallurgy of SouthAmerica. Washington, D.C.Blakely, Robert L. and Judith M. Harrington (editors)1997 Bones in the Basement: Covert Medical Practices in Nineteenth-Century Georgia. Smithsonian Institution Press.(ISBN: 1560987502)Bliatout, Bruce Thowpaou1980a Causes and Treatment of Hmong Mental Health Problems. A paper presented to the National Refugee Conference, Irvine, CA.1980b1982a1982bMental Health Problems of the Hmong Refugees in the United States. A paper presented to the Pan-Asian Conference at the University ofSouthern California, Los Angeles, CA.Hmong Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome. Sparkle Publishing Enterprises, Portland, OR.Understanding the Differences Between Asian and Western Concepts of Mental Health and Illness: Hmong and Lao. in Refugee Mental Health:Paths to Understanding and Helping, Department of Health and Human Services-Region VII, Kansas City, Missouri. pp. 17-28.1990 Hmong Beliefs about Health and Illness. in Hmong Forum, Volume 1, S. Young, editor, Haiv Hmoob, Minneapolis, MN.530

1993 Hmong Death Customs: Traditional and Acculturated. in Ethnic Variations in Dying, Death, and Grief: Diversity in Universality, Donald P. Irish,Kathleen F. Lundquist, and Vivian Jenkins Nelson editors, Taylor and Francis, Washington, D.C. pp.79-100.Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth1992 Judahite Burial Practices and Beliefs About the Dead. JSOT Press, Sheffield, England. (also cited as published by Sheffield Academic Press)Boase, T.S.R.1972 Death in the Middle Ages. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Boddington, A., A.N. Garland, and R.C. Janaway1987 Flesh, bones, dust and society. in Death, decay and reconstruction: approaches to archaeology and forensic science, edited by A. Boddington,A.N. Garland, and R.C. Janaway, Manchester University Press, Manchester, UK, pp. 3-9.Bondeson, Jan2001 Buried Alive: A Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-393-32222-X)Bowman, Bradley F.1991 The Foster Site Cremation, A Single Individual, Partition Cremation in Milam County, Texas. Plains Anthropologist, 36(133): 31-42.Bowman, L.1959 The American Funeral: A Study in Guilt, Extravagance and Sublimity. Washington D.C. Reprinted 1973, Westport, CT.Boylston, A., S. Norton, and C.A. Roberts1995 Ritual or Refuse? Late Bronze Age Mortuary Practices at Runnymede. Unpublished Bone Report, Bradford University, Bradford, WestYorkshire, England.Brandon, S.G.F.1970 The Judgment of the Dead. Scribners, New York.Brehm, H.C., and E. Raymond Evans1977 Preliminary Report on an Experimental Stone Box Burial. Tennessee Anthropologist, II(1):16-23.Brink, Edwin C.M. van den1982 Tombs and Burial Customs at Tell el-Dab’a and Their Cultural Relationship to Syria-Palestine During the Second Intermediate Period. Afro-Pub,Wien.Brodman, B.1976 The Mexican Culture of Death in Myth and Literature. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL.Brokenleg, Martin, and David Middleton1993 Native Americans: Adapting, Yet Retaining. in Ethnic Variations in Dying, Death, and Grief: Diversity in Universality, Donald P. Irish, KathleenF. Lundquist, and Vivian Jenkins Nelson editors, Taylor and Francis, Washington, D.C. pp.101-112.Brookmeyer, Inez1984 Notes from Analysis of Burial Materials. History Department , Oakland Museum, August 1, 1984. Manuscript on file, Department ofAnthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.Broster, John B.1988 Burial Patterns for the Mississippian Period in Middle Tennessee. Tennessee Anthropologist, XIII(1):1-15.Brothwell, D.R.1987 The Bog Man and the Archaeology of People. British Museum Publications, London.Brown, E.A.R.1981 Death and the Human Body in the Later Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the Division of the Corpse. Viator; Medieval andRenaissance Studies, 12: 221-270.Brown, James A. (editor)1971 Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology 25. Society for AmericanArchaeology, Washington, D.C.Brush, K.1988 Gender and mortuary analysis in pagan Anglo-Saxon archaeology, Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 7: 76-89.Buikstra, J.E.1981 Mortuary practice, paleodemography and paleopathology: a case study from the Koster site (Illinois), in Chapman et al., editors, pp. 123-132.Burley, David V.1995 Contexts of Meaning: Beer Bottles and Cans in Contemporary Burial Practices in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga. Historical Archaeology,29(1): 75-83.531

Burnston, Sharon Ann1982 Babies In the Well: An Underground Insight Into Deviant Behavior In Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Magazine of Historyand Biography, April, pp. 151-186.Campbell, Stuart, and Anthony Green1995 The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East. Oxbow Books, Oxford, England.Cannon, Aubrey1989 The Historical Dimension in Mortuary Expressions of Status and Sentiment. Current Anthropology, 30: 437-458.Carlson, Lisan.d. Dealing Creatively with Death: A Manual of Death Education and Simple Burial, 13th Edition. Galen Press, Tucson, Arizona.1987 Caring for Your Own Dead. Upper Access, Hinesburg, Vermont.Carlton, Bronwyn1995 The Big Book of Death. De Comics.(ISBN: 1563891662)Chapman, Robert1987 Mortuary practices: society, theory building and archaeology. In Death, decay and reconstruction. Boddington et alia editors, ManchesterUniversity Press, Manchester, U.K., pp. 198-216.Chapman, Robert, Ian Kinnes, and Klaus Randsborg (editors)1981 The Archaeology of Death. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.Chindarsi, N.1976 The Religion of the Hmong Njua. Siam Society, Bangkok, Thailand.Cobb, Augustus Gardiner1892 Earth Burial and Cremation: The History of Earth-Burial with its Attendant Evils and the Advantages offered by Cremation. G.P. Putnam, NewYork, NY.Coffin, Margaret M.1976 Death in Early America: The History and Folklore of Customs and Superstitions of Early Medicine, Funerals, Burials, and Mourning. ThomasNelson, Nashville, TN.Cole, Pamela1894 Early New England Funeral Customs. Journal of American Folklore, 7.Colman, Penny1997 Corpses, Coffins and Crypts: A History of Burial. Henry Holt and Company.(ISBN: 0805050663)Combes, John D.1974 Ethnography, Archaeology, and Burial Practices among Coastal South Carolina Blacks. The Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers,1972, 7:52-61, Columbia, S.C.Comeaux, M.L.1989 Burial: “Going Home.” in Encyclopedia of Death, edited by R. Kastenbaum and B. Kastenbaum, Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ., pp. 36-37.Conze, E.1959 Buddhism: Its Essence and Development. Harper Torchbook, New York.Cook, Susan1914 Old Stone-lined Grave Found at Monk's Mound. Prehistoric Illinois the Great Cahokia Mound. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,6(4):http://www.iltrails.org/moundshx.htmCounts, D.R., and D.A. Counts (editors)1991 Coping with Final Tradegy: Cultural Variation in Dying and Grieving. Baywood, Amityville, NY.Cox, M. (editor)1996 Life and Death in Spitalfields 1700-1850. CBA, York, UK.1998 Grave Concerns: Death and Burial in England 1700-1850. Council for British Archaeology Research Report No. 113, Council for BritishArchaeology, York, UK.Coyle, Matt, Peter Lamb, and Matthew Coyle1996 Registry of Death. Kitchen Sink Press.(ISBN: 0878164480)532

Cragg, K.1983 Finality in Islam. Studia Missionalia, 32:219-230.Crawford, A.1961 Customs and Culture in Vietnam. Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, Japan.Crissman, James K.1994 Death and Dying in Central Appalachia: Changing Attitudes and Practices. University of Illinois Press.(ISBN: 0252063554)Crocker, C.1971 The Southern Way of Death. in The Not So Solid South: Anthropological Studies in a Regional Subculture. J.K. Morland, editor,University ofGeorgia Press, Athens, GA. pp.114-129.Cronin, Xavier A.1996 Grave Exodus: Tending to Our Dead in the Twenty-First Century. Barricade Books.(ISBN: 1569800952)Crissman, James K.1994 Death and Dying in Central Appalachia: Changing Attitudes and Practices. _____________.Curl, J.S.1972 The Victorian Celebration of Death. The Partridge Press, Detroit, MI.Cytron, Barry D.1993 To Honor the Dead and Comfort the Mourners: Traditions in Judaism. in Ethnic Variations in Dying, Death, and Grief: Diversity in Universality,Donald P. Irish, Kathleen F. Lundquist, and Vivian Jenkins Nelson editors, Taylor and Francis, Washington, D.C. pp.113-124.Cytron, B.D., and E. Schwartz1986 When Life is in the Balance: Life-and-Death Decisions in Light of the Jewish Tradition. Youth Commission, United Synagogue of America, NewYork.Danforth, L. and Tsiaras, A.1982 The Death Rituals of Rural Greece. Princeton.Daniell, Christopher1997 Death and Burial in Medieval England 1066-1550. Routledge, London.(ISBN: 0415116295)Davis, Hester A.1995 Folk Narratives and Archaeology: An African-American Cemetery in Texas. Journal of Field Archaeology, 22(3): 349-353.Dawson, D., J.F. Santos, and D.C. Burdick1990 Differences in the Final Arrangements Between Burial and Cremation as the Method of Body Disposition. Omega, 21(2):129-146.Daye, Douglas D.1996 A Law Enforcement Sourcebook of Asian Crime and Cultures, Tactics and Mindsets. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0-8493-8116-9)Dethlefson, Edwin and Kenneth Jensen1977 Social commentary in the cemetery. Natural History, 86: 32-39.Dillehay, Tom D., editor1995 Tombs for the Living: Andean Mortuary Practices, Dumbarton Oaks Research Laboratory and Collection, Washington, D.C.Diongson, Dominic1993 Bones and Bureaucrats. Archaeology, March/April: 28-38.Donnan, Christopher B., and C. William Clewlow Jr. (editors)1974 Ethnoarchaeology, Monograph 4, UCLA Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Douglas, John E., Robert K. Ressler, Ann W. Burgess, and Carol R. Hartman1986 Criminal Profiling from Crime Scene Analysis, Behavioral Sciences & the Law, Volume 4(4): 401-421.Ebersole, Gary L.1989 Ritual Poetry and the Politics of Death in Early Japan, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Eisenbruch, M.1984a Cross-Cultural Aspects of Bereavement I: A Conceptual Framework for Comparative Analysis. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 3:283-309.1984bCross-Cultural Aspects of Bereavement II: Ethnic and Cultural Variations in the Development of Bereavement Practices. Culture, Medicine, andPsychiatry, 4:315-347.533

