WSH Guidelines on WAH Personnel Protective Equipment and ...
WSH Guidelines on WAH Personnel Protective Equipment and ...
WSH Guidelines on WAH Personnel Protective Equipment and ...
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A Great Workforce A Great Workplace<strong>WAH</strong> GuidesEric Pook S.FSenior Manager, <strong>WAH</strong> Special UnitA Great Workforce A Great Workplace© 2012 Government of Singapore 1
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceIntroducti<strong>on</strong>© 2012 Government of Singapore 2
What is “Working at Height”?A Great Workforce A Great Workplace“Work at Height” means –(a) work in any place, including a place at or below ground level; or(b) obtaining access to or egress from such place while at work,where a pers<strong>on</strong> could fall from a height which may cause bodily injury.© 2012 Government of Singapore 3
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceImpact Force of Falling ObjectFear the≈ 1959 kgf≈ 3430 kgf≈ 6370 kgf≈ 222 kgfto crack ahuman skull≈ 330 kgfto crack arib≈ 400 kgfto crack afemur© 2012 Government of Singapore 6
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceC<strong>on</strong>cept of Working at HeightsRespectRiskAssessmentEliminate orSubstitute <strong>WAH</strong>ActivitiesTemporaryEdge Protecti<strong>on</strong>SystemsAnchorages +Lifelines withPPETravel -RestraintSystemsFall ArrestSystemsLastOpti<strong>on</strong>!© 2012 Government of Singapore 7
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceTemporary Edge Protecti<strong>on</strong> System ( 周 边 护 栏 )Temporary edge protecti<strong>on</strong> system is a set ofcomp<strong>on</strong>ents intended to protect the workers from thepossibility of falling to a lower level from any exposededges/ or open sides.© 2012 Government of Singapore 9
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceCriteria in Selecting/ Installing of TEPSType & Nature of WorkAccess & Egress MeansMethod of Erecti<strong>on</strong>Dismantling ProceduresRescue Means & Procedures© 2012 Government of Singapore 10
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace‘Deadly’ TEPSRebarRebar© 2012 Government of Singapore 11
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceClasses of TEPSClasses of Temporary Edge Protecti<strong>on</strong> Systems (ref. BS EN 13374:2004)Class A system is designed to withst<strong>and</strong> to static loads <strong>on</strong>ly, based <strong>on</strong> the requirements to: Support a worker leaning <strong>on</strong>to the protecti<strong>on</strong> element or provide a h<strong>and</strong>hold when walking besideit, <strong>and</strong> Arrest the fall of a worker who is walking or possibility of falling towards the protecti<strong>on</strong>.Principal Guardrail≥ 1000mm< 600mmVertical PostIntermediate Guardrail< 600mm≥ 90 mmWorking SurfaceDimensi<strong>on</strong> RequirementsToeboardClass A: Static Loading RequirementsFor workingsurfacenot morethan 10º© 2012 Government of Singapore 12
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceClasses of TEPSClasses of Temporary Edge Protecti<strong>on</strong> Systems (ref. BS EN 13374:2004)Class B system (comm<strong>on</strong>ly used <strong>on</strong> roof pitches) is designed to withst<strong>and</strong> static loads <strong>and</strong> low dynamicforces <strong>on</strong>ly which is based <strong>on</strong> the following requirements to:Support a worker leaning <strong>on</strong>to the protecti<strong>on</strong> element or provide a h<strong>and</strong>hold when walking beside it,Arrest a worker who is walking or possibility of falling towards the protecti<strong>on</strong>Arrest a falling worker whom slides down a slopeFor working surfaces:• < 30º(no limitati<strong>on</strong> for falling height)• < 60º(falling height < 2m)Class B Loading Requirements© 2012 Government of Singapore 13
