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Vertical Vegetation Structure Below Ground: Scaling from Root

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<strong>Vertical</strong> <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>Structure</strong> <strong>Below</strong> <strong>Ground</strong>: <strong>Scaling</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Root</strong> to Globe 371Schenk HJ,Jackson RB (2004) Mapping the global distribution of deep roots in relation toclimate and soil characteristics. Geoderma (in press)Schenk HJ,Callaway RM,Mahall BE (1999) Spatial root segregation: are plants territorial?Adv Ecol Res 28:145–180Schieving F,Poorter H (1999) Carbon gain in a multispecies canopy: the role of specific leafarea and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency in the tragedy of the commons. NewPhytol 143:201–211Schmid I,Kazda M (2001) <strong>Vertical</strong> distribution and radial growth of coarse roots in pureand mixed stands of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies. Can J For Res 31:539–548Schrank AR (1959) Electronasty and electrotropism. In: Ruhland W (ed) Movements due tomechanical and electrical stimuli and to radiation,vol 17(1). Springer,Berlin HeidelbergNew York,pp 148–163Schulze ED,Caldwell MM,Canadell J,Mooney HA,Jackson RB,Parson D,Scholes R,SalaOE,Trimborn P (1998) Downward flux of water through roots (i.e. inverse hydraulic lift)in dry Kalahari sands. Oecologia 115:460–462Schwinning S,Ehleringer JR (2001) Water use trade-offs and optimal adaptations to pulsedrivenarid ecosystems. J Ecol 89:464–480Shalyt MS (1950) Podzemnaja cast’ nekotorykh lugovykh,stepnykh i pustynnykh rastenyii fitocenozov. C. I. Travjanistye i polukustarnigkovye rastenija i fitocenozy lesnoj (luga)i stepnoj zon (in Russian). (<strong>Below</strong>ground parts of some meadow,steppe,and desertplants and plant communities,part 1. Herbaceous plants and subshrubs and plantcommunities of forest and steppe zones) Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta im VL KomarovaAkademii nauk SSSR Seriia III. Geobotanika 6:205–442Shalyt MS (1952) Podzemnaja cast’ nekotorykh lugovykh,stepnykh i pustynnykh rastenyii fitocenozov. C. 2. Travjanistye,polukustarnigkovye i kustarnigkovye rastenija i fitocenozypustynnoj zony (in Russian). (<strong>Below</strong>ground parts of some meadow,steppe,anddesert plants and plant communities,part 2. Herbaceous plants,subshrubs,and shrubs,and plant communities of the desert zone) Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta im VLKomarova Akademii nauk SSSR Seriia III. Geobotanika 8:71–139Siegel-Issem CM (2002) Forest productivity as a function of root growth opportunity. MScThesis,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Blacksburg,VirginiaSilvertown J,Dodd M,Gowing D (2001) Phylogeny and the niche structure of meadow plantcommunities. J Ecol 89:428–435Sitch S,Smith B,Prentice IC,Arneth A,Bondeau A,Cramer W,Kaplan JO,Levis S,LuchtW,Sykes MT,Thonicke K,Venevsky S (2003) Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics,plantgeography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model.Global Change Biol 9:161–185Smilauerova M,Smilauer P (2002) Morphological responses of plant roots to heterogeneityof soil resources. New Phytol 154:703–715Smit AL,Bengough AG,Engels C,van Noordwijk M,Pellerin S,van de Geijn SC (eds) (2000)<strong>Root</strong> methods: a handbook. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New YorkSomma F,Hopmans JW,Clausnitzer V (1998) Transient three-dimensional modeling of soilwater and solute transport with simultaneous root growth,root water and nutrientuptake. Plant Soil 202:281–293Sommer R,Denich M,Vlek PLG (2000) Carbon storage and root penetration in deep soilsunder small-farmer land-use systems in the eastern Amazon region,Brazil. Plant Soil210:231–241Sommer R,Fölster H,Vielhauer K,Maklouf Carvalho EJ,Vlek PLG (2003) Deep soil waterdynamics and depletion by secondary vegetation in the eastern Amazon. Soil Sci Soc AmJ 67:1672–1686Springett J,Gray R (1997) The interaction between plant roots and earthworm burrows inpasture. Soil Biol Biochem 29:621–625St John TV,Coleman DC,Reid CPP (1983) Growth and spatial distribution of nutrient-absorbingorgans: selective exploitation of soil heterogeneity. Plant Soil 71:487–493

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