Transport of heat and electricity in metals and semiconductors

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96HANDOUT 10. TRANSPORT OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY IN METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORSTemperature Scattering κ W-F ratio(scatterer) times σVery low τ κ ≈ τ σ κ ∝ T , L 0(impurities) ∼ const σ ∼ constT ∼ θ D /10 τ κ ∝ T −3 , κ ∝ T −2 , < L 0(phonons) τ σ ∝ T −5 → e −θF/T σ ∝ T −5 → e −θF/TT >∼ θ D τ κ ≈ τ σ κ =const, L 0(phonons) ∝ T −1 σ ∝ T −1Table 10.1: Summary of the temperature dependences of scattering times and electrical and thermalconductivities.10.1.10 SummaryA summary of the temperature dependences of scattering times and electrical and thermal conductivitiesis given in Table 1. Typical electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity data are shown in Figures 10.4and 10.5. Note that for reasonably pure metals with reasonably simple bandstructures (e.g. alkali andnoble metals), electrical resistivity data are all of a similar form, and when normalised to the valueat T = θ R lie roughly on the same curve when plotted against T/θ R (see Figure 10.4); here θ R is acharacteristic temperature similar (but not identical) to θ D .10.1.11 Electron–electron scatteringIn metals with simple Fermi surfaces, electron–electron scattering is relatively unimportant. Initial andfinal states for both electrons must have energies close to E F and wavevectors close in magnitude tok F ; in addition, energy and momentum must be conserved. The combination of these two requirementsmakes electron-electron scattering quite unlikely (and actually completely forbidden at T = 0).However, electron-electron scattering becomes more important when• the Fermi surface is complicated, so that there the conservation of energy and momentum becomeseasy for a wider variety of possible scattering processes and/or• the density of states at the Fermi energy is very large (because the effective mass is large), bumpingup the number of initial and final states (e.g. transition metals, heavy fermion compounds).Reasonably simple arguments 4 show that electron-electron scattering leads to τ −1 ∝ T 2 .Some typical data for transition metals are shown in Figure 10.6. At low temperatures, the resistivitiestend towards the T 2 dependence expected for electron-electron scattering.10.2 Electrical conductivity of semiconductors10.2.1 Temperature dependence of the carrier densitiesOver wide ranges of temperature, the dominant contribution to the temperature dependence of the electricalconductivity is the rapidly varying number of free carriers. Recalling the results of Section 6.3.4,in order to find n and p when impurities are present we use the law of Mass Action (Equation 6.12)np = T 3 W e − Egk B Tcombined with the conservation law (Equation 6.17)n − p = N D − N A ,where N D is the density of donors and N A is the density of acceptors (both are assumed to only provideone carrier each).347.4 See e.g. Solid State Physics, by N.W Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York 1976) page
10.2. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SEMICONDUCTORS 970.3Au µ =175Na 202Cu 333Al 3950.2½1 / ½µ0.10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4T/µFigure 10.4: Normalised electrical resistivity data for several metals with reasonably simple Fermisurfaces plotted as a function of the normalised temperature T/θ R . θ R is shown in Kelvin for eachmetal at the top of the Figure.
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