19 strategic link to the millennium development goals - LGRC DILG 10

19STRATEGIC LINK TO THEMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTGOALSEliminating poverty is not an overnight battle. It takes time and requires deliberateand concerted effort from all sectors and stakeholders. As such, tracking ofsuccess drivers, inputs, outputs, and impact indicators are necessary to guide thestakeholders in monitoring and evaluating the progress at all times to support the smoothimplementation of the poverty reduction strategies. In particular, LGPMS provides thekey role for the country to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).As a signatory to the MDG, the Philippines is committed to achieve the full reduction ofpoverty and the improvements of the overall human condition in the country. At theforefront of the campaigns toward the attainment of the MDGs are the LGUs, which areall in charge of the delivery of services to their respective constituents. LGPMS allows theLGUs to better track the achievements of the MDG, and manage its performance for greaterresults and impacts. Moreover, it provides opportunity for measuring and managing theperformances of the LGUs along the three main areas: Delivery of services and inputs for MDG activities Capacity and extent of delivery of services towards MDG Effects, results, and impacts of the delivered services in relation to the MDG targetsB ENCHMARKING & T RACKING MDGS U SING THE LGPMSThe MDG identified eight huge challenges that are all directed towards eliminating theface of poverty, and thus, improving human condition over a specified period of time.The goals are the following:Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerGoal 2. Achieve universal primary educationGoal 3. Promote gender equality and empower womenGoal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIVs/AIDs, malaria, and other infectious diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop global partnership for developmentBased on the abovementioned targets, specific objectives are set so that concernedagencies and institutions could properly develop, manage, and monitor the programs andprojects designed to realize a particular millennium goal. In the DILG publishedSTATE OF CITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES 151Administrative Capacities, Productivity and Development Conditions

Per Capita Income. A related indicator to employment is the per capita income. In 2004,the average annual per capita income in 86 cities was P16,888. Such was way below theLGPMS benchmark and MDG target average income of more than one dollar a day orabout P20,000 a year at an exchange rate of P 55 to a dollar. Urban centers in Luzon hadthe highest average per capita income of P21,800. The lowest, on the other hand, was inthe cities in the Visayas with P13,721. The urban centers in Mindanao had P15,138. Poorincome condition was prevalent in at least 55% of the 86 cities in the Philippines withaverage family earning of less than P19,999 (see Figure 19.2).Figure 19.2 Range of Per Capita Income in 86 Cities, PY 200490,00080,00070,000Income Per Capita60,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000-Number of CitiesTarget: Reduce by 50% the number of underweight children below five years oldMalnutrition Rate. The proportion of malnourished children aged zero to five wasestimated at nearly 13% in 116 cities (see Figure 19.3). Urban centers in the NLAQ hadthe lowest malnutrition rates at 9.25%. Both the 32 cities in the CP and the 27 urbancenters in the MSR registered malnutrition rates of around 14%, while those in theMLUB had a little more than 13%.In the next decade, the target for the LGUs is to reduce the malnutrition rate to at least6%, which is attainable considering the performance levels in terms of the productivityand capacities of the cities in the localization of the MDGs.STATE OF CITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES 153Administrative Capacities, Productivity and Development Conditions

