Groundwater Use in Earthquake Emergency: A Case Study ... - IWRA

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Table 3 Characteristics of each water source for earthquake disaster (ResearchCommittee on Secure of Water in Huge Earthquake Disaster 1999; ProjectCommittee of the MLIT, Japan, 2007)Water source Quantity Quality RemarksRiver, lake ・Large amount ・ Different depending ・Transportation isand pond waters on source necessarySea water ・Large amount ・Treatment for fresh ・Transportation iswaternecessaryGroundwater ・Amount will be ・Pollution of shallow ・Coincide with needaffected by GW and supply placesearthquake ・Clean in deep GW ・Water table decline・Water pollution・Set of pumpingpowerRain water ・Set of water tank ・Possibly clean, but ・Coincide with need200 l~2,000 m 3 treatment is neces- and supply placessary in some timesFor the purpose of drinking and cooking, quality check of groundwater must benecessary at the ordinary time. Hand pumps or diesel or petrol-driven pumps have tobe prepared for using groundwater in the emergency because the required electricitysupply may not be available after an earthquake.Countermeasures for Secure of Water in Disaster EmergencyAfter the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, countermeasures for the secure of water in thedisaster emergency have been considered by many local governments in Japan. One ofsuch countermeasures is the registration system of citizen’s well for disasters. Figure 6shows the panel indicating the citizen’s cooperation well for disasters in the Kobe City.This register system of citizen’s open well has been started from 1996 in the Kobe, justone year after the earthquake, and the registered well reached 517 wells by October1998. The list of registered wells and its location map have been prepared by theAdministration Office of the city and the check of well water quality has been carriedout in periodically. Similar registration system has been launched by many other localgovernments, especially in a Mega City like Tokyo and Yokohama. For example,Tokyo Metropolitan Government has specified 2,769 wells in 23 Wards as for thedisaster well by 1995. In the Yokohama City, the registered well has reached 3,517wells by 1995 and for each well, water quality check has been charged by monthlywith an analytical standard as same as the municipal supply water. The Kokubunji Cityin Tokyo Metropolis has constructed old style well facility constituting with a hand
Citizen’s cooperation well・Make list and location map・Check of water quality inperiodically・Registered well: 517 wellsby October 1998・Tokyo MetropolitanGovernment has specified2,769 wells in 23 Wards asfor disaster well by 1995For disasterFig. 6 Panel indicating citizen’s cooperation well for disasters in Kobe city(Research Committee on Secure of Water in Huge Earthquake Disaster, 1999).pump, street furniture and infiltration measure system. In total, 8 sets have beenconstructed in around the city by 1990 and the maintenance of the facility has beencharged by the City Administration and Citizen’s Prevention Committee.Mapping of springs and wells for using groundwater in disasters emergency hasbeen proceeding not only by the local government but also by citizens. It seems thatlike this map is very useful in the disaster emergency at the place where is covered byconcrete jungles due to the urbanization.Utilization of rainwater on the roof of households, which is led to the streetfurniture (water tank) with a hand pump is also spread in recently in Ward districts ofTokyo Metropolis for the purpose of using stored rainwater in the emergency as shownin Fig. 7. This type of street furniture, which collects rainwater for life water using, hadbeen used in Japan already in the Edo era, more than 150 years before, as shown in Fig.8. This picture shows the rainwater pail (bucket) existing in front of the house. It alsocan be seen that the Kanji (Japanese) of “Mizu (water)” is described on the surface ofthe pail. The rainwater using system has been introducing again in recently as animportant self water source as well as groundwater source in the disaster emergency.For the medical activities, to avoid the difficulty of special water transportation inthe earthquake emergency, some hospitals have introduced a deep well facility as oneof countermeasures, which can supply 80 % of drinking water at an ordinary time, witha membrane filtration system and a private power plant system. In case of Japan, totalof 353 facilities with like those systems have been introduced by April 2004 including116 hospitals (Sugimoto, 2004).
Page 2 and 3: an example of groundwater use as on
Page 5 and 6: Table 1 Water needs for each utiliz
Page 7: 1998):・17 Jan. (immediately after
Page 11: ReferencesAsahi NP (2007): Morning

Groundwater Use in Earthquake Emergency: A Case Study ... - IWRA

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