Eliade, M., (editor)1987 The Encyclopedia of Religion, Macmillan, New York, NY.Ellenberger, H.F.1980 Corporal Mutilation Inflicted on Women: A Victimological Study. Criminologie, 13(1):80-93.Ellis, Florence H.1968 An Interpretation of Prehistoric Death Customs in Terms of Modern Southwestern Parallels. In Collected Papers in Honor of Lyndon LaneHargrave, edited by Albert H. Schroeder, pp. 57-76. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 1. Museum of New Mexico Press,Albuquerque, NM.Enright, D.J.1983 The Oxford Book of Death. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.Etlin, R.1984 The Architecture of Death. Cambridge, MA.Evans-Wentz, W.Y.1976 The Tibetan Book of the Dead. Oxford University Press, London, UK.Fabian, J.1972 How Others Die: Reflections on the Anthropology of Death. Social Research, 39:543-567.Farrell, J.J.1980 Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830-1920. Philadelphia, PA.Fell, C.1956 Roman burials found at Arbury Road, Cambridge, 1952, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 49: 13-23.Fox, W.A., and J. Eldon Molton.d. A Special Child: The Monarch Knoll Burial. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 19:99.Garland, R.S.J.1985 The Greek Way of Death. London.1989 The well-ordered corpse: an investigation into the motives behind Greek funerary legislation, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 36: 1-15.Garelik, G. and G. Maranto1984 Multiple Murderers. Discover, July, pp: 26-29.Gates, C.1983 From Cremation to Inhumation: Burial Practices at Iaysos and Kameiros during the Mid-Archaic Period, ca. 625-525 B.C., University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles Institute of Archaeology, Occasional Paper 11, Los Angeles, CA.Gavin, William Joseph1995 Cuttin’ the Body Loose: Historical, Biological, and Personal Approaches to Death and Dying. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA.(ISBN: 1566392985)Gilanshah, Farah1993 Islamic Customs Regarding Death. in Ethnic Variations in Dying, Death, and Grief: Diversity in Universality, Donald P. Irish, Kathleen F.Lundquist, and Vivian Jenkins Nelson editors, Taylor and Francis, Washington, D.C. pp.137-145.Girard, R.1977 Violence and the Sacred, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.Gittings, Clare1984 Death, Burial, and the Individual in Early Modern England. Croom Helm, London.Glob, P.V.1969 The Bog People, Iron Age Man Preserved. Cornell University Press, New York. (also cited as Ballatine Books, New York).Goldstein, L.1980 Mississippian Mortuary Practices: A Case Study of Two Cemeteries in the Lower Illinois Valley. Northwestern University ArchaeologicalProgram, Evanston, IL.Gonzalez-Wippler, M.1996 Santeria: The Religion, Llewellyn Publishing, St. Paul, MN.Good, B.J., M.D. Good, and R. Moradi1985 The Interpretation of Iranian Depressive Illness and Dysphoric Affect. in Culture and Depression. A. Kleinman and B.J. Good (editors),University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, pp. 369-428.534

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Criminal and Cultural BehaviorThe impact of one’s culture on daily activities is inescapable. That impact, whether conscious ornot, must in some ways extend to the commission of crimes as well as victim reactions. This category includescitations beyond those about death rituals and includes references about criminal psychology, cultural studies, andforensic psychiatry. A greater understanding of the psychological and cultural motivation subjects might have incommitting crimes will impact approaches to searching for and processing evidence. One need not be a behavioralscientist or criminal profiler to realize that a subject diagnosed with paranoia might dispose of a victim in a mannerdifferent than a sociopath. An example of cultural influence in the selection of a victim’s disposal site is the case ofJeremiah James Bringsplenty. Accounts of this 1992 case included that of the abuse and murder of Jeremiah byfamily acquaintances who were babysitting the infant in his Kentucky home. Both the victim and the subjects wereof Native American ancestry. The subjects left Kentucky for the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota with plans tobury Jeremiah near relatives. Because of decomposition, however, they were forced to stop outside Lincoln,Nebraska to bury the remains. This section also contains references valuable for investigators interviewing subjectsand witnesses. This category and “General and Cultural Anthropology of Death” overlap to some degree.Abel, Ernest L.1987 Homicide: A Bibliography. Greenwood Press, New York, NY.Abess, J.1988 Glossary of Psychiatric Terminology.www.abess.com/glossary.html (accessed July 2002)Abrahamsen, D.1944 The Dynamic Connection Between Personality and Crime and the Detection of the Potential Criminal Illustrated by Different Types of Murder.Journal of Criminal Psychopathology, 5: 481-488.1960 The Psychology of Crime, Columbia University Press, New York.1973 The Murdering Mind. Harper & Row, New York.Alamaney, A.J.1981 Cultural traits of the Arabs: Growing interest for international management. Management International Review, 21:10-28.Allan, W. and S. Stokes1981 Black family life styles and mental health of black Americans. In R. Endo and F. Munoz, editors, Perspectives on Minority Group Mental Health.Charter House, Chicago.American Psychiatric Association1987 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.1994 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, ("DSM IV"). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.Anonymous1980 Offender Profiles: A Multidisciplinary Approach. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 49:16-20.1983 Hit-man: A Technical Manual for Independent Contractors. Paladin Press, Boulder, CO.549

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General Crime Scene and Death Scene InvestigationThis bibliography would not be complete without the inclusion of references to the general scienceof crime scene and evidence processing. Just as the compiler emphasizes the need for law enforcement tounderstand the training and practices of specialists he might call in to a crime scene, it is important for the non-lawenforcement practitioner, or civilian expert, to understand the training to which an investigator is exposed. The nonforensicexpert consulted by law enforcement must remember that crime scene processing includes procedures foravoiding cross-contamination and insuring proper chain of custody. The formally trained archaeologist andcriminalist will find in common goals of systematically documenting, collecting, and interpreting physical evidencefor the purpose of understanding factors which affected the depositional history of that evidence, and ultimatelyelucidating human behavior in a very precise way. For both disciplines the comprehensive documentation of thephysical evidence in its contextual setting is paramount.Ackerman, J.A., et al.1995 The Investigation and Prosecution of Arson, Second Edition, California District Attorneys Association.Adams, Thomas Francis, and Jeffrey L. Krutsinger2000 Crime Scene Investigation. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.(ISBN: 0-13-593427-3)Adcock, James M.1998 Factors Affecting the Solvability of Homicides as Identified by the Detectives Who Investigate Them. Proceedings of the American Academy ofForensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA., p.111.Adelson, Lester1974 The Pathology of Homicide: A Vade Mecum for Pathologist, Prosecutor and Defense Counsel. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.(ISBN: 0-398-03000-6)Agner, Rebecca K.2004 Are You Allergic to Latex Gloves. A Presentation before the 89th International Educational Conference Sponsored by theInternational Association for Identification, August 24, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.Almirall, Jose R. and Kenneth G. Furton2004 Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0849378850)Alonso, Kenneth, and Carmen Alonso1997 Forensic Pathology. Allegro Press,American Society for Testing and Materials1998 E1459-92 Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation. American Society for Testing and Materials, WestConshohocken, PA.571

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Warner, Garold C.2003 Crime Scene Examination in a Combat Zone. A Presentation before the 88th International Educational Conference Sponsored by theInternational Association for Identification, July 7, 2004, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Washington State Legislature, Legislative Budget Committee1985 Follow Up Study on Death Investigation, State Medical Examiner System: A Report to the Washington State Legislature. State of WashingtonLegislative Budget Committee, Olympia, WA.Weber, D.L., E.P. Fazzini, and T.J. Regan1973 Autopsy Pathology Procedure and Protocol. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.Wecht, Cyril H.1989 United States Medicolegal Autopsy Laws, Third Edition. Info Resources Press.(ISBN: 0878150579)1991 Forensic Use of Medical Information, in Legal Medicine: Legal Dynamics of Medical Encounter, Second Edition, American College of LegalMedicine, Mosby-Yearbook, St. Louis, MO.Wecht, Cyril H. (General Editor)1999 Forensic Sciences. Matthew Bender & Company, Albany, NY.(ISBN: 082051313x)Wertheim, Pat A.1992 Crime Scene Note Taking. Journal of Forensic Identification, 42(3): 230-236.Weston, Paul B., and Kenneth M. Wells1994 Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall, Engelwood, New Jersey.Weston, Paul B., Kenneth M. Wells, and Marlene Hertoghe1995 Criminal Evidence for Police, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall or Simon and Schuster, Engelwood Clifs, NJ.Weston, N.1998 The Crime Scene. In Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science, P. White, editor. The Royal Society of Chemistry,Redwood Books, Wiltshire, UK.Westveer Jr., Arthur E. (compiler)1990 Death Investigation. United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D.C.1997 Managing Death Investigation. United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D.C. (also cited as1999).Wetli, Charles V.1988 Practical Forensic Pathology. Iaaku-Shoin Medical Pub.(ISBN: 0896401448)Wetli, Charles V., Roger E. Mittleman, and Valerie J. Rao1999 An Atlas of Forensic Pathology. American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) Press, Chicago, Illinois.Wexler, Sanford2004 Cold Cases are Getting Hot: New Databases and Techniques are Helping Investigators Solve Old Murders. Law EnforcementTechnology, 31(6):18-23.White, Peter1998 Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science. Royal Society of Chemistry, Information Services, Cambridge, UK.Wilber, Charles G.1974 Forensic Biology for the Law Enforcement Officer. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.(ISBN: 0-398-03174-6)1977 Ballistic Science for the Law Enforcement Officer. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.Williams, David J. (editor)1998 Forensic Pathology (Colour Guide). Churchill Livingstone,(ISBN: 044305388XWilliams, E.W.1967 Modern Law Enforcement and Police Science, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, MA.Williams, Joyce P. and Nancy B. Cabelus2004 The Role of the Forensic Nurse Death Investigator. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy ofForensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.596

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Nonfiction AccountsThe following citations are provided as anecdotal information about some of the more prominentburied body cases. They may be helpful in understanding what took place in particular crimes before and after thediscovery of the victims. These stories mention victim-subject dynamics as well as relationships victims or subjectshad to particular crime scenes. The compiler has found such accounts useful in reflecting third party, non-lawenforcement observations on the manner in which particular crime scenes were processed. A strong caveat ispresented in realizing that the accounts may or may not be based on police reports. They should not replace firsthand reports of crime scene methodologies. Also included in this section are case histories and biographies byforensic anthropologists.Barer, Burl2001 Head Shot, Pinnacle Books, Kensington Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-7860-1334-6)Bass, Bill, and Jon Jefferson2003 Death's Acre: Inside the Legendary Forensic Lab The Body Farm Where the Dead Do Tell Tales, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-399-15134-6)Baumann, Edward1991 Step into My Parlor: The Chilling Story of Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Bonus Books.(ISBN: 0929387643)Biondi, Ray and Walt Hecox1990 All His Father’s Sins: The Shocking Truth About California’s Most Gruesome Serial Killer. Pocket Books.(ISBN: 0671672657)Blackburn, Daniel J.1990 Human Harvest: The Sacramento Murder Story. Knightsbridge Publishing Company Trade.(ISBN: 1877961108)Bortnick, B.1995 Polly Klaas: The Murder of America's Child. Pinnacle Books, Kensington Publishing, New York, NY.Cahill, Tim1986 Buried Dreams, Inside the Mind of a Serial Killer. Bantam Books, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0553051156)Call, Max1985 Hand of Death: The Henry Lee Lucas Story. Vital Issues Press.(ISBN: 0933451008)Cauffiel, Lowell1997 House of Secrets. Kensington Publishing Corporation.(ISBN: 1-57566-221-3)598

Cox, Mike1991 The Confessions of Henry Lee Lucas. Pocket Books.(ISBN: 0671706659)Dahmer, Lionel1995 A Father’s Story. Avon Books.(ISBN: 0380725037)Donato, Nick1996 Mama’s Boy: The True Story of a Serial Killer and His Mother.Dvorchak, Robert1991 Milwaukee Massacre; Jeffrey Dahmer and the Milwaukee Murders. Dell Publishing Company.(ISBN: 0440212863)Earle, Wilton (editor)1993 Final Truth. Mondo.Eftimiades, Maria1993 Garden of Graves: The Shocking True Story of Long Island Serial Killer Joel Rifkin.. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0312952988)Englade, Ken1989 Cellar of Horror. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY.Farrell, Harry1997 Shallow Grave in Trinity County. St. Martins Press, New York.(ISBN: 0312170092)Fellenbaum, Charlie, and Donna M. Jackson1996 The Bone Detectives: How Forensic Anthropologists Solve Crimes and Uncover Mysteries of the Dead. Little, Brown, & Company, New York,NY.Flowers, R. Barri1995 The Sex Slave Murders: The Terrifying True Story of Gerald & Charlene Gallego, America’s First. St. Martin’s Press, New York.Gaskins, Donald, and Wilton Earle1992 Final Truth: The Autobiography of Mass Murderer/Serial Killer Donald ‘Pee Wee’ Gaskins. Adept.(ISBN: 0963242202)Gilmour, Walter and Leland E. Hale1991 Butcher, Baker: A True Account of a Serial Murderer. Onyx Books, New York.(ISBN: 0451402766)Harrington, Joseph, and Robert Burger1993 Eye of Evil. St. Martin’s Press, New York.(ISBN: 0312951752)1999 Justice Denied: The Ng Case, The Most Infamous and Expensive Murder Case in History. Plenum Trade, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-306-46013-0)Heimer, Mel1971 The Cannibal. Windsor Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.Hightower, Susan and Mary Ryzuk1995 Shattered Innocence, Shattered Dreams, Kensington Publishing, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0786002190)Hill, Bob1995 Double Jeopardy: Obsession, Murder, and Justice Denied, William Morrow & Company, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-688-12910-2)Hirsch, Herbert19__ Genocide and the Politics of Memory: Studying Death to Preserve Life.Hoffman, Eric Van1990 A Venom in the Blood. Donald I. Fine, Inc., New York.(ISBN: 0-7860-0660-9)Humes, Edward1991 Buried Secrets. Penguin Group, New York, NY.599

Jackman, Tom, and Troy Cole19__ Rites of Burial. Pinnacle Books, Kensington Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-7860-0520-3)Jackson, Donna1996 The Bone Detectives: How Forensic Anthropologists Solve Crimes and Uncover Mysteries of the Dead. Little, Brown and Company, Boston,MA.Jackson, Steve1998 Monster, Kensington, New York.(ISBN: 0-7860-0586-6)Jaeger, Richard W. and M. William Balousek1991 Massacre in Milwaukee: The MacAbre Case of Jeffrey Dahmer. Waubesa Press.(ISBN: 1878569090)Joyce, Christopher and Eric Stover1991 Witnesses from the Grave. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA.Keppel, Robert D.1995 The Riverman: The Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. Pocket Books.(ISBN: 0671867636)Keyes, E.1976 The Michigan Murders, Pocket Books, New York.Kidder, Tracyn.d. The Road to Yuba City; A Journey into the Juan Corona Murders. Doubleday.(ISBN: 0385028652)King, Gary C.1992 Blood Lust, Portrait of a Serial Killer. Onyx Books.(ISBN: 0451403525)King, Thomas F., Randall Jacobson, Karen Ramey Burns, and Kenton Spading2001 Amelia Earhart's Shoe: Is the Mystery Solved?. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.(ISBN: 0-7591-0130-2)Kolarik, Gera-Lind1990 Freed to Kill. Avon Books, New York.(ISBN: 0-380-71546-5)Lasseter, Don2000 Die for Me. Kensington Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.(ISBN:0-7860-1107-6)Linedecker, Clifford L.1980 The Man Who Kills Boys. St. Martin’s Press, New York.(ISBN: 0312952287)1989 Hell Ranch: The Nightmare Tale of Voodoo, Drugs, and Death in Matamoros. Diamond Books, Austin, Texas.(ISBN: 0-89015-734-0)1997 Death of a Model. St. Martin’s Press, New York.(ISBN: 0-312-96163-4)Manhein, Mary H.1999 The Bone Lady: Life as a Forensic Anthropologist. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA.(ISBN: 014029192X)Maples, William R. and Michael Browning1994 Dead Men Do Tell Tales. Doubleday, New York, NY.Masters, Briann.d. The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer. Hodder an Stoughton.(ISBN: 0340591943)Michaud, Stephen G., with Roy Hazelwood1998 The Evil that Men Do. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-312-19877-9)600