Figure 19.3 Malnutrition Rates in 116 Cities, PY 200410012.9513.2614.5614.72109.251NationalAverageNorthern LuzonAgribusinessQuadrangleMetro LuzonUrban BeltwayCentralPhilippinesMindanao SuperRegionTarget: Reduce by 50% the number of people with no access to safe drinking waterHousehold with Potable Water. In 2004, a very high national average of 83.3% wasreported by all the households in the 112 cities in the Philippines regarding their access tosafe potable water supply. The 55 urban centers in Luzon registered an average of 85.3%of the households with access to drinkable water while the 27 cities in Mindanao, and 30in the Visayas had 84.0% and 76.8%, respectively. The accomplishment was quiteimpressive among the 72% of the urban centers as exhibited by their distributionaccording to performance levels in the provision of clean water.Based on the current performance average, accomplishing a 100% access to potablewater for all the households in every city in the Philippines is not impossible. Based onLGPMS estimates, the total number of households in the country without access todrinkable water was around 800,000 (see Figure 19.4). Moreover, the cities in the MLUBcovered about 36% or nearly 300,000 households without access to safe drinking water.This was followed by those in the CP with around 29% or over 220,000 households, andthose in the MSR with about 23% or nearly 186,000 households without access to cleanwater. The urban centers in the NLAQ, on the other hand, had the lowest number ofhouseholds without access to potable water at over 92,000 or 12% of the total.It is anticipated that in the next 10 years, the target for cities to reduce the number ofhouseholds with no access to drinkable water will be around 400,000. With theconvergence of efforts and resources, and proper focusing of target areas, such goal iscertainly realistically attainable.154 STRATEGIC LINK TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Figure 19.4 Estimated Number of Households in 112 Cities With No Access to Potable Water, PY 2004800,000796,791Number of Households600,000400,000200,0000NationalAv erage92,584NorthernLuzonAgribusinessQuadrangle293,895Metro LuzonUrbanBeltw ay229,280CentralPhilippines185,816MindanaoSuper RegionSuper RegionsGoals 2 and 3: Achieve Universal Primary Education and PromoteGender EqualityTarget: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primaryschoolingElementary Enrolment Rate. While the present LGPMS indicator structure does notprovide for sex-disaggregated data on primary education, this particular MDG can beanalyzed using theFigure 19.5 Primary and Secondary Education Enrolment and Graduationelementary schoolRates in 108 Cities, PY 2004enrolment rates asindicator.In 2004, the elementaryschool enrolment rate inall the cities in thePhilippines was 94% (seeFigure 19.5). Thisperformance report washigher than that ofDepEd’s nationalenrolment average of 82%in 2004. Judging from this,the attainment of the goalfor primary education inthe urban centers isachievable given theproper support andstrategies.Elementary SchoolEnrollment rateSecondary SchoolEnrollment RateSecondaryGraduation Rate77.7084.1293.840 20 40 60 80 100PercentSTATE OF CITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES 155Administrative Capacities, Productivity and Development Conditions

Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, andin all levels by 2015High School Completion Rate. A related LGPMS indicator in tracking this particularMDG is the secondary or high school graduation rate or completion rate under theEducation Service Area. In 2004, a total of 108 cities reported an average high schoolcompletion rate of about 78%. This was way above the DepEd’s average of 51% duringthe SY 2003-2004.The urban centers in Luzon registered the highest completion rate of 85.3%, where firstyear entrants completed the four-year secondary education program. The 29 cities in theVisayas and 27 in Mindanao exhibited weak performances as far as steering theirrespective students’ paths until the secondary finish line are concerned with only 74.5%and 69.2% respectively.Goal 4: Reduce Child MortalityTarget: Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under fiveThe LGPMS performance report on the goal of reducing children mortality was veryencouraging based on the average report of 115 cities. With appropriate support fromall sectors, particularly from the LGUs, reducing children mortality is on track and anachievable target in the next 10 years.Figure 19.6 Infant Mortality Rates in 115 Cities and Children Mortality Rates in 116 Cities, PY 200410Percent98766.0898.169.258.1254322.614.03101.321.552.38Northern LuzonAgribusinessQuadrangleMetro LuzonUrban BeltwayCentralPhilippinesMindanao SuperRegionNational AverageSuper RegionsMortality Rate of Children aged 1-5Infant Mortality Rate156 STRATEGIC LINK TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Infant Mortality Rates. IMR in 115 cities was 8.12 deaths per 1,000 live births (D/1kLB)(see Figure 19.6). The cities in the MSR recorded the highest average IMR of 9.25D/1kLB. Those in MLUB and in