Geological mapping 2005 - Geologian tutkimuskeskus

Annual Report 2005 

Geological Survey of Finland

VISION 

Geology as a basis for sustainable growth and 

welfare. 

MISSION 

The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) produces 

and disseminates geological information for use 

in promoting regulated and sustainable use of our 

planet’s geological wealth. The GTK maps and 

researches the Earth’s crust, inventories mineral 

deposits, provides a national geological information 

service, does contract work for external clients and 

participates actively in international projects. 

The GTK is a national geological research centre 

operating under the Ministry of Trade and Industry. 

It was established in 1885. 

VALUES 

■ Research emphasis 

■ Reliability 

■ Accountability 

■ Cooperation 

THE GTK IN FIGURES 

2005 2004 

Total expenditure, € million 54.7 55.1 

Total income, € million 13.4 13.0 

Income from contract services, € million 9.7 10.2 

Personnel, person-years 818 836 

Employees with university degrees, % 44.1 % 42.8 % 

Cover: Tapinluodot caves, Padasjoki. 

Inside front cover: False bedding in quartzite, Eno. 

Photos: Jari Väätäinen, GTK 

Content 

1 

2 Director General’s review 

3 Message from the Board of Directors 

4 Geology and sustainable development 

7 Review of 2005 activities 

7 Geological mapping work continues on schedule 

9 Publishing activities set record pace 

11 Exploration continued at a brisk pace 

13 Making information user friendly 

14 Increased demand for contract services 

15 Outokumpu deep drill hole completed 

16 Compte – rendu d’activité 

19 Publications 

20 Geological mapping 2005 

21 2005 publications list 

29 Online services 

31 Financial review 

35 Personnel 

36 FOREGS Geochemical Atlas 

37 Organisation and management

2 D IRECTOR GENERAL’ S RE VIEW 

Developing the GTK into a centre 

of geological excellence 

■ The GTK produces and disseminates 

geological information that promotes 

regulated and sustainable use 

of the Earth’s crust. Our work supports 

industry, the scientific community, 

public agencies, and the public 

at large. Our services are used by 

industries involved in mining and 

mineral extraction, energy, in land 

use and regional planning, in construction, 

in the environmental sector 

and public administration. 

With an evolving operating environment, 

we find ourselves facing 

new challenges. In 2005, we revised 

our strategy to highlight efficiency, 

redefined our focus and identified 

what skill sets we have to develop to 

meet future needs. Our goal is to become 

a top European centre of excellence 

serving the geosector as experts 

in the inventory and sustainable use 

of geological resources, as well as a 

national geoinformation centre. 

We also strive to make all relevant 

geoinformation archived in our 

databases available online to companies, 

decision-makers and the public. 

We are tasked with ensuring companies 

and decision-makers have complete 

information on the location, 

accessibility, size and quality of 

mineral deposits. 

Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK 

The GTK’s strategic goals include 

implementing innovative methods in 

our research programmes. We are 

currently developing natural resource 

accounting systems, lifecycle technologies, 

high-efficiency ore processing 

technologies and new approaches to 

remediation of disturbed environments. 

Our mapping and research 

operations are helping improve regional 

competitiveness and promote 

economic growth. 

Demand for the GTK’s 

expertise and services 

During the year in review, our activities 

proceeded in line with the policies 

and targets agreed with the Ministry 

of Trade and Industry. Demand 

for our services was strong, far exceeding 

our income target. At the 

same time, we increased jointly funded 

activities in Finland and at the 

EU level. The GTK’s expert services 

remain competitive and have a good 

reputation in the international 

projects market. The GTK’s role in 

relation to universities and other research 

institutes in Finland has been 

clarified, and the number of publications 

was more than double our initial 

publishing target for the year. 

Exploration activity nationally 

remained strong in 2005. This was 

reflected in the demand for the GTK’s 

databases and services. The number 

of exploration companies and the 

level of investment reached record 

levels thanks to strong global demand 

for metals and high metal prices. Finland 

and Sweden are currently attractive 

to the investment community 

because of their mineral potential and 

developed infrastructure. Recent exploration 

has focused on gold, diamonds, 

base metals and PGE metals. 

Alongside the basic information the 

GTK provides, many companies have 

availed themselves of GTK’s consulting 

services as well as laboratory and 

mineral technology services. 