Miller, Tom1993 The Copeland Killings: The Bizarre True Account of Ray and Faye Copeland, the Oldest Couple Ever Sentenced to Death in America. PinnacleBooks.(ISBN: 1558176756)Moore, Jim1993 Rampage: America’s Largest Family Mass Murder. Summit Group.(ISBN: 1565300025)Murdoch, D.1983 Disappearances, Pinnacle, New York.Murphy, Bob1993 Desert Shadows: A True Story of the Charles Manson Family in Death Valley. Sagebrush Press.(ISBN: 0930704290)n.d.Desert Shadows: The Bizarre and Frightening True Story of Charles Manson. Falcon Press.(ISBN: 0934318867)Nafte, Myriam2000 Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Carolina Academic Press.(ISBN: 0890896380)Nash, J.R.1973 Blood Letters and Bad Men, M. Evans, New York.Neier, Aryeh19__ War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror, And the Struggle for Justice.Norris, Joel1991 Henry Lee Lucas: The Shocking True Story of America’s Most Notorious Serial Killer. Kensington Publishing Corp.(ISBN: 0821735306)Norton, Carla1994 Disturbed Ground: The True Story of a Diabolical Female Serial Killer. William Morrow and Company(ISBN: 0688097049).Olsen, Jack1985 Give a Boy a Gun: A True Story of Law and Disorder in the American West. Delcorte.1996 Salt of the Earth. St. Martins Press, New York, NY.Pence, Irene2001 Buried Memories. Pinnacle Books, New York, NY.(ISBN: 0-7860-1263-3)Pienciak, Richard T.1991 Deadly Masquerade. Signet, New York.1997 Mama’s Boy: The True Story of a Serial Killer and His Mother. Onyx Books.(ISBN: 0451407482)Pileggi, Nicholas19__ Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas. Simon Schuster, New York.Provost, G.____ Across the Border: The True Story of the Satanic Cult Killings in Matamoros, Mexico. Pocket Books, New York, NY.Rhine, Stanley1999 Bone Voyage: A Journey in Forensic Anthropology. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.(ISBN: 0-8263-1997-x or 0-8263-1998)Roemer Jr., William F.1994 Spilotro: The Chicago Mob's Man Over Las Vegas. Ballantine Books, New York.(ISBN: 0-8041-1310-6)Ross, Anne and Don Robins1989 The Life and Death of a Druid Prince: The Story of Lindow Man, an Archaeological Sensation. Summit Books, New York, NY.Sanders, E.1971 The Family; The Story of Charles Manson’s Dune Buggy Attack Battalion. E.P. Dutton.(ISBN: 0525103007)601

Scammell, Henry1991 Mortal Remains: A True Story of Ritual Murder, HarperCollins, New York.Schutze, J.1989 Cauldron of Blood: The Matamoros Cult Killings, Avon, New York, NY.Schwartz, Anne E.1992 The Man Who Could Not Kill Enough: The Secret Murders of Milwaukee’s Jeffrey Dahmer. Birch Lane Press.(ISBN: 1559721170)Smith, Carlton and Thomas Guillen1991 The Search for the Green River Killer. Penguin Books, New York, NY.Spindler, Konrad1994 The Man in the Ice. Harmony Books, New York.Stewart, Bob1996 No Remorse, Kensington Publishing, New York.Stover, Eric, Gilles Peress, and Richard J. Goldstone19__ The Graves: Srebrenica and Vukovar.Stowers, Carlton1998 To the Last Breath. St. Martins Press, New York.(ISBN: 0-312-16981-7)Sullivan, Terry1983 Killer Clown, The John Wayne Gacy Murders. Windsor Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.(ISBN: 1558174761)Svoray, Yaron and Thomas Hughes1997 Gods of Death: Around the World, Behind Closed Doors, Operates and Ultra-secret Business of Sex and Death: One Man Hunts theTruth About Snuff Films. Simon Schuster, New York.(ISBN: 0684814455)Talbitzer, Billn.d. Too Much Blood. Vantage Press.(ISBN: 0533038014)Talbot, Daniel1998 Investigation into the Disappearance of Siti Bahyah. Australian Police Journal, 52(1): 6-23.Thernstrom, Melanie1990 The Dead Girl, Pocket Books, New York.Thomas, Peggy1995 Talking Bones: The Science of Forensic Anthropology. Facts on File Science Sourcebooks.Tithecott, Richard1997 Of Men and Monsters, Jeffrey Dahmer and the Construction of the Serial Killer. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.(ISBN: 0-299-15680-X or 0-299-15684-2)Ubelaker, Douglas and Henry Scammell1992 Bones, A Forensic Detective's Casebook. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.Villasenor, Victor E.1976 Verdict, The Juan Corona Jury. Price Stern Sloan Publishers.(ISBN: 0883810131)1977 Jury, The People vs. Juan Corona. Dell, New York.(ISBN: 0440223334)Watkins, Pauln.d. My Life with Charles Manson. Bantam Books.(ISBN: 0553127888)Weinstein, Fannie, and Melinda Wilson1998 Where the Bodies are Buried. St. Martin’s Press, New York.(ISBN: 0-312-96653-9)Weller, Sheila1992 Marrying the Hangman, Random House, New York, NY.602

Williams, Paul, and Bryce L. Marshall1995 Zero at the Bone, The True Story of the Ronald Gene Simmons Christmas Massacre. Pocket Books.(ISBN: 0671685112)Wood, William P.1994 The Bone Garden, The Sacramento Boardinghouse Murders. Pocket Books, New York, NY.603

Expert TestimonyThe least taught, and perhaps least “teachable”, aspect of forensic science deals with the courtpresentation of crime scene and laboratory observations. Courtroom presentations are subject to individual levels ofknowledge, personality, and verbal skills. References below can offer suggestions on effective testimony, but noamount of training or advice will replace practical exposure. Many of the citations are specific to certain disciplinessuch as forensic psychiatry and psychology or forensic engineering; however, the maxims inherent in testifying insuch specialized areas can be universal for all forensic experts. Many of the references discuss the ethicalresponsibility crime scene specialists share toward accurately collecting, recording, and reporting informationwithout bias.Almirall, Jose R., and Kenneth G. Furton2001 Forensic Science Explained: A Guide for Understanding the Use of Science in the Administration of Justice. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(0-8493-8123-1)Anonymous1993 The Dead Rise Again in the Courtroom. The National Law Journal, June 21, 1993.Babitsky, S., and J.J. Mangraviti1999 How to Excel During Depositions: Techniques for Experts that Work. SEAK Incorporated, Falmouth, MA.2003 Cross Examination: The Comprehensive Guide for Experts. SEAK Incorporated, Falmouth, MA.(ISBN: 1-892904-23-3)Barnard, Kevin, Nichola Gray, and Earl Hodges2002 Expert Evidence.http://www.benecke.com/evidence.html or http://www.benecke.com/evidence.pdfBarnett, Peter D.2001 Ethics in Forensic Science: Professional Standards for the Practice of Criminalistics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0-8493-0860-7)2004 Obscuring the Obverse: The Obligations of Disclosure. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of ForensicSciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Baute, Paschal2002 Expert Witnessing and Daubert: Is Your Expert Witness Prepared for a Daubert/Kumho Challenge?http://www.acfe.com/public/articles/details.cfm?id=58&get=16Becker, Ronald F.1997 Scientific Evidence and Expert Testimony Handbook: A Guide for Lawyers, Criminal Investigators, and Forensic Specialists. Charles C. ThomasPublisher, Springfield, IL.(ISBN: 0-398-06761-9 or 0-398-06762-7)604

Beggs, G.J.1995 Novel Expert Evidence in Federal Civil Rights Litigation. American University of Law Review, 45(1):1-76.Benjamin, David M.2004 Juror's Right to Question Testifying Expert Rights Lawyer's Wrongs. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the AmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Bohan, T.L., and E.J. Heels1995 The Case Against Daubert: The New Scientific Evidence "Standard" and the Standards of Several States. Journal of Forensic Sciences,40:1030-Bohan, Thomas L., and Joseph A. Keierleber2004 Ten Years After Daubert: The Status of the States. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy ofForensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Bono, J.P.1981 The forensic scientist in the judicial system. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9(2): 160-166.Bradley, Michael D.1983 The Scientist and Engineer in Court. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.Brady, William J.1982 A Physician/Attorney’s Outline of Death Investigation. (Library of Congress Call Number: RA1063.4.B7 1982)Brereton, LeGay1977 Evidence in Medicine, Science and the Law. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 9:45-Brodsky, Stanley L.1991 Testifying in Court: Guidelines and Maxims for the Expert Witness. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.Brogdon, B.G.1998 The Radiological Expert, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.359-378.Bronstein, Daniel A.1998 Law for the Expert Witness, Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL(ISBN: 0-8493-8135-5)Burns, Karen Ramey2002 Challenges of the Haitian Courtroom. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta,Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.Canadian Bar Association1977 An Index to Expert Witnesses. Prepared for the Seminar on Forensic Science & Circumstantial Proof, Ontario Branch, Canadian Bar Association,February 3, 1977, Canadian Bar Association, Ontario, Canada.Cantor, B.J.1994 Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence. Federal Judicial Center, Matthew Bender, New York, NY.1997 The Role of the Expert Witness in a Court Trial. Civil Evidence, Photo. Seminars, Belmont, MA.Cato, B.H.1974 The presentation of scientific evidence in the courts - improving its effectiveness. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 14: 93-97.Cavanaugh, Janis2002 Forensic Evidence in the Courts, Expert Testimony, Lab Assurance and Credibility: An Examination of Employe Certification and CrimeLaboratory Accreditation in Four California Counties. A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the International Association forIdentification, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 6, 2002.Christensen, Angi M.2004 The Impact of Daubert: Implications for Testimony and Research in Forensic Anthropology (and the Use of Frontal Sinuses in PersonalIdentification). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(3):427-430.Christensen, Angi M. and Murray K. Marks2002 The Impact of Daubert on Testimony and Research in Forensic Anthropology. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the AmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.Coker, Lynne M.2004 IAI Certification: Required Courtroom Testimony? A Presentation before the 89th International Educational Conference Sponsored by theInternational Association for Identification, August 24, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.Colquitt, J.A.1988 Judicial Use of Social Science Evidence at Trial. Arizona Law Review, 30(1):51-84.605

