62 <strong>W<strong>or</strong>king</strong> <strong>at</strong> a <strong>Small</strong>-<strong>to</strong>-<strong>Medium</strong> <strong>Business</strong> <strong>or</strong> <strong>ISP</strong>, <strong>CCNA</strong> Discovery Learning GuideTable 3-3Managed Service <strong>or</strong> In-house SolutionIn-HouseManaged ServiceConsider<strong>at</strong>ions Requires many decisions: Initial evalu<strong>at</strong>ion and choice of service providerType of equipmentRequirements definitionEquipment loc<strong>at</strong>ionOngoing evalu<strong>at</strong>ion of service providerIT <strong>or</strong>ganiz<strong>at</strong>ion staffingNetw<strong>or</strong>k designMaintenance requirementsCosts Equipment purchasing <strong>or</strong> leasing Single, predictable, monthly recurring billIT <strong>or</strong>ganiz<strong>at</strong>ion staffingMinimal up-front costsTraining costsMultiple vend<strong>or</strong> costs and buildingHardware repairs and upgradesSoftware release upgradesTelephone line changesRedundancy and reliabilityrequirementsControl and You have most of the control and Deleg<strong>at</strong>e the level of netw<strong>or</strong>k management <strong>to</strong> aresponsibility responsibility f<strong>or</strong> managing and qualified service provider based on your needsmaintaining your netw<strong>or</strong>k system Keep your c<strong>or</strong>e business processes in-houseMaintain control of the w<strong>or</strong>k flow in your<strong>or</strong>ganiz<strong>at</strong>ionSet service-level agreements (SLA) with aservice providerReliability You are responsible f<strong>or</strong> keeping Service provider can guarantee availability upyour netw<strong>or</strong>k system available <strong>to</strong> <strong>to</strong> 99.999%employees, cus<strong>to</strong>mers, and A 24-hour help desk is available f<strong>or</strong>partners <strong>at</strong> all timesremote-access usersService provider management is transparent <strong>to</strong>the end usersEnd-user Users are unaware of whether the Users are unaware of whether the netw<strong>or</strong>k isexperience netw<strong>or</strong>k is managed by the managed by the company <strong>or</strong> an external partnercompany<strong>or</strong> an external partnerIf the cus<strong>to</strong>mer chooses the managed service, the SLA outlines the lease costs as well as other servicecosts. If the equipment is purchased outright, the cus<strong>to</strong>mer should be aware of cost, warranty coverage,comp<strong>at</strong>ibility with existing equipment, and upd<strong>at</strong>e and maintenance issues, all of which have an associ<strong>at</strong>edcost. This cost must be analyzed <strong>to</strong> determine the cost-effectiveness of any planned solution.
Chapter 3: Planning a Netw<strong>or</strong>k Upgrade 63Selecting Netw<strong>or</strong>k DevicesAfter the cus<strong>to</strong>mer requirements have been analyzed, the design staff recommends the appropri<strong>at</strong>enetw<strong>or</strong>k devices <strong>to</strong> connect and supp<strong>or</strong>t the new netw<strong>or</strong>k functionality. Modern netw<strong>or</strong>ks use a varietyof devices f<strong>or</strong> connectivity. Each device has certain capabilities <strong>to</strong> control the flow of d<strong>at</strong>a across anetw<strong>or</strong>k. A general rule is th<strong>at</strong> the higher the device is in the OSI model, the m<strong>or</strong>e intelligent it is. Thismeans th<strong>at</strong> a higher-level device can better analyze the d<strong>at</strong>a traffic and f<strong>or</strong>ward it based on inf<strong>or</strong>m<strong>at</strong>ionnot available <strong>at</strong> lower layers. F<strong>or</strong> example, a Layer 1 hub can only f<strong>or</strong>ward d<strong>at</strong>a out all p<strong>or</strong>ts, a Layer 2switch can filter the d<strong>at</strong>a and only send it out the p<strong>or</strong>t connected <strong>to</strong> the