Within the 35 priority list 5 genera were suggested: Aloe spp.,Aquilaria spp., Cinchona spp., Hoodia spp. and Panax spp.These have been discounted from the above graph and lookedat separately. For Aloes, Aquilarias and Cinchonas only thosespecies that have been assessed as CR, EN or VU on the 2007Red List of Threatened Species have been screened against thePlantSearch database. For Panax spp. we have used both the2007 Red Listed species and those specifically suggested to usas of conservation priority. Only 3 Hoodia spp. appear on the2007 Red List and all are classified as LC.Number of species from priority 5 genera that are held inbotanic garden collectionsOther species and IUCNRed List statusNumber of BG collections(PlantSearch)Aloe – 21 spp. on 2007 Red List, 740 BG recordsAloe ballii (EN) 6A.ballyi (VU) 11A.erinacea (EN) 11A.helenae (CR) 9A.peglerae (EN) 32A.pillansii (CR) 16A.ramosissima (VU) 19A.squarrosa (VU) 17A.suzannae (CR) 34Aquilaria – 9 spp. on 2007 Red ListAquilaria banaensae (VU) 0A.beccariana (VU) 1A.crassna (CR) 1A.cumingiana (VU) 0A.hirta (VU) 2A.malaccensis (VU) 3A.microcarpa (VU) 0A.sinensis (VU) 6Cinchonas – 4 spp. on 2007 Red ListCinchona lucumifolia (VU) 0C.mutisii (EN) 0C.rugosa (VU) 0Hoodia spp. – 3 spp. on 2007 Red List13 species held in 41 BG collections(see Hoodia spp. box in section 5)Panax – 1 spp. on 2007 Red ListPanax zingiberensis (EN) 1P. quinquefolius (not assessed) 8 (see P. quinquefolius box in section 5)P. ginseng (not assessed) 13P. stipuleanatus (not assessed) 0P. vietnamensis (not included on 2006 Red List,EN on 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened <strong>Plants</strong>) 0<strong>Plants</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>life</strong>: Medicinal plant conservation and botanic gardens 35
Annex 5 – Suggested priority species <strong>for</strong> conservation actionThis list presents the species that were suggested to us aspriorities <strong>for</strong> conservation action over the next five years inanswer to Question 1 of the medicinal plants questionnaire.Some of the species are only of local conservation concern,whilst others may be globally threatened. It is a compilationof all the answers suggested to BGCI and representsmultiple and varying stakeholder priorities.428 species or genera were mentioned, some more than once.There<strong>for</strong>e, at the beginning of the table are the top 35 species,mentioned several times in questionnaire responses and suggestedas key priority species <strong>for</strong> immediate conservation action.A * next to species name indicates some conservation work already undertaken or supported by BGCIThe 35 most frequently mentioned species or generaSpeciesRegion CITES (Appendix) IUCN (2007 categories at Annex 6) BGs Of interestAconitum ferox•Aconitum heterophyllumAloe spp. Particularly Aloe turkanensisAquilaria sppBalanites aegyptiaca*Cinchona spp.*Cordyceps sinensisCoscinium fenestratumDactylorhiza hatagirea*Eucommia ulmoidesGastrodia elataGentiana lutea*Hoodia spp. Particularly H.gordonii*Magnolia officinalisNardostachys grandiflora (syn: Nardostachys jatamansi)*Neopicrorrhiza scrophulariflora (syn: Picrorhizascrophulariiflora)*Nothapodytes nimmonianaOroxylum indicumOsyris lanceolataParis yunnanensis (syn: Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)*Panax spp. Particulalry P. vietnamensis and populationspecific P.ginseng*Podophyllum hexandrum (syn: Sinopodophyllum emodi)Prunus africanaRauvolfia serpentina*Rhoicissus revoiliiSaraca asoca*Saussurea costus (syn: S.lappa)*Sideritis raeseriSwertia chirayitaTaxus wallichianaToddalia asiaticaWarburgia salutarisWithania somniferaZanha africanaZanthoxylum chalybeumE.Asia, Himalaya, N.IndiaE.Asia, Nepal/western Himalaya, Indiatropical AfricaIndomalaysiaN tropical Africa to E MedAndes to Costa RicaAsiaSouthern India, Sri LankaHimalaya, India, Pakistan, Nepal, TibetChinaSE AsiaEurope, W Asiasouthern AfricaChinaNepal/HimalayaNepal/Himalayasouthern IndiaNepal/Himalaya, southern IndiaE AfricaChinaN America, E AsiaNepal/western Himalayatropical and S AfricaSouthern India, Vietnamtropical and S AfricaSouthern IndiaE HimalayaEuropeHimalaya, IndiaNepal/Western HimalayaAfricaE AfricaAfrica, IndiaE AfricaAfricaII (except A.vera) 890species listedII (31 species)IIII50 species listed on IIIIIIIIII2 species on IIIIIIIIII1997 Indeterminate21 species listed 2006, of which 9 areCR, EN or VU. 158 species listed 19972006 9 species listed, 8 of which areCR or VU2006 4 species listed, 3 of which areEN or VU. 1997 6 species listedI1997 Rare2006 LR:nt, 1997 Rare2007 VU2006 3 species listed as LC, 1997 5species listed as VU or Rare2007 LR/nt 1997 VUP.zingiberensis 2006 EN, 1997 2species listed as EN2007 VU2007 - VU1997 EN2007 DD2007 EN 1997 VU94n/an/a10n/a01097448n/a390301612n/a453225161019012600very poisonous plant, used <strong>for</strong> leprosy, choleras, rheumatism and feversvery poisonous,simple contact has caused numbness in some people, but is anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac andastringent.gel from leaves used <strong>for</strong> burns, wounds and skin disorders whilst sap is a digestive stimulant and laxativefragrant resin-impregnated heartwood of the tree used <strong>for</strong> incense and as an imporant medicine in TCMmedicinal bark, roots contraceptive, fruit pulp used against worms in drinking watersource of alkaloids especially antimalarial quinine, still not completely superceded by syntheticsa <strong>for</strong>m of parasitic fungus that grows on insect larvae, eventually consuming the whole caterpillar. Said to have good'yin yang balance' in TCM because of it's half-animal, half-plant appearance.widely used in traditional medicinal systems of Ayurveda and Siddha to treat diabetesextract from the tuber used to treat wounds ad as a tonic <strong>for</strong> feverspossibly not known in wild, TCM tonic <strong>for</strong> arthritis and tooth fillingsdried and powdered a common TCM cure <strong>for</strong> headachescontains some of the bitterest compunds known to sciencetraditionally used as an appetite supressant by the San bushment of South Africa, now used to treat obesitybark and flowers important in TCMrhizomes with oil <strong>for</strong>med prized salves in Roman timesrhizomes anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory and have been shown in clinical trials to boost the immune system.Often used to treat scorpian and snake bitesyields Camptothecin, important anti-cancer alkaloid. Destructive harvesting and habitat loss has led to species declineof 50-80%.bark used to treat ulcers and <strong>for</strong> animal de-worming, potential anti-cancer drug with several claimsEast African sandalwood, known <strong>for</strong> it's scent and medicinal qualities, can fetch as much as US$15,000 a tonne.used in TCM said to 'reduce heat, resolve toxicity, reduce swellings and stop pain'long history of use going back some 5,000 years, regarded as a cure allcontains podophyllin, which interferes with cell growth and has been used to treat ovarian cancercommon treatment <strong>for</strong> prostitissource of resperine, reduces blood pressure and used to treat mental illnessthe Bushveld Grape, given to livestock to expell wormsthe tree under which the Buddha was bornconsidered one of the 50 fundamental herbs in TCM, also used in Ayurvedic and Tibetan traditional medicine systemsGreek Shepherd’s tea, siad to have a positive effect on all ailments, particularly colds, respiratory problems and theimmune systemextensively used plant, used as a bitter tonic and <strong>for</strong> the treament of fever and <strong>for</strong> curing skin diseasesused in Ayuvedic and TCM to treat fever and muscular pain but also as a source of the best-selling anti-cancer drug Taxolfruit used as a cough remedy, roots <strong>for</strong> indigestion, leaves <strong>for</strong> lung diseases and rheumatism and to treat fever.bark a purgative, active against worms, leaves eaten in curriesnarcotic and diuretica local 'cure all'roots used to treat malaria36<strong>Plants</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>life</strong>: Medicinal plant conservation and botanic gardens
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