Chapter 13 - Children in need of special protection - Children's ...

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539adults in their family.The more important causes of growth faltering during the weaning period is the earlyintroduction of breast milk substitutes and the lack of support for breast feeding women. Inaddition, the time constraints on childcare givers preclude their having enough time andattention for feeding young children frequently. The lack of energy-dense weaning foods,especially in rural communities, as well as the lack of information and income also preventsmany households from making adequate arrangements for the frequent feeding of their infants.13.2.4.2 Micronutrient deficienciesA further implication of this pattern of weight gain is that a shortage of food in the household isoften not the cause of malnutrition. The additional food which is required by young children isan extremely small proportion of the total consumed by their older brothers and sisters andadults in their family.The more important causes of growth faltering during the weaning period is the earlyintroduction of breast milk substitutes and the lack of support for breast feeding women. Inaddition, the time constraints on childcare givers preclude their having enough time andattention for feeding young children frequently. The lack of energy-dense weaning foods,especially in rural communities, as well as the lack of information and income also preventsmany households from making adequate arrangements for the frequent feeding of their infants.For many rural people maize forms part of the staple diet. Without supplements, however,maize is deficient in amino acid tryptophan, while its high leucine content interferes with theabsorption of valine and isoleucine. The highly refined maize meal which is currently indemand, furthermore, suffers from losses of up to 14 per cent of protein and 60 per cent of fatcontent as well as other minerals. It is clear that micronutrient deficiencies are eminentlyavoidable at relatively low cost. The WSC set as a target the virtual elimination of iodine andvitamin A deficiency disorders by the year 2000. In 1995, regulations were promulgatedrequiring the iodisation of all food grade salt. The Iodine Deficiency Survey (2000) showedsubstantial improvements in iodine status and elimination of IDD following the mandatoryiodisation of salt, with close to 90 percent of primary schools surveyed showing an adequateiodine intake. 2323 A Report on the state of the Nation’s Children: South Africa (2001) 70.
54013.2.4.3 Malnutrition and infectionThere is a direct and cyclical link between malnutrition and infection. Inadequate dietary intakecan cause weight loss or growth failure in children, which in turn leads to low nutritionalreserves. With virtually all nutrient deficiencies there is a lowering of immunity; with deficienciesin protein energy and vitamin A, in particular, there may be progressive damage to mucosa,which lowers resistance to invasion and colonisation by pathogens.Lowered immunity and mucosal damage are major contributors to the lowering of a body'sdefences. In such circumstances, the potential for contracting diseases is not only increased,but the severity and duration of diseases are also likely to increase. The disease process itselfexacerbates the loss of nutrients, both by the host's metabolic response, and by the loss fromthe intestine. Many diseases are also associated with a loss of appetite and other disabilitieswhich contribute to a further lowering of dietary intake. The proportion of deaths due to PEM inchildren under 5 years of age is not known. However, among poor children PEM is known tocontribute considerably to mortality associated with diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory infectionsand measles.13.2.4.4 Programmes to improve child malnutritionIn a 1994 report on the status of nutrition in South Africa, the National Nutrition Committee foundthat a number of primary factors were contributing to the development of under-nutrition. Thesewere as follows:(a)The availability and quality of health servicesAccess to primary health facilities was found to be a major factor in the prevention ofmalnutrition. A shortage of clinics and staff, inappropriate training, a lack of emphasis on growthmonitoring and promotion, variable immunisation coverage and the low prevalence of breastfeeding all contribute to the high prevalence of malnutrition among infants and children. Thesefactors are compounded by unclean water and an insanitary environment.(b)Caring capacityWomen assume the primary responsibility for the care of children, and especially very young
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Page 3 and 4: 526consequently impaired’. The Ch
Page 5 and 6: 528Research shows, e.g., that orpha
Page 8 and 9: 531Although severely impoverished c
Page 10 and 11: 533perinatal mortality is associate
Page 12 and 13: 535Other leading notifiable causes
Page 14 and 15: 537three are related to the provisi
Page 18 and 19: 541children. As a consequence of an
Page 20 and 21: 543HIV-infected people than any oth
Page 22 and 23: 545· be experiencing discriminatio
Page 24 and 25: 54713.3.3.1 Promotion of Equality a
Page 26 and 27: 549· the extended family;· family
Page 28 and 29: 551· A continuing life-skills and
Page 30 and 31: 553· Independent living by orphans
Page 32 and 33: 555At present, despite active recru
Page 34 and 35: 557Institutional care is fairly wid
Page 36 and 37: 559• The concept of an ‘authori
Page 38 and 39: 561could be used as a basis for fur
Page 40 and 41: 563regulate the system of support w
Page 42 and 43: 565on HIV/AIDS for Learners referre
Page 44 and 45: 567support programmes.As the HIV/AI
Page 46 and 47: 56913.4.2 International and regiona
Page 48 and 49: 571The World Programme of Action Co
Page 50 and 51: 573(c)resources such as hearing aid
Page 52 and 53: 575Apart from legislation protectin
Page 54 and 55: 577There is also a lack of ECD serv
Page 56 and 57: 579· total ignorance;· being awar
Page 58 and 59: 581In America, the Vocational Rehab
Page 60 and 61: 583b) The Commonwealth Rehabilitati
Page 62 and 63: 585assistive devices free of charge
Page 64 and 65: 587inaccessibility force children w
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58913.5 Child Labour 10213.5.1 Natu
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591a) children prematurely enter th
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593activity for children was fetchi
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595play in the elimination of child
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597Article 15 of the African Charte
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599Every child has the right -...(e
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601(a) who is under 15 years of age
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603coordination in case-by-case int
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605The Child Care Act lacks specifi
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607inoperative in the labour contex
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609to machines, and work in venues
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158 Sections 58(3) and (4).611
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613the court, to enable them to sup
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615school regularly and who are sus
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617In addition the following defini
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619The proviso ‘where reasonably
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621With regard to the registration
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623In Nacala, Mozambique, the ADPP
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625(a) to beg; or(b) to accompany h
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627The Homestead (Projects for Stre
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629structures be funded?The Homeste
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631position in Zimbabwe, prohibit a
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633· The staff-child ratio is insu
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635matter. Provision should be made
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Commission thus recommends as follo
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639Begging is a time consuming acti
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641community undertaken by the appl
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643(a) children who are of school-g
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645(a) the halfway house is situate
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64713.7.2 Trafficking in children f
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649· revoking the eligibility of f
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651With regard to Thailand and the
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653should be evident that the new c
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655Research shows that South Africa
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657It is believed that child prosti
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659communities where HIV/AIDS anxie
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661In Japan, the Law for Punishing
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663child is in need of care. Indeed
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665depicted in child pornography, t
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667Children must also be protected
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669exploitation. Children should be
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