The Cranes IUCN

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J. BARZEN basin (R. Beilfuss pers. comm.). Eastern Sarus Cranes have occasionally been reported during the breeding season in northern Myanmar, and the Rangoon Zoo is known to have had Eastern Sarus Cranes in captivity. A few individuals appear at the beginning of the monsoon season in the eastern Indian states of Tripura and Manipur (P. Gole pers. comm.). If wild Sarus Cranes still exist in this region, they may move into Yunnan Province, China, during the dry season (Yang and Han 1987, Yang 1991). Given the distance between these areas and the lower Mekong River basin where the other birds are found, these individuals may constitute a second, distinct population. Australian Sarus Crane (G. a. gilli) The Australian Sarus Crane occurs in northeastern Australia, almost exclusively on the Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland (Blakers et al. 1984, Marchant and Higgins 1993). Over the last twenty years it has been reported at several additional sites in north central Australia (Marchant and Higgins 1993), but further surveys are required to verify their current status in these areas (Tanner and Jaensch 1988). The birds in Queensland undertake limited migrations between wet season breeding areas near the coast and inland dry season wintering areas (Archibald and Swengel 1987, A. Haffenden pers. comm.). Reports of Sarus Cranes in Australia date to 1953 (Archibald and Swengel 1987). Ornithologists first positively observed the species in Normanton in 1966 and in the Atherton Tablelands the following year (Gill 1969). It is probable, however, that Sarus Cranes have long been present in Australia (see Schodde et al. 1988, Krajewski and Archibald in prep.). Native Australians differentiated between Sarus Cranes and Brolgas, calling the former "the crane that dips its head in blood" (G. Blackman pers. comm.). The Australian Sarus Crane has occasionally hybridized with the Brolga, and may Breeding habitat of the Eastern Sarus Crane, Cambodia 126 be outcompeting the smaller Brolga in areas where they are found together (Archibald 1981a, Archibald and Swengel 1987). A. Haffenden (pers. comm.) notes that differences in diet, nest site selection, and other ecological and behavioral differences are likely to minimize interbreeding between the two species. Over the last several decades, environmental changes— especially the introduction of cattle into Australian Sarus Crane habitat—may have indirectly allowed the population to increase and expand across the Cape York Peninsula toward the east. Cattle grazing has reduced the relative proportion of shrub cover in this area while promoting the growth of grasses used by Sarus Cranes in and around temporary wetland depressions. This may have allowed the population to expand and disperse eastward until it reached the grain fields of the Atherton Tablelands, which now serve as a large and dependable source of winter food. This "discovery" allowed the population to increase further. This explanation is supported by the fact that in the winter Sarus Cranes do not occur elsewhere in the region in concentrated or significant numbers (A. Haffenden pers. comm.). 2.8.6 Distribution by Country Australia Bangladesh Cambodia China India Laos Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Thailand Vietnam R r r(b),r(d?) X(b)? R r(b)?, r(d)? X r(b)?, r(d)? r r X X X(b), r(d) R = Resident (populations >1500) r = Resident (populations
The fate of the Sarus Crane in India is dependent on the maintainance of the quality of water and small wetlands depending on food availability, cropping patterns, and other seasonal factors. Their optimal habitat includes a combination of marshes, ponds, fallow lands, and cultivated lands (Gole 1989b, 1991b). The diet includes aquatic plants, invertebrates, and grains. Adult pairs use cultivated fields, fallow land, and other drier habitats, as well as flooded fields, rice paddies, and degraded (saline and water-logged) lands. Families with prefledged chicks, however, use wetlands almost exclusively (Gole 1993a). Breeding pairs use larger wetlands where they are available, but are typically scattered across the landscape, nesting in fields, along canals and irrigation ditches, beside village ponds, and in shallow marshes, rice paddies, jheels, and reed beds (Gole 1989b, Suwal 1995). The size of nesting territories ranges from 1 ha in populated areas to 27 ha within protected areas (Gole 1989b). Nests of all the subspecies consist of wetland vegetation and other available materials. Usually two eggs are laid. Incubation takes 31-34 days and chicks fledge at 85-100 days. Increasing human demands on India's wetlands may be contributing to the decline of the Sarus Crane by reducing the recruitment rate within the population. Eastern Sarus Crane (G. a. sharpii) In contrast with the Indian Sarus Crane, Eastern Sarus Cranes are intolerant of people and depend almost completely on natural wetlands. They breed during the monsoon season 127 (May-October), during which time they are isolated and territorial. Their breeding areas are largely unknown, hence their breeding habitat requirements are poorly understood. Of three nests recently found in northeastern Cambodia, all were located in isolated wetlands less than 150 ha in size and surrounded by dry, open dipterocarp forests (Barzen 1994). As the dry season progresses, the birds gradually concentrate, form flocks, and move to their dry season habitats in the Mekong River delta. In the delta they use shallow wetlands, dried-out sedge meadows, rice fields, and burned-over wet grasslands. They feed primarily on the tubers of sedges (Eleocharis ochrostachys) and small vertebrates and invertebrates (Duc et al. 1989). Australian Sarus Crane (G. a. gilli) See Marchant and Higgins (1993) for a review of habitat, movements, diet, social organization and behavior, and breeding characteristics. During northern Australia's dry season (April-November), Australian Sarus Cranes forage in a variety of habitats (including shallow marshes, upland agricultural fields, and tussock grasslands), as long as water is available. In areas where both Brolgas and Sarus Cranes occur, Brolgas tend to restrict themselves to lowland sedge marshes, while Sarus Cranes use drier habitats (Archibald 1981a, Archibald and Swengel 1987). Although the wetland habitats of the two species overlap to a greater degree during the wet (breeding) season, the two species appear to differ in nest site prefer- B. WRIGHT
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Status Survey and Conservation Acti
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Status Survey and Conservation Acti
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The fifteen species of cranes const
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The cranes are among the most ancie
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Preface iii Executive Summary v Con
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When we hear his call we hear no me
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ADENEX AWB AWC AWP CAMP CBSG CMS CW
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of their behavior and DNA indicate
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Figure 1.2. ROW 1: Black Crowned Cr
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ICF near their nests, brooding thei
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ICF of pair bonds. Unison calls of
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Japanese island of Izumi, a program
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ICF the long journey south. Migrato
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cranes have been employed for other
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Table 1.2 Population estimates for
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along the Platte River in the centr
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Table 1.3 Threats to cranes C Criti
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A. MORKILL with attendant effects o
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in various ways: through direct mor
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ICF Siberian Crane experts meet in
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table 1,4 continued 1992 1993 1994
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Table 1.5 Crane studbook keepers an
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Non-migratory releases have been co
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In this section, the conservation s
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ole in the conservation of cranes a
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2.1.3 Population Numbers and Trends
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P. HALL Black-crowned Cranes roosti
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the Finnish International Developme
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3) 4) conservation goals. Promote a
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and distribution of food and nest s
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practices have begun to have detrim
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Province (Vernon et al. 1992) in So
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2) 3) 4) 5) In conjunction with cra
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R. SUWAL 2.3.4 Conservation Status
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S.TRANEVING Syria Tadzhikistan Tuni
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a problem at premigration staging a
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6) Conduct genetic analyses of the
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3 Expand targeted education program
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2.4.3 Population Numbers and Trends
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spraying of wetlands with poisons t
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Allan (1995) reports the results of
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Page 92 and 93: S. TRANEVING Wattled Crane pair at
Page 94 and 95: ICF • • At present, the Swamp,
Page 96 and 97: the movements of cranes (McCann and
Page 98 and 99: 2) 3) • • • Isangano National
Page 100 and 101: S. TRANEVING 2) 3) 4) • • eggs
Page 104 and 105: 2.6.3 Population Numbers and Trends
Page 106 and 107: E. NAZAROV inconclusive. As of Autu
Page 108 and 109: wintering grounds in Keoladeo Natio
Page 110 and 111: animals since 1990 (Fan et al. 1994
Page 112 and 113: Ma and Li 1994). Keoladeo National
Page 114 and 115: • • • Turgaiski region of nor
Page 116 and 117: ICF Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis
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Page 120 and 121: Canada between 50° and 60° N, fro
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Page 124 and 125: ICF Savannah habitat of the Cuban S
Page 126 and 127: ICF to facilitate population, harve
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Page 132 and 133: 2) 3) 4) dynamics of the mid-contin
Page 134 and 135: M. . P. KAHL 2.8 SARUS CRANE (Grus
Page 136 and 137: protection, maintenance, and restor
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Page 142 and 143: Beilfuss and Barzen 1994). The East
Page 144 and 145: 4) Initiate a program to survey on
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Page 148 and 149: ICF 2.9.5 Historic and Present Dist
Page 150 and 151: S. TRANEVING large coastal wetlands
Page 152 and 153: Brolga (White 1987); ecology and ha
Page 154 and 155: N. YUSHIO GCAR and CAMP (Mirande et
Page 156 and 157: ICF White-naped (front) and Red-cro
Page 158 and 159: ICF the edges of reservoirs in the
Page 160 and 161: Protected Areas White-naped Cranes
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Page 164 and 165: programs in conjunction with protec
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Page 168 and 169: TS. HAYASHIDA Hooded Cranes during
Page 170 and 171: especially wetlands on northeast Ch
Page 172 and 173: ICF isolated nesting territories. H
Page 174 and 175: 2.12.3 Population Numbers and Trend
Page 176 and 177: 3) European Russia population The b
Page 178 and 179: R. SAUEY fields, pastures, and othe
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Figure 2.1 tion to captive-raised b
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• • • • • • the refuge
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ICF Captive-reared Whooping Cranes
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endangered species and biodiversity
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5) 6) 7) 1) 2) Continuation of curr
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186
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A. AND A. BEACH Little is known abo
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York-based poverty alleviation orga
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Guizhou Environmental Protection Ag
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2) Develop conservation programs in
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196
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ICF 2.15.6 Distribution by Country
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DMZ now functions as a de facto pro
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7) 8) 9) Trade in wild Red-crowned
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2) 3) 4) 5) some methods may benefi
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the focal point for several specifi
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NOTES: 1 = Croatia, Slovenia and Th
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sophisticated analysis of the facto
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and Nigeria) and should build upon
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activities) affecting productivity
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7) Working with colleagues in Regio
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3) Develop a coordinated, large-sca
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tance of wetlands, and to dissemina
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3) Designate new protected areas. P
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Russian Far East. Materials should
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3) Assess the need for stronger leg
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7) Improved assessments of the size
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Park, Wyoming, USA. National Audubo
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Alonso, J. A., Alonso, J. C, and Ve
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Bishop, M. A. 1993a. The Black-neck
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Davies, B. In press. The African Wa
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Farrar, J. 1992. Platte River instr
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Gui Xiao Jie. 1991. Cranes winterin
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Jamil, A. 1994. Mission to the Ab-i
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Krapu, G. C. 1981. The Platte River
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Li Peixun, Yuan Tao, Li Fangman, an
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Masatomi, H., Momose, K., and Hanaw
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Nesbitt, S. In press. Florida Sandh
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Salvi, A., Petit, P., and Riols, C.
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Su Liying. 1993. Comparative Feedin
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Vernon, C. J. 1987. Blue Cranes—l
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Xu Jie, Su Liying, and Jiang Xingxi
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APPENDIX 1 IUCN/SSC Crane Specialis
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Prof. Hiroyoshi HIGUCHI The Univers
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Mr Kishore RAO Government of India
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Russian Crane Working Group Contact
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Final Version This final document,
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11. Use at regional level The crite
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4) The categories EXTINCT (EX) A ta
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C) Population estimated to number l
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APPENDIX 4 Preparing National Crane
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APPENDIX 5 Securing Financial Suppo
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IUCN/SSC Action Plans for the Conse
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The Cranes IUCN

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