Vol 1 - The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club

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Page 22 THE FIELD NATURALIST Issue No. 1/2013Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' ClubLecture to monthly meeting of 8th November 2012JACK SPANIARDS IN THE SCHEME OF THINGSChristopher K. StarrDep't of Life SciencesUniversity of the West Indiesckstarr@gmail.comPolistes is a worldwide genus of about 200known species of independent-founding socialwasps, known in the West Indies as "JackSpaniards". They are characterized by smallcolonies on exposed, single-comb nests. Asin all aculeate hymenoptera, only the femalehas a stinger. Members of the New Worldgenus Mischocyttarus resemble Polistes inthese and other features and are sometimesknown by the same common name.Jack Spaniards are quite generalized in mostphysical and behavioural aspects, the outstandingexception being their conspicuousthreat displays if the colony is menaced. Agiven species will tend to have a characteristicarray and sequence of threats. This leadsto the question of whether there is a significantdifference between those individualsthat ultimately attack if pressed beyond merethreats and those that are just bluffing. Astudy of P. lanio in Trinidad shows that blufferstend to go through their sequence ofthreats a little faster than attackers, and thatthey commonly utilize an additional display(wing flutter) that attackers do not.Polistes have been a favoured group for studiesaimed at understanding the origin of socialityin insects. The critical question arisesin that stage of the nesting cycle where thequeen's first adult daughters emerge. InPolistes, unlike in solitary wasps, these remainon the nest as helpers of their mother,rather than departing to nest on their own.Despite decades of study, there is not yet anyfirm consensus on how or why this evolutionarytransition took place.A much less discussed question is why noPolistes population, as far as we know, has revertedto solitary life. We know it cannot bedue to any absolute evolutionary obstacle,since the queen carries out all the tasks of asolitary wasp prior to the emergence of herfirst daughters. Is there, then, some universaladvantage to sociality in Polistes, so that naturalselection cannot favour a return to solitarynesting? The answer is not known.However, the observation P. fuscatus continuesto be social right up to the northernlimit of the genus's range in eastern NorthAmerica suggests that there is such an advantage.The Naturalists' Club's Bug Group is studyingthe colony-level life tables of P. lanio andM. rotundicollis in Nariva, with a view to contributingto the answer of this question,among others. Present indications are thatcolony mortality is exceptionally high in thefounding stage, before the queen is aided byworkers, then becoming much lower as colo-
Page 23 THE FIELD NATURALIST Issue No. 1/2013nies grow and mature at an accelerated pace.This is consistent with the hypothesis thatdaughters who remain on the nest as workersare making an investment that will pay offmuch better than if they left to nest on theirown.BibliographyRoss, K.G. & R.W. Matthews (eds.) 1990. TheSocial Biology of Wasps. Ithaca: Cornell Univ.Press 678 pp. See chapter on Polistes byH.K. Reeve.Starr, C.K. 1990. Holding the fort: Colonydefense in some primitively social wasps. Pp.421-63 in: D.L. Evans & J.O. Schmidt (eds.),Insect Defenses. Albany: SUNY Press.(www.ckstarr.net/cks/1990-DEFENSE.pdf )Starr, C.K. & A.W. Hook 2003. The aculeateHymenoptera of Trinidad, West Indies. Occ.Pap. Dep't Life Sci. Univ. West Indies (12):1-31. (Revised version at www.ckstarr.net/aculeates.pdf )A PARAGRAPH NOTED IN PASSINGChristopher K. StarrOccasionally in natural-history books andtraveler's tales, I come upon remarks aboutTrinidad or Tobago that interest me. Theamerican herpetologist and museum directorThomas Barbour (1884-1946) spent a greatdeal of time in the West Indies, especiallyCuba and the Bahamas, with quick visits tomany of the other islands. In his autobiography,Barbour (1943:127) had this oneparagraphcomment about a founding memberof the Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club andthe endemic golden tree frog:"Our visit to Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, was agreat event, for I met then for the first timeFred Urich, with whom I had correspondedfor years. Someone had just brought him aliving tiny frog of the genus Amphodus, hithertounknown from Trinidad, a lovely little goldenyellowcreature, tiny but with eyes like jewels.This is found in bromeliaceous plants in thehighest lands of the island, and he generouslygave it to me to take back to Cambridge. Hewas always doing things of this sort. I visitedhim again several years later in his home outsidePort-of-Spain, and was saddened later onwhen the news came of his death."The Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club, forerunnerof the present Trinidad and Tobago FieldNaturalists’ Club was founded in 1891 byeight men (Carr 1991-1992). The 1991-1992issue of the Living World has biographicalsketches of five of these, but Friedrick WilliamUrich is not among them. Most of the verysparse biographical information about thisgovernment entomologist (as far as I know)was published by Carr (1991-1992) and Boos(2001:16-19).(Continued on page 27)
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