A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with ...

A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation
with Emphases in
Forensic Geotaphonomic and Forensic Archaeological
Field Techniques
(Eleventh Edition)
compiled by
Michael J. Hochrein
Special Agent
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Laurel Highlands Resident Agency, Pittsburgh Division
Johnstown, Pennsylvania

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Planning and Reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Surveying and Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Evidence Photography . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
General and Miscellaneous Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Canines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Geophysical/Remote Sensing Technology and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Ground Penetrating Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Infrared and Thermal Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Magnetometry and Metal Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Remote Sensing Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Miscellaneous Techniques and General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Excavation and Recovery Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Geoarchaeology and Soil Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Taphonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Disease and Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Thermal Alteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Scavenging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Sharp, Blunt, Ballistic, and Other Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Fingerprint and Tattoo Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
General and Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Entomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Botany and Related Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Algology, Diatomology, and Limnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Palynology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Botany, Phytology, and General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
i

Trace and Impression Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
DNA Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Blood Stain Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Other Blood and Body Fluids Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Fecal and Coprolite Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Hair and Feather Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Fiber and Textile Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Foot, Shoe, and Tire Impression Evidence, including Casting . . . . . . . . . . 452
Tool Mark Impression Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Other Trace Evidence Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Mass Fatality and Human Rights Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Air Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Mass Graves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Other Mass Fatalities and General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
General and Cultural Anthropology of Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Criminal and Cultural Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Nonfiction Accounts of Buried Body Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Expert Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Related Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Investigative, Regulatory, and Crisis Management Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . 614
General Forensic Science Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Forensic Entomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Other Helpful Sites .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
ii

Acknowledgments
This bibliography began eleven years ago as a several page handout for interested forensic
science students. It continues to grow because of the questions posed by students and
practitioners about various disciplines used in solving crimes. My deepest appreciation goes to
forensic experts such as Frank Ciaccio, D-ABMLDI, Forensic Archaeologist Melissa A.
Connor, G. Geophysicist Clark Davenport, Dennis C. Dirkmaat, Ph.D., D.-A.B.F.A., Robert
Hall, PhD, JD, D-ABFE, Stephen Nawrocki, Ph.D., D.-A.B.F.A, York Regional Police Staff
Sergeant Greg Olsen, and Steven Symes, Ph.D., A.B.F.A. developing and supporting training
programs for which this resource continues to be used. They continue their support and provide
venues for exploring and presenting topics which address holistic approaches toward the
recovery of crime scene evidence. They, as well as the members of the F.B.I. Evidence
Response Team Unit and FBI St. Louis Division's Evidence Response Team have unselfishly
supported the multi-disciplinary training for which this bibliography was created. Now that I
have moved to another F.B.I. Division, I have had the opportunity to work with members of the
Pittsburgh's FBI Evidence Response Team. Again, I am impressed with the professionalism and
skill displayed by individuals volunteering their efforts toward the complete and accurate
collection of evidence from crime scenes.
Each year, I receive constructive comments and recommendations for additional citations.
David W. Hall, Ph.D., Tom Adair, Arapaho County Sheriff's Office, Mark Benecke, PhD,
Robert Spalding, and others I apologize if I have overlooked, have contributed this year to a
more complete collection of forensic resources. The advice and criticisms of my peers will
always be welcome toward helping all of us realize historical developments in forensic sciences
as well as the most recent innovations. Throughout the professional and scientific communities
from which crime scene investigators draw expertise, there are those who constantly strive to
push the state of arts to higher levels. For the experts and investigators who conceive then apply
those interdisciplinary developments I have the greatest respect and appreciation.
The printing of this document was only possible with the assistance of FBI Evidence Control
Technician Paula Wass, and through the efforts and expertise of Herbert Irvin of the FBI Print
Shop. The cd version of this bibliography was possible with the assistance of FBI St. Louis
Information Technology Assistant Anthony Meadows. And, as always, my wife and kids
receive my love and thanks for their patience, support, and for letting me come out and play.
cite as:
Hochrein, Michael J.
2004 A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with Emphases in Geotaphonomic
and Forensic Archaeological Field Techniques. United States Department of Justice,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Print Shop, Washington, D.C.
(Cover designed by compiler)
iii

Introduction
The following bibliography consists of resources that contain information related to the
recovery of evidence in outdoor contexts. In practice, archaeology and criminalistics share the
goal of systematically documenting, collecting and interpreting physical evidence for the
purpose of understanding the factors which affected the depositional history of that evidence.
Archaeological method and theory can extend far beyond the recovery of buried remains. The
goals of forensic science in general, and archaeology specifically, are similar in many ways.
This is evident in their respective definitions. Archaeology may be defined as “the systematic
recovery by scientific methods of material evidence remaining from man’s life and culture in
past ages, and the detailed study of this evidence” (American Heritage Dictionary, 1978:67). If
the temporal references in this definition are removed it becomes interchangeable with broader
definitions of “forensic science”.
One of the most often addressed areas in forensic science literature is that of homicide
victims. Among outdoor crime scenes, an often used means of concealment is burial. Forensic
archaeology is almost exclusively thought associated with the recovery of buried bodies. It is
hoped however that this and past editions of the bibliography are used in considering all types of
evidence and the processing of crime scenes in general. Crime scene burials do not always
involve matrices of soil, just as they are not limited to concealing human remains. Several of the
listed sources may not discuss excavation techniques per se but are related in their discussions of
mortuary practices, photography, mapping procedures, geological and pedological studies,
geophysical sensing applications, and environmental parameters affecting entomological,
botanical and taphonomic research.
When the crime scene is located outdoors the potentially vast number of extrinsic factors
(such as geological, environmental, plant and animal disturbances) often leads to a sense of
futility toward fully documenting and ultimately interpreting the range of factors affecting the
final disposition of the evidence. Forensic archaeologists, unlike most crime scene experts,
focus upon the collection of a plethora of evidence in order to reconstruct events of the, very
often, distant past. Standard documentation procedures in the archaeological investigation of a
site/scene include descriptions of the physical setting, climatic setting, botanical remains,
entomological remains, architectural features, and specifics of the associations of all of the
physical evidence to the entire contextual setting. These details are documented via written
notes, photographic and videographic images as well as through the production of detailed maps
of the spatial distribution of evidence relative to topographic and other features of the physical
setting.
In an attempt to bring archaeological methods out of entirely subterranean contexts,
resources are included which contain information applicable to most crime scenes. For example,
mapping protocols developed by archaeologists for data collection in confined spaces such as
rockshelters or caves, have direct use indoors at scenes requiring precision documentation of
ballistic, blood spatter, and other positional evidence. Published methodologies for collecting
1

and analyzing residual blood evidence from artifacts more than 10,000 years old have been in
practice for the last twenty years. Techniques of trace evidence analyses have evolved
throughout the formal history of archaeological science. Some of the most recent contributions
continue to help link artifacts with their genetic or manufactured origins.
The 2004 printing of this bibliography contains more than 10,000 citations. An attempt
has been made to group references in one of seventeen sections organized in much the way an
investigator might logically approach the search for, and processing of, a scene containing
human remains. The topics continue beyond the crime scene; however, and take the investigator
to analytical, cultural, and theoretical views of cases and evidence. The section of Expert
Testimony represents the culmination of the investigator’s work in the presentation of the facts
to jurists and juries. To that point, this journey from planning to presentation is reflected in the
following categories: Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques; Photography;
Canines; Geophysical/Remote Sensing Technology and Applications; Excavation and
Recovery Strategies; Geoarchaeology and Soil Science; Taphonomy; Entomology; Botany
and Related Areas; Trace and Impression Evidence; General and Cultural Anthropology of
Death; Criminal and Cultural Behavior; General Crime Scene and Death Scene
Investigation; and Nonfiction Accounts. A section containing resources on Mass Fatality
and Human Rights Investigations was added in previous editions to reflect the increased
service of forensic scientists as a result of international human rights atrocities, and increased
terrorism. The final section entitled Related Web Sites reflects the omnipresent nature of the
Internet. And as a further reflection of that ubiquity, attempts will again be made to make this
bibliography available through URLs such as
http://mai.mercyhurst.edu/academics/F1_program_forensic.htm . In an effort to make the
bibliography more "user friendly" several sections contain subcategories. For example,
references in the Taphonomy section are categorized under "Decomposition", "Thermal
Alteration", "Scavenging", et cetera. References were also reviewed for redundancy in order to
make the compilation more concise. As a result categories are not mutually exclusive. The
compiler has attempted to place articles in those sections/subcategories which seem to most
directly reflect the content of the article as represented by its title. There are, however, citations
which might apply to one or more categories. For example, “Detection of Crop Diseases” by
Meyer and Calpouzos (1968) has been categorized under "Botany, Phytology, and General
Topics" subcategory of the Botany, Palynology, Mycology, Algology, Diatomology, and
Limnology section; however, it could just as easily have been included in the Photography or
Geophysical/Remote Sensing Technology sections because it describes the use of aerial
photography/photogrammetry in identifying areas of botanical disease. Similarly, the article
“The Dirty Dozen: The Recognition and Collection of Tool Marks in the Forensic
Geotaphonomic Record”, by the compiler (1997) contains observations and discussion of
geoarchaeology, archaeological techniques, and search logistics. It was placed in the category
Trace and Impression Evidence because it most directly addressed the collection of tool marks
as trace evidence left behind at buried crime scenes. In an effort to avoid redundancy such
citations are only mentioned once and not cross-referenced. Therefore, readers are encouraged
to explore categories outside those which might seem to contain more obvious citations.
2

This bibliography is not annotated or intended as a review of the compiled citations.
Many of the citations are included because they are cited in more primary resources and, by
caption or abstract, appear to offer information relative to archaeological/geotaphonomic theory
and practice. It is left to the reader to determine of what value each reference might be to their
own research, or whether the research supporting citations is sound. Many citations are of
earlier vintage. Although some of these earlier articles, especially in technical areas such as
geophysical exploration or mapping, might seem outdated, many contain information on basic,
immutable, technological principles of any age. Also, the inclusion of older resources allows the
reader an opportunity to examine the evolution of certain thought and techniques in particular
areas.
References strictly concerned with osteological, odontological, and physical
anthropological analyses of human remains, toward determinations of sex, race, age, and stature,
were avoided. (The exceptions are a few field guides which represent basic aids for gross field
identifications.) Resources in this area are so extensive the reader is better served by
bibliographies specifically addressing physical anthropology. Articles which contain
information on taphonomy, or the use of physical anthropology to determine the ante-, peri-, and
postmortem history of remains, are included. Occasional prehistoric and historic archaeological
reports are included. They not only document excavation techniques, but are also included for
the information they provide concerning the cultural and temporal diversities of mortuary
practices. Non-fiction accounts of well known homicide investigations are referenced. Such
accounts may not offer analytical or scientific views; however, they do present the reported
circumstances surrounding high profile buried body investigations. These non-fiction accounts
may also offer some insight into the application, or lack, of forensic archaeology and
geotaphonomy in homicide investigations.
This bibliography is by no means exhaustive. Beyond the exclusion of strict physical
anthropological, odontological, and osteological references, there are innumerable
archaeological field reports which address the sampling and excavation of interment sites. Each
day newspapers and magazines across the world include articles about the discovery of human
remains in forensic and non-forensic situations. As with all science, research in archaeological
field techniques, taphonomy, entomology, botany, and criminalistics are not static. As they
become available to the writer, applicable citations will be added to this bibliography, and any
suggestions are appreciated. Images used below are derived from the compiler's photographs,
those taken by photographer Richard G. Marty Jr., available from the FBI Laboratory, or from
Microsoft clipart.
Special Agent Mike Hochrein
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Laurel Highlands Resident Agency
P.O. Box 615
Elton, Pennsylvania 15934
(814) 262-9290
ERTSL@hotmail.com
3

Training in polar coordinate mapping in a confined space (left) and the total electronic station
Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques
Obviously, the first step toward processing a crime scene is assessing and recording its position in situ as
well as its relationship to other sites affected by subject(s) and the victim(s). This follows tenets shared by
archaeology, geotaphonomy, and general criminalistics: Crime scenes do not occur in vacuums. They entail points
of access, egress, and are influenced by immediate and neighboring environments. Consider cases in which lone
skulls are found by pedestrians. More often than not, those skulls were once attached to remains which lie nearby.
By recording the environment or context from which the skull was recovered, (beyond its mere two dimensional
situation within a small grid), its peri- and postmortem history may become more clear. The routine recording of
elevations and topographic features such as streams, flood plains, slopes, etc., near remains could provide the
investigator, laboratory analyst, and ultimately a jury with information related to taphonomic processes affecting
those remains and explanations for their ultimate dispositions. Too often investigators take a myopic view toward
crime scenes and concentrate only on the area around the primary piece of evidence. Toward expanding that
perspective, this category contains resources which generally entail topics of search or survey techniques as well as
mapping methodologies and equipment. Several of the articles also apply to logistics and preparation; however, the
reader is also directed to the categories of “General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation” and
"Excavation and Recovery Strategies" for more general references which contain discussions about logistics and
planning.
This section is divided into the following categories:
Planning and Reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 005
Surveying and Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 018
4

Planning and Reconnaissance
Line searches and Aerial Reconnaissance
Adams, William Hampton
1995 Archaeological Surveying and Testing, Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Washington. Boise State University Resources Report 1, Boise
State University, Boise, ID.
Adams, William Hampton (editor)
1986 Archaeological Testing of Aboriginal and Historical Sites, Kings Bay, Georgia: The 1982-1983 Field Seasons. University of Florida, Department
of Anthropology, Reports of Investigation 4, Gainesville, FL.
Adrian, W.J.
1996 Wildlife Forensic Field Manual. Association of Midwest Fish and Game Law Enforcement Officers.
Aldenderfer, Mark S, and Carolyn A. Hale-Pierce
1984 The Small-Scale Archaeological Survey Revisited. American Archaeology, 4(1):4-5.
Aldenderfer, Mark S., and Frank J. Schieppati
1984 To Be or Not to Be: The Small Scale Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Research. American Archeology, 4(1):49-53.
Ammerman, Albert J.
1981 Surveys and Archaeological Research. Annual Review of Anthropology, 10:63-88.
Anderson, J.E.
1962 The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
Anonymous
1978 Role of an Anthropologist in Law Enforcement. Human Organization, 37(1):89-94.
n.d. Eliminating an Unnecessary Risk. Missouri Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Land Survey, Rolla, Missouri.
Aspinwall, A.
1968 Induced Polarization as a Technique for Archaeological Surveying. Propezioni Archeologiche, 3: 91-93.
Bailey, Geoff and Gwyn Thomas
1987 The Use of Percussion Drilling to Obtain Core Samples from Rock Shelter Deposits. Antiquity, 61: 433-439.
Baldwin, Hayden B.
n.d. The Recovery of Human Remains: A Crime Scene Perspective. Illinois State Police. (e-mail hbaldwin@compuserve.com.
Ball, Bruce F., and Peter T. Bobrowsky
1987 Cost Effectiveness and Time Management Evaluation of Intensive Recovery Techniques. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 11:75-98.
Ballou, Susan M.
1995 Moves of Murder, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(4): 675-680.
5

Bank, P. and P. Dahlstrom
1974 Collins Guide to Animal Tracks and Signs. Collins, London, England.
Bass, William M., and Hugh E. Berryman
1990 Forensic Fire Scenes: Check them Carefully. Tennessee Forensic Headliner, 1990:9.
Batchelor, James
2000 Solving the Osteological Conundrum of Buried Human Remains: What Can Your Local Archaeologist Offer?
http://www.soton.ac.uk/~jb3/forearc2.html
Bellairs, A. A. and C.R. Jenkin
1960 The Skeleton of Birds. in Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, A.J. Marshall editor, Academic Press, New York, NY. pp.241-300.
Bennett, Kenneth A.
1987 A Field Guide for Human Skeletal Identification. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
1993 A Field Guide for Human Skeletal Identification. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
Berryman, Hugh E., and Phillip R. Michael
1998 Forensic Applications of Man Tracking: Adaptation of Ancient Visual Tracking Skills to Modern Crime Scene Investigation and Law
Enforcement Training. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA., p. 112.
Bigbee, Paul D.
1999 Collecting and Handling Evidence Infected with Human Disease-Causing Organisms. Law Enforcement Bulletin, as duplicated In Managing
Death Investigation, United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D.C. pp.101-105.
Bourque, B.J., K. Morris, and A. Spiess
1978 Determining Season of Death of Mammal Teeth from Archeological Sites: A New Sectioning Technique. Science, 149:530-531.
Bowron, S.F.M., and R.J. Ruprecht
1981 Fixed Wing Aircraft in Support of Police Operations: An Introductory Report of the Work of the Hampshire Constabulary Air Support Unit.
Police Research Bulletin, 37:38-45.
Brainerd, G.W.
1939 An Illustrated Field Key for the Identification of Mammals Bones. Ohio State Archaeology and History Quarterly, 48: 4-328.
Broadhurst, A.V.
1963 Self Contained Breathing Apparatus for Police Work. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 4(1):3-6.
Brooks, S.T.
1975 Human or Not? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 20(1):149-153.
Brown, C.L., and C.E. Gustafson
1979 A Key to Postcranial Skeletal Remains of Cattle/Bison, Elk, and Horse. Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington University Reports of
Investigations 57.
Brown, Tom Jr., and Brandt Morgan
1983 Tom Brown’s Field Guide to Nature Observation and Tracking, Berkley Books, New York, NY.
Bunch, Ann W., and Calvin Y. Shiroma
2002 Be Tenacious in Your Searches for Clandestine Burials: A Lesson From the Field. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the
American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.
Burke, T.W.
1998 Forensic Diving. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 67(4):1-8.
Burns, Karen Ramey
1999 The Forensic Anthropology Training Manual. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
(ISBN: 0130105767)
Burt, William H., and Richard P. Grossenheider
1983 A Field Guide to Mammals. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. (also cited as published by The Riverside
Press, Cambridge, England).
Byers, Steven N.
2001 Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook, Allyn & Bacon,
(ISBN: 020532181X)
Byrd, Mike
2000a Disaster Management: Lost Innocents.
http://police2.ucr.edu/disaster.html
6

2000b Hazards and a Crime Scene.
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/hazards.html
2000c Innovative Evidence Identification Markers At a Crime Scene.
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/markers.html
2000d Unearthing New Technology in Crime Scene Responses with Forensic Mapping.
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/forensicmapping.html
Canti, M.G. and F.M. Meddens
1998 Mechanical Coring as an Aid to Archaeological Projects. Journal of Field Archaeology, 25(1):97-105.
Casteel, Richard W.
1970 Core and Column Sampling. American Antiquity, 35(4):465-467.
Chaplin, R.
1971 The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press, London, UK.
Chartkoff, Joseph L.
1978 Transect Interval Sampling in Forests. American Antiquity, 43(1):46-53.
Cockriel, R.
1990 Mapping and Plotting of Physical Evidence Conducive to Accident/Death Scenes Devoid of Permanent Landmarks. Extended Abstract.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Mass Disasters and Crime Scene Reconstruction, June 23-29,1990,
Forensic Science Research and Training Center, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia. sponsored by the Laboratory and Identification Divisions,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp 287.
Cohen, A., and D. Serjeanston
1996 A Manual for the Identification of Bird Bones from Archaeological Sites, Archetype Publications, Limited, London, UK.
Conner, Melissa, and Douglas D. Scott
2001 Paradigms and Perpetrators. Historical Archaeology, 35(1):
Connolly, Thomas J. and Paul W. Baxter
1983 The problem with probability: alternative methods for forest survey. Tebiwa, 20: 22-34.
Cosgrove, Margaret
1968 Bone for Bone. Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, NY.
Dancey, William S.
1974 The Archaeological Survey: A Reorientation. In Man in the Northeast, 8:98-112.
Davenport, Clark
2004 The Concept of a Multi-Discipline Approach to the Search for Clandestine Graves. Evidence Technology Magazine, 2(3):18-21.
Deepsea Development Services, Incorporated
1992 New Underwater Towed Laser Survey System. Waves, Windate Enterprises Incorporated, Spring Valley, CA.
Detweiler, A. Henry
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33

Photography
Photography of latent fingerprint evidence
Perhaps no aspect of crime scene documentation is more important and more demonstrable than
photographs. The mere click of a shutter can lock in time a theoretically unbiased account of a scene or subject.
How often have we experienced, or heard of, cases that were affected by accurate and complete photographs, or the
lack of same. For the analyst, jurist and jury person who have not had the opportunity to be at the crime scene as it
was found by the investigator, photographs may be the only remaining means of observing the condition of remains
and environmental factors which may have affected their state. Most forensic anthropologists can relate personal
horror stories of remains brought or shipped to their laboratories with little or no contextual record. Photographs of
the original position/context of the scene can be invaluable in such situations. An often used adage in police
investigations is “film is cheap,” meaning that one can never take too many pictures of the crime scene, its contents,
and its environs. For these reasons, this bibliography devotes an entire category to photography and
photogrammetry - The art or process of surveying or mapping via photographs, and usually aerial photographs.
Several references to photogrammetric mapping may be found in “Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping
Techniques”. This section of the bibliography also includes several references to remote sensing and satellite
imagery. For more sources related to remote sensing, the reader is directed to " Geophysical/Remote Sensing
Technology and Applications"
This section is divided into the following categories:
Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 035
Evidence Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 042
General and Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 051
34