Connors, Edward, Thomas Lundregan, Neal Miller, and Tom McEwen1996 Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial. United StatesDepartment of Justice, Office of the Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice Research Report, Washington D.C.Conway, Kevin J.2004 Direct Examination and Experts: How Experts Can Excel. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MACwik, C.H.1999 Guarding the Gate: Expert Evidence Admissibility. Litigation, 25:6-67.Cwiklik, Chesterene L.2004 The Importance of Asking the Right Questions: Framing Competing Hypotheses. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of theAmerican Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Dalrymple, Brian E., and Associates2003 Court Preparation for Digital Evidence. A Presentation before the 88th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the InternationalAssociation for Identification, July 8, 2004, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmceuticals, Inc. 509 U.S. 579 (1993)Dix, Jay, Elizabeth Laposata, and Joe Moseley1994 Attorney’s Handbook of Forensic Pathology and Death Investigation. University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Law, Office of ContinuingEducation, Columbia, Missouri.Doyle, P.1989 The Role of the Expert Witness. AFTE Journal, 21(4): 639-642.Dubinsky, Bruce G.2004 Preparing to nTestify: Deposition and Trial. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004,Hyannis, Cape Cod, MAEckert, W.G., and Wright, R.K.1997 Scientific Evidence in Court, in W.G. Eckert, editor, Introduction to Forensic Sciences, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, New York, NY.Evett, I.1996 Expert Evidence and Forensic Misconceptions of the Nature of Exact Science. Science & Justice, 36(2):118-122.Faigman, David Laurence1999 Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY.Faigman, D.L., D.H. Kaye, M.J. Saks, and J. Sanders2002 Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony. West Publishing, St. Paul, MN.Fatteh, A.1972 Homicidal Gunshot Wound of the Mouth. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 12:347-349.Foster, Kenneth R., and Peter W. Huber1997 Judging Science: Scientific Knowledge and the Federal Courts. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Frankel, M.S.1989 Ethics and Forensic Sciences: Professional Autonomy in the Criminal Justice System. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3):765-Freckelton, Ian R.1987 The Trial of the Expert: A Study of Expert Evidence and Forensic Experts. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.Freeman, Michael, and Helen Reece1998 Science in Court. Dartmouth, Aldershot, Hants, England.Freiman, M.J., and M.L. Berenblut1997 Litigator’s Guide to Expert Witnesses, Canada Law Books, Aurora, Ontario, Canada.Froede, Richard C.1997 The Scientific Expert in Court: Principles and Guidelines. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Baltimore, MD.(ISBN: 0-915274-93-0)Frye vs. United States, 54 App. D.C. 46, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (1923)293 F. 1013, 1014, 34 A.L.R. 145 (D.C. Cir. 1923)Gallagher, Vince A.2004 Maintaining Your Integrity and Credibility in the Face of the Adversarial System. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert WitnessConference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA606

Galloway, A., W.H. Birkby, T. Kahana, and L. Fulginiti1990 Physical Anthropology and the Law: Legal Responsibilities of Forensic Anthropologists. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 33:39-57.Genck, Wayne J.1987 Trial Success Linked to Meeting Expert Witnesses' Expectations. The Expert and the Law: A Publication of the National Forensic Center, 7(2):Gerber, P.1987 Playing Dice with Expert Evidence: The Lessons to Emerge from Regina v. Chamberlain, Med. J. Aust., 147:243-247.Giannelli, Paul C.1989 Evidentiary and Procedural Rules Governing Expert Testimony. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3): 730-748.2001 Expert Testimony: Amendments to the Federal Rules of Evidence. A Paper Presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 53rdAnnual Meeting, February 19-24, 2001, Seattle, Washington.Giannelli, P.C., and E.J. Imwinkelried1993 Scientific Evidence, Second Edition, Volumes 1 and 2, Michie Companhy, Charlottesville, VA.Gill-King, H.1998 Common Scientific Knowledge and the Edges of Expertise. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA.,p.186.Girdwoyn, Piotr2003 An Expert Witness in Criminal Procedures of Various European Countries: An Attempt of Comparative Analyze. Proceedings of the ThirdEuropean Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement1):333.Girvan, R.2001 An Overview of the Use of Computer-Generated Displays in the Courtroom.http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/2001/issue/girvan1.htmlGood, Phillip I.2001 Applying Statistics in the Courtroom: A New Approach for Attorneys and Expert Witnesses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 1-58488-271-9)Goodwin, L.2002 The Admissibility of Computer-Generated Evidence in U.S. and U.K. Courts. PhD Dissertation, University of Nottingham, England.Graham Hall, J., and G.D. Smith1992 The Expert Witness. Chichester.Grimes, W.D.1994 Classifying the Elements in a Scientific Animation: Accident Reconstruction: Technology and Animation, Society of Automotive Engineers,Warrendale, PA.Hall, Richard A. Spurgeon, Carolyn Brown Dennis, and Tere L. Chipman1999 The Ethical Foundations of Criminal Justice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0849391164)Hamlin, Sonya1997 What Makes Juries Listen Today. Glasser LegalWorks, Little Falls, NJ.Harris, L.S.1991 Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Images of the Injured Brain: Effective Evidence in the Courtroom. Forensic Science International, 50:179-185.Havard, J.D.J.Expert Scientific Evidence Under the Adversarial System A Travesty of Justice? Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 32:225.Henderson, Carol2002 Expert Witnesses: How Experts are Selected. Presentation before the 16th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences,September 4, 2002, Montpelier, France.Henderson, Carol E., Stephen A. Brunette, Roger J. Dodd, Roderick T. Kennedy, Harry L. Miles, and Linda S. Thomas1999 How to be a Better Expert Witness. Proceedings of American Academy of Forensic Sciences, V:10-11.Henderson, Carol, and Anjali R. Swienton2004 Resource Guide for Users of Science and Technology and the National Clearinghouse for Science, Technology, and the Law. A Presentationbefore the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.607

Himberg, Kimmo2002 From Crime Scene to Court. "Quality Control in Criminalistics." Presentation before the 16th Meeting of the International Association ofForensic Sciences, September 4, 2002, Montpelier, France.Hodgkinson, T.1988 Expert Evidence and Reasonable Doubt. Law Quarterly Review, 104(4): 198-202.Hollien, H.1990 The Expert Witness: Ethics and Responsibilities. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35(6): 1414-1423.Hoshower, Lisa M.1999 Expert Witness Testimony and the Forensic Anthropologist. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, V:220-221.Houck, Max M.2004 Clash of Cultures: Getting Science into the Courtroom. A Presentation before the 89th International Educational Conference Sponsored by theInternational Association for Identification, August 24, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.Howard, L.B.1986 The Dichotomy of the Expert Witness. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(1):338-Howitt, Some Comments on the Distinction Between Experts. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of ForensicSciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Huber, Peter William1991 Galileo’s Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. BasicBooks, New York, NY.Huber, Roy A.1959-60 Expert Witnesses. Criminal Law Quarterly, 2(280)Hueske, Edward E.2004 Independent Analysis of Physical Evidence in Criminal Cases – Defense Perspective. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of theAmerican Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Hyzer, William G.1998 The Use and Misuse of Images as Evidentiary Information in the Courtroom. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, IV:84.Imprevento, Michael F.2004 How Attorneys Prepare to Depose Experts: What Experts Can Expect and How to Prepare for it. A Presentation before the 13th Annual NationalExpert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MAImwinkelried, E.J.1992 The Methods of Attacking Scientific Evidence. The Michie Company, Charlottesville, VA.Jaffe, Mark E.2002 The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly: Legal Perspectives of What Makes a Good Expert Witness. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting ofthe American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.Jones, Carol A.G.1994 Expert Witnesses: Science, Medicine, and the Practice of Law. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England. or Oxford University Press, New York.Kantor, A. Tana1998 Winning Your Case with Graphics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0-8493-8131-2)Kassin, S.M., and L. Wrightsman1985 The Psychology of Evidence and Trial Procedure, Sage Publications, Beverl Hills, CA.Kaye, David H.1997 Science in Evidence. Anderson Publishing, Cincinnati, OH.Kennedy, Kenneth A.R.1998 Trials in Court: The Forensic Anthropologist Takes the Stand. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA.,p.186.2002 Trials in Court: The Forensic Anthropologist Takes the Stand. In D.W. Steadman, editor, Hard Evidence: Case Studies in ForensicAnthropology, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJKiely, Terrence F.2001 Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0-8493-1896-3)2003 Forensic Science and the Law. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and InvestigativeTechniques, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.565-579.608

Klawans, Harold L.1991 Trials of an Expert Witness: Tales of Clinical Neurology and the Law. Little, Brown, Boston, MA.Knapp, Kerry L.2004 Meeting the Daubert Challenge: A Proposed Model to Test the Relevance and Reliability of Expert Testimony. A Presentation before the 56thAnnual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Knight, B.1989 Ethics and Discipline in Forensic Science. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 29(1): 53-60.Koehler, J.J.1993 Error and Exaggreration in the presentation of DNA Evidence. Jurimetrics, 34:21-39.Kogan, J.D.1978 On Being and Expert Witness in a Criminal Trial. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 23(1): 190-200.Krane, Daniel E.2004 Making the Complex Understandable: What Works for Expert Witnesses. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert WitnessConference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MAKreeger, Lisa2002 Preparing for Defense Experts. Silent Witness, 7(2):Krieger, R.1992 Now Showing at a Courtroom Near You. American Bar Association Journal, 78:92Kurapka, Vidmantas Egidijus, Hendryk Malevski, and Janina Juskeviciute2003 Conception of Legal Regulation of Forensic Science and the Practice of Its Realization in Lithuania. Proceedings of the Third European Academyof Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):333.Lauridson, James R.2004 Effective Use of Computer Graphics by Experts: Cost-Effective Techniques That Work. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National ExpertWitness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MALawton, Lord Justice1980 The Limitations of Expert Scientific Evidence. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 20: 237-242.Lederer, F.1994 Technology Comes to the Courtroom. Emory Law Journal, 43:1095-1113.Lilly, Graham C.1987 An Introduction to the Law of Evidence, Second Edition. West Publishing Company,Lloyd, R.H.1990 Homicide Reconstruction with the Use of Scale Model for Courtroom Presentation. Extended Abstract. Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on the Forensic Aspects of Mass Disasters and Crime Scene Reconstruction, June 23-29,1990, Forensic Science Research andTraining Center, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia. sponsored by the Laboratory and Identification Divisions, Federal Bureau of Investigation,United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp 277.Lucas, D.M.1989 The Ethical Responsibilities of the Forensic Scientist: Exploring the Limits. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3):721-.Lynott, M.J., and A. Wylie, editors1995 Ethics and Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990's. Society for American Archaeology Ethics in Archaeology Committee Special Report.Mac Donald, Elizabeth1999 The Making of an Expert Witness: It's in the Credentials. Wall Street Journal, February 8, 1999.MacHovec, Frank J.1987 The Expert Witness Survival Manual. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.(ISBN: 0-398-05374-X or 0-398-06256-0)Maney, J. Randolph , Jr., and Ruth E. Lucas1998 Courtroom Evidence. Office of Legal Education, Executive Office for United States Attorney, Washington, D.C.Matson, Jack V.1990 Effective Expert Witnessing. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.1994 Effective Expert Witnessing, Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 1-56670-002-7)1999 Effective Expert Witnessing, Third Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 1-56670-340-9)609

2003 Effective Expert Witnessing, Fourth Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0849313015)Mc Cracken, K.1999 To-scale Crime Scene Models: A Great Visual Aid for the Jury. Journal of Forensic Identification, 49:130-Mc Donald, Peter V.1987 More Court Jesters. Stoddard Publishing Company, Toronto.McKasson, Stephen C., and Carol A. Richards1998 Speaking as an Expert: A Guide for the Identification Sciences from the Laboratory to the Courtroom.Meyer, Carl B. (editor)1998 Expert Witnesses: Explaining and Understanding Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0-8493-1197-7)Mildred, R.H.1982 The Expert Witness. London.Mirfield, Peter1997 Silence, Confessions and Improperly Obtained Evidence. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, or Oxford University Press, New York, NY.Moenssens, Andre A., Fred E. Inbau, and James E. Starrs1986 Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases. Foundation Press, Mineola, NY.Moenssens, Andre, James Starrs, Carole Henderson, and Fred Inbau1995 Scientific Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases. Foundation Press, Mineola, NY.Neufield, P.J. and N. Colman1990 When Science Takes the Witness Stand. Scientific American, 262(5): 18-25.Nijboer, J.F., C.R. Callen, and N. Kwak (editors)1993 Forensic Expertise and the Law of Evidence. North-Holland, New York, NY.Nordby, Jon J.2002 Review of: Ethics in Forensic Science: Professional Standards for the Practice of Criminalistics [A Volume in the Protocols in Forensic ScienceSeries]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(5):1184-1185.2003 Countering Chaos: Logic, Ethics, and the Criminal Justice System. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science: AnIntroduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.553-563.Northrup, Andrew T., and Brendan P. Max2003 Disclosing Information: Ethics for the Forensic Scientist. A paper presneted at the 55th Annnual Meeting of the American Academy of ForensicSciences, Chicago, Illinois, February 21, 2003.Nortonson, Ira1990 The Expert Witness: Objective Scientist or Paid Advocate? Experts-at-Law, (March-April):6-7.O’Brien, M.W.1989 Scale Model in Criminal Trials. Journal of Forensic Identification, 39(6): 359-366.Odgers, S.J., and J.T. Richardson1995 Keeping Bad Science Out of the Courtroom: Changes in American and Australian Expert Evidence Law. University of New South Wales LawReview, 18:108-129.O'Flaherty, D.1996 Computer Generated Displays in the Courtroom: For Better or Worse.http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/1996/issued/oflah4.htmlOhlbaum, Edward D.2004a Discrediting the Truthful Expert Witness: How to Best Prepare for the Onslaught. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert WitnessConference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA2004bEthics and the Expert Witness: What Every Expert Needs to Know to Stay Out of Trouble. A Presentation before the 13th Annual NationalExpert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MAO'Reilly, Gregory W.2004 Forensic DNA Litigation, From Crime Scene to Courtroom, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0849315719)610

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Smith, Derek A.1993 Being an Effective Expert Witness: The Technologist in the Courtroom. Thames, London, England.Smith, Fred Chris, and Rebecca Gurley Bace2002 A Guide to Forensic Testimony: The Art and Practice of Presenting Testimony as an Expert Technical Witness.Smith, James S.2003 Introduction: The Importance of Ethics. A paper presented at the 55th Annnual Meeting of the American Academy of ForensicSciences, Chicago, Illinois, February 20, 2003.2004 To Daubert or not to Daubert? That Has Become THE Question. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the AmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Smith, Ron2002 Courtroom Testimony Techniques: Success Instead of Survival. A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the InternationalAssociation for Identification, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 8, 2002.Smyth, Marshall L.2004 Arson/Murder – Expert Witnesses-Biased Opinions. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy ofForensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.Speckart, George R.2004 Persuasiveness of Expert Witnesses: How to Excel. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MASpurgeon Hall, Richard A., Carolyn Brown Dennis, and Tere L. Chipman1999 The Ethical Foundations of Criminal Justice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.(ISBN: 0849391164)Starrs, J.E.1985 In the Land of Agog: An Allegory for the Expert Witness. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(2):297-Starrs, James E., and Charles R. Midkiff, editors1998 Beware Experts, You May be Next. Scientific Sleuthing Review, The Many Uses of the Forensic Sciences, 22(4):Stern, Paul1999 Surviving in the Courtroom, Twelve Rules of Testifying as an Expert Witness. A Presentation before the Masters 8Conference forAdvanced Death Investigation, presented by Division of Forensic Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis,Missouri, July 26-29, 1999.Sunar, D.G.1989 The Expert Witness Handbook: A Guide for Engineers. Professional Publications, Belmont, CA.Sundick, Robert1984 Ashes to Ashes, Dust to Dust or Where did the Skeleton Go? In Human Identification, Ted A. Rathbun and Jane E. Buikstra editors,Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. pp. 412-423.1998 The Use and Misuse of Forensic Experts in the Courtroom. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, SanFrancisco, CA., p.186.Surosky, Alan E.1993 The Expert Witness Guide for Scientists and Engineers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.Tanton, R.L.1979 Jury Preconceptions and Their Effect on Expert Scientific Testimony. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(3):681-690.Taroni, F., and CGG Aitken1997 Forensic Science at Trial. Jurimetrics, 37:327-337.Tiller, N., and T. Tiller1992 The Power of Physical Evidence: A Capital Murder Case Study. Journal of Forensic Identification, 42(2):79.Tucker, Melvin L.2004 How to Stand Up Under Cross-Examination and a Daubert Hearing. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert WitnessConference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MATunno, Davidn.d. Taking the Stand: Tips for the Expert. Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Tucson, Arizona.Wiersema, Sandra J.2004a Daubert Factors Applied to the Examination of Footwear Evidence. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the AmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.612

2004bDaubert Factors Applied to the Examination of Footwear Evidence. A Presentation before the 89th International EducationalConference Sponsored by the International Association for Identification, August 25, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.Williams, C.R.1994 Evidence and the Expert Witness. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 26:3-Witzke, David2003 Advanced Charting Techniques: Making Your Point in Court. A Presentation before the 88th International Educational ConferenceSponsored by the International Association for Identification, July 7, 2004, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Zelle, Anthony R.2004 How Attorneys Really Select Experts: The Impact of Expertise, Experience, Reputation, Writing, Speaking, Marketing, ExpertWitness Services, and Other Criteria. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004,Hyannis, Cape Cod, MAZuckerman, A.A.S.1989 The Principles of Criminal Evidence. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, or Oxford University Press, New York, NY.Cases1923 Frye v. United States, 293F. 1013, (D.C. Circuit)1991 United States v. Henthorn, 931 F.2d (9th Circuit)1993a Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed. 2d 4691993b In Re Investigation of the West Virginia State Police Crime Laboratory, 438 S.E. 2d 5011999 Kumho Tire Company v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 11672001 Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey v. Phillip Morris, 141 F. Supp. 2d 320613

Related WebsitesThe Internet contains a wealth of resources for, and by, crime scene investigators and forensicscientists. Like all of the sections in this bibliography, however, the value of those resources must be weighed bythe researcher in light of the source's background and developments within the discipline under consideration.Internet resources can and should be considered in the course of ongoing crime scene investigations in order toacquire needed environmental background about the scene, parties involved, and circumstances.The following websites are not necessarily endorsed by the compiler. The interpretation of anoutdoor scene requires not only the collection of trace evidence but the analyses of that evidence in light ofclimatological data and topographic parameters. Websites such as those for the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, National Climatic Data Center (NOAH), or the National Geological Survey could be helpful.Professional Sites such as that for the American Board of Forensic Anthropology offer not only information andlinks about their specialty but also list experts who may be within a particular investigator's region.Chamakura, Reddy P.1997 Forensic Science and the Internet: Current Utilization and Future Potential. Forensic Science Review, 9(2):97-122.This section is divided into the following categories:Responsive, Investigative, Regulatory, and Crisis Management Agencies. . 614General Forensic Science Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Forensic Entomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622Other Helpful Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623Response, Investigative, Regulatory, and Crisis Management AgenciesAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registryhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/Alabama Department of Forensic Scienceshttp://www.adfs.state.al.us614

