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2TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 32. PATTERNS OF LAND USE IN LAND REFORM ........................................... 52.1. Group-based ownership and production .......................................................... 52.2. Group-based ownership with household production ......................................... 72.3. Individual or household-based projects ............................................................ 82.4. Unplanned land uses ....................................................................................... 92.5. Joint ventures, strategic partnerships and co-management ........................... 112.6. Reflections on existing models of land use .................................................... 133. HOW LAND USE IS CURRENTLY PLANNED ............................................ 173.1. National and provincial level .......................................................................... 173.2. Local level ...................................................................................................... 183.3. Project level ................................................................................................... 202.4. Regulating subdivision ................................................................................... 214. LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF LAND USES IN LAND REFORM.................... 245. DYNAMICS IN THE COMMERCIAL FARMING SECTOR........................... 295.1. Rapid deregulation ......................................................................................... 295.2. Outcomes of deregulation .............................................................................. 305.3. Credit and debt .............................................................................................. 325.4. Support for new or poor farmers .................................................................... 335.5. Questions about restructuring ........................................................................ 376. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES .............................................................. 386.1. How have smallholder sectors been promoted/resuscitated? ........................ 386.2. What has enabled smallholder success? ....................................................... 396.3. Links with the non-farm economy .................................................................. 416.4. The new emerging orthodoxy: smallholder production ................................... 417. TOWARDS ALTERNATIVE LAND USES AND LIVELIHOODS .................. 437.1. Macro-perspectives........................................................................................ 437.2. Rural people’s visions for land and agrarian reform ....................................... 467.3. Paradigm choices .......................................................................................... 497.4. An Agenda for Agrarian Reform ..................................................................... 518. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................... 549. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................... 559.1. Planning for land use and livelihoods ............................................................. 559.2. Priority areas for new land uses ..................................................................... 569.3. Regulation of land use ................................................................................... 579.4. Support for production and marketing ............................................................ 579.5. Monitoring and evaluation .............................................................................. 589.6. Legal implications .......................................................................................... 589.7. Institutional implications ................................................................................. 599.8. Financial implications ..................................................................................... 59REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 60Policy Options for Land and Agrarian ReformProgramme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape
31. INTRODUCTIONLand reform is a political project that needs to clarify its economic rationale.Redistributive land reform in South Africa is premised on the need to bring about bothdirect benefits to beneficiaries and indirect benefits to the rural economy. According tothe White Paper on South African Land Policy, redistributing access to and ownership ofland to previously, and currently, disadvantaged South Africans should “reduce povertyand contribute to economic growth” (DLA 1997). It notes that:Land reform aims to contribute to economic development, both by givinghouseholds the opportunity to engage in productive land use and byincreasing employment opportunities through encouraging greaterinvestment. We envisage a land reform which results in a rural landscapeconsisting of small, medium and large farms; one which promotes bothequity and efficiency through a combined agrarian and industrial strategyin which land reform is a spark to the engine of growth (DLA 1997).If land reform is to be a catalyst to structural changes in society and the economy, then itneeds to change patterns of investment (capital), productive land use (land) andemployment (labour) – in other words, to change the mix of factors of production andrestructure farming systems. Where land is redistributed through land reform, agricultureis the dominant, but not the only, land use. However, land reform policy has not, up untilnow, envisaged what kinds of land uses are to be promoted through the process ofreform, and therefore what kind of structural change in production, markets andsettlement patterns is being pursued, alongside the deracialisation of ownership. This isthe product of the longstanding failure to locate land reform within a wider framework ofagrarian reform.The growing debate on policy options for the future of land reform have instead focusedon the question of how to get the land, either through stimulating the supply of landonto the land market, or directly acquiring specific land through negotiation orexpropriation. The recent adoption of area-based planning, (ABP) potentially provides abasis to decide who gets what land, and for what purpose, by assessing and prioritisingdifferent land needs, but itself is taking place in the absence of national-level guidelinesor priorities for the future of agriculture.While land reform policy has had little to say about the types of land use to be promoted,and whether these should differ from existing patterns of land use in the commercialfarming sector, this is now increasingly recognised as a crucial gap and an area in whichnew policy is needed. The report on economic transformation from the ANC’s NationalPolicy Conference in June 2007 affirmed its commitment to:a comprehensive and clear rural development strategy, which builds the potentialfor rural sustainable livelihoods, particularly for African women, as part of anoverarching vision of rural development. Strong interventions in the private landmarket, combined with better use of state land for social and economicobjectives, must transform the patterns of land ownership and production,with a view to restructuring and deracialising the agricultural sector. Our aimPolicy Options for Land and Agrarian ReformProgramme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape
Page 1: The Programme for Land and Agrarian
Page 5 and 6: 52. PATTERNS OF LAND USE IN LAND RE
Page 7 and 8: 7“This tendency often sets partic
Page 9 and 10: 92003). Case studies of LRAD projec
Page 11 and 12: 11natural resources for basic house
Page 13 and 14: 13strategic partnerships where land
Page 15 and 16: 15In contrast, the option of state
Page 17 and 18: 173. HOW LAND USE IS CURRENTLY PLAN
Page 19 and 20: 19communal areas on the other (Mane
Page 21 and 22: 21their existing livelihoods and va
Page 23 and 24: 23this has not happens, and argues
Page 25 and 26: 25The key findings on livelihood st
Page 27 and 28: 27(Kirsten and Machethe 2005 - emph
Page 29 and 30: 295. DYNAMICS IN THE COMMERCIAL FAR
Page 31 and 32: Farming units31R15 billion, and exp
Page 33 and 34: Farming debt33emerged as dominant c
Page 35 and 36: 35Table 4: Budget allocations to se
Page 37 and 38: 37value chain, in partnership with
Page 39 and 40: 39up to 80% of the land). In these
Page 41 and 42: 416.3. Links with the non-farm econ
Page 43 and 44: 437. TOWARDS ALTERNATIVE LAND USES
Page 45 and 46: 45One approach to assessing the soc
Page 47 and 48: 47some land affairs officials, muni
Page 49 and 50: 49schools, so that we can sell to t
Page 51 and 52: 51Second, the level of organisation
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53The increase in overall state sup
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559. RECOMMENDATIONSThe recommendat
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579.3. Regulation of land useLimit
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599.7. Institutional implicationsIn
Page 61 and 62:
61Blackie, M. 2006. “Indigenous K
Page 63 and 64:
63ECARP (Eastern Cape Agricultural
Page 65 and 66:
65MALA (Ministry of Agriculture and
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67Land and the South African Econom
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