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56

Canines
Cody (left) and Cinder (right) of the Missouri Region C Technical Rescue Team
The topic of search dogs could be a component of a more all-encompassing category of search techniques.
It is highlighted here, however, because of the routine and historic use of dogs in searches for both live and
deceased victims. The compiler has found the use of qualified cadaver dog teams the most efficient and cost
effective means of searching large areas. Search and rescue teams will typically volunteer their efforts. A canine
search is inherently a low impact technique involving minimal disruption of potential buried scenes. It is also a
technique which can be implemented discretely and repeatedly as environmental conditions (ie. temperature,
moisture, or vegetation), change across a search area. A drawback to the use of dogs involves confirmation of their
abilities. Obviously, the best confirmation of such abilities include a history of past finds. In the absence of such
history and referrals, the nature and extent of the team’s training should be considered. The resources listed below
should offer insight into proper training techniques and the use of canine search teams. The use of trained canines is
only one of several search tools. The competent investigator incorporates as many tools as feasible yet does not base
his investigation on one technique or resource.
Increasingly, research into scent measurements, are appearing in forensic science literature. Those
encountered by the compiler are included in this section. The reader is also directed to that section of this
bibliography which deals with topics of Decomposition under Taphonomy.
Adams, G.J., and K.G. Johnson
1994 Sleep, Work, and the Effects of Shift Work in Drug Detector Dogs Canis Familiaris. Appl. Anim. Behv. Sci., 41:115-126.
Allen, William
1996 "Scratch and Sniff", St. Louis Post Dispatch, June 10, 1996, Section D, page 1.
Almey, H., and S. Nicklin
1996 How Does Your Dog Smell? A Review of Canine Olfaction. Journal of Defence Science, 1:345-352.
Anonymous
1973a Canine Detectors. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 42(7):16-22.
1973b USAF Military Working Dog Program. United States Air Force, United States Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1976 Constitutional Limitations on the Use of Canines to Detect Evidence of Crime. Forham Law Review, 44(5):973-990.
57

1979a What's Ahead for Police Dogs? Police Chief, 46(11):36-38.
1979b Benefits of Canine Squads. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 7(2):155-160.
1979c Police Dogs in America. University of Oklahoma, Bureau of Governmnet Research, Norman, OK.
1984a SAR Dogs and Water Searching. East Coast SAR Dog Confederation, 4 Orchard Way North, Rockville, MD 20854.
1984b Search Dog Training. Boxwood Press.
(ISBN: 0910286477)
1990 Police Dogs in North America. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-05693-5)
1993 Law Enforcement Canine Training. Department of Treasury, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1995 Maximizing the Impact of Drug Scent Evidence. United States Drug Enforcement Administration, United States Government Printing Office,
Washington
1999 On the Methods and Forms of Performing Tasks Connected with the Organisation, Manners of Use, and Keeping of Police Dogs. (w sprawie
metod i form wykonywania zadan zwiazanych z organizacja, sposobami uzywania i utrzymania psow stuzbowych policji). Circular of the Chief
Commander of the Police, May 28, 1999.
Barbour, G.
1988 Managing Police Canine Operations. Police Chief, 55(5):49-52.
Bednarek, T.
1998 Basic Issues Concerning Scent Examination. (Podstawowe zagadnienia z badan osmologicznych). Prolemy Kryminalisstyki, 222:32-34.
Berluti, A.F.
1990 Arson Investigation: Connecticut's Canines. Police Chief, 57(12):38-45.
1991 Connecticut's Explosives-Detecting Canines. Police Chief, 58(10):59-65.
Bernhardt, Todd
1987 Canine Class. Police: The Law Officer's Magazine, 11(6):35-67.
Bradshaw, J.W.S., D. Goodwin, A.M. Lea, and S.L. Whitehead
1996 A Survey of Behvioural Characteristics of Pure-Bred Dogs in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec., 138:465-468.
Brisbin Jr., I.L. and S.N. Austad
1991 Testing the individual odour theory of canine olfaction. Animal Behavior, 42: 63-69.
Bryson, Sandy
n.d. Search Dog Training . NASAR Bookstore, P.O. Box 3709, Fairfax, VA 22038.
1996 Police Dog Tactics, Mc Graw Hill Companies, Blacklick, OH.
1997 Avalanche Rescue Dogs: Multiple v Single Handler Teams. Avalanche Review, April, 1997.
http://www.avalanche.org/~doghouse/sbryson.htm
2000 Police Dog Tactics, Detselig Enterprises LTD, Alberta, Canada.
Bulanda, Susan
1995 Ready! The Training of the Search and Rescue Dog. Doral Publishing.
(ISBN: 0944875416)
Centralne Laboratorium Kryminalistycne Komendy Glownej Policji
1999 Analysis of Problems Connected with the Use and Keeping of Police Dogs in 1998 (Analiza zagadnien dotyczacych uzywania I utrzymania psow
sluzbowwych Policji w 1998), Centralne Laboratorium Kryminalistycne Komendy Glownej Policji, Warsaw, Poland.
Champness, K.A.
1996 Development of a Breeding Program for Drug Detector Dogs – Based on Studies of a Breeding Population of Guide Dogs. PhD Thesis.
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Chapman, Samuel G.
1983 Update on United States and Canadian Police Dog Programs. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 11(4):434-441.
1990 Police Dogs in North America. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-05693-5)
58

Chin, Shirley S., and Kenneth G. Furton
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Chow, Michael, Samantha S. Tolliver, Kenneth G. Furton, and Allen S. Lowry
2004 Identification of Canis Familiaris Signature Odor Chemicals in Human Remains. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Ciminelli, M.L.
1988 Fourth Amendment Primer for Canine Officers. Law and Order, 36(12):54-56.
Clede, B.
1988 Arson Dog. Law and Order, 36(7):40-42.
Collins, Kimberly C., Rob Smith, Arpad A. Vass, Jennifer A. Synstelien, and Cyril Thompson
2004 What's That Smell? Odor Composition of Human and Animal Bone Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Presentation before the
56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
CSP-CLK KG Policji
1998 Methodology of Collection, Preservation and Identification of Preserved Human Scent Trace. (Metodyka pobierania, zabezpieczania i
rozpoznawania zabezpieczonych slladow zapachowych ludzi). CSP-CLK KG Policji, Legionowo-Warzawa, Poland.
Curran, Allison M., and Kenneth G. Furton
2004 Optimization of Collection and Storage Methods for Scent Evidence and the Identification of the Volatile Components Comprising an Individual
Human Odor Signature. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance
Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Dean, Edward Ernest, and Samuel John Tomlinson
1983 Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and Detection of Explosives, Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 29-31, 1983,
Quantico, VA. pp. 451-457.
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1989 The Detection Dog and Science. Report from Dog Section or Dog Traning Centre, Rotterdam Municipal Police.
Dees, Timothy M.
1996 Tracking Dogs with KATS, Law Enforcement Technology, August 1996: 50-51.
District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department
1980 Washington (DC) Metropolitan Police Department Training Division Canine Training Section. (revised January 1980). National Institute of
Justice, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Rockville, Maryland.
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1997 For Rescue Dogs "Nothing's Better Than a Live Find." Smithsonian, 28(5):72-80.
Eckenrode, Brian A., Valerie J. Cavett, and Scott A. Ramsey
2004 An Adaptive Sampler for Human Scent Measurements in Field Forensics. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American
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Eden, R.
1993 K-9 Officer's Manual, Temeron Books, Bellingham, WA.
Ekspiertno-kriminalisticzieski centr MWD Rossii
1999 Guidelines for the Treatment of Human Scent Traces in Trial and Investigative Practice. (Riekomendacja po rabotie s zapachowymi sliedami
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Moskwa, Poland.
Emanovsky, Paul D.
2004 Preliminary Results of the Use of Cadaver Dogs to Locate Vietnam War-Era Human Remains. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of
the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Faris, Don, and Walter Currie
1983 Review of the Regina Police Service Canine Unit. Regina Board of Police Commissioners, Regina, Canada.
Fernandez, Fernando
1995 Landfill Searches, Body Language, Issue 5, December, p. 4.
Filiatre, J.C., J.L. Millot, and A. Eckerlin
1991 Behavioural variability of olfactory exploration of the pet dog in relation to human adults. Applied Animal Behavioral Science, 30: 341-350.
Flaim, Denise
2002 9-11's Canine Heroes. Dog Fancy, September: 28-37.
59

Fox, M.W.
1979 Canine Behavior: A History of Domestication; Behavioral Development and Adult Behavior Patterns; Neurophysiology; psychobiology;
Training, Inheritance, Early Experience and Psycho-Social Relationships; Experimental Neuroses and Spontaneous Behavioral Abnormalities;
Congenital Anomalies and Differential Diagnosis of Neurologic Disease, (3rd Printing). Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, IL.
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Furton, Kenneth G., Norma Lorenzo, Brad Young, Ya-Li Hsu, and Stefan Rose
2004 Identification of Odor Signature Chemicals Used by Detector Dogs to Locate Drugs and Items Containing Drug Odors Including Currency. A
Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas,
Texas.
Gagnon, S., and F. Dore
1992 Search Behavior in Various Breeds of Adult Dogs (Canis familiaris) Object Permanence and Olfactory Cues. J. Comp Psychol, 106(1):58-68.
Gialamas, D.M.
1996 Enhancement of Fire Scene Investigations Using Accelerant Detection Canines. Science and Justice, 36:51.
Girouille, Michel
1993 Les Chiens au Service des Hommes: Les Brigades Canines: Drogue, Explosifs, Catastrophes, Robert Laffont, Paris, France.
Glen, Samantha, Thorpe, and Mary B. Pesaresi
1997 Search and Rescue. Fawcett Books.
(ISBN: 044922578X)
Gola, A., and J. Orzechowski
1998 The Role and Significance of Tests for Attractiveness in the Process of Scent Race Identification. (Rola iznaczenie badan na atrakcyjnosc w
procesie identyfikacji sladow zapachowych). Problemy Kryminaliskyi, 222:40-41.
Graham, Hatch and Judy Graham
1984 Training for Water Search. Dog Sports Magazine, 1984.
1985 Water Search: Reading Your Dog to the Depths. Dog Sports Magazine, 1985.
Graham, Judy
1985 Underwater Searches Using Dogs. Response, NASAR Bookstore, P.O. Box 3709, Fairfax, VA 22038
Greene, M.A.
1982 Air Scent Dogs in Search and Rescue. Law and Order, May 1982: 46-50.
Gricenko, W.W.
1997 Human Identification on Scent Traces Abroad. (Idientifikacija czietowieka po zapachowym sliedam za rubiezom). unpublished manuscript.
Gricenko, W.W., A.B. Obidin, and W.I. Starowojtow
1999 The Influence of Time on the Development, Preservation and Examination Possibilities of Human Scent Traces. (Wlijanije faktora wriemieni na
obrazowanije, sochrannost’ issliedowanija zapachowych sliedow czietowieka). Ministerstwo wnutriennych diet Rossijsko Fiedieracuji,
Ekspiertno-kriminalisticzieskij centr, Moskwa, Poland.
Guzlas, D.
1993 Bloodhounds: The Forgotten Tool. Law and Order, July, pp.84-85.
Hardy, Marian
1987 Dive Rescue and SAR Canine Units: The Odd Couple That Works.
1987 Water Search Strategy and Handler Safety. NASAR Bookstore, P.O. Box 3709, Fairfax, VA 22038. Water Search Project, The Search and Rescue
Dog Division, The National Association for Search and Rescue.
Hargreaves, G.
1996 Detection Dog Lineup. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 65(1):14-16.
Harper, Ross J., Farzan Khodadadi, Stefan Rose, José R. Almirall, Kenneth G. Furton
2004 Continued Scientific Investigation of Explosives Detection by Canis Lupus var. familiaris. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual
Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Harvey, Lisa M., and Jeffrey W. Harvey
2003 Reliability of Bloodhounds in Criminal Investigations. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(4):811-816.
Heller, Douglas P., José R. Almirall, Stefan Rose, and Kenneth G. Furton
2004 Scientific Validation of the Reliability of Detector Dog Teams: Progress Towards the Development of a National Standard for Best Practices. A
Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004,
Dallas, Texas.
Hepper, P.J.
1988 The discrimination of human odour by the dog. Perception, 17: 549-554.
60

Hess, R.
1991 Forming of a Canine Unit. Canine Courier, 13(2):28-29.
Honsinger, H.P.
1984 Katz and Dogs: Canine Sniff Inspections and the Fourth Amendment. Louisiana Law Review, 44(4):1093-1107.
Hunt, Robert
1999 The Benefits of Scent Evidence. Law Enforcement Bulletin, November, 68(11): 15-18.
International Association of Chiefs of Police Law Enforcement Policy Center
2001 Law Enforcement Canines, IACP Law Enforcement Policy Center, Alexandria, Virginia
Johnson, Glen R.
1977 Tracking Dog: Theory and Method. Arnes Publications, Westmoreland, New York.
Kalmus, H.
1955 The discrimination by the nose of the dog of individual human odours and in particular of the odour of twins. British Journal of Animal
Behavior, 3(1): 25-31.
Kanable, Rebecca
1998 Training is Nothing to Bark at. Law Enforcement Technology, 25(11):56-61.
Katz, S.R., and C.R. Midkiff
1998 Unconfirmed Canine Accelerant Detection: A Reliability Issue in Court. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(2):329-333.
King, J.E., R.F. Becker and J.E. Markee
1964 Studies on olfactory discrimination in dogs: ability to detect human odour trace. Animal Behavior, 12(3): 311-315.
Kirchner, C.
1977 Metropolitan Police Department Canine Branch. Metropolitan Police Department, Washington, D.C.
Koenig, Marcia
1984 Utilizing Dogs for Body Searches. NASAR Bookstore, P.O. Box 3709, Fairfax, VA. 22038.
2000 Do Pseudoscents Work? CadaverDog.com
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2001a Gauze Pads as Scent Articles. CadaverDog.com
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2001b Scent in a Disaster Scene. CadaverDog.com
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2001c Residual Scent. CadaverDog.com
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Komar, Debra
1999a The Use of Cadaver Dogs in Locating Scattered, Scavenged Human Remains: Preliminary Field Test Results. Journal of Forensic Sciences,
44(2):405-408. (also cited as The Use of Cadaver Air Scent Detection Dogs in Locating Scattered, Scavenged Human Remains: Preliminary Field
Test Results)
1999b The Use of Cadaver Dogs in Locating Graves and Human Remains in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Physicians for Human Rights Report, November.
Komar, D., and J. Galloway
1998-99 Cadaver Dog Training/ Research Program Begins in Alberta. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette, 60(12)/61(1):2-4.
Kovacich, P.R.
1982 Case Study of the Development of a Police Canine Unit. dissertation, California State University, Sacaramento, CA.
Kristofeck, W.
1991 A Study of Attitudes, Knowledge and Utilization of Canine Teams by the Louisville Division of Police. Thesis, University of Louisville,
Louisville, KY, UMI Dissertation Information Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan..
Kurz, M.E., M. Billard, M. Rettig, J. Augustiniak, J. Lange, M. Larson, Et al.
1994 Evaluation of canines for accelerant detection at fire scenes. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(6):1528-1537.
Kurz, M.E., S. Schultz, J. Griffith, K. Broadus, J. Sparks, G. Dabdoub, Et al.
1996 Effect of Background Interference on Accelerant Detection by Canines. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(5):868-873.
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1998 Paws for Thought. SOCO News, Sping, 3:1-3.
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Lasseter, Alanna E., Keith P. Jacobi, Ricky Farley, and Lee Hensel
2003 Cadaver Dog and Handler Team Capabilities in the Recovery of Buried Human Remains in the Southeastern United States. Journal of Forensic
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1991 Search Dog. Paul and Company Publishing Consortium.
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Lu, X.M., B. Slotnick, and A.M. Silberberg
1993 Odor Matching and Odor Memory in the Rat. Physiol Behav, 53:795-804.
Mesloh, Charles
2002 Forensic Applications of the Law Enforcement Canine. A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the International Association for
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66

Ground penetrating radar used in the search for a clandestine grave
Geophysical/Remote Sensing Technology and Applications
This category is dedicated to every investigator who has ever said or thought, “I wish I had X-Ray vision.”
In the development of search technology, the area of subsurface reconnaissance is one of increasing refinement and
new developments. Perhaps one day, researchers will come upon the X-Ray vision one can only now read of in
science fiction or comic book accounts. For now, geophysical prospecting is limited to the identification of
subsurface anomalies. The only means of precisely determining the nature or cause of those anomalies is
excavation.
Subsurface reconnaissance methods may be divided, as Killam (1990) does, into six types: non-intrusive
searches, intrusive ground searches, passive geophysical prospecting, active geophysical prospecting, remote
sensing, and aerial photography. Resources on topics of non-intrusive searches, intrusive ground searches, and
photography (see Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques, Photography, and Canines), including
more primitive search methods such as probing or coring, and materials on infrared and ultraviolet aerial
photography could also have been included in this category in as much as they are among the defined search
methods for subterranean anomalies. The compiler reserved this category, however, for those more sophisticated
applications of physics and engineering which generally require consultation with certified engineers. The
references listed below are available for investigators who wish to consult with geophysical experts on the most
appropriate means of applying particular techniques to particular settings. Such consultation should include an
understanding of the techniques available, their potential given the unique parameters of each search area, and their
limitations given those same crime scene conditions. Some engineering firms have experience in the application of
their techniques to forensic settings. For the most part, however, the geophysical or structural engineer has never
participated in forensic searches for buried evidence. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the investigator to understand
how the techniques might be applied, as well as the basis for data generated from such applications. Some of the
resources in this category are antiquated given the rapid pace of technological development in the field. Like other
categories, however, these earlier articles help to shed light on the history of the field, and might offer some older,
but relatively less expensive alternatives to “State of the Art” techniques.
This section is divided into the following categories:
Ground Penetrating Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 068
Infrared and Thermal Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 075
Magnetometry and Metal Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 077
Remote Sensing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 086
Miscellaneous Techniques and General Topics . . . . . . 097
67

Ground Penetrating Radar
Two types of ground penetrating radar systems
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1988 Radar Sounding in Potash Mines, Saskatchewan, Canada. Geophysics, 53(12): 1556-1564.
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n.d. Ground Penetrating Radar. Geological Survey of Canada.
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Appel, Erwin, Jörg Wilhelm, and Martin Waldhör
1997 Archaeological Prospection of Wall Remains Using Geoelectrical Methods and GPR. Archaeological Prospection 4(4):219-229.
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1995 Ground Penetrating Radar Investigation of the Proposed Dome-CARA Tunnel Route and Utilities at South Pole Station, Antartica. United States
Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.
Atkin, M. and R. Milligan
1992 Ground Probing Radar in Archaeology - Practicalities and Problems. Field Archaeologist, 16:288-291.
Bailey, R.A.
1987 Subsurface Interface Radar at Sepphoris, Israel, 1985. Journal of Field Archaeology, 14(1):1-8.
Barker, P., M.Fletcher, J. Bradley
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Barr, G.L.
1993 Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar Methods in Determining Hydrogeologic Conditions in a Karst Area, West-Central Florida. Prepared in
Cooperation with Pineallas County, Florida, United States Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida, Earth Science Information Center, Denver,
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Batey, R.A.
1987 Subsurface Interface Radar at Sepphoris, Israel, 1985. Journal of Field Archaeology, 14: 1-8.
Bense, Judith A.
1989 Pilot Test of Ground Penetrating Radar: St. Michael's Cemetery, Pensacola, Florida. Institute of West Florida Archaeology, Reports of
Investigations 22, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL.
Bevan, Bruce W.
1979 A Ground Penetrating Radar Survey at the Deer Creek Site. A Report Prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District,
Tulsa, OK.
Bevan, Bruce and J.L. Kenyon
1975 Ground - Penetrating Radar for Historical Archaeology. MASCA Newsletter, 11(2): 2-7.
Bjelajac, V., R. Wiberg, and D. Boothby
1995 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey: Results from Four Sites in California. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, 8:5-12.
Buck, Paul E.
1999 A Review of Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists by Lawrence B. Conyers and Dean Goodman. American Antiquity,
64(1):183-184.
Buck, Sabrina C.
2003 Searching for Graves Using Geophysical Technology: Field Tests with Ground Penetrating Radar, Magnetometry, and Electrical Resistivity.
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Cai, J., and G.A. McMechan
1994 Ray-Based Synthesis of Bistatic Ground Penetrating Radar Profiles. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ground Penetrating
Radar, Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research, Waterloo, Canada, pp.19-29.
Camerlynck, C., M. Dabas and C. Panissod
1994 Comparison Between GPR and Four Electromagnetic Methods for Stone Features Characterization: an Example. Archaeological Prospection,
1(1): 5-17.
Carrozzo, M.T., G. Leucci, S. Negri, and L. Nuzzo
2003 GPR Survey to Understand the Stratigraphy of the Roman Ships Archaeological Site (Pisa, Italy). Archaeological Prospection, 10(1):57-72.
Chadwick, William J., and John A. Madsen
2000 The Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar to a Coastal Prehistoric Archaeological Site, Cape Henlopen, Delaware, U.S.A. Geoarchaeology,
15(8):765-781.
Chianese, Domenico, Mariagrazia D'Emilio, Saverio Di Salvia, Vincenzo Lapenna, Maria Ragosta, and Enzo Rizzo
2004 Magnetic Mapping, Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys and Magnetic Suseptibility Measurements for the Study of the Archaeological Site of
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69

