26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom - Hamilton Local Schools

26-1 Introduction to theAnimal KingdomSlide1 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

Which of these is an “animal?”Slide2 of 49End Show

Answer: They are all animals!Characteristics of Animals:heterotrophicEukaryoticmulticellularlack cell walls.Slide3 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Is an Animal?Animals have the following types of tissues:•epithelial•muscular•connective•nervousSlide4 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Is an Animal?Invertebrates make up 95% of all animal species.Invertebrates do not have a backbone, or vertebralcolumn.They include sea stars, worms, jellyfishes, andinsects.Copyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide5 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Is an Animal?The other 5% of animals are vertebrates.Vertebrates have a backbone.Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles,birds, and mammals.Copyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide6 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveAnimals carry out the following essentialfunctions:• feeding• respiration• circulation• excretion• response• movement• reproductionCopyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide7 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveFeedingHerbivores eat plants.Carnivores eat other animals.Omnivores feed on both plants and animals.Detritivores feed on decaying plant and animalmaterial.Filter feeders are aquatic animals that strain tinyfloating organisms from water.Slide8 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveRespirationWhether they live in water or on land, all animalsrespire—they take in oxygen and give off carbondioxide.Slide9 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveCirculationAnimals transport oxygen, nutrient molecules, andwaste products among all their cells through eithersimple diffusion or some kind of circulatory systemSlide10 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveExcretionAmmonia is a waste product of cells and apoisonous substance.Most animals have an excretory system thateliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into aless toxic substance that is removed from thebody.Slide11 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveResponseAnimals respond to events in their environmentusing specialized cells, called nerve cells. In mostanimals, nerve cells form a nervous system.Slide12 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveMovementSome animals stay at a single spot, but most canmove. Most animals have muscles or muscleliketissues.Muscle contraction enables motile animals to movearound by working in combination with a supportstructure called a skeleton.Muscles also help even sedentary animals feedand pump water and fluids through their bodies.Slide13 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomWhat Animals Do to SurviveReproductionMost animals reproduce sexually. This helps tocreate and maintain genetic diversity inpopulations and improve species’ abilities toevolve when the environment changes.Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually.This produces offspring that are geneticallyidentical to the parent. It allows animals to increasetheir numbers rapidly.Slide14 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionComplex animals tend to have:• high levels of cell specialization andinternal body organization• bilateral body symmetry• a front end or head with sense organs• a body cavitySlide15 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionEarly DevelopmentAnimals that reproduce sexually begin life as azygote, or fertilized egg.Slide16 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionThe zygote undergoes a series of divisions to forma blastula, a hollow ball of cells.Copyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide17 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionA protostome is ananimal whose mouth isformed from theblastopore.EctodermMesodermEndodermBlastoporeMost invertebrate animalsare protostomes.AnusBlastopore becomes mouthCopyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide18 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionA deuterostome is ananimal whose anus isformed from theblastopore.The anus is the openingthrough which wastesleave the digestive tract.EctodermMesodermEndodermBlastoporeMouthCopyright Pearson Prentice HallBlastopore becomes anusSlide19 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionEchinoderms andvertebrates are bothdeuterostomes.Copyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide20 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionThis similarity inembryology mayindicate that vertebrateshave a closerevolutionary relationshipto echinoderms than toother invertebrates.Copyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide21 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionThe cells of the endoderm, or innermost germ layer,develop into the linings of the digestive tract andmuch of the respiratory system.EndodermOnly the label “endoderm”should appear on this slide.Slide22 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionThe cells of the mesoderm, or middle layer, developinto muscles and much of the circulatory,reproductive, and excretory organ systems.MesodermSlide23 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionThe ectoderm, or outermost layer, develops into thesense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin.EctodermSlide24 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomBody SymmetryExcept for sponges, every animal exhibits some bodysymmetry in its structure.Slide25 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomBody SymmetryTrends in Animal EvolutionMany simple animals, like the sea anemone, havebody parts that repeat around the center of thebody.Slide26 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomThese animals exhibitradial symmetry, inwhich any number ofimaginary planes can bedrawn through thecenter, each dividing thebody into equal halves.Trends in Animal EvolutionRadial symmetryPlanes ofsymmetrySlide27 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionIn animals withbilateral symmetry,only one imaginaryplane can divide thebody into two equalhalves—left andright.Plane ofsymmetryBilateral symmetryCopyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide28 of 49End Show

Identify the SymmetrySlide29 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionThe anterior is thefront end.The posterior is theback end.Anterior endPosterior endBilateral symmetryCopyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide30 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionThe dorsal is the upperside.Dorsal sideThe ventral is the lowerside.VentralsideBilateral symmetryCopyright Pearson Prentice HallSlide31 of 49End Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionCephalizationAnimals with bilateral symmetry exhibitcephalization, which is the concentration of senseorgans and nerve cells at the front end of the body.Slide32 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1 Introduction to the AnimalKingdomTrends in Animal EvolutionBody Cavity FormationMost animals have a body cavity, a fluid-filledspace between the digestive tract and body wall.A body cavity provides a space in which internalorgans can be suspended so that they are notpressed on by muscles or twisted out of shape bybody movements.Slide33 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

Animal Kingdom PhylaPhylum Porifera– spongesPhylum Cnidaria– sea anemones,jellyfish, hydraSlide34 of 49End Show

Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatwormsFree-living PlanarianParasitic TapewormSlide35 of 49End Show

Phylum Nematoda –roundwormsPhylum Annelida –segmented wormsSlide36 of 49End Show

Phylum Mollusca – clams, squid, snailsSlide37 of 49End Show

Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans,insects, spidersThis is the largest phylum inthe animal kingdom andcontains the most number ofspeciesSlide38 of 49End Show

Phylum Echinodermata - starfishSlide39 of 49End Show

Phylum Chordata – includesall vertebratesSlide40 of 49End Show

26-1Continue to:- or -Click to Launch:Slide41 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1Animals respond to events in their environmentsusing specialized cells calleda. muscle cells.b. nerve cells.c. gametes.d. blood cells.Slide42 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1A characteristic that all animals share is beinga. heterotrophic.b. autotrophic.c. prokaryotic.d. anaerobic.Slide43 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1Excretion is a function of all animals thatinvolvesa. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.b. transport of material from one part of thebody to another.c. digestion and absorption of food molecules.d. removal of metabolic wastes.Slide44 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show

26-1One major trend in animal evolution has beena. the simplification of body organ systems.b. an increase in the degree of cephalization.c. a shift from bilateral symmetry to radialsymmetry.d. disappearance of the blastula stage in earlydevelopment.Slide45 of 49Copyright Pearson Prentice HallEnd Show