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offsets – the fossil economy’s new arena of conflict 325113 Personal interview with Cynthia Caron, 18 August2000.114 Five days at Rs. 122.15 (USD 1.58), or USD 7.90.115 There were three cadres of employment on theestate: resident-permanent (from the estate lines),non-resident permanent (from nearby villages), andtemporary-casual.116 Many workers already had loans to upgrade theirexisting housing. Estate management took monthlydeductions from the wages of workers who hadhousing loans administered by the PlantationHousing and Social Welfare Trust (PHSWT). Underthe PHSWT housing-loan scheme, ‘at least onefamily member of each family will be required towork on the plantation during the 15-year leaseperiod’, according to the trust itself. The only sourceof funding available to workers to improve theirliving conditions has been through loans that keepthem tied to the unfair labour practices and dismalliving conditions of estate life.117 Figures are from the Plantation Housing and SocialWelfare Trust.118 While there are no studies that show a directcorrelation between concentrations of off-gridtechnologies such as solar power and decisions notto extend the grid into those areas (Lalith Gunaratne,email communication with Cynthia Caron, 12 August2002), the fear that off-grid electrification could keepan entire area permanently off-grid was very real foradjacent residents. Solar-home systems generatebetween 35 and 50 watts of power, enough to meetrequirements for domestic lighting and electronicentertainment such as TV and radio. The relativelow generation capacity of solar home systems doesnot appear to enable equitable opportunities foreconomic development in off-grid areas.119 Caron, op. cit. supra note 105.120 Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, ‘Science, Equity andthe War against Carbon’, Science, Technology andHuman Values 28, 1, 2003, p. 82.121 Paul Faeth et al., op. cit. supra note 2.122 J-Power Group, ‘FY 2005 Group Management Plan’,FY2005-2007, Presentation Materials, J-Power,Tokyo, 5 April 2005.123 Electric Power Company Development (EPCD),‘Project Design Document for a Rubber WoodResidue Power Plant in Yala, Thailand’, Tokyo, EPCD,August 2002.124 J-Power, op. cit. supra note 122, p. 26.125 Ibid., p. 15.126 Food and Agriculture Organization, RegionalWood Energy Development Programme Optionsfor Dendropower in Asia: Report on the ExpertConsultation, Manila, 1-3 April 1998, FAO, Bangkok,2000.127 Global Environment Facility, Project Brief for projectTHA/99/G31, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1999.128 United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization, Thailand: Case Study, CapacityMobilization to Enable Industrial Projects underthe Clean Development Mechanism, Vienna, 2002;Electric Power Company Development, op. cit.129 EPCD, op. cit. supra note 123, p. 29.130 Mitsubishi Securities, AT Biopower Rice Husk PowerProject, 2003, http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/Panels/meth.131 Einar Telnes, DNV, personal communication withLarry Lohmann, 30 May 2002.132 Jane Ellis, ‘Evaluating Experience with Electricity-Generating GHG Mitigation Projects’, OECDEnvironmental Directorate, IEA, COM/ ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2003) 8, Paris, 2003.133 Einar Telnes, DNV, personal communication withLarry Lohmann, 27 November 2002.134 EPCD, op. cit. supra note 123.135 Lindsay Strachan, personal interview with TrushaReddy, 13 June 2005.136 Trusha Reddy, ‘Facing a Double Challenge’,University of KwaZulu-Natal Centre for Civil Society,Durban, 2005, http://www.carbontradewatch.org.137 Lindsay Strachan, interview with Trusha Reddy, 13June 2005.138 World Bank Prototype Carbon Fund, Durban, SouthAfrica: Landfill Gas to Electricity, Project DesignDocument, Final Draft, World Bank, Washington,January 2003.139 Reddy, op. cit. supra note 136.140 Carbon Trade Watch, The Sky’s Not the Limit: TheEmerging Emissions Trading Markets, TransnationalInstitute, Amsterdam, 2002, http://www.carbontradewatch.org.141 Reddy, op. cit. supra note 136.142 Prototype Carbon Fund, ‘Durban Gas to ElectricityProject – Project Design Document’, July 2004,http://carbonfinance.org/pcf/Router.cfm?Page=Projects&ProjectID=3132#DocsList, p. 8. Lindsay Strachanacknowledges that closure of the dump would leadto a 12.5 per cent reduction in methane production(Tom Robbins, ‘Durban Signs SA’s First CarbonFinance Deal’, Business Day, 13 November 2002).143 Raj Patel, Centre for Civil Society, University ofKwaZulu-Natal, personal communication with LarryLohmann, 4 May 2005.