Church, Ronald H., and William E. Webb
1985 Evaluation of a Ground Penetrating Radar System for Detecting Subsurface Anomalies. United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Pittsburgh, PA.
Church, Ronald H., William E. Webb, and James R. Boyle Jr.
1985 Ground Penetrating Radar for Strata Control. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA.
Clark, Ciara M., Erica Utsi, and Vincent Utsi
1999 Ground Penetrating Radar Investigations at North Ballachulish Moss, Highland, Scotland. Archaeological Prospection 6(2):107-121.
Conyers, Lawrence B.
1995 The Use of Ground-Penetrating Radar to Map the Buried Structures and Landscape of the Ceren Site, El Salvador. Geoarchaeology: An
International Journal, 10(4):275-299.
2000 Subsurface Mapping of a Buried Paleoindian Living Surface, Lime Creek Site, Nebraska, U.S.A. Geoarchaeology, 15(8):799-817.
Conyers, Lawrence B., and Catherine M. Cameron
1998 Ground -penetrating Radar Techniques and Three-dimensional Computer Mapping in the American Southwest. Journal of Field Archaeology,
25(4):417-430.
Conyers, Lawrence B., and Dean Goodman
1997 Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
(ISBN: 0-7619-8927-7 or 0-7619-8928-5)
1999 Archaeology Looks to New Depths, Gound-Penetrating Radar Technology Allows Subsurface Imaging of Buried Archaeological Sites.
Discovering Archaeology, Janunary/February (reprint).
Conyers, Lawrence B., and Jeffrey E. Lucius
1996 Velocity Analysis in Archaeological Ground-Penetrating Radar Studies. Archaeological Prospection, 3(1):25-38.
Cook, J.C.
1995 Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics (Preface), Special Issue, 33(1-3):2-5.
Daniels, D.J.
1994 Surface Penetrating Radar for Industrial and Security Applications. Microwave Journal, 37(12):68.
1996 Surface Penetrating Radar. Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK.
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Daniels, D.J., D.J. Gunton, and H.F. Scott
1988 Introduction to Subsurface Radar. IEEE Proceedings, 135(4): 278-320.
Daniels, J.
1988 Locating Caves, Tunnels and Mines. Geophysics: The Leading Edge of Exploration. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Davis, J. Les and A. Peter Annan
1989 Ground Penetrating Radar for High-Resolution Mapping of Soil and Rock Stratigraphy, Geophysical Prospecting, or Geophysics, 37: 531-551.
Davis, J.L., J.A. Heginbottom, A.P. Annan, and K.E. Duncan
1998 Plan-view Presentations of GPR Data. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference of Ground Penetrating Radar. University of Kansas,
Lawarence, Kansas, May 27-30, 1998:39-45.
Davis, J. Les, J. Alan Heginbottom, A. Peter Annan, Rod S. Daniels, B. Peter Berdal, Tom Bergan, Kirtsy E. Duncan, Peter K. Lewin, John S. Oxford, Noel
Roberts, John J. Skehel, and Charles R. Smith
2000 Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys to Locate 1918 Spanish Flu Victims in Permafrost. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(1):68-76.
De Vore, Steven L.
1990 Ground Penetrating Radar as a Tool in Archaeological Investigations: An Example from Fort Laramie National Historic Site. The Wyoming
Archaeologist, 33(1-2): 23-30.
1998 Ground Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. Geoarchaeology, 13(6):527-528.
Dominic, D.F., K. Egan, C. Carney, P.J. Wolfe, and M.R. Boardman
1995 Delineation of Shallow Stratigraphy Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33(1-3): 167-175.
Doolittle, J.A.
1982 Characterizing Soil Map Units with the Ground Penetrating Radar. Soil Survey Horizons, 23(4): 3-10.
Doolittle, J.A. and M.E. Collins
1995 Use of Soil Information to Determine Application of Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33(1-3): 101-108.
70

Fischer, P.M., Sven G.W. Follin, and P. Ulriksen
1980 Subsurface Interface Radar Survey at Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus. In Applications of Technical Devices in Archaeology, Studies in Mediterranean
Archaeology 63, Peter M. Fischer, editor, P. Astrom, Goteborg, Sweden, pp.48-51.
Fisher, E., G.A. McMechan, and A.P. Annan
1992 Acquisition and Processing of Wide-Aperture Ground Penetrating Radar Data. Geophysics, 57: 495-508.
Garrison, Ervan G.
1996 Archaeogeophysical and Geochemical Studies at George Washington Carver National Monument, Diamond, Missouri. Historical Archaeology,
30(2): 22-40.
1998 Radar Prospection and Cryoprobes: Early Results from Georgia. Archaeological Prospection 5(1):57-65.
Goodman, D.
1994 Ground penetrating radar simulation in engineering and archaeology. Geophysics, 59(2): 224-232.
Goodman, D., and Y. Nishimura
1993 A Ground-Radar View of Japanese Burial Mounds. Antiquity, 67:349-354.
Goodman, D, Y. Nishimura and J.D. Rogers
1995 GPR Time Slices in Archaeological Prospection. Archaeological Prospection, 2(2): 85-89.
Goodman, D., Y. Nishimura, R. Uno, and T. Yamamoto
1994 A Ground Radar Survey of Medieval Kiln Sites in Suzu City, Western Japan. Archaeometry, 36(2):317-326.
Grossman, Joel W.
1980 Defining Boundaries and Targeting Excavation with Ground-Penetrating Radar: The Case of Raritan Landing. Environmental Impact
Assessment Review, 1(2): 145-166.
Hänninen, Pauli
1992 Application of Ground Penetrating Radar and Radio Wave Moisture Probe Techniques to Peatland Investigations. Geologian tutkimuskeskus,
Espoo, Finland.
Hänninen, Pauli, and Sini Autio (editors)
1992 Fourth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar: June 8-13, 1992, Rovaniemi, Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Espoo, Finland.
Hildebrand, J.A., S.M. Wiggins, P.C. Henkart, and L.B. Conyers
2002 Comparison of Seismic Reflection and Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging at the Controlled Archaeological Test Site, Champaign, Illinois.
Archaeological Prospection, 9(1):9-21.
Hruska, J., and G. Fuchs
1999 GPR Prospection in Ancient Ephesos. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 41(2-3):293-312.
Hubbard, R.K., L.E. Asmussen, and H.F. Perkins
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Infrared thermography survey from a raised platform (left), and the resulting images of active heat (white glow of investigators) to the passive soil
temperature differences between infilled subterranean features (dark spots) and undisturbed ground
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112

Investigators conduct a forensic archaeological excavation for human remains interred within a family pet's grave
Excavation and Recovery Strategies
Regardless of the technique which brings the investigator to a site believed to contain buried evidence,
there is only one means, to date, of precisely determining what that spot contains. In making that determination, it is
as important to recover and document the precise position of associated and trace evidence as it is the primary piece
of evidence. It has been the compiler’s observation that law enforcement examinations of buried body crime scenes,
in particular, tend to concentrate on the location and removal of the primary evidence - the body. There is
considerably less “excitement”, and therefore emphasis, on associated and trace elements. This can be extremely
unfortunate given the value of such evidence in determining when, why, how, and by whom the body was deposited.
The effects of time and environment on the post-depositional history of remains represent the bases of taphonomy.
The lack of similar emphasis on recognizing and collecting associated and trace evidence caused the compiler to
consider geotaphonomy as a legitimate area of research in forensic science.
In order to record the context of buried evidence, it is paramount that proper archaeological excavation
techniques be applied. Often, what is described in media accounts as “archaeological excavation” for the remains of
a homicide victim, are in fact merely “digging up” the remains. For the recovery to truly be archaeological, two
immutable principles must be followed: the excavation must be systematic, and it must include the recognition and
documentation of all contextual, or environmental, evidence. Toward providing resources which describe, affect,
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reports with which the compiler had access or was aware. It should be understood that thousands of such reports
exist. They continue to be drafted around the world as sites of historical and archaeological significance are
excavated. It would not be feasible to include even a fraction of these reports. What becomes readily apparent after
a review of the following citations is the diversity of search settings, and the need to form equally diverse plans
toward the excavation of these sites. As long as the principles of systematic excavation and contextual recovery are
maintained, flexible excavation strategies will remain appropriate.
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145

Geoarchaeology and Soil Science
Human tibia and fibula fragment in the context of soil stratification on an eroded river embankment
Geological and pedological processes of formation affect the ante-, peri-, and post-deposition of artifacts
or evidence. An understanding of these processes must extend beyond the immediate crime scene to the surrounding
environment. For example, information that a victim’s body was buried near a river ten years ago, is greatly
supplemented with an understanding of the effects of soil formation and erosion in a flood plain environment.
Although every site will be unique, there are basic principles of stratification, superposition, and contemporaneous
deposition, which have served as tenets of geology and archaeology since the seventeenth century.
The impact of burrowing animals, and even earthworms, on buried objects is well documented. An
awareness of the terrestrial and subterranean fauna inhabiting crime scene environs may be essential in
understanding the formation and or disruption of soils containing primary, associated, and trace evidence. For this
reason the reader is directed to “Reconnaissance, Surveys, and Mapping Techniques” for general guides to the
types of faunda which might inhabit a particular crime scene area.
This section contains references directly and indirectly addressing soil sciences including the recognition
and interpretation of soils in archaeological contexts - geoarchaeology. Of interest, from the standpoint of trace
evidence, are those references to cases in which geoarchaeology has been utilized not only to understanding soil
formation/alteration related to buried evidence, but in identifying once buried items via trace soil evidence (ie.
Adovasio, et al. [1991]). It has been the experience of the compiler that forensic scientists are generally unfamiliar
with work accomplished on, and toward the interpretation of, traditional archaeological sites. Most forensic
references in forensic geology concentrate on laboratory techniques and analyses, rather than formal archaeological
collection of geological and pedological samples/evidence. Therefore, this section occasionally references
archaeological site reports, or journal articles, citing specific site interpretations and the techniques used in those
interpretations.
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1997 Stratigraphy and Geoarchaeology of the Red Canyon Rockshelter, Crook County, Wyoming. Geoarchaeology, 12(4):315-335.
146

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1997 Soil Micromorphology and High-Resolution Images. In S. Shoba, M. Gerasimova, and R. Miedema, editor. Soil Micromophology Diversity,
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1993 Executive Summary of Analyses Conducted on a Perishable Fiber Artifact Collection from Manti-LaSal National Forest, Utah. Report
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Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology.
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1991 Forensic Geoarchaeology: Three Case Studies. A Paper Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New
Orleans, LA, April 23-28, 1991.
Adovasio, J.M. and D.R. Pedler
1991 Geoarchaeological, Paleoenvironmental, ad Paleoeconomic Investigations at Caesarea: A Long-Term Prospectus. Paper Prepared by the
Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, Erie, Pennsylvania for the 1991 American Academy of Religion/Society of Biblical
Literature/American Schools of Oriental Research Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Missouri, November 22-25, 1991.
Ahler, S.A.
1973 Chemical Analysis of Deposits at Rodgers Shelter, Missouri. Plains Anthropologist, 18: 116-131.
Ahlrichs, J.L.
1972 The Soil Environment. in Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment, edited by C.A.I. Goring and J.W. Hamaker, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
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1995 Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, London.
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1995 Stream Ecology - Structure and Function of Running Waters. Chapman and Hall, London.
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1965 A review of the origin and characteristics of recent alluvial sediments. Sedimentology, 5:89-191.
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1991 Fatal Accidents on Glaciers: Forensic, Criminological and Glaciological Conclusions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36(5):1469-1473.
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1985 Plow-Zone Experiments in Cantabria, Italy. Journal of Field Archaeology, 12:33-40.
Anderson, J.P.E. and K.H. Domsch
1978 A Physiological Method for the Quantitative Measurement of Microbial Biomass in Soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 10:215-221.
Andrasko, J.
1981 Soil, in Maehli and Strömberg, editors, Chemical Criminalistics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Anonymous
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1975b Soil as Evidence. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, April, 1975 44(4):10-
12.
1984 Keys to Soil Taxonomy. United States Government Printing Office.
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1993 A Technique for Comparing Soil Colours in the Forensic Laboratory. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(2): 437-441.
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1963 Investigation of Soil from Old Indian Sites. Ethnos, 2-4: 122-136.
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1957 Worms and Weathering, Antiquity, 31: 219-233. (also cited as volume 33).
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1977 The Formation of Carbonate Nodules and Intercalary Crystals in the Soil by the Earthworm Lumbrucus rubellus. Pedobiologia, 17(8):102-106.
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2000 Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Geoarchaeological Evaluation of Deeply Stratified Sedimentary Sequences: Examples from Pleistocene
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1974 Archaeological Chemistry. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
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1991 Identifying Traces of Natural and Humanly Controlled Fire in the Archaeological Record: The Role of Actualistic Studies. Archaeology in
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1993 A Methodological Approach for Identifying Archaeological Evidence of Fire Resulting from Human Activities. Journal of Archaeological
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1963 Geochemistry of Lipids. In I.A. Berger (editor), Organic Geochemistry, Oxford, pp. 503-542.
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1971 Principles of Chemical Sedimentology. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
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1989 Chemical Analysis of Shadow Burials. In C.A. Roberts, F. Lee, and J. Bintliff (editors), Burial Archaeology: Current Research, Methods and
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Bethell, P.H., and I. Maté
1988 The Use of Soil Phosphate Analysis in Archaeology: A Critique. in Scientific Analysis in Archaeology, J. Anderson, editor, Oxford University
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1989 Trace element analysis of an inhumation from Sutton Hoo, using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry: an evaluation of the
technique applied to analysis of organic residues. Journal of Archaeological Science, 16: 47-55.
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1984 New Conventions for the Designation of Soil Horizons and Layers. Plains Anthropologist, 29(103): 57-59.
1991 Soil Morphologic Properties and Weathering Zone Characteristics as Age Indicators in Holocene Alluvium in the Upper Midwest. in Soils in
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1969 Soil Silhouettes. in D. Brothwell and E.S. Higgs (editors), Science in Archaeology (2nd Edition), Thames and Hudson, London pp: 118-123.
Bigham, J.M. and E.J. Ciolkosz (editors)
1993 Soil Color. Special Publication No. 31, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
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2003 Site Soil Chemistry at Békés County, Hungary. Paper presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology,
Milwaukee, WI.
2003 Site Soil Chemistry at Vėsztő
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1977 Time as a factor in the genesis of four soils developed in Recent alluvium in Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America,
41:122-27.
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1999 Space-time Dynamics in situ of Earthworm Casts Under Temperate Cultivated Soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31:85-93.
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1990 Trace Element Accumulation in Soils in and Around Ancient Settlements in Greece. In Man's Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean
Landscape. S. Bottema, G. Entijes-Nieborg, and W. Van Zeist editors. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp:159-172.
Birkeland, P.W.
1974 Pedology, Weathering and Geomorphological Research. Oxford University Press, New York.
1984 Soils and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Bjelajac, V., E.M. Luby, and R. Ray
1996 A Validation Test of a Field-Based Phosphate Analysis Technique. Journal of Archaeological Science, 23:243-248.
Björdal, C.G., G. Daniel, and T. Nilsson
2000 Depth of Burial, An Important Factor in Controlling Bacterial Decay of Waterlogged Archaeological Poles. International Biodeterioration and
Biodgradation, 45(1-2):15-26.
Bocek, Barbara
1986 Rodent Ecology and Burrowing Behavior: Predicted Effects on Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity, 51(3): 589-603.
Bocock, K.L., and O.J.W. Gilbert
1957 The Disappearance of Leaf Litter under Different Woodland Conditions. Plant and Soil, 9:179-185.
Boggs, Sam, Jr.
1995 Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Bohn, H.L., B.L. McNeal and G.A. O’Connor
1985 Soil Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
Bollong, Charles A.
1994 Analysis of Site Stratigraphy and Formation Processes Using Patterns of Pottery Sherd Dispersion. Journal of Field Archaeology, 21(1): 15-28.
Bonneau, M. and B. Souchier
1982 Constituents and Properties of Soils, Academic Press, New York, NY.
Bos, R.H.G., and J. Sevnik
1975 Introduction of gradational and pedomorphic features in descriptions of soils: A discussion of the soil horizon concept with special references
to paleosols. Journal of Soil Science, 26:223-33.
Boulding, J. Russell
1994 Description and Sampling of Contaminated Soils: A Field Guide. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Bouma, Arnold H.
1979 Methods for the Study of Sedimentary Structures. Robert Krieger Publishing Company, New York.
Boyer, John S. and Paul Jackson
1995 Measuring the Water Status of Plants and Soils. Academic Press.
(ISBN: 0121222608)
Bozkurt, S., L. Moreno, and I. Neretnicks
1999 Long-term Fate of Organics in Waste Deposits and Its Effect on Metal Release. The Science of the Total Environment, 228:135-152.
Brady, Nyle C.
1974 The Nature and Properties of Soils. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, NY.
1990 The Nature and Properties of Soils, 10th Edition, Macmillan, New York, NY.
Brammer, H.
1971 Coatings in Seasonally Flooded Soils. Geoderma, 6(5-6):10-16.
Brain, C.K., and A. Sillen
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179

Taphonomy
Victim's remains affected by decomposition, scavenging, and other taphonomic factors
Taphonomy has been defined as the study of the processes by which animal and plant remains
become fossilized. The discipline arose from the work of paleontologists to explain the contexts and conditions of
fossilized remains. Taphonomy, with its roots in the Greek “taphos” for tomb or burial, and “nomos”-laws, was
adapted by physical anthropologists to explain, and sometimes predict, the condition and contexts of more recent
finds. In this respect, and especially as it applies to forensic situations, taphonomy has come generally to refer to the
science of examining transitions of remains from the biosphere to the lithosphere as impacted by weather, animals,
plants, biochemical reactions, and cultural factors. Haglund and Sorg (2002) serves as the most recent compilation
of works discussing the various forms those transitions might entail. It represents one source, offered below, which
demonstrates the multitude of areas currently being researched to explain reasons for, and the results of, particular
transitional events.
Because of taphonomy’s roots in paleontology, many of the resources in this section deal exclusively with
paleontological theory and method. It is important for researchers to understand the bases for theories and
methodologies which have come to be applied in forensic settings. Many of the references are historical or
prehistoric archaeology site/subject reports. Just as traditional physical anthropology and archaeology drew upon
the earlier work of paleontologists, much current work in forensic taphonomy relies upon discoveries made during
the exhumation of historic and prehistoric burials. The reader is referred back to the section on "Excavation and
Recovery Strategies" for additional archaeological site reports which may contain taphonomy related information.
Likewise, “General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation” may contain research regarding wound or
trauma analysis and pathology - topics which are inherently taphonomic.
This section is divided into the following categories:
Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Disease and Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Thermal Alteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Scavenging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Sharp, Blunt, Ballistic and Other Trauma . . . . 249
Fingerprint and Tattoo Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . 292
General and Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . 295
180

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309

Entomology
Netting of flying insects over a cadaver
The collection and analyses of insects, or invertebrates, from crime scenes is generally well
known among homicide investigators and death scene investigators. It has been the compiler’s experience, however,
that the actual practice of such collection outside the presence of a forensic entomologist, is still overlooked or
avoided. Often an attitude prevails that that level of information is not necessary given the investigator’s knowledge
of when an abduction took place or a subject’s confession. In other situations, collections are not made simply
because the investigators are not properly equipped with packaging materials, or are not sure of what to do with, or
how to store, live specimens. Entomological evidence is unique in that it is, in most criminal investigations, the only
type of non-human evidence consisting of living, moving, species. It is the hope of the compiler that this section
will offer some answers toward appropriate collection procedures and equipment which are not expensive, do not
involve a lot of time, or the need for additional manpower. The proper collection of entomological samples
combined with accurate spatial, temporal, and environmental data, can yield valuable information toward
determining postmortem intervals. Subject/Witness statements might be supported or disproved. Works such as
Catts and Haskell (1990), and Lord and Burger (1983) have become standards in the field of forensic entomological
procedures. Many of the works below include laboratory analyses and research. That research goes beyond
addressing the timing of a death or deposition (post-mortem interval) to toxicological determinations, interpretations
of death scene versus depositional environments, et cetera.
Abbott, C.E.
1937 The Necrophilous Habit of Coleoptera. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 32:202-204.
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Acikgoz, H.N., I.H. Hanci, and G. Cetin
2002 How Can We Make Use of Insects in Forensic Cases? Ankara University Law Journal, 51(3):117-125.
310

Adair, Thomas, W.
1999a Three Species of Blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Collected from a Human Stillborn Infant in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. J. Med.
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1999b Chain of Custody in the University Setting: Considerations for Entomologists. antenna, 23(3):140-143.
1999c Arapahoe County Colorado: A Field Manual for the Collection and Preservation of Entomological Evidence, Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office
Crime Laboratory, Colorado.
2000 Long-Term Storage of Entomological Evidence. Police Chief, April, pp.180-184.
Adair, Thomas W., and Boris C. Kondratieff
1996 The Occurrence of Nitidula Flavomaculata (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on a Human Corpse. Entomological News, 107(4):233-236.
Adams, Zoe J.O., and Martin J.R. Hall
2003a Seasonal Flight Activity and Reproductive Status of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Other Calliphoridsw in Central London. A
paper presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
2003b Methods Used for the Killing and Preservation of Blowfly Larvae, and Their Effect on Post-mortem Larval Length. Forensic Science
International, 138(1-3):50-61.
Adkins, T.R.
1988 Investigations of the Diptera Infesting Three Human Corpses of Known Postmortem Interval. Proceedings of the XVIII International Congress on
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1916 Sarcophaga and Allies in North America. Thomas Say Foundation, LaFayette, IN.
Alexis, Jason C., and Wayne D. Lord
1998 Differences in Larval Development When Subjected to Environmental Influences. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences,
San Francisco, CA., pp.39-40.
Alfieri, A.
1931 Les Insectes de la Tombe de Toutankhamon. Bulletin de la Société Royale Entomologique _ Égypte, 3/4: 188-189.
Allen, Douglas C.
1984 Principles of Forest Entomology: Laboratory Manual. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY.
Allen, E.R., and W.T. Neill
1950 Cleaning Mammal Skeletons with Meal Worms. Journal of Mammalogy, 31(4):464.
Allen, Jon C. and Jason H. Byrd
1999 Computer Modeling of Insect Growth and Its Application to Forensic Entomolology, United States Department of Justice, National Institute of
Justice, Washington, D.C.
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1908 Notesdur les coléoptères trouvés dans les momies _ Égypte. Bulletin de la Société Royale Entomologique _ Égypte, 1: 29-36.
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1982 A New Possibility of Applying the Entomological Method in Forensic Medicine: Age Determination of Postmortem Mutilation. Med. Leg. Quad.
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1999 Praxis der Forensischen Insektenkunde. Teil 1: Insektenaufsammlung am Fundort Einer Leiche. Arch. Kriminol., 204(3-6):106-114.
Amendt, Jens, Roman Krettek, Constanze Niess, Richard Zehner, and Hansjürgen Bratzke
2000 Forensic Entomology in Germany. Forensic Science International, 113(1-3):309-314.
American Board of Forensic Entomology
1997 Welcome tot he World of Forensic Entomology.
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Ames, Carole, and Bryan Turner
2003 Low Temperature Episodes in the Development of Blowflies: Implications for Post Mortem Interval Estimation. Presented at the First Meeting of
the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
Anderson, Gail S.
1995 The Use of Insects in Death Investigations: An Analysis of Forensic Entomology Cases in British Columbia over a Five Year Period. Canadian
Society of Forensic Sciences Journal, 28(4): 277-292.
1996 Practical Exercise in Forensic Entomology. Gazette, 58(9):3-6.
311