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceClasses of TEPSClasses of Temporary Edge Protecti<strong>on</strong> Systems (ref. BS EN 13374:2004)Class C system is designed to withst<strong>and</strong> high dynamic forces based <strong>on</strong> the requirements to arrest afalling worker sliding down a steeply slope surface.It shall be able to absorb a kinetic energy of 2.2kJ (anywhere al<strong>on</strong>g the protecti<strong>on</strong> up to 200mmheight above working surface)For working surfaces:• 30º ~ 45º(no limitati<strong>on</strong> for falling height)• 45º ~ 60º(falling height < 5m)© 2012 Government of Singapore 14
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceMaterials for TEPSMaterials use for c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of temporary edge protecti<strong>on</strong> systems shall be sufficiently robust<strong>and</strong> durable to withst<strong>and</strong> normal working c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.These materials shall be free from any impurities <strong>and</strong> defects that may affect their satisfactoryuse.prEN 74-1 #2TimberBS EN 338: 2009 Structural timber. Strength classesNote:• If protective coating is being applied <strong>on</strong> timber, itshall not prevent the detecti<strong>on</strong>/ discovery of materialdefects.• If plywood is to be used, it shall have at least 5 piles<strong>and</strong> shall have a minimum 9mm thickness.• It shall have good climate durability c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>.AluminiumEN 12811-2 #1 , prEN 74-1 #2Note:• Rimming steels (deoxidati<strong>on</strong> steel) or “drawingquality steel” shall not be used.SteelReferences:#1 BS EN 12811-2:2004 Temporary works equipment.Informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> materials#2 prEN 74-1:2002 Couplers, spigot pins <strong>and</strong> baseplates for use in falsework <strong>and</strong> scaffolds - Part 1:Couplers for tubes - Requirements <strong>and</strong> testprocedures© 2012 Government of Singapore 15
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceTemporary Edge Protecti<strong>on</strong> Systems(ref. BS EN 13374:2004)* Adapted for use <strong>on</strong> Roofs (as TEPS)© 2012 Government of Singapore 16
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceAnchorage( 固 定 点 )© 2012 Government of Singapore 17
Comm<strong>on</strong> Terms for AnchorageA Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceAnchor(fixture or placeto securelifelines)Anchorage(‘Anchor Point’ ispart of an anchorfor otherequipmentattachment)Anchor Points( 固 定 点 )Anchor Devices(An element, orseries of elements/comp<strong>on</strong>ents of PFAS)© 2012 Government of Singapore 18
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceTypes of AnchorsCast- InThrough typeExp<strong>and</strong>ing SocketChemically B<strong>on</strong>ded© 2012 Government of Singapore 19
Are these fall arrest rated Anchors?A Great Workforce A Great Workplace© 2012 Government of Singapore 20
Anchor DevicesA Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceThere are basically 6 types of anchor devices that are specified in SS570:2011Class A1: Vertical, Horiz<strong>on</strong>tal,Inclined surfacesClass A2: Inclined RoofClass B: TransportabletemporaryClass C: Horiz<strong>on</strong>tal flexiblelifelinesClass D: Horiz<strong>on</strong>tal rigid anchorlifelinesClass E: Dead Weights© 2012 Government of Singapore 21
Reliability <strong>and</strong> Strength of AnchorsA Great Workforce A Great Workplace• Anchors shall be reliable <strong>and</strong> have an adequate strength <strong>and</strong> stability to withst<strong>and</strong>the dynamic <strong>and</strong> static forces• Anchor devices should c<strong>on</strong>form to SS570:2011 (ref. BS EN 795).• A safety factor of 2.0 should be used to calculate the required static strength of ananchor device in a pers<strong>on</strong>al fall protecti<strong>on</strong> system.• In order to arrest a fall for a single pers<strong>on</strong> use, an anchor device with a minimumstatic strength of 12kN should be used.Note: 1 kN = 1000 N = 100 kgf12 kN = 12,000 N = 1200 kgf1 kg = 2.2046 lb1200kg = 2645.52 lbE.g. Medium size car(Avg. 1000kg ~ 1400kg)E.g. Hippo(Avg. 1500kg ~ 1800kg)© 2012 Government of Singapore 22
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceSharing of AnchorsFor two or more users that are to be c<strong>on</strong>nected to a same anchor, eitherindependently or through same anchor line, it is important to account for thepossibility that they could fall at the same time.1 anchor 1 User 12 kN (with a safety factor 2.0)1 anchor 2 Users 24 kN (with a safety factor 2.0)1 anchor 3 Users 24 kN + 2 kN = 26 kN (with a safety factor 2.0)1 anchor 4 Users 24 kN + 2 kN + 2 kN = 28 kN (with a safety factor 2.0)© 2012 Government of Singapore 23
Correct/ Incorrect Anchor PointsA Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceThe following areas should never be used as anchor points unless the minimum structuralrequirements have being determined to be safe <strong>and</strong> approved by a competent pers<strong>on</strong>:• St<strong>and</strong>ard Guardrails/ Railings• Ladders/ Rungs• Scaffolding• Light fixtures• C<strong>on</strong>duit/ Plumbing/ Ductwork/ Pipe Vents• C-Clamps• Wiring Harnesses• Rebar (except for positi<strong>on</strong>ing during formwork)• Another lanyard• Roof Stacks, Vents or Fans• Any point which does not meet the structuralrequirements.© 2012 Government of Singapore 24
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceLifelines( 救 生 索 )© 2012 Government of Singapore 25
Lifelines ( 救 生 索 )Types of Fall Arrest SystemsA Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceLifelines (C<strong>on</strong>forming) St<strong>and</strong>ardsGuided type fall arrester <strong>and</strong> a rigid vertical anchor line SS 528: Part 4: 2006 (adopted from BS EN 353-1)Guided type fall arrester <strong>and</strong> a flexible vertical anchorlinePers<strong>on</strong>al fall-arrest systems: Vertical rails <strong>and</strong> vertical lifelinesincorporating a sliding-type fall arresterSystem based horiz<strong>on</strong>tal flexible anchor line SS 570: 2011 (adopted from BS EN 795:1997)System based horiz<strong>on</strong>tal rigid anchor linePers<strong>on</strong>al protective equipment for protecti<strong>on</strong> against falls froma height – Single point anchor devices <strong>and</strong> flexible horiz<strong>on</strong>tallifeline systemsTextile lifelines (anchor lines) used for fall arrest systems should be as follows:•kernmantel ropes c<strong>on</strong>forming to BS EN 1891:1998, type A;•hawser-laid polyamide (‘Nyl<strong>on</strong>’) ropes c<strong>on</strong>forming to ISO 1140; <strong>and</strong>•hawser-laid polyester (‘PET’) ropes c<strong>on</strong>forming to ISO 1141Polypropylene (‘PP’) ropes shall not be used for lifelines!KernmantelHawser-laid© 2012 Government of Singapore 26
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceTextiles Lifelines‣ Textiles lifeline knots should <strong>on</strong>ly tied by the same competent pers<strong>on</strong>who has thorough knowledge of knots <strong>and</strong> knots tying techniques‣ Knots should never be tied in lifelines made from wire ropesStrength of a rope is reduced at a knot <strong>and</strong> examples of strength loss due to variousmethods of tying knots in a 10.5 mm low stretch rope (c<strong>on</strong>forming to BS EN 1891:1998),type A are:Types of tied KnotsStrength Reducti<strong>on</strong>Bowline 26% to 45%Barrel 23% to 33%Double figure-of-eight 23% to 34%Double figure-of-nine 16% to 32%Double figure-of-ten 13% to 27%As a rule of thumb, a 50% reducti<strong>on</strong> in strength due to the knot should be allowed for togive an adequate margin to cover a worst case situati<strong>on</strong>.© 2012 Government of Singapore 27
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceLifelines Devices‘Lifelines devices’ is a collective of comp<strong>on</strong>ents which link an user to an lifelines; <strong>and</strong> allows theuser to travel al<strong>on</strong>gside during an upward, downward <strong>and</strong> horiz<strong>on</strong>tal positi<strong>on</strong>.Note: Lifeline (anchor line) devices are designed to lock automatically <strong>on</strong>to the lifeline (anchor line) when aforce or load is applied (with the excepti<strong>on</strong> of traveller).Types of lifelines devices:1. Length adjusters <strong>on</strong> manually adjustablelanyards for restraint systems2. Rope grabs for work positi<strong>on</strong>ing systemsGuided Type Fall Arrestors3. Travellers for horiz<strong>on</strong>tal anchor linesystems (for restraint systems) <strong>and</strong> for fallarrest systems4. Guided type fall arrestors for use withvertical lifelines for fall arrest systems5. Ascender <strong>and</strong> descender devices (forrope access systems)H<strong>and</strong> Ascender (left), Chest Ascender <strong>and</strong> Descender© 2012 Government of Singapore 28
Vertical Lifelines (VLL)/ Vertical RailA Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceTwo types of vertical lifeline (VLL):permanently or temporarily designedA rigid track that is permanently fastened by anumber of brackets at intervals al<strong>on</strong>g its lengthto a fixed ladder/ or structure where a slidingtypefall arrester can be attached.PermanentlyVLLVertical RailTemporaryVLL© 2012 Government of Singapore 29
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceSafety CagesB<strong>on</strong>us SlideAre cages safe?History of Cages• stop miners being hitby buckets of coals• Sit <strong>on</strong> the hoop torest“ So-called safety cages <strong>on</strong>fixed ladders are more likelyto break employee’s limbsthan break their fall, warnsDr. Dave Merchant”© 2012 Government of Singapore 30
Flexible Horiz<strong>on</strong>tal Lifelines SystemA Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceIt is generally a flexible lifeline supported by two or more anchors. A horiz<strong>on</strong>tal line isunderstood (in the BS) to be a line which deviates from the horiz<strong>on</strong>tal by not more than 15º.© 2012 Government of Singapore 31
Flexible Horiz<strong>on</strong>tal Lifelines (HLL)A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceWire Rope Webbing Fibre RopeStatic strength ofat least 2 timesthe maximum arrestload in lineStatic strength ofat least 3 times themaximum arrest loadin lineStatic strength ofat least 3 times themaximum arrest loadin linePolypropylene ropeshall not be used!© 2012 Government of Singapore 32
Self-Retracting Lifelines (SRL)A Great Workforce A Great Workplace• A Self-Retracting Lifeline ( or “Yo-yo”) involves the use of a spring-loaded reel to reel in anyexcess length of lifeline, ensuring a shortest possible length of lifeline between the user <strong>and</strong> thereel.• In the event of a fall, the retractable lifeline is rapidly pulled out <strong>on</strong> the reel a brakingmechanism is engaged to halt the fall of the user.Dangers using SRL in the horiz<strong>on</strong>tal planeSRLBreaking forces for SRL with webbing-based<strong>and</strong> fibre-rope-based lifelines are both 15kN;<strong>and</strong> wire-rope- based lifeline is 12kN© 2012 Government of Singapore 33
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceSwitching of LifelinesPractice 100% tie-off: User to switch between lifelines, the sec<strong>on</strong>d lanyard must bec<strong>on</strong>nected to the next lifeline/ anchorage before the c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> to the previous lifeline isdisengaged.Energy absorber with twin-lanyardsSRLs with twin-lanyards© 2012 Government of Singapore 34
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceSelecti<strong>on</strong> of Lifelines© 2012 Government of Singapore 35
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceFactors Affecting of LifelinesInspecti<strong>on</strong> of LifelinesUltravioletLightTears or cuts (broken/ loose str<strong>and</strong>s)Glazing of surface (heat damage)Varied str<strong>and</strong> size or shapeStorageSpark/ FlameDecreased elasticity (stiffness) orpresence of lumpsDiscolourati<strong>on</strong>Fricti<strong>on</strong>/Abrasi<strong>on</strong>FactorsAffectingC<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>sof LifelinesTemperatureLack of proper terminati<strong>on</strong>Unclear/ missing identificati<strong>on</strong> orinspecti<strong>on</strong> labelsC<strong>on</strong>necting hardware is damaged orin poor c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> (e.g., unable tolock)Dyes/MarkingChemicals© 2012 Government of Singapore 36
‘Deadly’ Practices of Using LifelinesA Great Workforce A Great Workplace© 2012 Government of Singapore 37
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceImproper Lifelines <strong>on</strong> RoofSource: www.EngineeringToolbox.com© 2012 Government of Singapore 38
Lifeline <strong>on</strong> Roof ? Fall Arrest?A Great Workforce A Great Workplace© 2012 Government of Singapore 39
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceAre these Lifelines?Marine ropes are not fall arrest rated Lifelines!© 2012 Government of Singapore 40
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplacePPE( 个 人 防 护 用 具 )© 2012 Government of Singapore 41
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceTravel Restraint Systems ( 限 位 腰 带 )Travel Restraint Belt (a.k.a Work Restraint Belt) is aform of body support (which encircles the wearer’swaist) that prevents the wearer from reaching z<strong>on</strong>eswhere is risk of a fall from height exists.Travel Restraint C<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>© 2012 Government of Singapore 42
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceWork Positi<strong>on</strong>ing System( 工 作 定 位 腰 带 )Work Positi<strong>on</strong>ing Belt is used for body support (whichencircles the wearer’s waist) that works in tensi<strong>on</strong> toprevent a worker from falling.Work Positi<strong>on</strong>ing C<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>© 2012 Government of Singapore 43
Pers<strong>on</strong>al Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)A Great Workforce A Great Workplace PFAS is a collecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> arrangement of comp<strong>on</strong>ents that work in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> to arrest auser in a fall from a height. PFAS c<strong>on</strong>sists of an anchorage, c<strong>on</strong>necting device <strong>and</strong> full body harness (which mayinclude a lanyard, decelerati<strong>on</strong> device, lifeline or a combinati<strong>on</strong> of these).ADBCDescend© 2012 Government of Singapore 44
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceFull-Body Harness (FBH) ( 防 坠 暖 冲 吊 带 )Class A(M<strong>and</strong>atory)Class D Class E Class PFall ArrestC<strong>on</strong>trolled Descent/AscentC<strong>on</strong>fined-spaceAscentWork Positi<strong>on</strong>ingThe minimum static strength requirement of a full-body harness is 15kN.SS528: Part I: 2006 Specificati<strong>on</strong> for Pers<strong>on</strong>al fall-arrest systems. Part 1: Full-body harnesses© 2012 Government of Singapore 45
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceDifferent Types of FBHsHeavier Pers<strong>on</strong>nel For Ladies High Visibility Hot WorkEnvir<strong>on</strong>ments>140kg ComfortBright Colour Fire resistant up to 370 ºCElectricalHazardousDirty Envir<strong>on</strong>mentPetrochemicalIndustryOffshoreEnvir<strong>on</strong>mentElectrical Insulati<strong>on</strong>Polyurethane coatingAnti-staticEmbedded life jacket© 2012 Government of Singapore 46
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceC<strong>on</strong>nectors ( 钩 )Class B(Basic C<strong>on</strong>nectors)Class M(Multi-use C<strong>on</strong>nectors)Class T(Terminati<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>nectors)Class A(Anchor C<strong>on</strong>nectors)Class Q(Screwlink C<strong>on</strong>nectors)Captive eyesThe minimum static strength requirement of a c<strong>on</strong>nector is 20kN #1 ;<strong>and</strong> the recommended static strength for screwlink c<strong>on</strong>nector is 25kN #2#1 SS528: Part 5: 2006 Specificati<strong>on</strong> for Pers<strong>on</strong>al fall-arrest systems. Part 5: C<strong>on</strong>nectors with self-closing an d self-locking gates#2 BS EN 362:2004 Pers<strong>on</strong>al protective equipment against falls from a height. C<strong>on</strong>nectors© 2012 Government of Singapore 47
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceForced ‘Roll out’‘Roll-out’ is the result of pressure <strong>on</strong> the gate by a c<strong>on</strong>necting device, such as an anchor,harness attachment point (metal), rope or webbing causing an accidental opening of the gate<strong>and</strong> the release of the c<strong>on</strong>necting comp<strong>on</strong>ent from the c<strong>on</strong>nector.© 2012 Government of Singapore 48
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceEnergy Absorbers ( 缓 冲 包 )Energy Absorber - limits the arresting forces applied to the pers<strong>on</strong>al fall-arrest system(PFAS), anchor device <strong>and</strong> user by dissipating the kinetic energy generated during a fall.Type 1Type 2The potential free-fall distance can belimited to a maximum of 1.8mThe potential free-fall distance can belimited to a maximum of 4.0mIf a fall takes place, the arresting force is limited to amaximum of 4.0kNIf a fall takes place, the arresting force is limited to amaximum of 6.0kNA fully deployed energy absorber shall be able to withst<strong>and</strong> a force of 22kN (for Type 1) #1<strong>and</strong> 15kN (for Type 2) #1 without rupturing or tearing apart.SS 528: Part 2: 2006 Specificati<strong>on</strong> for Pers<strong>on</strong>al fall-arrest systems. Part 2: Lanyards <strong>and</strong> energy absorbers:© 2012 Government of Singapore 49
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceMaximum Arrest ForceUnderst<strong>and</strong>Maximum force that a pers<strong>on</strong> can be safely subjected to during a fall arrest is 6kN.With Energy AbsorberNo Energy Absorber© 2012 Government of Singapore 50
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceUnsafe Practices for EA‘By-pass’‘By-pass’‘Re-use’Unserviceable‘Back Clipping’© 2012 Government of Singapore 51
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceLanyard ( 安 全 绳 )Lanyard : finished length of flexible material, which is often use in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> with an energyabsorber.Adjustable lanyard : incorporates a designed mechanism that allows the shortening <strong>and</strong>lengthening of its length.LanyardAdjustable LanyardDifferent types of LanyardsMaximum Force (kN)Fibre-rope-based lanyard 22Webbing-based lanyards 22Chain-based lanyards 15Wire-rope-based lanyards 15SS 528: Part 2: 2006 Specificati<strong>on</strong> for Pers<strong>on</strong>al fall-arrest systems. Part 2: Lanyards <strong>and</strong> energy absorbers:© 2012 Government of Singapore 52
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceSuspensi<strong>on</strong> Trauma‘Suspensi<strong>on</strong> Trauma’ : a worker (in his full body harness) remains suspended at height after a fall.• Suspensi<strong>on</strong> in a harness may cause blood to pool in the veins of the legs which can result in unc<strong>on</strong>sciousness.• If the worker is not rescued promptly, serious injury or death may occur (in less than 10 minutes).• ‘Harness Pathology’, ‘Harness Hang Syndrome’, ‘Suspensi<strong>on</strong> Intolerance’, ‘Orthostatic Incompetence’ or‘Orthostatic Intolerance’.Suspensi<strong>on</strong> Trauma strap© 2012 Government of Singapore 53
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceInspecti<strong>on</strong> of PPE (for <strong>WAH</strong>)© 2012 Government of Singapore 54
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceInspecti<strong>on</strong> of PPE (for <strong>WAH</strong>)© 2012 Government of Singapore 55
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceInspecti<strong>on</strong> of PPE (for <strong>WAH</strong>)© 2012 Government of Singapore 56
A Great Workforce A Great WorkplaceThe End© 2012 Government of Singapore 57
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