American Academy of Forensic Scienceshttp://www.aafs.orgAmerican Academy on Veterinary Disaster Medicinehttp://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/clinsci/wing/aavdm/aavdm.htmAmerican Civil Defense Associationhttp://www.tacda.orgAmerican College of Physicians – American Society of Internal Medicine (Palm Based Data)http://www.acponline.org/pda/index.htmlAmerican College of Emergency Physicianshttp://www.acep.org/1,4634,0.htmlAmerican Society of Microbiology Bioterrorism Web Linkshttp://www.asmusa.org/pcsrc/bioprep.htmArkansas State Crime Laboratoryhttp://www.state.ar.us/crimelabArmed Forces Institute of Pathologyhttp://www.afip.orgAssociation for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiologyhttp://www.apic.org/educBureau of Alcohol, Tobacoo, and Firearmshttp://www.atf.treas,govBureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms Fire Research Laboratoryhttp://www.atf.treas.gov/labs/frlCanadian Centre for Emergency Preparednesshttp://www.ccep.caCenter for Civilian Biodefense Studies, Johns Hopkins Universityhttp://www.hopkins-biodefense.orgCenter for Disease Control and Preventionhttp://www.cdc.govCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Branchhttp://www.bt.cdc.govCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, Emergency Preparedness and Response Branch, Emergency Resources Sitehttp://www.cdc.gov/nceh/emergency/default.htmCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Servicehttp://www.cdc.gov/eis/Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseasehttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/index.htmCenter for Integration of Natural Disaster Informationhttp://cindi.usgs.govCenter for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections, St. Louis University School of Public Healthhttp://www.bioterrorism.slu.eduCentral Identification Laboratory, Hawaiihttp://www.cilhi.army.milChemcial and Biological Arms Control Institutehttp://www.cbaci.orgChemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Centerhttp://www.cbiac.apgea.army.milChemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)http://www.chemtrec.org615

Department of Defense, Global Emerging Infectious Systemhttp://www.geis/ha/osd.mil/Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Counterproliferation and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs DASD(CP/CBD)http://www.acq.osd.mil/cp/Department of Defense, Joint Service Chemical Biological Information System, Tracking System for Equipment Developmenthttp://www.moxietraining.com/oshalinks/bioterrorism.htmDepartment of Defense, Office of Counterproliferation and Chemical and Biological Defensehttp://www.acq.osd.mil/cp/organization.htmlDepartment of Defense, Program Director for Biological Defense Systemshttp://www.sbccom.apgea.army.mil/RDA/pdbio/index.htmDepartment of Health and Human Servicehttp://dhhs.gov/Department of Health and Human Service, Office of Emergency Preparednesshttp://ndms.dhhs.gov/index.htmlDepartment of Health and Human Services, Office of Emergency Preparedness, National Disaster Medical System, Response Team Web Siteshttp://ndms.dhhs.gov/Links/Team_Web_Sites/team_web_sites.htmlDepartment of Health and Human Services, Office of Emergency Preparedness, Metropolitan Medical Response Systemhttp://www.oep-ndms.dhhs.gov/CTProgram/MMRS/mmrs.htmlDepartment of Justice, Office for Domestic Preparednesshttp://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/Department of State – Crisis Managementhttp://travel.state.gov/crisismg.html#aviationDepartment of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Safetyhttp://hazmat.dot.gov/Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teamhttp://www.dmort.orgDupage County Illinois Sheriff's Office Crime Laboratoryhttp://www.dupageco.org/sheriff/crime%20lab.htmEnvironmental Protection Agencyhttp://www.epa.gov/Environmental Protection Agencyhttp://www.ert.org/Federal Bureau of Investigationhttp://www.fbi.govFederal Emergency Management Agencyhttp://www.usfa.fema.gov/Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)http://www.fletc.govFederation of American Scientists, Agricultural Biowarfare and Bioterrorism Sitehttp://www.fas.org/bwc/agr/main.htmFederation of American Scientists, Chemical and Biological Arms Control Programhttp://www.fas.org/bwc/Georgia Bureau of Investigation Division of Forensic Scienceshttp://www.ganet.org/gbi/fordiv.htmlHong Kong Government Laboratory of Forensic Scienceshttp://www.info.gov.hk/govlab/english/fo-home.htmInternational Society for Infectious Diseases Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseaseshttp://www.promedmail.org616

Metro-Dade Police Department Crime Laboratoryhttp://www.mdpd.comMichigan State Police Forensic Science Divisionhttp://members.aol.com/stevenkl/fsdhome2.htmNational Disaster Medical Systemhttp://www.ndms.dhhs.orgNational Institutes of Healthhttp://www.nih.govNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Healthhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.htmlNational Library of Medicine, Biodefense and Bioterrorism Information Resourceshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.htmlNiagara County Sheriff's Department Forensic Laboratoryhttp://www.ncsd.com/forensic.htmOccupational Safety and Health Administrationhttp://www.osha.govPan American Health Organization, Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Officehttp://165.158.1.110/english/ped/pedhome.htmPhysicians for Human Rightshttp://www.phrusa.orgPhysicians for Human Rights Antemortem Database Projecthttp://www.phrusa.org/bosnia/ident.htmlRoyal Canadian Mounted Policehttp://www.rcmp-grc.gc.caState Health Department Web Siteshttp://www.cdc.gov/search2.htmhttp://www.phppo.cdc.gov/phtn/sites.aspUnited Nations – Human Rightshttp://www.un.org/rightsUnited States Army Medical Commandhttp://www.armymedicine.army.mil/default2.htmUnited States Army Medical Research and Material Commandhttp://mrmc-www.army.mil/United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseaseshttp://www.usamrid.army.milUnited States Army, Office of the Surgeon General, Medical NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) Online Information Serverhttp://www.nbc-med.org/ie40/United States Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Commandhttp://www.sbccom.apgea.army.mil/United States Chemcial Safety and Hazard Investigation Boardhttp://www.chemsafety.govUnited States Consumer Product Safety Commissionhttp://www.cpsc.govUnited States Customs Servicehttp://www.customs.gov/xp/cgov/home.xmlUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service Forensic Laboratoryhttp://www.lab.fws.govUnited States Postal Inspection Servicehttp://www.usps.gov/websites/depart/inspect/617

World Health Organizationhttp://www.who.int/General Forensic Science ResourcesAbout Mitochondrial DNA by Terry Meltonhttp://www.mitotyping.com/dna.htmAcademy of Infrared Thermographyhttp://www.infraredtraining.net/American Board of Criminalisticshttp://www.criminalistics.com/ABC/American Board of Forensic Odontologyhttp://www.abfo.orgAmerican Forensic Technologieshttp://www.americanforensic.comAssociation for Crime Scene Reconstructionhttp://www.acsr.com/American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, Laboratory Accreditation Boardhttp://www.ascld-lab.orgAmerican Society for Investigative Pathologyhttp://www.asip.orgAndrew V. Trofimov Forensic Page Atlas of Animal Hairhttp://www.forensic.tsu.ru/0en/index0.htmlAssociation of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathologyhttp://www.panix.com/~adaspAutopsy by Ed Friedlander, M.D. Pathologisthttp://www.pathguy.com/autopsy.htmBasics of DNA Fingerprintinghttp://www.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/dnaintro.htmlCarpenter's Forensic Science Resourceshttp://ww.tncrimlaw.com/forensic/College of American Pathologistshttp://www.cap.orgChesapeake Area Shoeprint and Tire Track (CAST) Footwear and Tire Track Impression Evidencehttp://members.ad.com/varfee/mastssite/index.htmlCrime & CLues: The Art and Science of Criminal Investigationhttp://www.crimeandclues.comCrime Scene Evidence Filehttp://www.crimescene.comDNA Testing: An Introduction for Non-Scientists: An Illustrated Explanation by Jerry C. Lyellhttp://http://www.scientific.org/tutorials/articles/riley/riley.htmlEuropean Network of Forensic Science Instituteshttp://www.enfsi.org/page.php?page=default618

Footwear and Shoeprints: General Informationhttp://forensic.to/shoeprint.htmlForensic Arthttp://www.forensicartist.comForensic Education and Consultinghttp://www.forensicdna.com/index.htmForensic Education Websitehttp://www.csfs.caForensic Evidencehttp://forensic-evidence.comForensic Panelhttp://www.forensicpanel.comForensic Psychiatry Resourceshttp://www.umdnj.edu/psyevnts/forensic.htmlForensic Science and Investigation by Wayne N. Hill Sr.http://www.derbytech.net.forensicsForensic Science Resources in a Criminal Fact Investigationhttp://www.tncrimlaw.com/forensic/fsbiblio.htmForensic Science Societyhttp://www.forensic-science-society.org.uk/Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board, Incorporatedhttp://www.thefsab.orgInstitute for Canine Forensicshttp://www.prusik.com/k9ForensicInstitute of Makers of Explosiveshttp://www.ime.orgInternational Association of Arson Investigatorshttp://www.fireinvestigators.orgInternational Association of Arson Investigatorshttp://www.firearson/ef/foundinfo/index.aspInternational Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analystshttp://www.iabpa.orgInternational Association of Bomb Technicians and Investigatorshttp://www.iabti.orgInternational Association for Identificationhttp://www.theiai.orgInternational Society of Explosives Engineershttp://www.isee.orgIowa Division of the International Association of Identificationhttp://www.iowaiai.orgIowa IAI Footwear Impression Photographyhttp://www.geocities.com/cfpdlab/fipihtmlIowa IAI Night Time Photography: Painting with Lighthttp://www.geocities.com/cfpdlab/nightrane.htmIowa IAI Photographic Techniques: Backlit Subjectshttp://www.geocities.com/cfpdlab/Japanese National Research Institute of Police Sciencehttp://www.nrips.go.jp619

Law Enforcement Technologyhttp://www.law-enforcement.comLawrence Livermore National Laboratory Forensic Science Centerhttp://www.llnl.gov/lPandC/op96/10/10h-for.htmlLiterature File for Shoeprints by Earnest Hammhttp://forensic.to/hamm.htmlMicroscopy Society of Americahttp://www.msa.microscopy.comMinutuae, Lightning Powder Company, Incorporatedhttp://www.redwop.comNational Association of Medical Examinershttp://www.thename.orgNational Center for Forensic Sciencehttp://www.ncfs.ucf.eduNational Commission on the Future of DNA Evidencehttp://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/dna/welcome.htmlNational Criminal Justice Reference Serviceaskncjrs@ncjrs.orgNational Forensic Academy, University of Tennesseehttp://www.leic.tennessee.edu/forensicNational Forensic Science Technology Center (NFSTC)http://www.nfstc.orgNational Institute of Justicehttp://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nijNational Fire Protection Associationhttp://www.nfpa.orgNational Institute of Standards and Technologyhttp://www.bfrl.nist.govOffice of Justice Programshttp://www.ojp.usdoj.govPathology and Forensic Medicine Linkshttp://www.mic.ki.se/Pathol.htmlReddy Chamakura's Forensic Sitehttp://www.forensicpage.comSerological Research Institutehttp://www.serological.comThe Australian Society for Forensic Dentistryhttp://www.uq.edu.au/asfdThe BOLD (Bureau of Legal Dentistry) Laboratory by Dr. David Sweethttp://www.boldlab.orgThe Council for the Registration of Forensic Practitionershttp://www.crfp.org.ukThe DNA Fileshttp://www.dnafiles.org/home.htmlThe European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP)http://www.rechtsmedizin.uni-mainz.de/Remedneu/ednap/ednap.htmThe Frensch Forensic Odontology Societyhttp://www.epidaure.com/afio620

The German Forensic Odontology Societyhttp://www.dgzmk.deThe Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education, Florida State University College of Medicine Forensic Pathology Indexhttp://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html#MENUThe Swedish Forensic Odontology Database by Dr. Bengt Sundstromhttp://www.odont.lu.se/depts/uciv/for-od.htmlUnited States and Canadian Academy of Pathologyhttp://www.uscap.orgUniversity of Technology, Sidney Centre for Forensic Sciencehttp://www.forensics.edu.au.index.phpVictorian Institute of Forensic Medicinehttp://www.vifp.monash.edu.au/What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidencehttp://www.ncjrs.org/nij/DNAbro/intro.htmlWorldwide Forensic Odontology Contacts by Dr. George Burgmanhttp://www.od.mahse/depts/uciv/forodind.htmlZeno's Forensic Page: An Index to Web Sites on Forensic Science, Medicine and Psychologyhttp://forensic.to/Forensic Archaeology and AnthropologyAmerican Anthropological Associationshttp://www.aaanet.orgAmerican Board of Forensic Anthropologyhttp://www.csuchico.edu/anth/ABFAArchaeologicahttp://www.archaeologica.orgArgentine Forensic Anthropology Team (E.A.A.F.)http://www.eaaf.orgBioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology Associationhttp://www.luc.edu/depts/anthropology/BARFAA/European Association of Archaeologistshttp://www.e-a-a.orgForensicAnthro.comhttp://forensicanthro.comForensic Anthropology at California State University-Chicohttp://www.csuchico.edu/anth/PAHLForensic Anthropology and Computer Enhancement Services (FACES), Louisiana State Universityhttp://www.ga/lsu.edu/facesForensicArchaeology.comhttp://www.forensicarchaeology.comForensic Archaeology Home Pagehttp://www.soton.ac.uk/~jb3Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Teamhttp://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~sss4407/EAFG.htm621

Stefan Schmitt's Human Rights and Forensic Anthropology Homepagehttp://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~sss4407/Marci's Anthro Pagehttp://www.anthrogirl.com/anthropageMercyhurst Archaeological Institutehttp://mai.mercyhurst.eduMidwest Bioarchaeology Research and Forensic Anthropology Associationhttp://www.luc.edu/depts/anthropology/BARFAA/Mountain Desert and Coastal Forensic Anthropologistshttp://www.angelfire.com/cgi-bin/admem?category=Osteointeractivehttp://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/index.htmlOsteovoxhttp://www.geocities.com/osteovox/enter.htmlResources from Worldwide in Anthropology, Archaeology, and Historywww.http://anthro.org/main.htmSkull Modulehttp://www.csuchico.edu/anth/module/skull.htmlThe British Association of Human Identificationhttp://www.bahid.orgUnited States Army Central Identification Laboratory Hawaiihttp://cilhi.army.milUniversity of Indianapolis Archeology and Forensics Laboratoryhttp://archlab.uindy.eduUniversity of Sheffield, Forensic Anthropologyhttp://forensic.shef.ac.uk/anthro.htmlUniversity of Tennessee's Forensic Anthropology Centerhttp://web.utk.edu~anthrop/index.htmWelcome to ForensicArchaeology.Comhttp://www.forensicarchaeology.com/Forensic EntomologyCase Studies in Forensic Entomologyhttp://www.missouri.edu/~agwww/entomology/casestudies.htmlDepartment of Agriculture - Western Australia Entomology Home Patehttp://www.agric.wa.gov.au/ento/forensic.htmEuropean Association of Forensic Entomologistshttp://www.eafe.orgFBL-Forensic Entomologyhttp://www.dpo.uab.edu/~jwells/forensic.htmlForensic Biology and Forensic Entomologyhttp://www.geocities.com/nacik.goz/forensicsciences.htmlForensic Entomology - Insects in Legal Investigationshttp://www.forensic-entomology.com622

Forensic Entomology Data Formhttp://www.forensicentomology.com/Dform.pdfForensic Entomology Pages Internationalhttp://folk.uio.no/mustarke/forens_ent/forensic_entomology.htmlInsect Investigationshttp://www.insectinvestigations.comMark Benecke: Forensic Entomology - Insekten auf Leichenhttp://www.benecke.com/maden.htmlMembers of American Board of Entomologistshttp://www.missouri.edu/~agwww/entomology/members.htmlRhodes University Forensic Entomology Coursehttp://www.ru.ac.za/academic/departments/zooento/Martin/Forensic_ent.htmlThe Entomological Society of Americahttp://www.entsoc.orgWelcome to the World of Forensic Entomologyhttp://wwww.missouri.edu/~agwww/entomologyWorldwide List of Forensic Entomologistshttp://folk.uio.no/mostarke/forens_ent/forensic_entomology.htmlOther Helpful SitesAccess to Justice Networkhttp://www.access-to-justice.orgAnti-Defamation League Web Site – Hate Symbols Databasehttp://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/default.aspArchaeological Prospection Resourceshttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/subject/archpros.htmlBiological Agent Fact Sheets, APIChttp://www.apic.org/bioterror/agentsheets.cfmBioterrorism Disease Wall Charthttp://www.unc.edu/depts/spice/bioterrorism.htmlCenters of Disease Control and Prevention Biological Agent Informationhttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Agentlist.aspCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Electronic Publications and Documentshttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/publicat.htmCrime and Clueshttp://www.crimeandclues.comCriminal Justice MegaLinkshttp://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnorDictionary of Abbreviations and Acronyms in GEOGRAPHIC Information Systems, Cartography, and Remote Sensinghttp://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/abbrev.htmlFederal Rules of Evidencehttp://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/overview.html623

(Global Positioning System) Department of Geography, The University of Texas at Austinhttp://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.htmlGlossary of Biochemical Terrorismhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/library/bioterrorism.htmlHistory of Profiling, North Carolina Wesleyan College Criminal Justice Web-sitehttp://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/401/401lect01.htmInternational Society of Professional Trackershttp://w3.gorge.net/trackerKruglick's Forensic Resource and Criminal Law Search Sitehttp://www.kruglaw.comMcCrone Research Institutehttp://www.mcri.orgMicrosoft Terraserverwww.terraserver.microsoft.comNational Association of Privately Owned Restoration Companieswww.americanbiorecovery.orgNational Atlas of the United Stateswww.nationalatlas.govNational Biological Information Infrastructurewww.nbii.govNational Library of Medicine Anthrax and Biological Warfare Information Resourceshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/biodefenseandbioterrorism.htmlNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Centerhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.govScientific Testimony: An Online Journalhttp://www.scientific.orgSnohomish County Trackershttp://home1.gte.net/tracku2/tracking_intro.htmSouthwest Association of Trackershttp://www.cia-g.com/~owen/WNM-SARTA.htmThe Archaeological Remote Sensing Library of Geophysical Imageryhttp;//www.cast.uark.edu/~kkvamme/geop/geop.htmThe Pacific Northwest Trackers Associationhttp://pacificnwtrackers.ourmail.com/The Ultimate Forensic Psychology Databasehttp://www.forensicpage.com/news31.htmUnited States Geological Surveyhttp://www.usgs.gov624