destin<strong>at</strong>ion based on MACaddress, and a Layer 3 router can decide which traffic <strong>to</strong> f<strong>or</strong>ward <strong>or</strong> block based on the logical address.As switches and routers evolve, the distinction between them becomes blurred. One simple distinctionremains: LAN switches provide connectivity within an <strong>or</strong>ganiz<strong>at</strong>ion’s LAN, whereas routers are needed<strong>to</strong> interconnect local netw<strong>or</strong>ks <strong>or</strong> <strong>to</strong> f<strong>or</strong>m a wide-area netw<strong>or</strong>k (WAN) environment.In addition <strong>to</strong> switches and routers, other connectivity options are available f<strong>or</strong> LANs. Wireless accesspoints allow computers and other devices, such as handheld Internet Pro<strong>to</strong>col (IP) phones, <strong>to</strong> wirelesslyconnect <strong>to</strong> the netw<strong>or</strong>k <strong>or</strong> share broadband connectivity. Firewalls guard against netw<strong>or</strong>k thre<strong>at</strong>s andprovide applic<strong>at</strong>ion security, netw<strong>or</strong>k control and containment, and secure connectivity technologies.ISRs combine the functionality of switches, routers, access points, and firewalls in the same netw<strong>or</strong>kingdevice.Selecting LAN DevicesAlthough both a hub and a switch can provide connectivity <strong>at</strong> the access layer of a netw<strong>or</strong>k, switchesshould be chosen f<strong>or</strong> connecting devices <strong>to</strong> a LAN. Switches generally are m<strong>or</strong>e expensive than hubs,but the enhanced perf<strong>or</strong>mance makes them cost-effective. A hub generally is chosen as a netw<strong>or</strong>kingdevice within a very small LAN, within a LAN th<strong>at</strong> requires low throughput requirements, <strong>or</strong> whenfinances are limited. A hub may also be installed in a netw<strong>or</strong>k when all netw<strong>or</strong>k traffic is <strong>to</strong> be moni<strong>to</strong>red.Hubs f<strong>or</strong>ward all traffic out all p<strong>or</strong>ts, whereas switches microsegment the netw<strong>or</strong>k. Connecting a netw<strong>or</strong>kmoni<strong>to</strong>ringdevice <strong>to</strong> a hub allows the moni<strong>to</strong>ring device <strong>to</strong> see all netw<strong>or</strong>k traffic on th<strong>at</strong> segment.Some switches do provide the ability <strong>to</strong> moni<strong>to</strong>r all netw<strong>or</strong>k traffic through a special p<strong>or</strong>t, but this isnot a universal fe<strong>at</strong>ure.When selecting a switch f<strong>or</strong> a particular LAN, netw<strong>or</strong>k designers need <strong>to</strong> consider a number of fac<strong>to</strong>rs,including the following:■■■■Speed and types of p<strong>or</strong>ts/interfacesExpandabilityManageabilityCostSpeed and Types of P<strong>or</strong>ts/InterfacesChoosing Layer 2 devices th<strong>at</strong> can accommod<strong>at</strong>e increased speeds allows the netw<strong>or</strong>k <strong>to</strong> evolve withoutyour having <strong>to</strong> replace the central devices. It is a good idea <strong>to</strong> purchase the fastest p<strong>or</strong>ts available withinthe budgeted funds. A bit of extra money spent now can save a gre<strong>at</strong> deal of time and expense l<strong>at</strong>er,when it is time <strong>to</strong> upgrade the netw<strong>or</strong>k again.The same can be st<strong>at</strong>ed about the number and types of netw<strong>or</strong>k p<strong>or</strong>ts. Netw<strong>or</strong>k designers must carefullyconsider how many UTP and fiber p<strong>or</strong>ts are needed. It is imp<strong>or</strong>tant <strong>to</strong> estim<strong>at</strong>e how many additionalp<strong>or</strong>ts will be required <strong>to</strong> supp<strong>or</strong>t netw<strong>or</strong>k expansion in the future.