the CP, on the other hand, had 9.00 D/1kLB and 8.16D/1kLB, respectively. The urban centers in the NLAQ recorded the lowest IMR at 6.08D/1kLB.Children One to Five Years Old Mortality Rates. CMR for one to five years old childrenwas 2.38 deaths per 1,000 population (D/1kP) in 116 urban centers. Moreover, it washigh in the cities in the CP with an average rate of 4.03 D/1KP. This was followed bythose in the MLUB and MSR with 2.61 D/1kP and 1.55 D/1kP, respectively. Again,NLAQ recorded the lowest average at 1.32 D/1kP.Goal 5: Improve Maternal HealthTarget: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratioMaternal mortality rate is not included in the 2004 indicators of LGPMS. The efforts ofthe cities in promoting pre-natal programs are indicative of the prevailing conditions ofthe services for improving maternal health in the urban centers in the Philippines.In 2004, about 74.3% of pregnant women in 112 cities in the Philippines were providedwith pre-natal care. Urban centers in Luzon registered the highest pre-natal programcoverage of 78.4%. Cities in the Visayas and Mindanao recorded 73.0% and 69.4%,respectively.Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Infectious DiseasesTarget: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseasesThe LGPMS report on the leading causes of morbidity in the Philippines was indicativeof the cities’ performances for MDG 6. The leading causes of morbidity in the countryinclude diarrhea with a national incidence of 1,189 per 100,000 population (/100kP);pneumonia with 939/100kP, and; bronchitis with 908/100kP. The following informationwere extracted from the 113 cities in the Philippines in 2004 (see Figure 19.7): 56 cities or 49.0% of the total had lower incidences for all the leading causes ofmorbidity 29 urban centers or 25.7% of the total had lower rates than the national levels for thetwo top diseasesSTATE OF CITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES 157Administrative Capacities, Productivity and Development Conditions

Figure 19.7Morbidity Incidences in 113 Cities, PY 2004605056Number of Cities40302920100Incidence is Incidence islow er than low er thannational nationalaverages for top averages for 23 diseases of the top 3diseases12Incidence islow er thannational averagein 1 of the top 3diseases6Incidence ishigher thannational averagefor top 2diseases10Incidence ishigher thannational averagefor all top 3diseases 12 cities (10.6%) had lower rates for one of the top illnesses six urban centers (5.0%) had higher averages compared to the national average fortwo top ailments 10 cities (9.7%) had higher averages compared to the national average for all the topthree sicknessesTarget: Provision of Sanitary ToiletsFigure 19.8 Estimated Number of Households With No Sanitary Toilets in 109 Cities, PY 2004Number of Households721,657800,000700,000600,000500,000185,816229,280293,895400,000300,000200,00046,040100,000Mindanao SuperRegionCentral PhilippinesMetro Luzon UrbanBeltwayNorthern LuzonAgribusinessQuadrangleNational Total-Super Regions158 STRATEGIC LINK TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Forest Cover. Forest cover in the forest lands in the urban centers in the Philippines wascontinuously declining. In 2004, the average forest cover reported by 62 cities stood atonly 56% (see Figure 19.9). The urban centers in the MLUB had the highest remainingforest cover at 74%. This was followed by those in the MSR with 55% and the NLAQwith 51%. The lowest forest cover was in the cities in the CP with 46%.The forest cover in the cities was complemented by the annual reforestation activitiesimplemented by the urban centers. In 2004, a total of 32 cities reported their respectivereforestation activities in their forestlands, tree parks, and greenbelts areas. Urban centersin the MLUB registered the highest reforestation effort at 65%. Cities in the NLAQ andMSR both recorded 46% reforestation rates, while those in the CP had 36%.Coral Reef. Coral reefs are also at critical level. Only 50% of coastal cities reported 80%to100% intact coral reefs remaining. The rest of the urban centers had declining live coralreefs remaining. In 2004, the 12 cities in the MSR recorded the highest remaining livecorals at 66%. This was closely followed by the four cities in the MLUB with 65%remaining live coral reefs. The three cities in the NLAQ, meanwhile, registered 48%remaining live corals while the lowest was recorded in CP at 37%.Target: Achieve significant improvements in the lives of the slum dwellersInformal Settlements. About 13.3% of the total