THE GUIDE TO FILES AND FILING - Evenfall Studios

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a fine finish is required a SwissPattern and or Pillar file in No. 4should be used.Recommended Surface Feet perMinute for Lathe Filing:Cast Iron Approximately 150and filing in the correct manner. Allthings being correct, a smooth cuttingaction and a good clean finishon the work is achieved. If there isstubborn resistance, chances arethe wrong file is being used, thefile is damaged or the wrongmethod is being used.Annealed Tool Steel Approximately 175Machinery Steel Approximately 350Soft Yellow Brass Approximately 500Many lathe filers make a practiceof not using a new file for workrequiring an extremely fine finish.In using the Long Angle Lathe file,care should be taken at shaft endsas this fast cutting file may cut toodeeply.Do not run a hand over lathe work,as oil and moisture can coat thesurface and make it difficult for thefile to take hold. For lathe workthat has oval, ecliptical or irregularlyround form, the finer SwissPattern files are most satisfactory.Filing different metalsDifferent metals vary greatly incharacter and properties, someare softer than others are, andsome are more ductile and so on.The nature of the metal has to betaken carefully into account whenchoosing the right file and applyingit to the job. For instance, asoft ductile metal requires a keenfile and only light pressure mustbe applied during filing if the workis not to be deformed. Conversely,a hard and less ductile metal mayrequire a file with duller teeth toavoid them biting too deep andbreaking off when pressure isapplied.When filing a material the usercan normally feel whether or nothe is using the right file,Filing rough castingsSnagging castings, removing fins,spurs and other projections, ishard on normal files. Their teethare for fast cutting and do not possessthe ruggedness for drivingagainst hard projections andedges. This filing engages only afew teeth, thus putting a strain oneach. For such work, it is better touse a Foundry file with sturdierteeth and heavy-set edges toresist shelling or breaking out.Filing die castingsLike foundry castings, die castingsusually have sharp corners, webs,fins or flashing which are liable todamage a normal file. In addition,die castings consist of magnesium,zinc, aluminum, alloy or similarcombinations of metal whichhave the tendency to clog regularfiles.Depending on the shape, CooperHand Tools has a variety of filesthat will meet the required application.Suggested files are found inthe "job by job" file selector of thisbook, or you may contact yourCooper Hand Tools CustomerService Representative.10 11
Filing stainless steelThe use of stainless steel andalloy steels has created other filingtechniques. These steels with hardchromium and nickel content aretough and dense. This causesthem to be abrasive, which shortensthe life of the normal file.To overcome these problems, fileshave been developed with goodwearing qualities. These files,when used with a light pressureand a slow, steadyStroke, will remove metal and providea good finish.Filing aluminumAluminum is soft and is difficult tofile, file teeth clog even undermoderate pressure. Filing aluminumis divided into:1) Filing roughness from aluminumcastings,2) Filing sheet and bar aluminum,3) Filing aluminum alloys.To produce a good finish, theAluminum Type A file has beendeveloped. The file upcut is deepwith an open throat, the overcutfine which produces small scallopson the upcut. This breaks up thefilings and allows the file to clear.This also overcomes chatter andprevents too large a bite. By usinga shearing stroke toward the left, agood finish can be obtained.Filing brassBrass is difficult to file because itis softer than steel, but tough. Thisdemands teeth that are sharp,sturdy and cut to prevent groovingand running the file off the work.The Brass file has a short upcutangle and a fine long angle overcutwhich produces small scallopsto break up filings and enable thefile to clear. With pressure, thesharp high-cut teeth bite deep,with less pressure, the short upcutangle smoothes.Filing Bronze (Copper, tin or other alloying elements}Bronze is similar in nature to brassin some aspects, but variesaccording to the percentages ofalloying elements.Average sharpness of the file issatisfactory for some bronzes,while for others, a file that canmaintain its sharpness for longerperiods is required. Thus, for theharder bronzes, a file with a moreacute angle at the top of the toothis desirable. This is known as athin topped tooth.The direction of stroke of the fileshould be crossed frequently toavoid grooving with bronze andbrass.Filing Wrought IronWrought iron is relatively simple tofile. It is soft but only moderatelyductile so it is not necessary for afile to be very sharp to obtaingood results.Filing plasticsHard plastics are dense and brittle,and material is removed aslight powder. The abrasiveness ofhard plastics requires files withhigh sharp teeth. Soft plastics arefiled in shreds so Shear Tooth filesshould be used for thisapplication.Depending on the density of thematerial, Cooper Hand Tools hasthe file that will meet the requiredapplication. Suggested files arefound in the "job by job" file selectorof this book, or you may contactyour Cooper Hand ToolsCustomer Service Representative.12 13
Page 1 and 2: THE GUIDE TOFILES AND FILINGP.O. Bo
Page 3 and 4: File TerminologyEach part of the fi
Page 5: file; the tip of the thumb pointedf
Page 9 and 10: Filing chain saw teethRounded hoode
Page 11 and 12: 'Job by Job' file selector'Job by J
Page 13 and 14: Profile Selector for Machinist’s

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