Informing the Financing of Universal Energy Access: An Assessment ...

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Williams and R. Ghanadan, 2006,Electricity Reform in Developing andTransition Countries: A Reappraisal,Energy, 31 (June (6–7)) at 815–844.10.1016/j.energy.2005.02.008.Endnotes:1. To provide a climate perspective,The Stern Review (2006) estimatedthat approximately 1 percent of globalGDP will be needed to limitatmospheric CO 2 concentrations to500–550 PPM through 2050. We usedIMF calculations for GDP growth to2016 using current U.S. dollars andextrapolated through 2035 to matchIEA and other data; the cumulativeGDP for 2010–2035, inclusive, wasUSD 5,316 trillion, which is about USD2,126 billion per year over the timeframe. (No discounting was used.)2. Refers to countries that are Partiesto the Kyoto Protocol but are not listedin Annex I to the United NationsFramework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC).3. The price-gap approach is the mostcommon method for quantifyingconsumer subsidies. It captures the neteffect of all subsidies that reduce finalprices below those that would prevailin a competitive market. Estimatesproduced using the price-gapapproach do not capture all types ofintervention known to exist. They,therefore, tend to be understated as abasis for assessing the impact ofsubsidies on economic efficiency andtrade. The method does not takeaccount of revenue losses in countrieswhere under-collection of energy bills(particularly for electricity) isprevalent, or where energy theft is rife(Koplow, 2009).4. Generally, IEA’s New PolicyScenario assumes the introduction ofnew measures to implement the broadpolicy commitments that have alreadybeen announced.5. This is a highly simplistic way tocome to such average figures, butoften the presentation of the figuresprecludes other methods.6. The sub-sectors vary by dataset.They typically include, agriculture,hunting, forestry, fishing; mining andquarrying; manufacturing; electricity,gas and water supply; construction;transport, storage andcommunication; financialAug./Sep. 2011, Vol. 24, Issue 7 1040-6190/$–see front matter # 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., doi:/10.1016/j.tej.2011.07.006 23Please cite this article in press as: Bazilian M, have surnames. Informing the Financing of Universal Energy Access: An Assessment of Current Financial FlowsElectr. J. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.tej.2011.07.006
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