households in the cities are living ininformal settlements or makeshift houses. This was translated to about 587,000households living in informal settlements or makeshift houses in 2004 (see Figure 19.10).Of this number, the cities in the MLUB had the highest percentage share of informalsettlements at 63% or about 369,000 households. Those in the CP and MSR had onlyover 105,000 and 148,000, respectively. The lowest number of informal settlements wasin NLAQ with over 44,000 households.One of the compounding problems on informal settlements is electrification. On theaverage, 79.3% of the total households in the cities had electricity. Such average waswithin the suggested benchmark level under the LGPMS. But the remaining 21% ofhouseholds with no access to electricity in 2004 was equivalent to an estimated 948,000households.The volume of households with no electricity was in the MLUB with an estimated334,000 households. This was followed by the MSR with 294,000 households and CPwith 265,000. NLAQ registered the lowest number of households with no electricity at77,000.160 STRATEGIC LINK TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Figure 19.10 Number of Households Living in Informal Settlements in 97 Cities and Number ofHouseholds with No Access to Electricity in 108 Cities, PY 2004PY 2004Number of Households1,000,000900,000800,000700,000600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,000-National Total Northern LuzonAgribusinessMetro LuzonQuadrangleUrban BeltwaySuper RegionsCentralPhilippinesMindanaoSuper RegionNumber of Households Living in Informal SettlementsNumber of Households without ElectricityL OCALIZATION OF THE MDGThe roles of the LGUs in the realization of the MDGs cannot be overemphasized. TheLGUs are at the forefront of service delivery in their respective areas. Moreover, they canprovide the leadership, direction, and influence in managing programs and projectsdirected towards reducing poverty. LGPMS, on the other hand, can provide thepolicymakers, and the resource and donor institutions with pictures of internalcapabilities and areas of priorities of the LGUs.Localizing the MDG for Poverty Reduction: LGUs Efforts, Contributions, andProductivity in Reducing PovertyThe efforts of the 117 cities in poverty reduction were measured through LGPMS,particularly the productivity of LGUs concerning the generation of jobs, the expansion ofenterprises, the provision of agriculture and fishery programs to farmers and fisherfolks,and the creation of an environment conducive to local investments and industrydevelopment.STATE OF CITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES 161Administrative Capacities, Productivity and Development Conditions

In 2004, the following were the accomplishments of the cities: About 76% of all the urban centers were able to generate jobs and expand enterprises Over 60% of the fishing and farming households were members of the cooperativesand other collective organizations More than 60% of the farming and fishing households directly benefited fromagricultural and fishery development programs initiated by the cities Around 93% of the barangays in all the urban centers were connected to their citycenters Roughly 90% of the cities had formulated and passed their respective LIICsFurthermore, the urban centers had specifically targeted focus groups in the expenditureprograms for their 20% development fund. Over 60% of the 20% development fundswere spent for the population in need. Also, majority of the cities involved the NGOs andother peoples’ organizations in implementing their respective priority projects financedby the 20% development funds.The urban centers in the Philippines were ready to be actively involved in povertyreduction measures. This was shown by their emerging administrative capacities forproviding services and programs that would help reduce poverty and facilitate thecreation of jobs, the promotion of investments, the expansion of enterprises, and thegeneration of income in the cities including the following: Existence of functional Small- and Medium-Term Development Councils Implementation of LIICs Presence of development activities to support improvements in farming and fisherypractices Availability of LGU research and development facilities to support farmers andfisherfolks in testing and adopting new projects and practices Accessibility of basic infrastructure and facilities in the areas zoned for business andindustryLocalizing the MDG for achieving primary universal education, for eliminatingdisparity in secondary education, and