1997 The Use of Insects to Determine Time of Decapitation: A Case Study from British Columbia. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(5): 947-950.
1998a Forensic Entomology: The Use of Insects in Death Investigations.
http://www.rcmp-learning.org/docs/ecdd0030.htm
1998b Wildlife Forensics: Using Forensic Entomology in the Investigation of Illegally Killed Black Bears. Proceedings of the American Academy of
Forensic Sciences, 4:45.
1999a Wildlife Forensic Entomology: Determining Time of Death in Two Illegally Killed Black Bear Clubs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(4):856-
859.
1999b Forensic Entomology: The Use of Insects in Death Investigations, in Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology, S. Fairgreave, Charles C. Thomas,
Toronto, Ontario, (Unpuiblished data, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
2000 Minimum and Maximum Development Rates of Some Forensically Important Calliphoridae (Diptera). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(4):824-
832.
2001 Insect Succession on Carrion and Its Relationship to Determining Time of Death. in Entomological Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal
Investigations. Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.pp. 143-175.
Anderson, Gail S., and Valerie J. Cervenka
2001 Insects Associated with the Body: Their Use and Analysis. In W. Haglund and M. Sorg, editors, Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method,
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Anderson, Gail S., John J. Gaudet, and A. Brian Yamashita
1996 A Practical Exercise in Forensic Entomology. RCMP Gazette.
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Anderson, Gail S., W. Graneli, and J. Stenson
1988 The Influence of Animals on Phosphorous Cycling in Lake Ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 170: 267-284.
Anderson, Gail S., and Niki Hobischak
2001 Effects of Marine Submergence on Pig Decomposition and Faunal Colonization in British Columbia. A Paper Presented at the American
Academy of Forensic Sciences 53rd Annual Meeting, February 19-24, 2001, Seattle, Washington.
2003 Effects of Season, Depth and Sediment Type on Faunal Succession and Decompositional Rates of Carrion in the Marine Environment. Presented
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Anderson G.S., and N.R. Huitson
2003 Use of Insect Evidence in Animal Abuse Cases. Presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April,
2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
Anderson, Gail S., and S.B. Peck
1985 The Carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska: Coleoptera: Silphidae and Agyrtidae. In The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 13,
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1996 Initial Studies on Insect Succession on Carrion in Southwestern British Columbia. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(4): 617-625.
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1982a Resource Partitioning in the Carrion Beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) Fauna of Sotuhern Ontario: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations.
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60:1314-1325.
1982b On the Decreasing Abundance of Nicrophorus americanus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in Eastern North America. Coleopt. Bull., 36(2):362-
365.
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1985 Carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska, Publication 1778 edition, in The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Volume 13, Biosystematics Research
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2002 The Ecology of Invertebrate Associations with Vertebrate Carrion in Victoria, with Reference to Forensic Entomology, PhD Thesis, The
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
312

2004 The Effect of Time After Body Discovery on the Accuracy of Retrospective Weather Station Ambient Temperature Corrections in Forensic
Entomology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(3):553-559.
Archer, M.S., and M.A. Elgar
2003 Yearly Activity Patterns in Southern Victoria (Australia) of Seasonally Active Carrion Insects. Forensic Science International, 132(3):173-176.
Arnett, Ross H., Jr.
2001 American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Arnett, Ross, H. Jr., Michael C. Thomas, Paul E. SKelley, and J. Howard Frank
2001 American Beetles, Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
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2002 American Beetles, Volume II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
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1995 The Chrionomidae: The Biology and Ecology of Nonbiting Midges. Chapman and Hall, London.
Arnaldos, M. Isabel, Elena Romera, Maria Dolores Garcia, and Aurelio Luna
2001 An Initial Study on the Succession of Sarcosaprophagous Diptera (Insecta) on Carrion in the Southeastern Iberian Peninsula. International Journal
of Legal Medicine, 114(3):156-162.
Arnaldos, M.I., E. Romera, J.J. Presa, A. Luna, and M.D. Garcia
2003 Relationships within Entomosarcosaprophagous Fauna in a West Mediterranean Environment. Presented at the First Meeting of the European
Association of Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
Arnett, Jr., Ross H.
1961 The Beetles of the United States: A Manual for Identification. Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C.
1981 Guide to Insects. Simon and Schuster, New York, NY.
2000 American Insects, A Handbook of The Insects of America North of Mexico, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
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Arnett, Jr., R.H., N.M. Downie, and H.E. Jacques
1980 How to Know the Beetles (Second Edition). William C. Brown, Dubuque, IA.
Ash, N., and B. Greenberg
1975 Developmental Temerature Responses of the Sibling Species Phaenicia sericata and Phaenicia pallescens. Annals of the Entomological Society
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1994 Responses of the Sheep Blowflies Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina to Odour and the Development of Semiochemical Baits. Medical Veterinary
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1896 Necrophagous Diptera Attracted by the Odour of Flowers. Ann.Mag. Nat. Hist. Zool. Bot. Geol., 18:237-240.
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1998 Arthropod Succession Patterns onto Burnt Carrion in Two Contrasting Habitats in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(3):
581-586.
Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L. and N.G. Madeira
1996 Primary Myiasis in Dog Caused by Phaenicia exima (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Preliminary Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Species in
Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 33:839-843.
Baer, W.S.
1931 The Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis with the Maggot (Larva of the Blow Fly). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 13:438-475.
Bain, Allison
1996 Interpretation of Coleopteran Remains from Feature 4 Back Lot Cross Street Site, Boston, Massachusetts. Paper Presented at the Society for
Historical Archaeology Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology, Cincinnati, OH.
1998 A Seventeenth-Century Beetle Fauna from Colonial Boston. Historical Archaeology, 32(3):
Baldridge, Robert S., Susan G. Wallace, and Ryan Kirkpatrick
2004 Investigation of Nocturnal Oviposition by Forensic Flies in Central Texas. A Poster Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the
American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Barton-Browne, L., R.J. Bartell, and H.H. Shorey
1969 Pheromone-mediated Behaviour Leading to Group Oviposition in the Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Journal of Insect Physiology, 15:1003-1014.
313

Bauch, R., K. SZiesenhenn, and C. Groskoppf
1984 Lucilia sericata Myiasis (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on a Gangrene of the Foot. Angewandte Parasitologie, 25(3):167-169.
Baumgartner, D.L.
1986 The Hairy Maggot Blowfly, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Confirmed in Arizona. Journal of Entomological Science, 21:130-132.
1993 Review of Chrysommya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 30(2):338-352.
Baumgartner, D.L., and B. Greenberg
1984 The Genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Journal of Medical Entomology, 21(1):105-113.
1985 Distribution and Medical Ecology of the Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Peru. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 78:565-
587.
Benecke, Mark
1996a Use of Forensic Entomology in Cases Concerning Putrefied Corpses. Archiv fuer Kriminologie, 198(3-4):99-109.
1996b Expert Insect Identification in Cases of Decomposed Bodies. Archiv für Kriminologie, 198:99-109.
1996c Zur Insektenkundlichen Begutachtung in Faulleichenfällen. Arch. Kriminol., 198:99-109.
1997a Value of Insect Spiders and Crustaceans for Forensic Investigations. Archiv fuer Kriminologie, 199(5-6):167-176. (also cited as "Collecting
Insects, Spiders, and Crustaceans for Criminal Forensic Study")
1997b Estimation of Post Mortem Intervals in Humans: A Macroscopic Application of Developmental Biology Called "Forensic Entomology". Tagung
der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Entwicklungsbiologie, March 11-14, 1997, Kön, Germany.
1997c DNA Typing in Forensic Medicine and in Criminal Investigations: A Current Survey. Naturwissenschaften, 84:181-188.
1998a Six Forensic Entomology Cases: Description and Commentary. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(4): 797-805.
1998b Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Typing of Necrophageous Insects (diptera, coleoptera) in Criminal Forensic Studies: Validation
and Use in Practice. Forensic Science International, 98:157-168.
1998c Rechtsmedizinisch Angewandte Kerb und Spinnentierkundliche Begutachtungen in Europa: Eine Kurze Öbersicht über Ursprüunge und den
aktuellen Stand der Forschung (Use of Insect Evidence in History and in Europe's Forensic Medicine - A Short Survey). Rechtsmedizin, 8:153-
155.
1999 Personal Perspective on Forensic Science: Maggots Tell All (or: How to Become a Forensic Entomologist). Science Nextwave, January 15, 1999.
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2000 Forensic Entomology in a Murder Case: Blood Spatter Artifacts Caused by Flies, and Determination of Post Mortem Interval (PMI) by Use of
Blowfly Maggots. Zoology, 103:106.
2001a Forensic Entomology: The Next Step. Forensic Science International, 120(1-2):1.
2001b A Brief History of Forensic Entomology. Forensic Science International, 120(1-2):2-14.
2001c Leichenbesiedlung durch Gliedertiere (Arthropods on Corpses). In Handbuch Rechtsmedizin (Handbook of Forensic Medicine Volume 1, B.
Brinkman and B. Madea, editors, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
2001d Forensic Entomology: Lethal Child Neglect and Credit Card Fraud. Zoology, 104(Suppl.IV):53
2001e Rein Einseitiges Auftreten von Schmeißfliegenmaden im Gesicht Einer Faulleiche. Archiv für Kriminologie, 208:182-185.
2002a Insects and Corpses. In E. Baccino editor, 16th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, Monpellier, France, September 2-
7,2002. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna, pp:135-140.
2002b A Police Quarrel over "Maggots" in Soljanka Stew. Zoology, 105(Suppl. 5):96.
2003a ARF/FBI Training: Insects on Corpses Version 1.0. prepared for Humans Remains Recovery Training sponsored by the University of Tennessee
Forensic Anthropology Program and Federal Bureau of Investigation Evidence Response Team Unit, March 2003, Knoxville, Tennessee.
2003b Neglect of the Elderly: Cases and Considerations. Presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April,
2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
2003c Neglect of the Elderly: Cases and Considerations. Proceedings of the Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, Frankfurt,
Germany, April 2-5, 2003, pp.29-30.
2004 Evidence for Neglect of Children and Elderly Persons by Use of Forensic Entomology. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the
American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
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Benecke, M., L. Barksdale, J. Sundermeier, S. Reibe, and B. Ratcliffe
2000 Forensic Entomology in a Murder Case: Blood Spatter Artifacts Caused by Flies and Determination of Post Mortem Interval (PMI) by Use of
Blowfly Maggots. Zoology Anal. Complex Syst., 103(Suppl. III):106.
Benecke, M. and M. Leclercq
1999 Ursprünge der Modern Angewandten Rechtsmedizinisch-Kriminalistischen Gliedertierkunde bis zur Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert. Foundations of
Modern Forensic Entomology until the Turn of the Last Century. Rechtsmedizin, 9:41-45.
Benecke, Mark, and Rüdiger Lessig
2001 Child Neglect and Forensic Entomology. Forensic Science International, 120(1-2):155-159.
Benecke, M. and B. Seifert
1999 Forensic Entomology in a High Profile Murder Case. A Combined Analysis of Stains and Post Mortem Interval. (Forensische Entomologie am
Beispiel eines Tötungsdliktes, Eine Kombinierte Spurenund Liegezeitanalyse). Archiv für Kriminologie, 204:52-60. (also cited as published in
1998)
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Webb, Sarah C., Robert E.M. Hedges, and Mark Robinson
1998 The Seaweed Fly Thoracochaeta zosterae (Hal.) (Diptera: Sphaerocidae) in Inland Archaeological Contexts. Journal of Archaeological Science,
25(12):1253-1257.
Weichbrod, R.H.
1987 The Dermestid Beetle: A Tiny Laboratory Worker. Lab Animal, 16:29-33.
354

Wells, Jeffrey D.
2003a Quality Control and Quality Assurance Issues for Forensic Entormology. A paper presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of
Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
2003b A Review of Genotyping Procedures. Presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003,
Frankfurt, Germany.
Wells, J.D., J.H. Byrd, and Tarek I Tantawi
1999 Key to the Third Instar Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Carrion in the Continental USA. Journal of Medical Entomology, 36:638-
641.
Wells, J.D. and B. Greenberg
1992a Interaction Between Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae): The Possible Consequences of an Invasion.
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 82:133-137.
1992b Laboratory Interaction Between Introduced Chrysomya ruffiacies, and Native Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Environmental
Entomology, 21(3):640-645.
1994a Effect of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Carcass Type on the Daily Occurrence of Postfeeding Carrion-Fly Larvae
(Diptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 31(1): 171-174.
1994b Resource Use by an Introduced and Native Carrion Flies. Oecologia, 99:181-187. (also cited as Oecologia, 3:601-608)
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2001 Human and Insect Mitochondrial DNA Analysis from Maggots. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(3):685-687.
Wells, J.D., and J. King
2001 Incidence of Precocious Egg Development on Flies of Forensic Importance (Calliphoridea), Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 77:235-239.
Wells, J.D., and H. Kurahashi
1994 Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Development: Rate, Variation and the Implications for Forensic Entomology.
Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 45(2):303-309.
Wells, Jeffrey D. and Lynn R. Lamotte
1995 Estimating Maggot Age from Weight Using Inverse Prediction. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(4):585-590.
2001 Estimating the Postmortem Interval. in Entomological Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. Jason H. Byrd and James L.
Castner, editors, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 263-285.
Wells, Jeffrey D., Thomas Pape, and Felix A.H. Sperling
2001 DNA-based Identification and Molecular Systematics of Forensically Important Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Journal of Forensic Sciences,
46(5):1098-1102.
Wells, J.D. and F.A.H. Sperling
1999a Molecular Phylogeny of Chrysomjya albiceps and C. Rufifacies. Journal of Medical Entomology, 36:222-226.
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White, R.E.
1985 Beetles of North America. The Easton Press, Norwalk, CT.
Wiggins, G.B.
1977 Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Wigglesworth, V.B.
1972 The Principles of Insect Physiology. Chapman and Hall, London.
Williams, H.
1984 A Model for the Aging of Fly Larvae in Forensic Entomology. Forensic Science International, 25: 191-199.
Williams, H., and A.M.M. Richardson
1984 Growth Energetics in Relation to Temperature for Larvae of Four Species of Necrophagous Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Australian Journal of
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Williams, R.W.
1954 A Study of the Filfth Flies in New York City. Journal of Econ. Entomol., 47:556-563.
Wilson, Mark Curtis, Delmar B. Broersma, and Arwin V. Provnsha
1984 Fundamentals of Applied Entomology. Waveland Press, Prospects Heights, Illinois.
355

Wilson, Z., S. Hubbard, and D.J. Pounder
1993 Drug analysis in fly larvae. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 14(2):118-120.
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2004 The Application of Entomology to Criminal Investigations, . in J. Horswell, editor, The Practice of Crime Scene Investigation, CRC Press, Boca
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1992 Isolation of Nortriptyline from Maggots, Muscle, Hair, Skin and Cancellous Vertebral Bone in Skeletonized Remains (Abstract K52) in American
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2001 A Preliminary Study of Forensic Entomology in Medellín, Colombia. Forensic Science International, 120(1-2):53-59.
Woodruff, R.E.
1973 The Scarab Beetles of Florida, Volume 8, in Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Florida Department of Agriculture and
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1992 Performance of Phenological Models Under Variable Temperature Regimes: Consequences of the Kaufmann or Rate Summation Effect.
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1997 Forensic Entomology in Lausanne (CH). Oistros, 5:2-5.
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2003 Case Study: Determining Post-Mortem Interval with Four Blowfly Species (Diptera; Calliphoridae): The Importance of Cross
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2003 Forensic Entomology in Switzerland. Presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of Forensic Entomologists, April,
2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
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2002 Les insectes nécrophages au service de la Justice: entomologie forensique en Suisse romande. Proceedings of the First European
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1980 Effects of Temperature on Developmental Rate of Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Annals of the Entomological
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1988 Entomologie Appliquee a la Medecine Legale (Entomology Applied to Legal Medicine). Librairie Ollier-Henry, Paris, France.
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1972 The Mechanism of Puparium Formation in Flies. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 179:315-324.
Zehner, Richard, Jens Amendt, and Roman Krettek
2004 STR Typing of Human DNA from Fly Larvae Fed on Decomposing Bodies. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(2):337-340.
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2003 Genetic Identification of Necrophagous Diptera and Coleoptera. Presented at the First Meeting of the European Association of
Forensic Entomologists, April, 2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
Zhou-Hogzhang, Yang-Yupu, Ren Jiacheng, Lu Li, Wang Shuyong, Yan Rong, and Li Yanwen
1997 Studies on Forensic Entomology in Beijing District: Sarcosaprophagous Beetles and Their Local Specificity. Acta Entomologica
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1998 Theoretical Approaches to Forensic Entomology, II: Mathematical Model of Larval Development. Journal of Applied Entomology,
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1952 Flies Visiting Human Faeces and Carcasses in Johannesburg, Transvaal. South African Journal of Clinical Science, 3:92-106.
1965 Myiasis in Man and Animalsin the Old World. Butterworths, London.
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1985 Ecology: Faunae Review of Coprophage Flies in Hen's Dung. Synopsis of Thesis, Leningrad, Russia.
Zvereva, E.L., and M.I. Marchenko
1987 A Trend in Precision Improvement of Entomological Studies for the Determination of the Time of Death. In Practical Adoption of
New Methods in Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Kaunas, pp.37-38.
356

Zwick, P.
1979 Contributions to the Knowledge of Australian Cholevidae (Catopidae auct., Coleoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology, Suppl. Ser.
70:1-56.
357

Perennial Pokeweed stalk growing through the remains of a homicide victim
Botany, Palynology, Mycology, Algology, Diatomology, and Limnology
Botanical or plant evidence is rarely collected from crime scenes. Unless plant remains such as
seeds, or “burrs” are found adhering to the victim’s hair or remains, incidental to the collection of the body,
independent control and questioned samples of plant parts “from leaf to root” are typically not recognized as
evidence. Perhaps recent writings of scientists such as Hall (1988, 1997), Willey and Heilman (1987), Warren
(1975, 1980, 1984), or Bock and Norris (1997), will alert investigators and prosecutors to the value of plant and
plant component evidence. Forensic botany is a relatively young application of an old science. The majority of the
references below address botanical and palynological collections and analyses as they relate to archaeological site
deposits. For this reason, the researcher should also be aware of archaeological site reports under Excavation and
Recovery Strategies which might contain information on site specific collections and analyses of plant remains. It
has long been a standard in archaeology protocol to collect soil samples or “constant volume” samples for
separation and identification of small plant remains. The use of this information by archaeologists to help interpret
the climate and environment of sites during particular time periods, or to determine the diet of a site’s population
have direct application to forensic settings. The same “answers” are often sought by crime scene investigators
seeking to validate subject or witness accounts, as well as time and location of death.
This bibliography’s references in Taphonomy may also contain information/observations on the
effect(s) of plant activity on disposed remains. Like entomological evidence, plant remains offer the opportunity to
place remains or associated evidence in temporal and spatial contexts. Over time, plant growth may first serve to
demarcate areas in which remains were disposed, and then impact the remains by utilizing them as a component of
the lithosphere or biosphere. Botanical evidence also represents trace evidence which could link subject and victim
and crime scene, as well as establish the movement of the subject and/or victim through a crime scene. The use and
interpretation of botanical evidence requires holistic knowledge of crime scene environments, the accurate recording
of same, and site specific conditions which might affect plant growth (see Photography, Reconnaissance, Survey,
and Mapping Techniques, Excavation and Recovery Strategies, as well as Geoarchaeology and Soil Science).
This section is divided into the following categories:
Algology, Diatomology, and Limnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Palynology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Botany, Phytology, and General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
358

Algology, Diatomology, and Limnology
Aloi, J.E.
1990 A Critical Review of Recent Freshwater Periphyton Field Methods. Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Science, 47:656-670.
Antonenko, N.E., and J.E. Ferris
1987 Diatom Analysis in the Determination of Death by Drowning. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Sciences, 20:1-11.
Auer, A.
1991 Quantitative Diatom Analysis as a Tool to Diagnose Drowining. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 12(3):213-218.
Auer, A., and M. Möttönen
1988 Diatoms and Drowning. Z. Rechtmed, 101:87-98.
Bajanowski, T., B. Brinkmann, A.M. Sefanec, and R. Barckhaus, and G. Fechner
1998 Detection and Analysis of Tracers in Experimental Drowning. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 111:57-61.
Casamatta, Dale A., and Robert G. Verb
2000 Algal Colonization of Submerged Carcasses in a Mid-Order Woodland Stream. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(6):1280-1285.
Fairchild, G.W., R.I. Lowe, and W.B. Richardson
1985 Algal Perphyton Growth on Nutrient-Diffusing Substrates: An In Situ Assay. Ecology, 66(2):465-472.
Foged, N.
1982 Diatoms in Human Tissues. Nova Hedwigia, 36:345-360.
1983 Diatoms and Drowning - Once More. Forensic Science International, 21:315-317.
Geissler, U., and J. Gerloff
1966 Des Vorkommen von Diatomeen in Menschlichen Organen und in der Luft. Nova Hedwigia, 10:565-577.
Graham, L.E., and L.W. Wilcox
2000 Algae, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Haefner, James, John B. Wallace, and Richard W. Merritt
2002 A New Technique to Estimate a Postmortem Submersion Interval (PMSI) Using Algal Growth Rates. A paper presented at the 54th Annual
Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.
Hendey, 1.
1971 The Diagnostic Values of Diatoms in Cases of Drowning. Proceedings of the British Association of Forensic Sciences, 13(1):23-34.
Hürlimann, J., P. Feer, F. ELber, K. Niederberger, R. Dirnhofer, and D. Wyler
2000 Diatom Detection in the Daignosis of Death by Drowning. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 114(1/2):6-14.
Krstic, Svetislav
1995 Saprobiological Characteristics of Diatom Microflora in River Vardar as a Parameter for Determination of the Intensity of Anthropogenic
Influence. PhD Thesis, Skopje,\
359

