HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITS ... - Humes

HYDRAULICS OF PRECASTCONCRETE CONDUITSPipes and box culvertsConcrete PipeAssociationof AustralasiaACN 007 067 656HYDRAULICDESIGNMANUAL

HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 11. FLOW OF WATER IN PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITS1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER1.2 FULL FLOW1.2.1 THE ENERGY LINE1.2.2 ENERGY LOSSES AT CROSS SECTIONAL CHANGES1.2.3 ENERGY LOSS AT UNIFORM FLOW1.2.3.1 GENERAL1.3 PART-FULL FLOW1.2.3.2 THE COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION1.2.3.3 OTHER ENERGY LOSS EQUATIONS1.3.1 UNIFORM FLOW1.3.1.1 ENERGY LOSSES AT SECTIONAL CHANGES1.3.1.2 UNIFORM ENERGY LOSSES1.3.1.3 FLOW VELOCITY IN CLOSED CONDUITS1.3.2 NON UNIFORM FLOW1.3.2.1 GENERAL1.4 BOUNDARYSHEAR1.5 WATER HAMMER1.3.2.2 CRITICAL DEPTH1.3.2.3 CRITICAL SLOPE1.3.2.4 THE HYDRAULIC JUMP1.5.1 THE NATURE OF WATER HAMMER1.5.2 VALVE CLOSURE1.5.3 PUMP STOPPAGE1.5.4 WAVESPEED1.6 REFERENCESPage 4

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HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 11.6 REFERENCES[1.1] Developments in Water Science Vol. 6 “PipelineDesign for Water Engineers”. By David Stephenson.Elsevier 1976.[1.2.] Australian Standard 2200-1978. “Design Charts forWater Supply and Sewerage”.[1.3.] C.F. Colebrook “Turbulent Flow in Pipes with ParticularReference to the Transition Region between theSmooth and Rough Pipe Laws”. J. Inst. Civ. Eng. 1939Vol.11 PP 133-156.[1.4.] “Resistance to flow in two types of concrete pipe”.Lorenz G. Straub, Charles E. Bowers and Meir Puch.St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. TechnicalPaper No.22 Series B. 1960.[1:5.] “Hydraulik”. A.E. Bretting (In Danish) Copenhagen1960 P241.[1.6.] “Hydraulics of Open Channels”. B.A. Bakhmeteff.Engineering Societies Monograph, McGraw-Hill BookCo. 1932.[1.7.] “Water Hammer – Problems and Solutions”. B.B.Sharp, Edward Arnold, 1981.[1.8.] “Water Hammer Analysis”, J. Parmakian, Dover,1963.[1.9.] “Water Hammer in Pumping Systems”, B.B. Sharpand H.R. Graze, Pump Technical Congress, A.P.M.A.,University of Melbourne, Nov.1980.Page 19

HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 22. STORMWATER RUNOFF2.1 INTRODUCTION2.2 RAINFALL2.2.1 FREQUENCY2.2.2 POINT MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL APPLIED TO AN AREA2.3 PEAK FLOW FORMULA2.3.1 COEFFICIENT OF RUNOFF2.3.2 TIME OF CONCENTRATION2.3.3 LIMITATIONS TO PEAK FLOW FORMULA2.3.4 TANGENT CHECK2.4 EXAMPLES2.4.1 URBAN CATCHMENT2.4.2 RURAL CATCHMENT2.4.3 LARGE CATCHMENT2.5 REFERENCESPage 20

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HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 33. CULVERTS3.1 INTRODUCTION3.1.1 TYPES OF CULVERT FLOW CONTROL3.1.1.1. FLOW WITH INLET CONTROL3.1.1.2 FLOW WITH OUTLET CONTROL3.1.1.3 DETERMINATION OF OPERATING CONDITION3.1.2 HEADWATER3.1.3 TAILWATER3.1.4 FREEBOARD3.2 CULVERTS WITH INLET CONTROL3.3 CULVERTS WITH OUTLET CONTROL3.3.1 CULVERTS FLOWING FULL3.3.2 CULVERTS NOT FLOWING FULL3.4 FLOW VELOCITY3.4.1 INLET CONTROL3.4.2 OUTLET CONTROL3.4.3 EROSION3.4.4 SILTATION3.5 CULVERTSHAPE3.6 MINIMUM ENERGY CULVERTS3.7 EXAMPLES3.7.1 PIPE SOLUTION (INLET CONTROL)3.7.2 BOX CULVERT SOLUTION (INLET CONTROL)3.7.3 PIPE SOLUTION (OUTLET CONTROL)3.7.4 BOX CULVERT SOLUTION (OUTLET CONTROL)3.7.5 MINIMUM ENERGY CULVERT3.8 REFERENCESPage 30

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HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 44. STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS4.1. INTRODUCTION4.1.1 HEAD LOSSES4.1.2 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VELOCITIES4.1.3 TOPOGRAPHY4.2 RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN CONDUITS4.2.1 STRAIGHT DRAINS4.2.2 CURVED DRAINS4.2.2.1 PIPES4.2.2.2 BOX CULVERTS4.2.3 ACTUAL DIMENSIONS4.3 INLET SHAPE AND CAPACITY4.4 JUNCTION PITS4.4.1 INLET PIT WITH INLET FLOW ONLY4.4.2 JUNCTION PITS WITH INLET AND LATERAL FLOW4.4.3 OTHER PIT TYPES4.4.4 INVERT DROP THROUGH PITS4.5 DEPTH OF DRAINS4.6 GUTTER FLOW4.7 STEEP DRAINS4.8 EXAMPLES4.8.1 URBAN CATCHMENTUNDERGROUND DRAINAGE4.8.2 STEEP SLOPES4.9 REFERENCESPage 43

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HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 44.9 REFERENCES[4.1] “Urban Road Design Manual” Vol.2 - 1975,Main Roads Department Queensland.[4.2] “Pressure Changes at Storm Drain Junctions”,W.H. Sagster, H.W. Wood, E.T. Smedon andH.C. Bossy. Engineering Series Bulletin No 1,University of Missouri.[4.3] “Concrete Pipe Handbook” (1980 AmericanConcrete Pipe Association).[4.4] “Urban Surface Drainage Design”J.R. Argue, ARRB Regional Symposium,Perth 1979.[4.5] “Gutter Pavement Flow Relationships forRoadway Channels of Moderate or SteepGrade,” W.P. Clarke, P.J. Strode, J.R. Argue,Institute of Technology, South Australia. S.A.Local Government Engineers Conference 1981[4.6] “Stormwater Drainage Design Procedure, theirefficacy in relation to recent technological advance”B.C. Tonkin, P.k. Read, R.l. Williams. LocalGovernment Engineering Conference,August 1981.[4.7] “Road Design Manual”Country Roads Board - Victoria 1974[4.8] ASCE - Manuals and Reports on EngineeringPractice - No.37. “Design and Construction ofSanitary and Storm Sewers”, New York, 1970.Page 52

HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 55. SEPARATE SEWERAGE SYSTEMS5.1 INTRODUCTION5.2 THE DESIGN FLOW5.2.1 DESIGN FLOW COMPONENTS5.3 GRAVITY SEWERS5.3.1 MINIMUM GRADE5.3.2 MAXIMUM GRADE5.4 THE SEWER DIMENSIONS5.4.1 ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT, k5.4.2 SEWER DESIGN FOR MAXIMUM ANDMINIMUM FLOW (GRAVITY)5.4.3 PUMPING STATIONS AND RISING MAINS5.4.4 RETICULATION SYSTEMS5.5 MANHOLES5.6 CURVES AND BENDS5.7 DEPTH OF COVER5.8 OVERFLOWS5.9 EXAMPLES5.9.1 GRAVITY TRUNK MAIN5.9.2 SEWERAGE RETICULATION5.10 REFERENCESPage 53

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HYDRAULICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONDUITSSECTION 66. PRESSURE PIPELINES6.1 INTRODUCTION6.2 PIPELINE DESIGN6.2.1 DESIGN INFORMATION6.2.2 THE DESIGN FLOW6.2.3 ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT, k6.2.4 THE PIPE DIAMETER6.2.5 SLIME GROWTH6.2.6 MAXIMUM FLOW VELOCITY6.2.7 THE WORKING PRESSURE6.2.8 WATER HAMMER GUIDELINES6.2.8.1 VALVE CLOSURE6.2.8.2 PUMP LOCATION6.2.8.3 PUMP START6.2.8.4 PUMP FAILURE6.2.8.5 WATER HAMMER PROTECTION6.2.9 THE FACTORY TEST PRESSURE ANDTHE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL LOAD6.2.9.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPES6.3 THRUST RESTRAINT6.2.9.2 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPES6.3.1 CALCULATION OF THRUST6.3.2 CONCRETE THRUST BLOCKS6.4 FITTINGS AND VALVES6.4.1 FITTINGS6.4.2 VALVES6.5 FIELD HYDROSTATIC TESTING OF PIPELINES6.6 EXAMPLES6.6.1 A PUMPED MAIN6.6.2 A GRAVITY MAIN6.6.3 THRUST RESTRAINT6.6.4 DESIGN FOR PRESSURE AND EXTERNAL LOAD6.6.5 FIELD TESTING6.7 REFERENCESPage 59

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Concrete PipeAssociationof AustralasiaACN 007 067 656AUSTRALIAN OFFICE:Locked Bag 2011St Leonards, NSW 1590Phone: (02) 9903 7780Facsimile: (02) 9437 9478Internet: www.concpipe.asn.auDISCLAIMERThe Concrete Pipe Association ofAustralasia believes the information givenwithin this brochure is the most up-to-dateand correct on the subject. Beyond thisstatement, no guarantee is given nor is anyresponsibility assumed by the Associationand its members.Published in PDF form, August 2003Reprinted, April 1996Reprinted, 1986 and 1991 with minormodificationsFirst published 1983