for promoting gender equalityMost of the cities in the Philippines had adequate capacity in delivering the necessaryinputs that would complement NG’s services to ensure the availability of primaryeducation to all elementary school age population in the cities. About 73% of all the urban centers had functioning LSBs Around 87% of all cities had operational barangay DCCs A better ratio of extension class teachers to pupils at 1:38 funded by SEF. A total of 54% of the urban centers had very high capacity in providing extensionteachers to complement DepEd’s teaching force. A satisfactory ratio of extension classrooms to pupils at 1:34, which was within thestandards set by the HLURB. A total of 52% of the cities had available funds to construct additional classrooms.162 STRATEGIC LINK TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

All the 117 urban centers had existing non-formal and extension educationprogramsOn the whole, the cities’ own efforts in encouraging all the secondary school agepopulation to enroll in secondary education was relatively high at 84% compared to thenationwide net enrolment rate reported by DepEd at 47%. The corresponding rates forLuzon with 50 urban centers, Visayas with 28, and Mindanao with 27 were 98.55%,90.39%, and 78.40%, respectively.Promoting Gender Equality. In the area of GAD, 89% of the cities in the Philippines hadsufficient capacities in preparing their GAD Plans. Meanwhile, 57 urban centers hadalready existing GDCs. Also, 98% of the 116 cities had sufficient capacities inimplementing Women’s and Children’s Protection Program.Localizing the MDG for reducing children mortality and improving overall healthconditionThe contribution of cities in the Philippines to the improvement of children’s healthcondition was reflected in the service coverage for immunization. A total of 115 urbancenters indicated about 87% immunization coverage. Cities in Luzon had the highestimmunization coverage at 87% while those in the Visayas and Mindanao at 82% and89%, respectively.Likewise, the cities in the Philippines had the necessary administrative and basic healthfacilities, which ensure that related services, particularly those pertaining to children,women and general health were addressed: About 84% of the urban centers had functioning LHBs Around 71% of all the barangays in the cities had operational BHCs Roughly 71% of the urban centers had exceeded the standard ratio of one nurse per15,000 population More than 50% of the cities had exceeded the minimum requirements for thenumber of doctors (1:20,000 population) and midwives (1:5,000 population). Approximately one out of four urban centers fare adequately in the number ofdentists (1:20,000 population)Localizing the MDG towards environmental sustainabilityThe NRM efforts of the cities were encouraging especially against the backdrop ofcontinuing degradation of the country’s natural resources. In 2004, a total of 19 urbancenters had reported very high productivity in terms of reforestation with coverage of70% to 100%. Another 13 cities had reforested about 50% of their forestlands, greenbeltsand tree parks.In summary, LGPMS provided the following performance indicators for the overallcapacities of the cities in managing the natural resources, and in improvingSTATE OF CITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES 163Administrative Capacities, Productivity and Development Conditions

environmental sustainability: Majority of the urban centers had established partnerships with communityorganizations that manage natural resources 58 cities had formulated and passed their respective Environmental Codes, whichdefine their strategies for environmental protection All urban centers had the required capacities for preparing CLUPs and CDPs 66 cities had existing housing programs in place, and completing over 80% of thetargeted housing construction in 2004 42% of the urban centers had achieved the mandatory reduction of 25% of solidwastes through recycling and composting programs 30 cities had instituted stricter pollution control measures among its establishedindustries 80% of the urban centers had sufficient capability in formulating qualityenvironmental ordinances 72% of the cities had reached at least 70% of their barangays for their IECconservation campaigns 50 urban centers had started implementing mangrove conservation and rehabilitationprograms 95% of the cities had organized their SWMBs where 67 urban centers had preparedtheir 10-year SWMPs164 STRATEGIC LINK TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS