Phonological Behavior of Aspirated Consonants in Urdu

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• The linear transposition of aspiration takes placebetween stops, which are in two different syllables.• The aspiration is shifted in the stop of precedingsyllable. If the preceding syllable has both coda andonset, it shifts on the onset and if there is no onset itshifts to coda.• Metathesis does not take place if the first syllable ofthe word has aspirated stop, in the word base form.• Metathesis occurs only if the phones of both syllablesare either voiced or unvoiced.• In most of the cases first and second syllables wereinvolved except for one example [k∂t h t h a], inwhich it takes place between second and thirdsyllable.The data involved one word i.e. /k∂t h t h a/, whichcontained geminate stop that showed metathesis. For thecase of geminate stops, we have assumed that theaspiration will be realized in the second segment i.e. inthe onset of the proceeding syllable. The data alsoshowed one exception i.e. /kat h t h a/.InsertionWhen the suffixes /e/ and /i/ are added to the stems ofclosed class words aspiration is inserted to the stem’s lastconsonant. Closed class is that class, which does notcontain nouns, verbs and adjectives. It does not happenwith consonants which are unvoiced, for example /s/ +/e/ gives /se/. The only exception in this rule is [h∂me](/h∂m/+/e/), in which [m] remains un-aspirated.6.4 DissimilationIf two adjacent syllables contain the same aspiratedconsonant in their onsets, dissimilation occurs andaspiration is removed from second consonant. In all casesthe two consonants involved should have exactly samefeatures before dissimilation takes place.Dissimilation does not occur in some words (See rows 14to 17 in the Appendix D). Although they satisfy thedissimilation rule (Rule 4.4), these words share a commonfeature i.e. they are formed by a process calledreduplication. In reduplication, morpheme pluralizationtakes place in the word formation process. For example/p h s/ + /a/ gives [p h sp h sa].6.5 Rules for Aspirated Sonorant ConsonantsThese phonemes contain m h , n h , l h , r h and h . Thestatus of these phonemes in Urdu is still controversial thatwhether they exist or not. They all demonstrate similarkind of behavior with aspiration i.e. aspiration deletionand promotion. The processes are discussed below:• Deletion of aspiration: Whenever aspirated sonorantconsonant has a long vowel preceding it, theaspiration gets deleted.• Promotion of aspiration: When aspirated sonorantconsonant has a short vowel preceding it, theaspiration is promoted to form a new sonorant /h/.The sonorant consonant becomes the coda of thepreceding open syllable and /h/ becomes the onset ofthe next syllable, which previously had no onset.The data given in the Appendix E.2 and E.2 falls in theabove-mentioned rules without any exception.6.6 Other FindingsThere is a word /unt/ in which the aspiration isinserted at word boundary i.e. it becomes [unt h ]. Noother example was found in the collected data, whichcould help to elaborate this phenomenon.We found that lenition (a type of assimilation)occurs only in case of unvoiced aspirated affricate. In thiscase an aspirated affricate weakens to form a fricative,this happens in a very restricted context e.g. /p∂t h ta/becomes [p∂ta]. The data found for support of this rulewas limited to one word /p∂t h ta/ and its derivatives,which was not enough to form a rule. So it is possiblethat [p∂ta] is just another pronunciation of /p∂t h ta/.There are some words that satisfy conditions ofmore than one rule but only one rule is applicable to it.For example, the word /ob h i/ satisfies the conditions ofboth deletion and metathesis, but only deletion rule isapplicable.REFERENCESAhmed, M.S. Farhang-e-Asfiah. Sang-e-MeelPublishers. 2002.Bokhari, Sohail. Phonology of Urdu Language. RoyalBook Company, Karachi. 1985.Feroze-ud-Din, M. Feroz-ul-Lughat Urdu Jaibi.Ferozsons, Lahore.Goldsmith, John A. Autosegmental and MetricalPhonology. Basil Blackwell Ltd, 108 Cowley Road,Oxford, UK. 1990.Haqi, S.u.H. Farhang-e-Talaffuz. Muqtadara QaumiZaban, Islamabad. 1995.Hussain S., Nair R. Voicing and Aspiration in Hindi andUrdu, Northwestern University. 1995.Lass, Roger. PHONOLOGY An Introduction to BasicConcepts. Cambridge University Press, USA. 1995.Napoli, Donna Jo. LINGUISTICS An Introduction.Oxford University Press, USA. 1996.Nayyar, Noor-ul-Hassan. Noor-ul-Lughat, 3 rd edition.National Book Foundation, Islamabad. 1989.Platts, John T. A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi andEnglish. Crosby Lockwood and Sons. 1911.Saleem, A. M., Kabir, H., Riaz, M. K., Rafique, M. M.,Khalid, N., Shahid, S. R. Urdu Consonantal and VocalicSounds. Akhbar-e-Urdu. 2002.
APPENDIX A (Deletion)Appendix A.1 Data for Deletion at Word BoundarySr. Transcription Meaning inNo. Phonemic Phonetic English1. d it h d it Stubborn2. t h at h t h at Lavish3. t h et h t h et Pure4. bd h bd * Wednesday5. d h nd h d h nd Fog6. dud h dud * Milk7. m∂lit h m∂lit Barbarian8. band h band Barren9. hont h hont Lip10. su h su To smell11. u h u To doze12. me h me A cloud13. ak h Remains same Eye14. dk h Remains same Worries15. sk h Remains same Comfort16. p∂nk h Remains same WingsAppendix A.2 Data for Deletion of AspirationOccurring Word MediallySr. Transcription Meaning inNo. Phonemic Phonetic English1. h∂tti h ∂tti Skill of hand2. h∂teli h ∂teli Palm3. op h ∂n op∂n To hide4. s∂tja s ∂tja Surgeon5. nh∂tta nh ∂tta Unarmed6. ob h i obi Cabbage7. ∂b h b h a ∂bba Bedding8. sb h ita sbita Timid woman9. run∂k h k h a run∂kka Ready to weep10. bak h a baka Literature11. ka h i kai Comb12. da h a daa Panties13. bt h ana Remains To spreadsame14. bd h ana Remains Blow outsame15. ∂t h ∂t∂r Remains Seventy eightsame16. bak h ea Remains Difficultysame17. bot h a Remains Heavy rainsame18. anda anda The hempplant19. d∂l∂nd h ∂r d∂l∂nd Dropsy∂r20. band h na bandna To tie21. ant h na antna To tie22. u h na una Dozing23. su h na suna Smelling24. bd h na Remainssame25. r∂k h na Remainssame26. n∂tna Remainssame27. t ∂k h na Remainssame28. rut h na Remainssame29. sud h na Remainssame30. sl∂d h na Remainssame31. bt h na RemainssameTo extinguishTo keepNostrilTo TasteTo be irritatedTo be visibleTo be solvedSpreadSpecial cases32. d∂d h jal d∂djal Paternalgrandfather’shouse33. od h i odi Intestine34. b∂rk h a RemainssameAPPENDIX B (Metathesis)RainData for MetathesisSr. Transcription Meaning inNo. Phonemic Phonetic English1. k∂t h t h a k h ∂tta United2. ∂tk h ela ∂t h kela Playfulactivities3. p∂t h t h ∂r p h ∂tt∂r Stone4. amb h ir h ambir Serious5. k∂t h t h a RemainssameA vegetableextract
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Phonological Behavior of Aspirated Consonants in Urdu

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