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14of production’ – the ways in which and terms on which land is held, labour and capitalare supplied, and therefore how produce and profits are distributed. In group projectsthat are essentially production cooperatives, land and assets are co-owned, labour ispooled, capital (and debt) is co-owned and production is collectively managed. Incontrast, in joint ventures, ownership may be shared but labour need not be pooled (itcan be bought in), and inputs of labour and management are usually separated, asmanagement is professionalised.It should be acknowledged up-front that a range of different kinds of scales andproduction arrangements are needed in land reform, to fit different needs and situations.However, what is striking from the South African experience is, on the one hand, thedominance of the group model of land ownership and use and, on the other hand, themarginalisation of individual or household options except for those with substantial ownresources. Business plans often aim to curb, rather than support, efforts at selfprovisioningby beneficiaries, while the grant system and farm sizes impede householdbasedownership and production, whether for consumption or sale.Land use and production should in turn shape the configuration of rights amongmembers to land and related resources, though land reform has typically entailed thesecuring of private ownership of an outer boundary of land, by a legal entity, leaving theinternal arrangements of social arrangements and allocation of use rights to members tothe group, and administration of this to a CPA committee or trustees. 3 The patterns ofland use in land reform projects is therefore partly determined by the land and othernatural resources, but also substantially by choices made in business planning and theconstraints of the market environment. Land use and land rights differ across a numberof dimensions. A tendency within policy has been to conflate these different dimensions.For instance, it is a peculiarity of group-based projects that the unit of ownership isusually the same as the unit of management and of use. While some projects involveseparate business entities managing and using portions of the land, most involve “wholefarm” land use plans, in which the legal entity that holds the land is also in charge of itsmanagement and use (see Table 1 below).Table 1: Patterns of ownership, management and use of landStateOwnership Management UseGroupRestitutionLRAD low-endSLAGRestitutionLRAD low-endSLAGRestitutionLRAD low-endSLAGIndividual /household3 See the third paper in this series, by Edward Lahiff.Policy Options for Land and Agrarian ReformProgramme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape