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Guest editor and authorLarry LohmannEditorsNiclas HällströmOlle NordbergRobert ÖsterberghSub-editorWendy DaviesProduction editorsMattias LassonGerd Ryman-EricsonDesign and layoutMattias LassonPrintersMediaprintUddevalla, Sweden,September 2006Subscribers are kindly requested toinform the Dag Hammarskjöld Centreof any changes of address or subscriptioncancellations.Editorial OfficeThe Dag Hammarskjöld CentreÖvre Slottsgatan 2SE-753 10 Uppsala, SwedenFax: +46-(0)18-12 20 72E-mail: secretariat@dhf.uu.seWebsite: www.dhf.uu.seThe opinions expressed in the journalare those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the DagHammarskjöld Foundation.ISSN 0345-2328This issue of Development Dialogue is thesecond in a series of What Next projectpublications. It also forms part of a new phasein the journal’s history. Development Dialoguehas been given a fresh look - a new coverdesign and a new layout. At the same time weare introducing a new and simpler numberingsystem, consisting of a running number alongwith month and year of publication. Thisissue is No. 48 in the series of issues publishedsince 1972. The length of Development Dialogueissues may vary more than before. We hopethe new design of the journal will meetwith readers’ approval.Development Dialogue will continue toprovide a space for pioneering ideas, andthe essential character of the journal willremain unchanged.This issue of Development Dialogue is publishedin cooperation with the Corner House.Larry Lohmann workswith the Corner House,a small research and solidarityorganisation in theUK. He is the co-author ofPulping the South: IndustrialTree Plantations and the World Paper Economy(with Ricardo Carrere, 1996) and WhoseCommon Future? Reclaiming the Commons‚(with Simon Fairlie, Nicholas Hildyardand Sarah Sexton, 1993), and co-editor ofThe Struggle for Land and the fate of the Forests(with Marcus Colchester, 1993). Since then,he has published articles and book chapterson climate change, land rights, globalisation,racism, forest confl icts, development,environmental change in Southeast Asia andthe politics of cost-benefit analysis. Duringthe 1980s he lived and worked in Thailand,most of the time with non-governmentalorganisations.Website: www.thecornerhouse.org.uk
ContentsEditorial note 2Chapter 1 Introduction – A new fossil fuel crisis 5Chapter 2 ‘Made in the USA’ – A short history of carbon trading 31Chapter 3 Lessons unlearned – Pollution trading’s failures 71Property rights and privatisation 73Emissions trading vs. structural change 101The special problems of carbon projects 137Where’s the enforcement? 187Narrowing the discussion 190Summing up – Market ideology vs. climate action 198Chapter 4 Offsets – The fossil economy’s new arena of conflict 219The beginnings – A story from Guatemala 222From the Netherlands to the Andes – A tale from Ecuador 226The story continues – Carbon forestry in Uganda 237Costa Rica – ‘Environmental services’ pioneer 247India – A taste of the future 254Sri Lanka – A ‘clean energy’ project that was not so clean 272Thailand – Biomass in the service of the coal and gas economy 280South Africa – Carbon credits from the cities 287Brazil – Handouts for repression as usual 302Photo Essay Plantar vs. local people – Two versions of history 309Chapter 5 Ways forward 329Appendix The Durban Declaration on carbon trading 356
Page 1: a critical conversationon climate c
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Chapter 3Lessons unlearnedIn which
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lessons unlearned 73Property rights
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lessons unlearned 75of the emission
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lessons unlearned 77It’s not so s
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lessons unlearned 79his place. The
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lessons unlearned 81‘The creation
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lessons unlearned 83‘Temporary’
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lessons unlearned 85Utility Commiss
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lessons unlearned 87trading, includ
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lessons unlearned 89Table 2. Quasi-
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lessons unlearned 91While most asse
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lessons unlearned 93and 290-545 for
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lessons unlearned 95What do you mea
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lessons unlearned 97reaching, unifo
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lessons unlearned 99monitoring of i
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lessons unlearned 101Yes. But that
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lessons unlearned 103oranges into a
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lessons unlearned 105yet, maybe no
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lessons unlearned 107It’s hard to
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lessons unlearned 109fact involved
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lessons unlearned 111‘Locking in
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lessons unlearned 113Figure 3. A Vi
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lessons unlearned 115Climate and th
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lessons unlearned 117power, for ins
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lessons unlearned 119Does Emissions
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lessons unlearned 121No empirical e
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lessons unlearned 123only make it w
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lessons unlearned 125And probably y
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lessons unlearned 127flow of fossil
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lessons unlearned 129could even end
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lessons unlearned 131But how much h
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lessons unlearned 133‘Little’ P
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lessons unlearned 135Or the World R
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lessons unlearned 137The special pr
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lessons unlearned 139Still other du
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lessons unlearned 141But doesn’t
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lessons unlearned 143So CDM schemes
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lessons unlearned 145carbon money.
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lessons unlearned 147‘The CDM wil
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lessons unlearned 149based credit m
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lessons unlearned 151scrapped, the
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lessons unlearned 153Sinks, biophys
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lessons unlearned 155kilometres ben
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lessons unlearned 157Figure 7. Poss
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lessons unlearned 159• In early 2
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lessons unlearned 161But such credi
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lessons unlearned 163subtropical ca
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lessons unlearned 165Figure 8. Shar
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lessons unlearned 167Ownership agai
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lessons unlearned 169identified in
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lessons unlearned 171cen turies, ye
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lessons unlearned 173Who Owns Fores
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lessons unlearned 175How?The pollut
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lessons unlearned 177Innovation, th
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lessons unlearned 179I don’t agre
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lessons unlearned 181carbon credits
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lessons unlearned 183Segments of th
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lessons unlearned 185pet schemes, e
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lessons unlearned 187Where’s the
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lessons unlearned 189of cheating po
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lessons unlearned 191face to the pu
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lessons unlearned 193are those area
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lessons unlearned 195atmospheric ca
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lessons unlearned 197it would have
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lessons unlearned 199inadequate val
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lessons unlearned 20123 Timothy Mit
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lessons unlearned 20388 Frantisek B
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lessons unlearned 205147 Adam B. Ja
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lessons unlearned 207183 Lipow, op.
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lessons unlearned 209237 Bastianoni
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lessons unlearned 211275 CEE Bankwa
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lessons unlearned 213Thermostat’,
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lessons unlearned 215398 Ibid. See
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Chapter 4Offsets - The fossil econo
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offsets - the fossil economy’s ne
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With the help ofCarbon Trade Watch,
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330 development dialogue september
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AppendixClimate Justice Now!The Dur
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