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Link between Human Resource Development, Growth and PovertyPer Capita Income, Poverty and Human Development among Provinces inIndiaThe table below presents the indicators relating to per capita gross state domesticproduct, literacy rate, human development index, poverty ratio and infant mortalityrate.There is a negative correlation between per capita income and poverty in Indianstates, the value of correlation was modest at -0.609. It may be noted, however, thatMaharashtra and Gujarat rank high in per capita GSDP, yet poverty ranking showstheir position at 8 and 12 respectively. It shows that highest per capita GSDP statesmay have higher incidence of poverty as well. Highest poverty state such as Orissa,Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Assam are also associated with lowest per capitaGSDP states. Kerala and Himachal Pradesh have lowest poverty incidence, yetthey may not have highest per capita GSDP. Thus from the provincial analysis ofdifferent states in India, it is observed that some of the higher per capita incomestates are not necessarily associated with lower poverty incidence, although some ofthe lowest per capita income states are generally associated with highest incidenceof poverty.The regression equation given in Chart-3 also shows that there is a weak link fromper capita income to poverty ratio. There is high correlation (0.8 8696) between percapita income of the state and human development index. It proves the point thatstates with higher per capita income are at higher stage of economic developmentand they are in a position to devote greater resources for human resourcedevelopment leading the state in HD index. What is also important to note is thatstates with lowest per capita income are at lower stage of economic developmentand they are not in a position to devote greater resources for human resourcedevelopment. As a result such states show lower human development index. Anexception in this regard is state like Kerala which top in HR development index, yetdoes not stand high in per capita GSDP.6
Link between Human Resource Development, Growth and PovertyTable-2: Rank of Different Provinces in India on Growth, Povertyand Human Development IndicatorsPer CapitaGSDP at 1993-94 prices(AnnualAverage for200 1-02 to2003-04)LiteracyRate (as% ofpopulation) 2001Humandevelopment Index(value)2001PovertyEstimation HCR1999-00InfantMortalityRate 2001(numberperthousand)Maharashtra 1 2 4 8 15Punjab 2 6 2 17 12Gujarat 3 7 6 12 9Haryana 4 9 5 15 6Tamil Nadu 5 4 3 10 13Karnataka 6 10 7 9 11Himachal Pradesh 7 3 16 9Kerala 8 1 1 14 18Andhra Pradesh 9 15 10 11 8West Bengal 10 8 8 7 13Arunachal Pradesh 11 19 5 17Uttaranchal 12 5Rajasthan 13 16 9 13 4Chattisgarh 14 11Jammu & Kashmir 15 18 18 16Jharkhand 16 20Madhya Pradesh 17 12 12 3 2Assam 18 13 13 4 5Orrissa 19 14 11 1 1Uttar Pradesh 20 17 14 6 3Bihar 21 21 15 2 7The correlation between poverty and human development is -0.77. States withhighest poverty level show lowest human development and States with lowestpoverty level show highest human development.It may also be observed that literacy rate is highly correlated with per capita GSDPthan the infant mortality rate.7
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