The secular word HOLOCAUST: scholarly myths, history, and 20th ...

JON PETRIEthe holocaust of the Kaiser’s World War dedicated herself to sending foodparcels to the starving soldiers in the trenches of Russia and France yet was toperish during Hitler’s holocaust in a concentration camp.” 60 In the 1970s ElieWiesel on occasion used the phrase “nuclear holocaust” and in 1983 theCommission on Social Action of Reform Judaism published Preventing theNuclear Holocaust: A Jewish Response. 61 In 1984 Michael Berenbaum exchangedviews in the pages of Sh’ma with David Weiss, an Israeli scientist andrabbi born in Vienna. Weiss wrote: “But the uniqueness of even these aspects ofthe holocaust is debatable … Whole regions have been devastated of their Jewishcommunities in recurrent, earlier holocausts; I employ that denotation advisedly.”Berenbaum took exception to Weiss’s vocabulary: “ProfessorWeiss … offend[s] many by using the plural, small ‘h’ (holocausts).” 62 Fouryears later in Shores of Refuge, authored by a former editor of Midstream andpublished by Schocken Books, two chapter titles contain the phrase “TheUkrainian Holocaust,” references to the massacres of Ukrainian Jews in 1919,and in the text these 1919 massacres are described as “the worst holocaust theJewish people had ever known.” 63 In 1994 Shimon Peres spoke at a UN “PeaceBell Ceremony” of “two holocausts: the Jewish holocaust and the Japaneseholocaust” and suggested that “nuclear bombs are like ying holocausts.” TheJerusalem Post responded in an editorial: Comparing [the Holocaust] to theatrocities of war, or even to genocidal outrages … is a betrayal of … the wholeJewish people … When such comparisons are made by non-Jews, they aredeemed either morally bankrupt or vicious and hateful.” And Eric Breindel in theNew York Post wrote: “[Peres indulges in a] bizarre exercise in moral equivalence… the Holocaust was manifestly unique: the darkest moment in the historyof man.” 64The multiplicity of meanings of “the Holocaust”Some readers may have noted earlier in this essay the differing temporal sensesof “after the holocaust of the last twelve years!” and “after the holocaust of thelast few years,” both references to the Jewish tragedy and both written shortlyafter the end of World War II (Z. Shuster, Commentary, December 1945; IssacDeutscher, The Economist, January 1946). While there is wide agreement thatthe Holocaust ended with the German surrender, there has been and continues tobe considerable variation, depending on both user and context, in the eventsencompassed by the term, and thus no accepted date for when the Holocaustbegan. American libraries and indexes generally date the beginning of theHolocaust to 1939, perhaps because of the initial convenience of transferring allthe items in a “World War II: Jews” category into a newly opened “Holocaust,Jewish (1939–1945)” category. (The Library of Congress in 1996 exploredchanging the “1939–1945” dates of its “Holocaust, Jewish …” category but, inthe absence of a consensus on an alternative, the dates were left unchanged.) 65Yad Vashem in the 1950s and 1960s of cially favored including within the52