Krstic, Svetislav, Aleksej Duma, Biljana Janevska, Zlatko Levkov, Ksenija Nikolova, and Marina Noveska
2002 Diatoms in Forensic Expertise of Drowning: A Macedonian Experience. Forensic Science International, 127(3):198-203.
Koseki, T.
1968 Fundamental Examinations of Experimental Materials and Control Animals on the Diagnosis of Death from Drowning by the Diatom Method.
Acta Med. Biol., 15:207-219.
1969 Investigations on the Bone Marrow as a Material in the Diatom Method Diagnosing Death by Drowning. Acta Med. Biol., 16:85-90.
Ludes, B., M. Coste, N. North, S. Doray, A. Tracqui, and P. Kintz
1999 Diatom Analysis in Victim's Tissues as an Indicator of the Site of Drowning. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 112(3):163-166.
Ludes, B., M. Coste, A Tracqui, and P. Mangin
1996 Continuous River Monitoring of the Diatoms in the Diagnosis of Drowning. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(3):425-428.
Ludes, B., S. Quantin, M. COste, and P. Mangin
1994 Application of a Simple Enzymatic Digestion Method for Diatom Detection in the Diagnosis of Drowing in Putrefied Corpses by Diatom
Analysis. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 107:37-41.
Lunetta, P., A. Penttilä, and G. Hällfors
1998 Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopial Evidence of the Capacity of Diatoms to Penetrate the Alveolo-capillary Barrier in Drowning.
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 111:229-237.
Matsumoto, H., and Y. Fukui
1993 A Simple Method for Diatom Detection in Drowning. Forensic Science International, 60:91-95.
Morin, J.O.
1986 Initial Colonization of Periphyton on Natural and Artificial Apices of Myriophyllum heterophyllum. Michx. Freshwater Biology, 16:685-694.
Neidhart, D.A., R.M. Greeddyke
1967 The Significance of Diatom Demonstration in the Diagnosis of Death by Drowning. American Journal of Clincial Pathology, 48(4):377-382.
Nikolova, Ksenija, Aleksandar Stankov, Natasa Davceva, Zdravko Cakar, and Svetislav
2003 Presence of Diatoms in an Event of Natural Death. Proceedings of the 3rd European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27,
2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Suppl. 1):218-219.
Pachar, J., and J. Cameron
1993 The Diagnosis of drowning by quantitative and Qualitative Diatom Analysis. Medicine, Science and the Law, 33:291-299.
Peabody, A.
1980 Diatoms and Drowning: A Review. Medicine Science and the Law, 20(4):254-261.
Peabody, A.J., and R.M. Burgess
1984 Diatoms in the Diagnosis of Death by Drowning. In D.G. Mann, editor, Proceedings of the Seventh International Diatom Symposium, August 22-
27, 1982, Koeltz, Koenigstein, pp.537-541.
Petersohn, F.
1963 Diatomeen Befunde bei Wasserlichen. Dtsch. Z. Ges. Med.,54:370.
Pollanen, M.S. (Editor)
1998 Forensic Diatomology and Drowning. Elsevier Science, New York.
(ISBN: 0-444-8284-3)
Pollanen, M., C. Cheung, and D. Chiasson
1997a The Diagnostic Value of the Diatom Test for Drowning, I. Utility: A Retrospective Analysis of 771 Cases of Drowning in Ontario, Canada.
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42:281-285.
1997b The Diagnostic Value of the Diatom Test for Drowning, II. Validity: Analysis of Diatoms in Bone Marrow and Drowning Medium. Journal of
Forensic Science, 42:286-290.
Round, F.E., R.M. Crawford, and D.G. Mann
1990 The Diatom: Biology and Morphology of the Genera, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Schneider, V.
1980 Detection of Diatoms in the Bone Marrow of Non-Drowning Victims. Z. Rechst., 85(4):315-317.
Siver, P.A., W.D. Lord, and D.J. McCarthy
1994 Forensic Limnology: The Use of Freshwater Algal Community Ecology to Link Suspects to an Aquatic Crime Scene in Southern New England.
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(3):847-853.
Spitz, W.
1963 Daignose des Ertrinkungstodes Durch Den Diatomeen-Nachweis in Organen. Dtsch. Z. Ges. Ger. Med., 5:42-45.
360

Tamaska, L.
1949 Diatom Content of Bone Marrow in Corpses in Water. Orv. Hetil., 16:509-511.
1961 Uber den Diatomeen-Nachweis in Knochenmark der Wasserleichen. Dtzcs. Z. Gesamte Gerichtl. Med., 51:398-403.
Taylor, J.
1994 Diatoms and Drowning - A Cautionary Case Note. Medicine, Science and the Law, 34:78-79.
Yoshimura, S., M. Yoshida, Y. Okii, T. Tokiyasu, T. Watabiki, and Akane
1995 A Detection of Green Algae (Chlorophyceae) for the Diagnosis of Drowning. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 108(1):39-42.
Yoshioka, N., and K. Takahashi
1986 Demonstration of Diatoms in Heart Blood. Res. Pract. Forensic Med., 29:57-61.
Mycology
Andrassy, K., I. Horvath, T. Lakos, and Z. Toke
1979 Mass Incidence of Mucotoxicoses in Hajd Bihar County. Mykosen, 23:130-133.
Bennett, J.W., and M. Klich
2003 Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Review
Bhat, R.V., S.R. Beedu, Y. Ramakrishna, and K.L. Munshi
1989 Outbreak of Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis Associated with Consumption of Mould Damaged Wheat Products in the Kashmir Valley, India.
Lancet, 1:35-37.
Brown, Gary R.
2004 Mold Investigations – What is the Science Behind the Work. Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Butler, E.E., and M.P. Mann
1959 Use of Cellophane Tape for Mounting and Photographing Phytopathogenic Fungi. Phytopathology, 49:231-232.
Carlile, M.J., S.C. Watkinson, and G.W. Gooday
2001 The Fungi, Academic Press, London, U.K.
Carter, David O., and Mark Tibbett
2003 Taphonomic Mycota: Fungi with Forensic Potential. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(1):168-171.
361

Chun, J., J. Lee, M. Cole, and A. Linacre
2000 Identification of Members of the Genera Panaeolus and Psilocybe by a DNA Test: A Preliminary Test for Hallucinogenic Fungi. Forensic Science
International, 112:123-133.
Clarke, Clara M.
1994 Fungal Spores as Palaeoenvironmental Indicators of Anthropogenic Activity. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Elidemir, O., et al.
1999 Isolation of Stachybotrys from the lung of a child with pulmonary hemosiderosis. Pediatrics, 104:964-966.
Etzel, R.A., E. Montana, W.G. Sorenson, G.J. Kullman, M. Allan, and D.G. Dearborn
1998 Acute Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Infants Associated with Exposure to Stachybotrys atra and Other Fungi. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med., 152:757-
762.
Fukiharu, T., K. Osaku, K. Iguchi, and M. Asada
2000 Occurrence of Ammonia Fungi on the Forest Ground After Decomposition of a Dog Carcass. Nat His Res, 6(1):9-14.
Fukiharu, T., G. Yokoyama, and T. Oba
2000 Occurrence of Hebeloma vinosophyllum on the Forest Ground after Decomposition of Craw Carcasses. Mycoscience, 41:401-402.
Jarvis, B.B.
1988 Mycotoxins: An Overview, in C.A. Ownby and G.V. Odell, editors, Natural Toxins, Pergamon Press, New York, NY.
Jesenska, Z., E. Pieckova, and D. Bernat
1992 Heat Resistant Fungi in the Soil. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 1:214.
Kuroyanagi, E., S. Honda, S. Yoshimi, and N. Sagara
1982 The Appearance of Hebeloma radicosum from a Buried Cat Carcass. Trans Mycol Soc Japan, 23:485-488.
Millette, James R., and Richard S. Brown
2004 The Analysis of Darkening Agents in Indoor Enironments. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Moubasher, A.H., S. Abdel-Hafez, M.M.K. Bagy, M.A. Abdel-Satar
1990 Halophilic and Halotolerant Fungi in Cultivated Desert and Salt Marsh Soils from Egypt. Acta Mycology, 26:65-81.
Nikulin, M., A. Pasanen, S. Berg, and E. Hintikka
1994 Stachybotrys chartarum growth and toxic production in some building materials and fodder under different relative humidities. Appl Environ
Microbiol., 60(9):3421-3424.
North, P.
1967 Poisonous Plants and Fungi in Colour. Blandford Press, London, England.
Pitt, J.I.
2000 Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins. Br Med Bull, 56:184-192.
Sagara, N.
1976 Presence of Buried Mammalian Carcass Indicated by Fungal Fruiting Bodies. Nature, 262:816.
1981 Occurrence ofLaccaria proxima in the grave site of a cat. Trans Mycol Soc Japan, 22:271-275.
1995 Association of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with Decomposed Animal Wastes in Forest Habitats: A Cleaning Symbiosis? Canadian Journal of Botany,
(Supplement 1):S1423-1433.
Samson, R.A.
1985 Occurrence of Molds in Modern Living and Working Environments. Environmental Epidemiology, March, 1:54-61.
Smith, James S. Jr.
2004 The Toxicology of Molds. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program),
February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Suberkropp, K. and M.J. Klug
1976 Fungi and Bacteria Associated with Leaves During Processing in Woodland Stream. Ecology, 57:707-719.
1980 The Maceration of Deciduous Leaf Litter by Aquatic Hyphomycetes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 58:1025-1031.
Summerbell, R.C., F. Stabi, R. Dales, et al.
1992 Ecology of Fungi in Human Dwellings. J M Vet Mycol, Suppl 1, 30:279-285.
Takayama, S., and N. Sagara
1981 The Occurrence of Hebeloma vinsophyllum on Soil after Decomposition of the Corpse of Domestic Rabbit. Trans Mycol Soc Japan, 22:475-477.
362

Tsujikawa, Kenji, Tatsuyuki Kanamori, Yuko Iwata, Yoshihito Ohmae, Ritsuko Sugita, Hiroyuki Inoue, and Tohru Kishi
2003 Morphological and Chemical Analysis of Magic Mushrooms in Japan. Forensic Science International, 138(1-3):85-90.
Udagawa, S.
1984 Taxonomy of Mycotoxin-Producing Chaetomium in Toxigenic Fungi: Their Toxins and Health Hazards, Elsevier, Amsterdam. P. 147.
Yamanaka, T.
1995 Changes in Organic Matter Composition of Forest Soil Treated with a Large Amount of Urea to Promote Ammonia Fungi and the Abilities of
These Fungi to Decompose Organic Matter. Mycoscience, 36:17-23.
Palynology
Anderson, R.V.
1955 Pollen analysis, a research tool for the study of cave deposits. American Antiquity, 21: 84-85.
Anonymous
2000 Forensic Palynology. (Located on the Discovery Channel website)
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Barkley, F.A.
1934 The Statistical Theory of Pollen Analysis. Ecology, 15:283-289.
Birks, H.J. and A.D. Gordon
1985 Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Brown, Antony G.
1999 Biodiversity from Pollen Analysis: Modern Pollen Studies and the Recent History o a Floodplain Woodland. In S.W. Ireland. Journal of
Biogeog, 26:19-32.
Brown, Antony G., Andrew Smith, and Orlando Elmhurst
2002 The Combined Use of Pollen and Soil Analyses in a Search and Subsequent Murder Investigation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(3):614-618.
Brown, C.A.
1960 Palynological Techniques. Baton Rouge: Brown.
Brown, T.
1999 Forensic Palynology: Case Studies. unpublished lecture notes.
Bruce, R.G., and M.E. Dettman
1996 Palynological analysis of Australian surface soils and their potential in forensic science. Forensic Science International, 81:77-94. (also cited as
volume 87).
Bruce, R.G., M.E. Dettmann, and G.R. Stewart
1996 The Application of Palynology and Stable Isotopes n Forensic Science in Australia. In Proceedings of the 9th International Palynological
Congress, Houston, Texas, June 23-28, 1996.
Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr.
1968 The Role of Pollen in the Reconstruction of Past Environments. Pennsylvania Geographer, 6(1): 1-8.
363

1974b Pollen Analysis of Prehistoric Human Feces from Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. in Archaeology of the Mamoth Cave Area, Academic Press, New
York, NY. pp.203-209.
1974c Prehistoric Diet in Southwest Texas: The Coprolite Evidence. American Antiquity, 39:407-420.
1975 Pollen as an Indicator of Prehistoric Diets in Coahuila, Mexico. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society, 46:87-106.
Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr. and Stephen A. Hall
1993 Archaeological Palynology in the United States: A Critique. American Antiquity, 58(2): 277-286.
Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr., and Richard G. Holloway
1983 The role of palynology in archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 6, edited by M.B. Schiffer, Academic Press,
New York, pp. 191-224.
Bryant, V.M. Jr., and D.L. Larson
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385

Cigarette butt and organic debris deposited at a homicide scene. Collection of blood evidence with a swab
Trace and Impression Evidence
References in this section are most often thought of in traditional criminalistics or police sciences.
Some of the references below date to the early days of forensics and criminalistics. This section is included
because it represents two of the six areas comprising Geotaphonomy: Stratification, Tool Marks, Bioturbation,
Sedimentation, Compression/Depression (foot and shoe prints), and Internal Compaction. In addition to the
recovery and interpretation of tool marks, other trace evidence which might be found on surface and subsurface
death scenes are cited. Entomological and botanical evidence also constitute trace items left or taken from crime
scenes. Because of the number of works referencing those topics, they are addressed in respective sections in this
bibliography. Some citations in this section could also be cross-referenced with those in Taphonomy given their
discussion of tool marks on skeletal material as well as the deterioration or contamination of tool mark and
.impression evidence through prolonged exposure at crime scenes. From an archaeological perspective, numerous
resources regarding the retrieval of blood, fingerprint, and other types of trace evidence from historic and prehistoric
contexts are included. The compiler wishes to reinforce that evidence exposed to the elements, or deposited years
prior to discovery may retain significant information capable of impacting the interpretation of a crime scene.
This section is divided into the following categories:
DNA Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Blood Stain Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Other Blood and Body Fluid Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Fecal or Coprolite Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Hair and Feather Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Fiber and Textile Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Foot, Shoe, and Tire Impression Evidence, and Casting . . . . . . . . 452
Tool Mark Impression Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Other Trace Evidence Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
386

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(Left) Lifting of shoe impression evidence from a counter using a gel lifter and fingerprint powder
(Right) Photography of tire impression evidence by Philippine National Police trainees
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482

Mass Fatality and Human Rights Investigations
Terrorist actions, mass suicides, and "ethnic cleansings" unfortunately continue to make headlines
concerning massive losses of life. September 11, 2001 placed terms associated with terrorism among the everyday
lexicon of all members of society. Where such news was once limited to commercial aircraft disasters or natural
disasters, it seems to increasingly include the results of criminal acts requiring the services of multi-disciplinary
teams of forensic experts. This section of the bibliography includes references mostly developed from the work of
experts at mass graves in places like Kosovo, Rwanda,or Gautemala, or air disasters and explosions around the
globe. Included among these references are those about high speed aircraft crashes involving one or two victims.
Even though one or two victims may have been lost, the nature of the scene, trauma and wreckage was similar to that
encountered with larger numbers of victims in commercial aircraft crashes. Similarly, recoveries involving known
political, or human rights type, tortures of single victims are listed below. Whether the loss of life involves the
search and recovery of a single victim, or those of an entire community, the disciplined and contextual collection of
evidence must be carried out. For this reason, many of the resources listed in sections such as Reconnaissance,
Surveying, and Mapping Techniques, or Excavation and Recovery Techniques, or Geophysical/Remote
Sensing and Applications are applicable at mass fatality scenes. The use of proper search, recording, and collection
protocols at many of the above ground settings demonstrates the applicability of formal archaeological techniques
which were once thought only relevant in subterranean settings. The reader interested in methodologies at large
scenes should review the other sections of this bibliography.
Air Disasters
This section is divided into the following categories:
Air Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Mass Graves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Other Mass Fatalities and General Topics . . . . . . . 500
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2003 Dental Identification in Airplane Accident of THY Flight Number TK 634. Proceedings of the 3rd European Academy of Forensic
Science Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Suppl. 1):279-280.
483

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2001 A Forensic Review of the Terrorist Bombing of Pan Am 103 Over Lockerbie. A Paper Presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences
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2002 The Crash of LOT Flight 007: Dental Identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(6):1323-1325.
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2003a The Gander Disaster: Dental Identification in a Military Tragedy. A paper presented at the 55th Annnual Meeting of the American Academy of
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2003b The Gander Disaster: Dental Identification in a Military Tragedy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(6):1331-1335
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General and Cultural Anthropology of Death
The use of cultural anthropology in examining ritual or cult crime scenes is well documented. The
compiler contends that a general knowledge of various cultures’ attitudes toward death and the handling of the dead,
may become useful in analyzing inter- and intra-cultural homicides. This is not to say that homicides are committed
in the same manner a traditional death or burial/disposal might be treated. We all carry, however, “cultural baggage”
which has ingrained beliefs, customs, rituals, and practices to a degree where they might be subconsciously acted on
in the commission and concealment of crimes. The compiler is aware of at least one reported case in which, when
interviewed, the subject claimed he had to bury the spouse he just killed in a particular place and position, because of
the family’s religious and cultural background.
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1988 Bereavement and Loss in Two Muslim Communities: Egypt and Bali Compared. Social Science and Medicine, 27(5):451-460.
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1905 Excavation of Indian Graves in Western Massachusetts. American Anthropologist, 7(2): 295-300.
1917 The Position of the Body in Aboriginal Interments in Western Massachusetts. American Anthropologist, 19(3): 372-387.
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Wright, G.R.H.
1988 The Severed Head in Earliest Neolithic Times. Journal of Prehistoric Religion, 2: 51-56.
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1880 Introduction to the Study of Mortuary Customs among the North American Indians. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology,
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548

Criminal and Cultural Behavior
The impact of one’s culture on daily activities is inescapable. That impact, whether conscious or
not, must in some ways extend to the commission of crimes as well as victim reactions. This category includes
citations beyond those about death rituals and includes references about criminal psychology, cultural studies, and
forensic psychiatry. A greater understanding of the psychological and cultural motivation subjects might have in
committing crimes will impact approaches to searching for and processing evidence. One need not be a behavioral
scientist or criminal profiler to realize that a subject diagnosed with paranoia might dispose of a victim in a manner
different than a sociopath. An example of cultural influence in the selection of a victim’s disposal site is the case of
Jeremiah James Bringsplenty. Accounts of this 1992 case included that of the abuse and murder of Jeremiah by
family acquaintances who were babysitting the infant in his Kentucky home. Both the victim and the subjects were
of Native American ancestry. The subjects left Kentucky for the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota with plans to
bury Jeremiah near relatives. Because of decomposition, however, they were forced to stop outside Lincoln,
Nebraska to bury the remains. This section also contains references valuable for investigators interviewing subjects
and witnesses. This category and “General and Cultural Anthropology of Death” overlap to some degree.
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1987 Homicide: A Bibliography. Greenwood Press, New York, NY.
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1981 Cultural traits of the Arabs: Growing interest for international management. Management International Review, 21:10-28.
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1980 Offender Profiles: A Multidisciplinary Approach. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 49:16-20.
1983 Hit-man: A Technical Manual for Independent Contractors. Paladin Press, Boulder, CO.
549

1984a Advances in Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ.
1984b Patterns of Murders committed by One Person, in Large Numbers With No Apparent Rhyme, Reason, or Motiviation, A hearing before the
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1980 A Psychological Assessment of Crime Profiling. F.B.I. Law Enforcement Bulletin, 49(3):22-25.
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1978 Satan's Power: A Deviant Psychotherapy Cult. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
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1975 Public and Private Self in Japan and the United States. Simul Press, Tokyo.
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1978 Homosexual Necrophilia. Medical Sciences and Law, 18(1): 29-35.
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1980 Criminal Behavior: A Psychosocial Approach. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
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1993 Victim Selection in the Jeffrey Dahmer Slayings: An Example of Repetition in the Paraphilias? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(5): 1227-1232.
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1979 Research in multicultural societies: Implications of cross-cultural methods. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 10:415-434.
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1988 Serial Murder – A Criminal Justice Response. Police Chief, 54(6):37-45.
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1986 The Study of Multiple Murder: Preliminary Examination of the Interface Between Epistemology and Methodology. Journal of Interpersonal
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1988 Homicide. Alsine de Gruyter, New York, NY.
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1939 The Sacred Books of the Buddhists, Volume 3. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
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1999 To Dream, Perchance to Kill. Sec. Manage, June.
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1958 Crime and the Sexual Psychopath. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
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1986 Mass, Serial and Sensational Homicides. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 62: 477-491.
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1990 The Sexually Sadistic Criminal and His Offenses. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychology and Law, 18:163-
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1979 Women Who Kill Their Children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134:560-571.
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1981 An Overview of Crimnal Personality Profiling. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, November.
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1986 Criminal Profiling: A Viable Investigative Tool Against Violent Crime. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 55:9-13.
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1986 Crminal Profiling from Crime Scene Analysis. Behavioral Science and the Law, 4(4): 401-421.
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1973 Comparisons of psychopathology across cultures: Issues, findings, directions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4:9-47.
1980 Psychological disorders of clinical severity. In H.C. Triandis and J.G. Draguns, editors, Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, Volume 6. Allyn
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1989 Occult Crime: A Law Enforcement Primer, Office of Criminal Justice, Sacramento, CA.
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1963 The Hired Killers. Morrow, New York, NY.
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1991 Homicide: Causative Factors and Roots. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
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2004 The Richard Cory Phenomenon: Suicide and Socioeconomic Status in Kansas City, Missouri. A Presentation before the 56th Annual
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1986 Observation on Nosological Issues in the Classification of Suicidal Behavior. In A.T. Beck et al., editors, The Prediction of Suicide,
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1989 Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking, 2nd Edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
570

General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation
This bibliography would not be complete without the inclusion of references to the general science
of crime scene and evidence processing. Just as the compiler emphasizes the need for law enforcement to
understand the training and practices of specialists he might call in to a crime scene, it is important for the non-law
enforcement practitioner, or civilian expert, to understand the training to which an investigator is exposed. The nonforensic
expert consulted by law enforcement must remember that crime scene processing includes procedures for
avoiding cross-contamination and insuring proper chain of custody. The formally trained archaeologist and
criminalist will find in common goals of systematically documenting, collecting, and interpreting physical evidence
for the purpose of understanding factors which affected the depositional history of that evidence, and ultimately
elucidating human behavior in a very precise way. For both disciplines the comprehensive documentation of the
physical evidence in its contextual setting is paramount.
Ackerman, J.A., et al.
1995 The Investigation and Prosecution of Arson, Second Edition, California District Attorneys Association.
Adams, Thomas Francis, and Jeffrey L. Krutsinger
2000 Crime Scene Investigation. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
(ISBN: 0-13-593427-3)
Adcock, James M.
1998 Factors Affecting the Solvability of Homicides as Identified by the Detectives Who Investigate Them. Proceedings of the American Academy of
Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA., p.111.
Adelson, Lester
1974 The Pathology of Homicide: A Vade Mecum for Pathologist, Prosecutor and Defense Counsel. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-03000-6)
Agner, Rebecca K.
2004 Are You Allergic to Latex Gloves. A Presentation before the 89th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the
International Association for Identification, August 24, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.
Almirall, Jose R. and Kenneth G. Furton
2004 Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0849378850)
Alonso, Kenneth, and Carmen Alonso
1997 Forensic Pathology. Allegro Press,
American Society for Testing and Materials
1998 E1459-92 Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation. American Society for Testing and Materials, West
Conshohocken, PA.
571

1999 E1188-95 Standard Practice for Collection and Preservation of Information and Physical Items by a Technical Investigator. American Society for
Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
Anderson, R.E. and R.B. Hill
1988 The Autopsy in Academic Medical Centers in the United States. Human Pathology, 19(12): 1369-1371.
Anderson, William Bryan
1987 Notable Criminal Investigations. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-05372-3)
Anonymous
n.d. The Medicolegal Death Investigator: A Systematic Training Program for the Professional Death Investigator. Occupational Research and
Assessment,
(ISBN: 096512990X)
1960 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Autopsy Manual. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1962-
1965 Methods of Forensic Science. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY.
1976 Special Report on Techniques and Procedures in Evidence Collection. Security World, 13(2):22-30.
1985 Crime Scene and Profile Characteristics of Organized and Disorganized Murderers. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, August.
1990 Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Mass Disasters and Crime Scene Reconstruction. Forensic Science
Research and Training Center, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA, June 23-29, 1990. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. United
States Government Printing Office.
(ISBN: 093211511X)
1992 Scene of the Crime: U.S. Government Forensic Handbook. Paladin Press.
(ISBN: 0873647017)
1993 Crime Scene and Evidence Collection Handbook. Diane Publishing Company.
(ISBN: 1568068417)
1994 Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence. West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN.
1996 Anderson’s Pathology. Mosby, St. Louis, MO.
1997 (video recording)
The Common Thread: Multiple Forensics. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, Princeton, NJ.
1999a Forensic Sciences: Review of Status and Needs. Coordination by Office of Law Enforcement Standards, National Institute of Standards and
Technology. United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C.
1999b A Crime Scene Exception to the Fourth Amendment Warrant Requirement Rejected. Law Enforcement Legal Review, 28(6):3.
n.d. Handbook of Forensic Science. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Government Printing Office.
(ISBN: 0160451116)
n.d. Scene of the Crime Handbook of Fingerprint Development Techniques. Home Office, Scientific Research and Development Branch.
n.d. Code of practice for the prevention of infection in clinical laboratories and post-mortem rooms. H.M. Stationery Office.
(ISBN: 0113204647)
n.d. Glossary of Terms. Fire and Arson Investigator, 40(2):25-34.
Ashley, W.
2000 Interactive CD-ROM Training and Proficiency Testing – Learning from Experience, A Paper Prepared and Delivered at the CrimTrac 15th
International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences – Crime Scene to Court, Gold Coast Queensland, Australia.
Australian National Training Authority
1995 ACTRAC National Curriculum Project: Crime Scene Investigation, Volumes 1-2, ANTA, Australia.
Avis, Simon P.
1993 An Unusual Suicide. The Importance of the Scene Investigation. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 14(2):148-150.
1998 Death Investigation in Canada. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(2): 377-379.
Azoury, M., L. Meirovich, and E. Refael
1997 Computerised Management of a Forensic Analytical Laboratory, MICROGRAM XXX, 12:297-304.
Baden, Michael, and Marion Roach
2001 Dead Reckoning, The New Science of Catching Killers. Simon and Schuster, New York, NY.
572

Baldwin, Hayden B.
2000 The Recovery of Human Remains: A Crime Scene Perspective.
http://www.feinc.net/cs-recov.htm
2003 Crime Scene Processing Protocol. Minutiæ, Spring(75):3-8.
Baldwin, Hayden B., and Cheryl Puskarich May
2001 The Recovery of Human Remains: Back to Basics.
http://www.cji.net/forensic/recovery_of_human_remains.htm
Barbian, Lenore T., and Paul S. Sledzik
2003 Fifteen Years of Forensic Anthropology Short Courses at the National Museum of Health and Medicine/AFIP. A paper presented before the
55th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, February 20, 2003.
Barrett, D.
1987 Non-Acciental Fires: Arson. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 19:41-
Bass, W.M., and J.L. Bennett
2000 Archaeology, Science and Forensic Anthropology: A Tribute to Dr. T. Dale Stewart. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(2):267-268.
Becker, Ronald F.
1995 The Underwater Crime Scene: Underwater Crime Investigative Techniques. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-05979-9)
Bergman, R.A.
1988 The Impact of Technological Advancement on Forensic Science Practice. Journal the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 21:169-
Bevel, Tom
1991 Crime Scene Reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Identification, 41(4):248-254.
2001 Applying the Scientific Method to Crime Scene Reconstruction. Journal of Forensic Identification, 51(2):150-162.
Bisset, R.
1998 Magnetic Resonance Imaging May be Alternative to Necropsy. BMJ, 317:1450.
Blassingame, Wyatt
1975 Sciences Catches the Criminal. Dodd, Mead, New York, NY.
Block, E.B.
1958 The Wizard of Berkeley. Coward-McCann, Incorporated, New York, NY.
Bohm, Norbert
1988 Pediatric Autopsy Pathology: A Color Atlas with Descriptive Text. Mosby-Year Book.
(ISBN: 0932883125)
Boston University Law-Medicine Institute
1964 Medico-legal Conference on Forensic Medicine in Death Cases, Boston University, September 24, 1964. Law-Medicine Institute, Boston
University, Boston, MA.
Bouquard, Thomas J.
1983 Arson Investigation: The Step-by-Step Procedure. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-04839-8 or 0-398-06503-9)
Bowers, C. Michael
____ Forensic Dental Evidence: An Investigators Handbook. Elsevier, New York, NY.
Bowers, Vivien
1997 Crime Science. Owl, Toronto, Canada.
Brenner, John C.
1999 Forensic Science Glossary. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0-8493-1196-9)
2004 Forensic Science: An Illustrated Dictionary, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0849314577)
Brightman, R., and J. Waldrop
1993 ACTRAC National Forensic Project: Skills Validation for Police Forensic Sciences Report to ACTRAC on Phase A of the National Forensic
Project, ANTA, Australia.
Broad, John
1988 Science and Criminal Detection. Macmillan Education, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK.
573

Brogdon, B.G.
1998a Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0-8493-8105-3)
1998b Definitions in Forensics and Radiology, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.3-11.
1998c Scope of Forensic Radiology, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.35-52.
1998d Radiological Identification: Anthropological Parameters, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.63-95.
1998e Smuggling, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.251-255.
1998f Larceny, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.257-263.
1998g Research and Applications of the New Modalities, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p. 333-338.
Brogdon, B.G., and Joel E. Lichtenstein
1998 Forensic Radiology in Historical Perspective, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.13-34.
Brookes, J.A., M.A. Hall-Craggs, and W.R. Lees
1999 Magnetic Resonance Necropsy is Offered Routinely in University College London Hospitals. BMJ, 319:56.
Brookes, J.A., M.A. Hall-Craggs, V.R. Sams, and W.R. Lees
1996 Non-invasive Perinatal Necropsy by Magnetic Reonance Imaging. Lancet, 348:1139-1141.
Brownlie, Alistair R.
1984 Crime Investigation, Art or Science?: Patterns in a Labyrinth. The Proceedings of a Conference for Senior Police Investigators and Their
Specialist Colleagues held at Christ Church, Oxford, on 24 and 25 September 1982 with the Purpose of Seeking to Identify Pathways and Patterns
of Developments in Modern Crime Investigation. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Buckwalter, A.
1984 Search for Evidence. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA.
Bulut, Ozgur, and Yalcin Atmaca
2003 The Utilities of the Reconstruction of the Criminal Act. Proceedings of the 3rd European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-
27, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):23.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
1997 ATF Arson Investigative Guide. United States Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Washington, D.C.
1999 Crime Scene and Evidence Collection Handbook. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Washington, D.C.
Burgess, Samuel B.
1993 Understanding Autopsy. Celo Valley Books.
(ISBN: 0923687262)
Burton, J.F.
1974 Fallacies in the Signs of Death. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 19:529-
Burton, Julian L., and Guy N. Rutty
2001 The Hospital Autopsy, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
(ISBN:0-340-76420-1)
Büring, Alexander
1992 Die geistige und Praktische Tatrekonstruktion im Lichte der Kriminalistischen Denklehre. R. Boorberg, Stuttgart, Germany.
Butts, J.D.
1986 Postmortem Examination: Statements of Principles of Medicolegal Autopsy, in M.F. Fierro, G.J. Loring, editors, CAP Handbook for Postmortem
Examination of Unidentified Remains: Developing Identification of Well-Preserved, Decomposed, Burned and Skeletonised Remains, College of
American Pathologists, pp. 13-46.
Byrd, Mike
2000a Duty Description for the Crime Scene Investigator.
http://police2.ucr.edu/dutydescription.html
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597

Nonfiction Accounts
The following citations are provided as anecdotal information about some of the more prominent
buried body cases. They may be helpful in understanding what took place in particular crimes before and after the
discovery of the victims. These stories mention victim-subject dynamics as well as relationships victims or subjects
had to particular crime scenes. The compiler has found such accounts useful in reflecting third party, non-law
enforcement observations on the manner in which particular crime scenes were processed. A strong caveat is
presented in realizing that the accounts may or may not be based on police reports. They should not replace first
hand reports of crime scene methodologies. Also included in this section are case histories and biographies by
forensic anthropologists.
Barer, Burl
2001 Head Shot, Pinnacle Books, Kensington Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0-7860-1334-6)
Bass, Bill, and Jon Jefferson
2003 Death's Acre: Inside the Legendary Forensic Lab The Body Farm Where the Dead Do Tell Tales, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0-399-15134-6)
Baumann, Edward
1991 Step into My Parlor: The Chilling Story of Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Bonus Books.
(ISBN: 0929387643)
Biondi, Ray and Walt Hecox
1990 All His Father’s Sins: The Shocking Truth About California’s Most Gruesome Serial Killer. Pocket Books.
(ISBN: 0671672657)
Blackburn, Daniel J.
1990 Human Harvest: The Sacramento Murder Story. Knightsbridge Publishing Company Trade.
(ISBN: 1877961108)
Bortnick, B.
1995 Polly Klaas: The Murder of America's Child. Pinnacle Books, Kensington Publishing, New York, NY.
Cahill, Tim
1986 Buried Dreams, Inside the Mind of a Serial Killer. Bantam Books, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0553051156)
Call, Max
1985 Hand of Death: The Henry Lee Lucas Story. Vital Issues Press.
(ISBN: 0933451008)
Cauffiel, Lowell
1997 House of Secrets. Kensington Publishing Corporation.
(ISBN: 1-57566-221-3)
598

Cox, Mike
1991 The Confessions of Henry Lee Lucas. Pocket Books.
(ISBN: 0671706659)
Dahmer, Lionel
1995 A Father’s Story. Avon Books.
(ISBN: 0380725037)
Donato, Nick
1996 Mama’s Boy: The True Story of a Serial Killer and His Mother.
Dvorchak, Robert
1991 Milwaukee Massacre; Jeffrey Dahmer and the Milwaukee Murders. Dell Publishing Company.
(ISBN: 0440212863)
Earle, Wilton (editor)
1993 Final Truth. Mondo.
Eftimiades, Maria
1993 Garden of Graves: The Shocking True Story of Long Island Serial Killer Joel Rifkin.. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0312952988)
Englade, Ken
1989 Cellar of Horror. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY.
Farrell, Harry
1997 Shallow Grave in Trinity County. St. Martins Press, New York.
(ISBN: 0312170092)
Fellenbaum, Charlie, and Donna M. Jackson
1996 The Bone Detectives: How Forensic Anthropologists Solve Crimes and Uncover Mysteries of the Dead. Little, Brown, & Company, New York,
NY.
Flowers, R. Barri
1995 The Sex Slave Murders: The Terrifying True Story of Gerald & Charlene Gallego, America’s First. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Gaskins, Donald, and Wilton Earle
1992 Final Truth: The Autobiography of Mass Murderer/Serial Killer Donald ‘Pee Wee’ Gaskins. Adept.
(ISBN: 0963242202)
Gilmour, Walter and Leland E. Hale
1991 Butcher, Baker: A True Account of a Serial Murderer. Onyx Books, New York.
(ISBN: 0451402766)
Harrington, Joseph, and Robert Burger
1993 Eye of Evil. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
(ISBN: 0312951752)
1999 Justice Denied: The Ng Case, The Most Infamous and Expensive Murder Case in History. Plenum Trade, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0-306-46013-0)
Heimer, Mel
1971 The Cannibal. Windsor Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.
Hightower, Susan and Mary Ryzuk
1995 Shattered Innocence, Shattered Dreams, Kensington Publishing, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0786002190)
Hill, Bob
1995 Double Jeopardy: Obsession, Murder, and Justice Denied, William Morrow & Company, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0-688-12910-2)
Hirsch, Herbert
19__ Genocide and the Politics of Memory: Studying Death to Preserve Life.
Hoffman, Eric Van
1990 A Venom in the Blood. Donald I. Fine, Inc., New York.
(ISBN: 0-7860-0660-9)
Humes, Edward
1991 Buried Secrets. Penguin Group, New York, NY.
599

Jackman, Tom, and Troy Cole
19__ Rites of Burial. Pinnacle Books, Kensington Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0-7860-0520-3)
Jackson, Donna
1996 The Bone Detectives: How Forensic Anthropologists Solve Crimes and Uncover Mysteries of the Dead. Little, Brown and Company, Boston,
MA.
Jackson, Steve
1998 Monster, Kensington, New York.
(ISBN: 0-7860-0586-6)
Jaeger, Richard W. and M. William Balousek
1991 Massacre in Milwaukee: The MacAbre Case of Jeffrey Dahmer. Waubesa Press.
(ISBN: 1878569090)
Joyce, Christopher and Eric Stover
1991 Witnesses from the Grave. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA.
Keppel, Robert D.
1995 The Riverman: The Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. Pocket Books.
(ISBN: 0671867636)
Keyes, E.
1976 The Michigan Murders, Pocket Books, New York.
Kidder, Tracy
n.d. The Road to Yuba City; A Journey into the Juan Corona Murders. Doubleday.
(ISBN: 0385028652)
King, Gary C.
1992 Blood Lust, Portrait of a Serial Killer. Onyx Books.
(ISBN: 0451403525)
King, Thomas F., Randall Jacobson, Karen Ramey Burns, and Kenton Spading
2001 Amelia Earhart's Shoe: Is the Mystery Solved?. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
(ISBN: 0-7591-0130-2)
Kolarik, Gera-Lind
1990 Freed to Kill. Avon Books, New York.
(ISBN: 0-380-71546-5)
Lasseter, Don
2000 Die for Me. Kensington Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.
(ISBN:0-7860-1107-6)
Linedecker, Clifford L.
1980 The Man Who Kills Boys. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
(ISBN: 0312952287)
1989 Hell Ranch: The Nightmare Tale of Voodoo, Drugs, and Death in Matamoros. Diamond Books, Austin, Texas.
(ISBN: 0-89015-734-0)
1997 Death of a Model. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
(ISBN: 0-312-96163-4)
Manhein, Mary H.
1999 The Bone Lady: Life as a Forensic Anthropologist. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA.
(ISBN: 014029192X)
Maples, William R. and Michael Browning
1994 Dead Men Do Tell Tales. Doubleday, New York, NY.
Masters, Brian
n.d. The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer. Hodder an Stoughton.
(ISBN: 0340591943)
Michaud, Stephen G., with Roy Hazelwood
1998 The Evil that Men Do. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0-312-19877-9)
600

Miller, Tom
1993 The Copeland Killings: The Bizarre True Account of Ray and Faye Copeland, the Oldest Couple Ever Sentenced to Death in America. Pinnacle
Books.
(ISBN: 1558176756)
Moore, Jim
1993 Rampage: America’s Largest Family Mass Murder. Summit Group.
(ISBN: 1565300025)
Murdoch, D.
1983 Disappearances, Pinnacle, New York.
Murphy, Bob
1993 Desert Shadows: A True Story of the Charles Manson Family in Death Valley. Sagebrush Press.
(ISBN: 0930704290)
n.d. Desert Shadows: The Bizarre and Frightening True Story of Charles Manson. Falcon Press.
(ISBN: 0934318867)
Nafte, Myriam
2000 Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Carolina Academic Press.
(ISBN: 0890896380)
Nash, J.R.
1973 Blood Letters and Bad Men, M. Evans, New York.
Neier, Aryeh
19__ War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror, And the Struggle for Justice.
Norris, Joel
1991 Henry Lee Lucas: The Shocking True Story of America’s Most Notorious Serial Killer. Kensington Publishing Corp.
(ISBN: 0821735306)
Norton, Carla
1994 Disturbed Ground: The True Story of a Diabolical Female Serial Killer. William Morrow and Company
(ISBN: 0688097049).
Olsen, Jack
1985 Give a Boy a Gun: A True Story of Law and Disorder in the American West. Delcorte.
1996 Salt of the Earth. St. Martins Press, New York, NY.
Pence, Irene
2001 Buried Memories. Pinnacle Books, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 0-7860-1263-3)
Pienciak, Richard T.
1991 Deadly Masquerade. Signet, New York.
1997 Mama’s Boy: The True Story of a Serial Killer and His Mother. Onyx Books.
(ISBN: 0451407482)
Pileggi, Nicholas
19__ Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas. Simon Schuster, New York.
Provost, G.
____ Across the Border: The True Story of the Satanic Cult Killings in Matamoros, Mexico. Pocket Books, New York, NY.
Rhine, Stanley
1999 Bone Voyage: A Journey in Forensic Anthropology. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.
(ISBN: 0-8263-1997-x or 0-8263-1998)
Roemer Jr., William F.
1994 Spilotro: The Chicago Mob's Man Over Las Vegas. Ballantine Books, New York.
(ISBN: 0-8041-1310-6)
Ross, Anne and Don Robins
1989 The Life and Death of a Druid Prince: The Story of Lindow Man, an Archaeological Sensation. Summit Books, New York, NY.
Sanders, E.
1971 The Family; The Story of Charles Manson’s Dune Buggy Attack Battalion. E.P. Dutton.
(ISBN: 0525103007)
601

Scammell, Henry
1991 Mortal Remains: A True Story of Ritual Murder, HarperCollins, New York.
Schutze, J.
1989 Cauldron of Blood: The Matamoros Cult Killings, Avon, New York, NY.
Schwartz, Anne E.
1992 The Man Who Could Not Kill Enough: The Secret Murders of Milwaukee’s Jeffrey Dahmer. Birch Lane Press.
(ISBN: 1559721170)
Smith, Carlton and Thomas Guillen
1991 The Search for the Green River Killer. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
Spindler, Konrad
1994 The Man in the Ice. Harmony Books, New York.
Stewart, Bob
1996 No Remorse, Kensington Publishing, New York.
Stover, Eric, Gilles Peress, and Richard J. Goldstone
19__ The Graves: Srebrenica and Vukovar.
Stowers, Carlton
1998 To the Last Breath. St. Martins Press, New York.
(ISBN: 0-312-16981-7)
Sullivan, Terry
1983 Killer Clown, The John Wayne Gacy Murders. Windsor Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.
(ISBN: 1558174761)
Svoray, Yaron and Thomas Hughes
1997 Gods of Death: Around the World, Behind Closed Doors, Operates and Ultra-secret Business of Sex and Death: One Man Hunts the
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Talbitzer, Bill
n.d. Too Much Blood. Vantage Press.
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Talbot, Daniel
1998 Investigation into the Disappearance of Siti Bahyah. Australian Police Journal, 52(1): 6-23.
Thernstrom, Melanie
1990 The Dead Girl, Pocket Books, New York.
Thomas, Peggy
1995 Talking Bones: The Science of Forensic Anthropology. Facts on File Science Sourcebooks.
Tithecott, Richard
1997 Of Men and Monsters, Jeffrey Dahmer and the Construction of the Serial Killer. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.
(ISBN: 0-299-15680-X or 0-299-15684-2)
Ubelaker, Douglas and Henry Scammell
1992 Bones, A Forensic Detective's Casebook. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.
Villasenor, Victor E.
1976 Verdict, The Juan Corona Jury. Price Stern Sloan Publishers.
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1977 Jury, The People vs. Juan Corona. Dell, New York.
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Wood, William P.
1994 The Bone Garden, The Sacramento Boardinghouse Murders. Pocket Books, New York, NY.
603

Expert Testimony
The least taught, and perhaps least “teachable”, aspect of forensic science deals with the court
presentation of crime scene and laboratory observations. Courtroom presentations are subject to individual levels of
knowledge, personality, and verbal skills. References below can offer suggestions on effective testimony, but no
amount of training or advice will replace practical exposure. Many of the citations are specific to certain disciplines
such as forensic psychiatry and psychology or forensic engineering; however, the maxims inherent in testifying in
such specialized areas can be universal for all forensic experts. Many of the references discuss the ethical
responsibility crime scene specialists share toward accurately collecting, recording, and reporting information
without bias.
Almirall, Jose R., and Kenneth G. Furton
2001 Forensic Science Explained: A Guide for Understanding the Use of Science in the Administration of Justice. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(0-8493-8123-1)
Anonymous
1993 The Dead Rise Again in the Courtroom. The National Law Journal, June 21, 1993.
Babitsky, S., and J.J. Mangraviti
1999 How to Excel During Depositions: Techniques for Experts that Work. SEAK Incorporated, Falmouth, MA.
2003 Cross Examination: The Comprehensive Guide for Experts. SEAK Incorporated, Falmouth, MA.
(ISBN: 1-892904-23-3)
Barnard, Kevin, Nichola Gray, and Earl Hodges
2002 Expert Evidence.
http://www.benecke.com/evidence.html or http://www.benecke.com/evidence.pdf
Barnett, Peter D.
2001 Ethics in Forensic Science: Professional Standards for the Practice of Criminalistics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0-8493-0860-7)
2004 Obscuring the Obverse: The Obligations of Disclosure. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Baute, Paschal
2002 Expert Witnessing and Daubert: Is Your Expert Witness Prepared for a Daubert/Kumho Challenge?
http://www.acfe.com/public/articles/details.cfm?id=58&get=16
Becker, Ronald F.
1997 Scientific Evidence and Expert Testimony Handbook: A Guide for Lawyers, Criminal Investigators, and Forensic Specialists. Charles C. Thomas
Publisher, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-06761-9 or 0-398-06762-7)
604

Beggs, G.J.
1995 Novel Expert Evidence in Federal Civil Rights Litigation. American University of Law Review, 45(1):1-76.
Benjamin, David M.
2004 Juror's Right to Question Testifying Expert Rights Lawyer's Wrongs. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American
Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Bohan, T.L., and E.J. Heels
1995 The Case Against Daubert: The New Scientific Evidence "Standard" and the Standards of Several States. Journal of Forensic Sciences,
40:1030-
Bohan, Thomas L., and Joseph A. Keierleber
2004 Ten Years After Daubert: The Status of the States. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Bono, J.P.
1981 The forensic scientist in the judicial system. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9(2): 160-166.
Bradley, Michael D.
1983 The Scientist and Engineer in Court. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Brady, William J.
1982 A Physician/Attorney’s Outline of Death Investigation. (Library of Congress Call Number: RA1063.4.B7 1982)
Brereton, LeGay
1977 Evidence in Medicine, Science and the Law. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 9:45-
Brodsky, Stanley L.
1991 Testifying in Court: Guidelines and Maxims for the Expert Witness. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.
Brogdon, B.G.
1998 The Radiological Expert, in B.G. Brogdon, editor, Forensic Radiology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., p.359-378.
Bronstein, Daniel A.
1998 Law for the Expert Witness, Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
(ISBN: 0-8493-8135-5)
Burns, Karen Ramey
2002 Challenges of the Haitian Courtroom. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta,
Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.
Canadian Bar Association
1977 An Index to Expert Witnesses. Prepared for the Seminar on Forensic Science & Circumstantial Proof, Ontario Branch, Canadian Bar Association,
February 3, 1977, Canadian Bar Association, Ontario, Canada.
Cantor, B.J.
1994 Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence. Federal Judicial Center, Matthew Bender, New York, NY.
1997 The Role of the Expert Witness in a Court Trial. Civil Evidence, Photo. Seminars, Belmont, MA.
Cato, B.H.
1974 The presentation of scientific evidence in the courts - improving its effectiveness. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 14: 93-97.
Cavanaugh, Janis
2002 Forensic Evidence in the Courts, Expert Testimony, Lab Assurance and Credibility: An Examination of Employe Certification and Crime
Laboratory Accreditation in Four California Counties. A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the International Association for
Identification, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 6, 2002.
Christensen, Angi M.
2004 The Impact of Daubert: Implications for Testimony and Research in Forensic Anthropology (and the Use of Frontal Sinuses in Personal
Identification). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(3):427-430.
Christensen, Angi M. and Murray K. Marks
2002 The Impact of Daubert on Testimony and Research in Forensic Anthropology. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the American
Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.
Coker, Lynne M.
2004 IAI Certification: Required Courtroom Testimony? A Presentation before the 89th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the
International Association for Identification, August 24, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.
Colquitt, J.A.
1988 Judicial Use of Social Science Evidence at Trial. Arizona Law Review, 30(1):51-84.
605

Connors, Edward, Thomas Lundregan, Neal Miller, and Tom McEwen
1996 Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial. United States
Department of Justice, Office of the Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice Research Report, Washington D.C.
Conway, Kevin J.
2004 Direct Examination and Experts: How Experts Can Excel. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June 24-
25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Cwik, C.H.
1999 Guarding the Gate: Expert Evidence Admissibility. Litigation, 25:6-67.
Cwiklik, Chesterene L.
2004 The Importance of Asking the Right Questions: Framing Competing Hypotheses. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Dalrymple, Brian E., and Associates
2003 Court Preparation for Digital Evidence. A Presentation before the 88th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the International
Association for Identification, July 8, 2004, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmceuticals, Inc. 509 U.S. 579 (1993)
Dix, Jay, Elizabeth Laposata, and Joe Moseley
1994 Attorney’s Handbook of Forensic Pathology and Death Investigation. University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Law, Office of Continuing
Education, Columbia, Missouri.
Doyle, P.
1989 The Role of the Expert Witness. AFTE Journal, 21(4): 639-642.
Dubinsky, Bruce G.
2004 Preparing to nTestify: Deposition and Trial. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004,
Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Eckert, W.G., and Wright, R.K.
1997 Scientific Evidence in Court, in W.G. Eckert, editor, Introduction to Forensic Sciences, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, New York, NY.
Evett, I.
1996 Expert Evidence and Forensic Misconceptions of the Nature of Exact Science. Science & Justice, 36(2):118-122.
Faigman, David Laurence
1999 Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY.
Faigman, D.L., D.H. Kaye, M.J. Saks, and J. Sanders
2002 Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony. West Publishing, St. Paul, MN.
Fatteh, A.
1972 Homicidal Gunshot Wound of the Mouth. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 12:347-349.
Foster, Kenneth R., and Peter W. Huber
1997 Judging Science: Scientific Knowledge and the Federal Courts. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Frankel, M.S.
1989 Ethics and Forensic Sciences: Professional Autonomy in the Criminal Justice System. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3):765-
Freckelton, Ian R.
1987 The Trial of the Expert: A Study of Expert Evidence and Forensic Experts. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Freeman, Michael, and Helen Reece
1998 Science in Court. Dartmouth, Aldershot, Hants, England.
Freiman, M.J., and M.L. Berenblut
1997 Litigator’s Guide to Expert Witnesses, Canada Law Books, Aurora, Ontario, Canada.
Froede, Richard C.
1997 The Scientific Expert in Court: Principles and Guidelines. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Baltimore, MD.
(ISBN: 0-915274-93-0)
Frye vs. United States, 54 App. D.C. 46, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (1923)
293 F. 1013, 1014, 34 A.L.R. 145 (D.C. Cir. 1923)
Gallagher, Vince A.
2004 Maintaining Your Integrity and Credibility in the Face of the Adversarial System. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness
Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
606

Galloway, A., W.H. Birkby, T. Kahana, and L. Fulginiti
1990 Physical Anthropology and the Law: Legal Responsibilities of Forensic Anthropologists. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 33:39-57.
Genck, Wayne J.
1987 Trial Success Linked to Meeting Expert Witnesses' Expectations. The Expert and the Law: A Publication of the National Forensic Center, 7(2):
Gerber, P.
1987 Playing Dice with Expert Evidence: The Lessons to Emerge from Regina v. Chamberlain, Med. J. Aust., 147:243-247.
Giannelli, Paul C.
1989 Evidentiary and Procedural Rules Governing Expert Testimony. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3): 730-748.
2001 Expert Testimony: Amendments to the Federal Rules of Evidence. A Paper Presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 53rd
Annual Meeting, February 19-24, 2001, Seattle, Washington.
Giannelli, P.C., and E.J. Imwinkelried
1993 Scientific Evidence, Second Edition, Volumes 1 and 2, Michie Companhy, Charlottesville, VA.
Gill-King, H.
1998 Common Scientific Knowledge and the Edges of Expertise. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA.,
p.186.
Girdwoyn, Piotr
2003 An Expert Witness in Criminal Procedures of Various European Countries: An Attempt of Comparative Analyze. Proceedings of the Third
European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement
1):333.
Girvan, R.
2001 An Overview of the Use of Computer-Generated Displays in the Courtroom.
http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/2001/issue/girvan1.html
Good, Phillip I.
2001 Applying Statistics in the Courtroom: A New Approach for Attorneys and Expert Witnesses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 1-58488-271-9)
Goodwin, L.
2002 The Admissibility of Computer-Generated Evidence in U.S. and U.K. Courts. PhD Dissertation, University of Nottingham, England.
Graham Hall, J., and G.D. Smith
1992 The Expert Witness. Chichester.
Grimes, W.D.
1994 Classifying the Elements in a Scientific Animation: Accident Reconstruction: Technology and Animation, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Warrendale, PA.
Hall, Richard A. Spurgeon, Carolyn Brown Dennis, and Tere L. Chipman
1999 The Ethical Foundations of Criminal Justice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0849391164)
Hamlin, Sonya
1997 What Makes Juries Listen Today. Glasser LegalWorks, Little Falls, NJ.
Harris, L.S.
1991 Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Images of the Injured Brain: Effective Evidence in the Courtroom. Forensic Science International, 50:179-185.
Havard, J.D.J.
Expert Scientific Evidence Under the Adversarial System A Travesty of Justice? Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 32:225.
Henderson, Carol
2002 Expert Witnesses: How Experts are Selected. Presentation before the 16th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences,
September 4, 2002, Montpelier, France.
Henderson, Carol E., Stephen A. Brunette, Roger J. Dodd, Roderick T. Kennedy, Harry L. Miles, and Linda S. Thomas
1999 How to be a Better Expert Witness. Proceedings of American Academy of Forensic Sciences, V:10-11.
Henderson, Carol, and Anjali R. Swienton
2004 Resource Guide for Users of Science and Technology and the National Clearinghouse for Science, Technology, and the Law. A Presentation
before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
607

Himberg, Kimmo
2002 From Crime Scene to Court. "Quality Control in Criminalistics." Presentation before the 16th Meeting of the International Association of
Forensic Sciences, September 4, 2002, Montpelier, France.
Hodgkinson, T.
1988 Expert Evidence and Reasonable Doubt. Law Quarterly Review, 104(4): 198-202.
Hollien, H.
1990 The Expert Witness: Ethics and Responsibilities. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35(6): 1414-1423.
Hoshower, Lisa M.
1999 Expert Witness Testimony and the Forensic Anthropologist. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, V:220-221.
Houck, Max M.
2004 Clash of Cultures: Getting Science into the Courtroom. A Presentation before the 89th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the
International Association for Identification, August 24, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.
Howard, L.B.
1986 The Dichotomy of the Expert Witness. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(1):338-
Howitt, Some Comments on the Distinction Between Experts. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Huber, Peter William
1991 Galileo’s Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. BasicBooks, New York, NY.
Huber, Roy A.
1959-60 Expert Witnesses. Criminal Law Quarterly, 2(280)
Hueske, Edward E.
2004 Independent Analysis of Physical Evidence in Criminal Cases – Defense Perspective. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Hyzer, William G.
1998 The Use and Misuse of Images as Evidentiary Information in the Courtroom. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, IV:84.
Imprevento, Michael F.
2004 How Attorneys Prepare to Depose Experts: What Experts Can Expect and How to Prepare for it. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National
Expert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Imwinkelried, E.J.
1992 The Methods of Attacking Scientific Evidence. The Michie Company, Charlottesville, VA.
Jaffe, Mark E.
2002 The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly: Legal Perspectives of What Makes a Good Expert Witness. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of
the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, February 11-16, 2002.
Jones, Carol A.G.
1994 Expert Witnesses: Science, Medicine, and the Practice of Law. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England. or Oxford University Press, New York.
Kantor, A. Tana
1998 Winning Your Case with Graphics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0-8493-8131-2)
Kassin, S.M., and L. Wrightsman
1985 The Psychology of Evidence and Trial Procedure, Sage Publications, Beverl Hills, CA.
Kaye, David H.
1997 Science in Evidence. Anderson Publishing, Cincinnati, OH.
Kennedy, Kenneth A.R.
1998 Trials in Court: The Forensic Anthropologist Takes the Stand. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San Francisco, CA.,
p.186.
2002 Trials in Court: The Forensic Anthropologist Takes the Stand. In D.W. Steadman, editor, Hard Evidence: Case Studies in Forensic
Anthropology, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Kiely, Terrence F.
2001 Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0-8493-1896-3)
2003 Forensic Science and the Law. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative
Techniques, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.565-579.
608

Klawans, Harold L.
1991 Trials of an Expert Witness: Tales of Clinical Neurology and the Law. Little, Brown, Boston, MA.
Knapp, Kerry L.
2004 Meeting the Daubert Challenge: A Proposed Model to Test the Relevance and Reliability of Expert Testimony. A Presentation before the 56th
Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Knight, B.
1989 Ethics and Discipline in Forensic Science. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 29(1): 53-60.
Koehler, J.J.
1993 Error and Exaggreration in the presentation of DNA Evidence. Jurimetrics, 34:21-39.
Kogan, J.D.
1978 On Being and Expert Witness in a Criminal Trial. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 23(1): 190-200.
Krane, Daniel E.
2004 Making the Complex Understandable: What Works for Expert Witnesses. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness
Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Kreeger, Lisa
2002 Preparing for Defense Experts. Silent Witness, 7(2):
Krieger, R.
1992 Now Showing at a Courtroom Near You. American Bar Association Journal, 78:92
Kurapka, Vidmantas Egidijus, Hendryk Malevski, and Janina Juskeviciute
2003 Conception of Legal Regulation of Forensic Science and the Practice of Its Realization in Lithuania. Proceedings of the Third European Academy
of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):333.
Lauridson, James R.
2004 Effective Use of Computer Graphics by Experts: Cost-Effective Techniques That Work. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert
Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Lawton, Lord Justice
1980 The Limitations of Expert Scientific Evidence. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 20: 237-242.
Lederer, F.
1994 Technology Comes to the Courtroom. Emory Law Journal, 43:1095-1113.
Lilly, Graham C.
1987 An Introduction to the Law of Evidence, Second Edition. West Publishing Company,
Lloyd, R.H.
1990 Homicide Reconstruction with the Use of Scale Model for Courtroom Presentation. Extended Abstract. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on the Forensic Aspects of Mass Disasters and Crime Scene Reconstruction, June 23-29,1990, Forensic Science Research and
Training Center, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia. sponsored by the Laboratory and Identification Divisions, Federal Bureau of Investigation,
United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp 277.
Lucas, D.M.
1989 The Ethical Responsibilities of the Forensic Scientist: Exploring the Limits. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3):721-.
Lynott, M.J., and A. Wylie, editors
1995 Ethics and Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990's. Society for American Archaeology Ethics in Archaeology Committee Special Report.
Mac Donald, Elizabeth
1999 The Making of an Expert Witness: It's in the Credentials. Wall Street Journal, February 8, 1999.
MacHovec, Frank J.
1987 The Expert Witness Survival Manual. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.
(ISBN: 0-398-05374-X or 0-398-06256-0)
Maney, J. Randolph , Jr., and Ruth E. Lucas
1998 Courtroom Evidence. Office of Legal Education, Executive Office for United States Attorney, Washington, D.C.
Matson, Jack V.
1990 Effective Expert Witnessing. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
1994 Effective Expert Witnessing, Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 1-56670-002-7)
1999 Effective Expert Witnessing, Third Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 1-56670-340-9)
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2003 Effective Expert Witnessing, Fourth Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0849313015)
Mc Cracken, K.
1999 To-scale Crime Scene Models: A Great Visual Aid for the Jury. Journal of Forensic Identification, 49:130-
Mc Donald, Peter V.
1987 More Court Jesters. Stoddard Publishing Company, Toronto.
McKasson, Stephen C., and Carol A. Richards
1998 Speaking as an Expert: A Guide for the Identification Sciences from the Laboratory to the Courtroom.
Meyer, Carl B. (editor)
1998 Expert Witnesses: Explaining and Understanding Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ISBN: 0-8493-1197-7)
Mildred, R.H.
1982 The Expert Witness. London.
Mirfield, Peter
1997 Silence, Confessions and Improperly Obtained Evidence. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, or Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Moenssens, Andre A., Fred E. Inbau, and James E. Starrs
1986 Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases. Foundation Press, Mineola, NY.
Moenssens, Andre, James Starrs, Carole Henderson, and Fred Inbau
1995 Scientific Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases. Foundation Press, Mineola, NY.
Neufield, P.J. and N. Colman
1990 When Science Takes the Witness Stand. Scientific American, 262(5): 18-25.
Nijboer, J.F., C.R. Callen, and N. Kwak (editors)
1993 Forensic Expertise and the Law of Evidence. North-Holland, New York, NY.
Nordby, Jon J.
2002 Review of: Ethics in Forensic Science: Professional Standards for the Practice of Criminalistics [A Volume in the Protocols in Forensic Science
Series]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(5):1184-1185.
2003 Countering Chaos: Logic, Ethics, and the Criminal Justice System. In Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, editors, Forensic Science: An
Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.553-563.
Northrup, Andrew T., and Brendan P. Max
2003 Disclosing Information: Ethics for the Forensic Scientist. A paper presneted at the 55th Annnual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, February 21, 2003.
Nortonson, Ira
1990 The Expert Witness: Objective Scientist or Paid Advocate? Experts-at-Law, (March-April):6-7.
O’Brien, M.W.
1989 Scale Model in Criminal Trials. Journal of Forensic Identification, 39(6): 359-366.
Odgers, S.J., and J.T. Richardson
1995 Keeping Bad Science Out of the Courtroom: Changes in American and Australian Expert Evidence Law. University of New South Wales Law
Review, 18:108-129.
O'Flaherty, D.
1996 Computer Generated Displays in the Courtroom: For Better or Worse.
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Ohlbaum, Edward D.
2004a Discrediting the Truthful Expert Witness: How to Best Prepare for the Onslaught. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness
Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
2004b Ethics and the Expert Witness: What Every Expert Needs to Know to Stay Out of Trouble. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National
Expert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
O'Reilly, Gregory W.
2004 Forensic DNA Litigation, From Crime Scene to Courtroom, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
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Pendleton, Herbert F.
2002 Higher Education and Ethics in Law Enforcement. A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Identification,
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Peterson, J.L.
1988 Teaching Ethics in a Forensic Science Curriculum. Journal of Forensic Science, 33(4): 1082.
Peterson, J.L., and J.E. Murdock
1989 Forensic Science Ethics: Developing an Integrated System of Support and Enforcement. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3): 749-762.
Porter, Chester
1995 The Evidence of Experts. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 27:53-
Poynter, Dan
1987 The Expert Witness Handbook: Tips and Techniques for the Litigation Consultant. Para Publishing, Santa Barbara, CA.
Prime, Raymond J.
2004 Surviving the Stigma of a Wrongful Conviction Case. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
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Rathbun, Ted A. and Jane E. Buikstra (editors)
1984 Presenting Evidence. In Human Identification, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL.
Redmond, Theresa
2002 Courtroom or Classroom? Demonstrative Evidence . . . A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the International Association of
Identification, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 6, 2002.
Reed, Ryan C.
2004 Correspondence Between Expert Witnesses and Counsel: Traps, Minefields, and Other Potential Disasters. A Presentation before the 13th Annual
National Expert Witness Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Roberts, Leslie
1992 Science in Court: A Culture Clash. Science, 257:732-735.
Robertson, Bernard, and G.A. Vignaux
1995 Interpreting Evidence: Evaluating Forensic Science in the Courtroom. John Wiley, New York, NY.
Rogers, Tracy L.
2004 Crime Scene Thics: Souvenirs, Teaching material, and Artifacts. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(2):307-
Rosen, L.
1977 The Anthropologist as Expert Witness. American Anthropologist, 79:555-578.
Rosner, R.
1996 Ethical Practice in the Forensic Sciences and Justification of Ehtical Codes. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41:913-
Rundlett, Ellsworth T., David A. Dodge, and James J. Mangraviti Jr.
2004 Trial Demonstration: Direct and Cross-Examination of the Expert Witness. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness
Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Saks, M.J.
1989 Prevalence and Impact of Ethical Problems in Forensic Science. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 34(3): 772-793.
Sales, Bruce Dennis (editor)
1981 The Trial Process. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
Saul, Julie Mather Saul
1998 “This is What Happened to Me”: Allowing the Dead to Speak for Themselves in Court. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences, San Francisco, CA., pp. 184.
Saviers, Kathleen D.
2002 Ethics in Forensic Science: A Review of the Literature on Expert Testimony. Journal of Forensic Identification, 52(4):449-462.
Schenck, Rodney, and Don Coffey
2004 Courtroom Presentation for Footwear Evidence. A Presentation before the 89th International Educational Conference Sponsored by the
International Association for Identification, August 25, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.
Shar, Marcus Z.
2004a How Lawyers Cross-Examine, Impeach, and Destroy Expert Witnesses. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness
Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
2004b Communication in the Courtroom: How Experts Can Excel. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June 24-
25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
611

