best practices for the petroleum industry - Caribbean Environmental ...

Index 257Thermal cracking, 41–4, 52–7Thermal radiation and flaring, 212Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC), 58,59–60Threshold Limit Value (TLV), 236TLV see Threshold Limit ValueTML see tetra-methyl leadTNMHCs see total non-methanehydrocarbonsToluene, 25, 35, 38, 167Total non-methane hydrocarbons(TNMHCs), 11Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH),99–100, 102TOXCHEM+ modelling, 140Toxic Release Inventory (TRI):critical assessment, 151–2Environmental Protection Agencyreports, 121–3, 151–3goals, 151under-reporting, 2, 174TPH see total petroleum hydrocarbonsTreatment:crude oils, 71–4processes for impurities, 44TRI see Toxic Release InventoryTurnarounds and air emissions, 183TVA (toxic vapor analyzer) instrument,158Ultrasonic extraction, 100Unit-specific Correlation Equationmethod, 132, 135–6United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP), 153Vacuum distillation, 47–8Vacuum jets and air emissions, 184Valves:flow control, 181leakage, 182pressure-relief, 182rupture discs, 182Vapor pressure (environmental control),26Venturi-type ground flares, 88, 91Vertical venturi flares, 89–90Visbreaking process, 53–4Volatile organic compounds (VOCs):cumulative spills, 205detectors, 156emissions from waste, 24–6emissions misreporting, 142, 174flaring, 212–14fugitive emissions,, 122, 139, 140, 144gas streams, 11hazardous air pollutant, 140low bias reporting, 136, 150pollution, 179Shine memorandum, 139, 144steam traps, 149storage tanks, 141, 185Waxman report, 1Volatility of gasoline, 26Waste solids, 193–7Wastewater:acid sludge, 193air emissions, 187cleaner production, 185–93description, 185–7effluent disposal from refineries, 188–92pollution, 185–6process, 31–2solid waste, 187sulfur-bearing waters, 193treatment, 44, 91–2Water injection ground flares, 88–9Wax manufacturing, 78–9Waxman report, 1999, 1–2, 121, 138–9,151WBO see World Bank OrganizationWellman–Land Process, 180–1Wellman–Lord oxidation scrubbingprocess, 218West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil,20Wildlife and Santa Barbara oil spill, 1969,110WMO see World MeteorologicalOrganizationWorld Bank Organization (WBO), 137–8World Meteorological Organization(WMO), 153WTI see West Texas Intermediate (WTI)Xylene, 35, 38, 49, 174