5.3 MetathesisThere is only one examples that shows metathesisi.e. /k./ becomes [k.] and it is <strong>of</strong> course<strong>in</strong>sufficient to generalize it <strong>in</strong>to a rule.6. DISCUSSIONRegard<strong>in</strong>g phonological rules; voic<strong>in</strong>g and syllablestructure play a very important rule. Aspiration is alwaysdeleted word f<strong>in</strong>ally and never deleted word <strong>in</strong>itially.Word medially, it is deleted either syllable <strong>in</strong>itially orf<strong>in</strong>ally depend<strong>in</strong>g on the follow<strong>in</strong>g contexts.‣ If the word beg<strong>in</strong>s with a vowel and has agem<strong>in</strong>ate aspirated stop then the whole segmentis deleted e.g. /.a.vn/ becomes[.a.vn].‣ If the word beg<strong>in</strong>s with a consonant and has agem<strong>in</strong>ate voiced aspirated stop then aspirationgets deleted from both <strong>of</strong> the consonants e.g./b.a/ becomes [b.a].‣ If the word beg<strong>in</strong>s with a consonant and has agem<strong>in</strong>ate un-voiced aspirated stop thenaspiration gets deleted from first consonant i.e.end <strong>of</strong> first syllable e.g. /lt.tn/ becomes[lt.tn] but there are a few exception tothis rule. L<strong>in</strong>e 12 and 24 <strong>of</strong> Table B4(Appendix B), /dk.ki / becomes [d.ki] and[m.a] becomes / ma.a /. In secondcase compensatory lengthen<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the vowel //takes place after the deletion <strong>of</strong> the wholesegment //.Dissimilation occurs <strong>in</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g context‣ If the word has same aspirated consonant atonset and coda <strong>of</strong> first syllable then theaspiration gets deleted at coda e.g. /dd.ri/becomes [dd.ri]. There is an exception tothis rule. L<strong>in</strong>e 8 <strong>of</strong> Table B5 (Appendix B),/kok.la/ becomes [ko.kla] by resyllabification.‣ If both aspirated consonant are voiced and theylie syllable <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong> adjacent syllable thenaspiration gets deleted from consonant <strong>in</strong>second syllable even if reduplication is there e.g./dn.d/ becomes [dn.d]. Itcontradicts early work, <strong>in</strong> which it was statedthat aspiration doesn’t dissimilate <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong>reduplication‣ If both aspirated consonant are un-voiced andthey lie syllable <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong> adjacent syllablethen aspiration does not dissimilate ifreduplication is there e.g. [p.p.a.na]rema<strong>in</strong>s same but if the consonant at codaposition <strong>of</strong> first syllable is not sonorant thenaspiration dissimilates.‣ In rest <strong>of</strong> the cases it gets deleted.57Another <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g observation was that when a voicedaspirated consonant occurs syllable <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong> the firstsyllable and the same voiced un-aspirated consonant occurssyllable <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong> adjacent syllable, the feature <strong>of</strong> voic<strong>in</strong>gdisappears from the un-aspirated consonant. Its possibleexplanation is the fact that there is a period <strong>of</strong> voicelessnessafter the articulation <strong>of</strong> stop, dur<strong>in</strong>g this period a burst <strong>of</strong> aircomes out <strong>in</strong> aspirated stops and this voicelessnessassimilates to the next segment e.g. /b.bk/ becomes[b.pk], /d.dk/ becomes /d.tk/ etc. It is openfor further experimentation.REFERENCES- Ahmed, M.S. Farhenge-e-Asfiah. Sang-e-meelPublishers.2002.- Haqqi, Shan-ul-haq. Farhang-e-Talffuz. Muqtadra QaumiZubaan, Islamabad. 1995.- Feroz-ud-D, M. Feroz-ul-Lughat <strong>Urdu</strong> Jammi.Ferozsons, Lahore.- Pr<strong>of</strong>. Quraeshi, Bashir Ahmad. Standard TwentiethCentury Dictionary (<strong>Urdu</strong> <strong>in</strong>to English). KitabistanPublish<strong>in</strong>g, Lahore. 1992.- Napoli, Donna Jo. L<strong>in</strong>guistics An IntroductionOxfordUniversity Press, USA. 1996.- Khan, M. <strong>Urdu</strong> Ka Sauti Nizam. Muqtadara QaumiZaban, Islamabad. 1997.- Hussa<strong>in</strong> and Nair. Phonetic Correlates <strong>of</strong> Lexical Stress<strong>in</strong> <strong>Urdu</strong>. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,Northwestern University, IL, USA, 1995.- Sadaf Nawaz. Deletion rules <strong>in</strong> <strong>Urdu</strong> language.Akhbar-e-<strong>Urdu</strong>, 2002.- Ayesha Zia. Assimilation and dissimilation rules <strong>in</strong><strong>Urdu</strong>. Akhbar-e-<strong>Urdu</strong>, 2002.- Adnan Nisar and Zeeshan Baqir. <strong>Phonological</strong>behavior <strong>of</strong> aspirated consonants <strong>in</strong> <strong>Urdu</strong>. Akhbar-e-<strong>Urdu</strong>, 2003.- www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/urdu_alph.html.
APPENDIX A58IPA Letter IPA Letterp.. ..bkAPPENDIX BtdtdTable B1: Data po<strong>in</strong>t to verify correctness <strong>of</strong> Rule 1.No PhonemicPhoneticMean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> EnglishTranscription Transcription1 Crowd2 a a Splendor3 Pure4 n n Leafless branch5 dad dad Heat6 tat tat Dilute curd7 tja.s tja.s Sixty sixTable B2: Data po<strong>in</strong>t to verify correctness <strong>of</strong> Rule 2.No PhonemicPhoneticMean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> EnglishTranscription Transcription1 t.tl .tl Shallow2 .a .a Eight (at cards)3 .a.ra .a.ra Eighteen4 .a.vn .a.vn Fifty eight5 t.ta .ta Good, sound, pleas<strong>in</strong>g6 t.tu .tu Suffocation7 d. da . da Half a bottle8 d.dm .dm Noise, turmoil, disturbance9 d.di .di Old co<strong>in</strong> equivalent to half“damri”Table B3: Data po<strong>in</strong>t to verify correctness <strong>of</strong> Rule 3.No PhonemicPhoneticMean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> EnglishTranscription Transcription1 bd.du bd.du Simpleton, fool2 b.a b.a Old man3 b.i b.i Carriage4 b.ba b.ba Carpet with patched pattern
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