Smith, Derek A.
1993 Being an Effective Expert Witness: The Technologist in the Courtroom. Thames, London, England.
Smith, Fred Chris, and Rebecca Gurley Bace
2002 A Guide to Forensic Testimony: The Art and Practice of Presenting Testimony as an Expert Technical Witness.
Smith, James S.
2003 Introduction: The Importance of Ethics. A paper presented at the 55th Annnual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, February 20, 2003.
2004 To Daubert or not to Daubert? That Has Become THE Question. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American
Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Smith, Ron
2002 Courtroom Testimony Techniques: Success Instead of Survival. A lecture before the 87th Annual Meeting of the International
Association for Identification, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 8, 2002.
Smyth, Marshall L.
2004 Arson/Murder – Expert Witnesses-Biased Opinions. . Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 19, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
Speckart, George R.
2004 Persuasiveness of Expert Witnesses: How to Excel. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness Conference, June
24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Spurgeon Hall, Richard A., Carolyn Brown Dennis, and Tere L. Chipman
1999 The Ethical Foundations of Criminal Justice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
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Starrs, J.E.
1985 In the Land of Agog: An Allegory for the Expert Witness. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(2):297-
Starrs, James E., and Charles R. Midkiff, editors
1998 Beware Experts, You May be Next. Scientific Sleuthing Review, The Many Uses of the Forensic Sciences, 22(4):
Stern, Paul
1999 Surviving in the Courtroom, Twelve Rules of Testifying as an Expert Witness. A Presentation before the Masters 8Conference for
Advanced Death Investigation, presented by Division of Forensic Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis,
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Sunar, D.G.
1989 The Expert Witness Handbook: A Guide for Engineers. Professional Publications, Belmont, CA.
Sundick, Robert
1984 Ashes to Ashes, Dust to Dust or Where did the Skeleton Go? In Human Identification, Ted A. Rathbun and Jane E. Buikstra editors,
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1998 The Use and Misuse of Forensic Experts in the Courtroom. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, San
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Surosky, Alan E.
1993 The Expert Witness Guide for Scientists and Engineers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
Tanton, R.L.
1979 Jury Preconceptions and Their Effect on Expert Scientific Testimony. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(3):681-690.
Taroni, F., and CGG Aitken
1997 Forensic Science at Trial. Jurimetrics, 37:327-337.
Tiller, N., and T. Tiller
1992 The Power of Physical Evidence: A Capital Murder Case Study. Journal of Forensic Identification, 42(2):79.
Tucker, Melvin L.
2004 How to Stand Up Under Cross-Examination and a Daubert Hearing. A Presentation before the 13th Annual National Expert Witness
Conference, June 24-25, 2004, Hyannis, Cape Cod, MA
Tunno, David
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Wiersema, Sandra J.
2004a Daubert Factors Applied to the Examination of Footwear Evidence. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American
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612

2004b Daubert Factors Applied to the Examination of Footwear Evidence. A Presentation before the 89th International Educational
Conference Sponsored by the International Association for Identification, August 25, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri.
Williams, C.R.
1994 Evidence and the Expert Witness. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 26:3-
Witzke, David
2003 Advanced Charting Techniques: Making Your Point in Court. A Presentation before the 88th International Educational Conference
Sponsored by the International Association for Identification, July 7, 2004, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Zelle, Anthony R.
2004 How Attorneys Really Select Experts: The Impact of Expertise, Experience, Reputation, Writing, Speaking, Marketing, Expert
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1989 The Principles of Criminal Evidence. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, or Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Cases
1923 Frye v. United States, 293F. 1013, (D.C. Circuit)
1991 United States v. Henthorn, 931 F.2d (9th Circuit)
1993a Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed. 2d 469
1993b In Re Investigation of the West Virginia State Police Crime Laboratory, 438 S.E. 2d 501
1999 Kumho Tire Company v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 1167
2001 Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey v. Phillip Morris, 141 F. Supp. 2d 320
613

Related Websites
The Internet contains a wealth of resources for, and by, crime scene investigators and forensic
scientists. Like all of the sections in this bibliography, however, the value of those resources must be weighed by
the researcher in light of the source's background and developments within the discipline under consideration.
Internet resources can and should be considered in the course of ongoing crime scene investigations in order to
acquire needed environmental background about the scene, parties involved, and circumstances.
The following websites are not necessarily endorsed by the compiler. The interpretation of an
outdoor scene requires not only the collection of trace evidence but the analyses of that evidence in light of
climatological data and topographic parameters. Websites such as those for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Climatic Data Center (NOAH), or the National Geological Survey could be helpful.
Professional Sites such as that for the American Board of Forensic Anthropology offer not only information and
links about their specialty but also list experts who may be within a particular investigator's region.
Chamakura, Reddy P.
1997 Forensic Science and the Internet: Current Utilization and Future Potential. Forensic Science Review, 9(2):97-122.
This section is divided into the following categories:
Responsive, Investigative, Regulatory, and Crisis Management Agencies. . 614
General Forensic Science Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Forensic Entomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Other Helpful Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Response, Investigative, Regulatory, and Crisis Management Agencies
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences
http://www.adfs.state.al.us
614

American Academy of Forensic Sciences
http://www.aafs.org
American Academy on Veterinary Disaster Medicine
http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/clinsci/wing/aavdm/aavdm.htm
American Civil Defense Association
http://www.tacda.org
American College of Physicians – American Society of Internal Medicine (Palm Based Data)
http://www.acponline.org/pda/index.html
American College of Emergency Physicians
http://www.acep.org/1,4634,0.html
American Society of Microbiology Bioterrorism Web Links
http://www.asmusa.org/pcsrc/bioprep.htm
Arkansas State Crime Laboratory
http://www.state.ar.us/crimelab
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
http://www.afip.org
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology
http://www.apic.org/educ
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacoo, and Firearms
http://www.atf.treas,gov
Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms Fire Research Laboratory
http://www.atf.treas.gov/labs/frl
Canadian Centre for Emergency Preparedness
http://www.ccep.ca
Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies, Johns Hopkins University
http://www.hopkins-biodefense.org
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Branch
http://www.bt.cdc.gov
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Emergency Preparedness and Response Branch, Emergency Resources Site
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/emergency/default.htm
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Service
http://www.cdc.gov/eis/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Disease
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/index.htm
Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information
http://cindi.usgs.gov
Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections, St. Louis University School of Public Health
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu
Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii
http://www.cilhi.army.mil
Chemcial and Biological Arms Control Institute
http://www.cbaci.org
Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center
http://www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil
Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)
http://www.chemtrec.org
615

Department of Defense, Global Emerging Infectious System
http://www.geis/ha/osd.mil/
Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Counterproliferation and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs DASD
(CP/CBD)
http://www.acq.osd.mil/cp/
Department of Defense, Joint Service Chemical Biological Information System, Tracking System for Equipment Development
http://www.moxietraining.com/oshalinks/bioterrorism.htm
Department of Defense, Office of Counterproliferation and Chemical and Biological Defense
http://www.acq.osd.mil/cp/organization.html
Department of Defense, Program Director for Biological Defense Systems
http://www.sbccom.apgea.army.mil/RDA/pdbio/index.htm
Department of Health and Human Service
http://dhhs.gov/
Department of Health and Human Service, Office of Emergency Preparedness
http://ndms.dhhs.gov/index.html
Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Emergency Preparedness, National Disaster Medical System, Response Team Web Sites
http://ndms.dhhs.gov/Links/Team_Web_Sites/team_web_sites.html
Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Emergency Preparedness, Metropolitan Medical Response System
http://www.oep-ndms.dhhs.gov/CTProgram/MMRS/mmrs.html
Department of Justice, Office for Domestic Preparedness
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/
Department of State – Crisis Management
http://travel.state.gov/crisismg.html#aviation
Department of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Safety
http://hazmat.dot.gov/
Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team
http://www.dmort.org
Dupage County Illinois Sheriff's Office Crime Laboratory
http://www.dupageco.org/sheriff/crime%20lab.htm
Environmental Protection Agency
http://www.epa.gov/
Environmental Protection Agency
http://www.ert.org/
Federal Bureau of Investigation
http://www.fbi.gov
Federal Emergency Management Agency
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)
http://www.fletc.gov
Federation of American Scientists, Agricultural Biowarfare and Bioterrorism Site
http://www.fas.org/bwc/agr/main.htm
Federation of American Scientists, Chemical and Biological Arms Control Program
http://www.fas.org/bwc/
Georgia Bureau of Investigation Division of Forensic Sciences
http://www.ganet.org/gbi/fordiv.html
Hong Kong Government Laboratory of Forensic Sciences
http://www.info.gov.hk/govlab/english/fo-home.htm
International Society for Infectious Diseases Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases
http://www.promedmail.org
616

Metro-Dade Police Department Crime Laboratory
http://www.mdpd.com
Michigan State Police Forensic Science Division
http://members.aol.com/stevenkl/fsdhome2.htm
National Disaster Medical System
http://www.ndms.dhhs.org
National Institutes of Health
http://www.nih.gov
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html
National Library of Medicine, Biodefense and Bioterrorism Information Resources
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html
Niagara County Sheriff's Department Forensic Laboratory
http://www.ncsd.com/forensic.htm
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
http://www.osha.gov
Pan American Health Organization, Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Office
http://165.158.1.110/english/ped/pedhome.htm
Physicians for Human Rights
http://www.phrusa.org
Physicians for Human Rights Antemortem Database Project
http://www.phrusa.org/bosnia/ident.html
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca
State Health Department Web Sites
http://www.cdc.gov/search2.htm
http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/phtn/sites.asp
United Nations – Human Rights
http://www.un.org/rights
United States Army Medical Command
http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/default2.htm
United States Army Medical Research and Material Command
http://mrmc-www.army.mil/
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
http://www.usamrid.army.mil
United States Army, Office of the Surgeon General, Medical NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) Online Information Server
http://www.nbc-med.org/ie40/
United States Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command
http://www.sbccom.apgea.army.mil/
United States Chemcial Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
http://www.chemsafety.gov
United States Consumer Product Safety Commission
http://www.cpsc.gov
United States Customs Service
http://www.customs.gov/xp/cgov/home.xml
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Forensic Laboratory
http://www.lab.fws.gov
United States Postal Inspection Service
http://www.usps.gov/websites/depart/inspect/
617

World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/
General Forensic Science Resources
About Mitochondrial DNA by Terry Melton
http://www.mitotyping.com/dna.htm
Academy of Infrared Thermography
http://www.infraredtraining.net/
American Board of Criminalistics
http://www.criminalistics.com/ABC/
American Board of Forensic Odontology
http://www.abfo.org
American Forensic Technologies
http://www.americanforensic.com
Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction
http://www.acsr.com/
American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, Laboratory Accreditation Board
http://www.ascld-lab.org
American Society for Investigative Pathology
http://www.asip.org
Andrew V. Trofimov Forensic Page Atlas of Animal Hair
http://www.forensic.tsu.ru/0en/index0.html
Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology
http://www.panix.com/~adasp
Autopsy by Ed Friedlander, M.D. Pathologist
http://www.pathguy.com/autopsy.htm
Basics of DNA Fingerprinting
http://www.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/dnaintro.html
Carpenter's Forensic Science Resources
http://ww.tncrimlaw.com/forensic/
College of American Pathologists
http://www.cap.org
Chesapeake Area Shoeprint and Tire Track (CAST) Footwear and Tire Track Impression Evidence
http://members.ad.com/varfee/mastssite/index.html
Crime & CLues: The Art and Science of Criminal Investigation
http://www.crimeandclues.com
Crime Scene Evidence File
http://www.crimescene.com
DNA Testing: An Introduction for Non-Scientists: An Illustrated Explanation by Jerry C. Lyell
http://http://www.scientific.org/tutorials/articles/riley/riley.html
European Network of Forensic Science Institutes
http://www.enfsi.org/page.php?page=default
618

Footwear and Shoeprints: General Information
http://forensic.to/shoeprint.html
Forensic Art
http://www.forensicartist.com
Forensic Education and Consulting
http://www.forensicdna.com/index.htm
Forensic Education Website
http://www.csfs.ca
Forensic Evidence
http://forensic-evidence.com
Forensic Panel
http://www.forensicpanel.com
Forensic Psychiatry Resources
http://www.umdnj.edu/psyevnts/forensic.html
Forensic Science and Investigation by Wayne N. Hill Sr.
http://www.derbytech.net.forensics
Forensic Science Resources in a Criminal Fact Investigation
http://www.tncrimlaw.com/forensic/fsbiblio.htm
Forensic Science Society
http://www.forensic-science-society.org.uk/
Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board, Incorporated
http://www.thefsab.org
Institute for Canine Forensics
http://www.prusik.com/k9Forensic
Institute of Makers of Explosives
http://www.ime.org
International Association of Arson Investigators
http://www.fireinvestigators.org
International Association of Arson Investigators
http://www.firearson/ef/foundinfo/index.asp
International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts
http://www.iabpa.org
International Association of Bomb Technicians and Investigators
http://www.iabti.org
International Association for Identification
http://www.theiai.org
International Society of Explosives Engineers
http://www.isee.org
Iowa Division of the International Association of Identification
http://www.iowaiai.org
Iowa IAI Footwear Impression Photography
http://www.geocities.com/cfpdlab/fipihtml
Iowa IAI Night Time Photography: Painting with Light
http://www.geocities.com/cfpdlab/nightrane.htm
Iowa IAI Photographic Techniques: Backlit Subjects
http://www.geocities.com/cfpdlab/
Japanese National Research Institute of Police Science
http://www.nrips.go.jp
619

Law Enforcement Technology
http://www.law-enforcement.com
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Forensic Science Center
http://www.llnl.gov/lPandC/op96/10/10h-for.html
Literature File for Shoeprints by Earnest Hamm
http://forensic.to/hamm.html
Microscopy Society of America
http://www.msa.microscopy.com
Minutuae, Lightning Powder Company, Incorporated
http://www.redwop.com
National Association of Medical Examiners
http://www.thename.org
National Center for Forensic Science
http://www.ncfs.ucf.edu
National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/dna/welcome.html
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
askncjrs@ncjrs.org
National Forensic Academy, University of Tennessee
http://www.leic.tennessee.edu/forensic
National Forensic Science Technology Center (NFSTC)
http://www.nfstc.org
National Institute of Justice
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij
National Fire Protection Association
http://www.nfpa.org
National Institute of Standards and Technology
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov
Office of Justice Programs
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov
Pathology and Forensic Medicine Links
http://www.mic.ki.se/Pathol.html
Reddy Chamakura's Forensic Site
http://www.forensicpage.com
Serological Research Institute
http://www.serological.com
The Australian Society for Forensic Dentistry
http://www.uq.edu.au/asfd
The BOLD (Bureau of Legal Dentistry) Laboratory by Dr. David Sweet
http://www.boldlab.org
The Council for the Registration of Forensic Practitioners
http://www.crfp.org.uk
The DNA Files
http://www.dnafiles.org/home.html
The European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP)
http://www.rechtsmedizin.uni-mainz.de/Remedneu/ednap/ednap.htm
The Frensch Forensic Odontology Society
http://www.epidaure.com/afio
620

The German Forensic Odontology Society
http://www.dgzmk.de
The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education, Florida State University College of Medicine Forensic Pathology Index
http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html#MENU
The Swedish Forensic Odontology Database by Dr. Bengt Sundstrom
http://www.odont.lu.se/depts/uciv/for-od.html
United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology
http://www.uscap.org
University of Technology, Sidney Centre for Forensic Science
http://www.forensics.edu.au.index.php
Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine
http://www.vifp.monash.edu.au/
What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence
http://www.ncjrs.org/nij/DNAbro/intro.html
Worldwide Forensic Odontology Contacts by Dr. George Burgman
http://www.od.mahse/depts/uciv/forodind.html
Zeno's Forensic Page: An Index to Web Sites on Forensic Science, Medicine and Psychology
http://forensic.to/
Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology
American Anthropological Associations
http://www.aaanet.org
American Board of Forensic Anthropology
http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/ABFA
Archaeologica
http://www.archaeologica.org
Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (E.A.A.F.)
http://www.eaaf.org
Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology Association
http://www.luc.edu/depts/anthropology/BARFAA/
European Association of Archaeologists
http://www.e-a-a.org
ForensicAnthro.com
http://forensicanthro.com
Forensic Anthropology at California State University-Chico
http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/PAHL
Forensic Anthropology and Computer Enhancement Services (FACES), Louisiana State University
http://www.ga/lsu.edu/faces
ForensicArchaeology.com
http://www.forensicarchaeology.com
Forensic Archaeology Home Page
http://www.soton.ac.uk/~jb3
Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Team
http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~sss4407/EAFG.htm
621

Stefan Schmitt's Human Rights and Forensic Anthropology Homepage
http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~sss4407/
Marci's Anthro Page
http://www.anthrogirl.com/anthropage
Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute
http://mai.mercyhurst.edu
Midwest Bioarchaeology Research and Forensic Anthropology Association
http://www.luc.edu/depts/anthropology/BARFAA/
Mountain Desert and Coastal Forensic Anthropologists
http://www.angelfire.com/cgi-bin/admem?category=
Osteointeractive
http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/index.html
Osteovox
http://www.geocities.com/osteovox/enter.html
Resources from Worldwide in Anthropology, Archaeology, and History
www.http://anthro.org/main.htm
Skull Module
http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/module/skull.html
The British Association of Human Identification
http://www.bahid.org
United States Army Central Identification Laboratory Hawaii
http://cilhi.army.mil
University of Indianapolis Archeology and Forensics Laboratory
http://archlab.uindy.edu
University of Sheffield, Forensic Anthropology
http://forensic.shef.ac.uk/anthro.html
University of Tennessee's Forensic Anthropology Center
http://web.utk.edu~anthrop/index.htm
Welcome to ForensicArchaeology.Com
http://www.forensicarchaeology.com/
Forensic Entomology
Case Studies in Forensic Entomology
http://www.missouri.edu/~agwww/entomology/casestudies.html
Department of Agriculture - Western Australia Entomology Home Pate
http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/ento/forensic.htm
European Association of Forensic Entomologists
http://www.eafe.org
FBL-Forensic Entomology
http://www.dpo.uab.edu/~jwells/forensic.html
Forensic Biology and Forensic Entomology
http://www.geocities.com/nacik.goz/forensicsciences.html
Forensic Entomology - Insects in Legal Investigations
http://www.forensic-entomology.com
622

Forensic Entomology Data Form
http://www.forensicentomology.com/Dform.pdf
Forensic Entomology Pages International
http://folk.uio.no/mustarke/forens_ent/forensic_entomology.html
Insect Investigations
http://www.insectinvestigations.com
Mark Benecke: Forensic Entomology - Insekten auf Leichen
http://www.benecke.com/maden.html
Members of American Board of Entomologists
http://www.missouri.edu/~agwww/entomology/members.html
Rhodes University Forensic Entomology Course
http://www.ru.ac.za/academic/departments/zooento/Martin/Forensic_ent.html
The Entomological Society of America
http://www.entsoc.org
Welcome to the World of Forensic Entomology
http://wwww.missouri.edu/~agwww/entomology
Worldwide List of Forensic Entomologists
http://folk.uio.no/mostarke/forens_ent/forensic_entomology.html
Other Helpful Sites
Access to Justice Network
http://www.access-to-justice.org
Anti-Defamation League Web Site – Hate Symbols Database
http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/default.asp
Archaeological Prospection Resources
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/subject/archpros.html
Biological Agent Fact Sheets, APIC
http://www.apic.org/bioterror/agentsheets.cfm
Bioterrorism Disease Wall Chart
http://www.unc.edu/depts/spice/bioterrorism.html
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention Biological Agent Information
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Agentlist.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Electronic Publications and Documents
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/publicat.htm
Crime and Clues
http://www.crimeandclues.com
Criminal Justice MegaLinks
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor
Dictionary of Abbreviations and Acronyms in GEOGRAPHIC Information Systems, Cartography, and Remote Sensing
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/abbrev.html
Federal Rules of Evidence
http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/overview.html
623

(Global Positioning System) Department of Geography, The University of Texas at Austin
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html
Glossary of Biochemical Terrorism
http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/bioterrorism.html
History of Profiling, North Carolina Wesleyan College Criminal Justice Web-site
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/401/401lect01.htm
International Society of Professional Trackers
http://w3.gorge.net/tracker
Kruglick's Forensic Resource and Criminal Law Search Site
http://www.kruglaw.com
McCrone Research Institute
http://www.mcri.org
Microsoft Terraserver
www.terraserver.microsoft.com
National Association of Privately Owned Restoration Companies
www.americanbiorecovery.org
National Atlas of the United States
www.nationalatlas.gov
National Biological Information Infrastructure
www.nbii.gov
National Library of Medicine Anthrax and Biological Warfare Information Resources
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov
Scientific Testimony: An Online Journal
http://www.scientific.org
Snohomish County Trackers
http://home1.gte.net/tracku2/tracking_intro.htm
Southwest Association of Trackers
http://www.cia-g.com/~owen/WNM-SARTA.htm
The Archaeological Remote Sensing Library of Geophysical Imagery
http;//www.cast.uark.edu/~kkvamme/geop/geop.htm
The Pacific Northwest Trackers Association
http://pacificnwtrackers.ourmail.com/
The Ultimate Forensic Psychology Database
http://www.forensicpage.com/news31.htm
United States Geological Survey
http://www.usgs.gov
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