The land use and environmental 

sectors focused on questions regarding 

the sustainable use of natural resources, 

assessing environmental risks 

and predicting climate change. The 

GTK has become an active participant 

in the search for solutions to 

these challenges. We remain committed 

to our role as a partner in European 

research cooperation and serve as 

experts at the EU level and in drafting 

decisions in Finland. 

Changes in the operating 

environment 

The streamlining programme proposed 

by the Government calls for 

considerable reductions in GTK personnel. 

During the programme period 

2006–2011, we must reduce the 

scale of our operations and cut 

around 130 positions. At the same 

time, we must continue to transform 

our operations, invest heavily in areas 

of future development and increase 

overall efficiency. 

The GTK has strengthened its regional 

operations in line with the targets 

set by the Ministry of Trade and 

Industry. The western Finland unit 

commenced operations in Kokkola as 

planned at the beginning of 2006. The 

new unit reinforces the GTK’s regional 

importance. It will focus on soil 

surveys and mapping initially, and 

develop into a full-capability operating 

unit with 60–70 people by 2011. 

The focus in northern Finland will be 

on improving and serving the mining 

sector. In eastern Finland, the focus 

will be on comprehensive services for

the minerals sector, as well as environmental 

research and risk assessment. 

In southern Finland, the GTK 

will specialize in providing services 

for centres of urban growth and developing 

international operations. 

The GTK seeks to lead Europe in 

a number of areas. This will require 

significant investments in professional 

development. Given that we must 

accomplish this with fewer people, we 

must be fairly deliberate in prioritizing 

our operations. Priorities will be 

based on regional development plans, 

our strengths and the immediacy of 

challenges. Responding to these will 

require a clear policy highlighting the 

GTK’s role as a centre of excellence, 

especially in future recruitment. 

With the challenges ahead demanding 

the full commitment of our 

personnel, it is management’s duty to 

provide positive encouragement and 

create a healthy working environment 

so that GTK remains a highly skilled, 

vital and competitive organization. 

We accomplished a great deal in 

2005. I sincerely thank all our staff for 

their contributions to this success. 

Elias Ekdahl 

Director General 

M ESSAGE FROM THE BO ARD OF DIRECTORS 

Vigorous growth in demand for geoservices 

reflects growing importance of GTK’s role 

■ The mining industry is currently 

riding the crest of an exceptionally 

vigorous and long-lasting investment 

cycle. Some of the key factors driving 

investment have been the relatively 

low level of investment by the mining 

industry earlier in the cycle, modest 

investment in exploration globally, as 

well as the dramatic growth in China’s 

industrial output, which has resulted 

in an unprecedented demand 

for metals and minerals. Speculative 

investment on the financial markets 

has further reinforced the spike in 

investment and metal prices. 

Strong demand has also driven an 

upswing in spending on non-ferrous 

metal exploration globally. Expenditure 

on exploration rose from €3,010 

million in 2004 to €4,040 million in 

2005. The Metals Economics Group 

forecasts investment in non-ferrous 

metal exploration will increase 10– 

15% in 2006. Spending on exploration 

in Fennoscandia in 2005 was 

€60 million, an increase of 11% on 

the previous year. Finland specifically 

represented around 51% of that 

spending. 

This surge in ore and mineral exploration, 

now in its third year, has 

ensured that the GTK has been fully 

engaged in its traditional areas – exploration 

and survey of the country’s 

geological resources. However, with 

the adoption of the sustainable development 

ideal, some of GTK’s operations 

have shifted towards other fields 

such as environmental protection, 

groundwater studies, land use and 

energy supply. Accordingly, sustainable 

development has assumed a larger 

place in our organization’s strategy. 

About a quarter of GTK’s revenues 

are now generated from services 

to external clients. We were involved 


3 

in several major projects in Africa in 

2005. We now expect that the increase 

in exploration activity will drive up 

demand for high-end services in developing 

countries as we augment 

local capabilities and organizations in 

the surveying and mapping of national 

mineral resources. 

We are changing to meet the 

needs of this new operating environment. 

We now apply an operationsbased 

model that differentiates our 

core activities (mapping, research and 

development, exploration and assessment 

of natural resources and information 

management) from support 

functions. As part of the streamlining 

programme we are spinning off our 

chemical laboratory analysis services 

as an independent company. These 

measures should improve our service 

capabilities, efficiency and performance. 

Tom O. Niemi 

Chairman of the Board

4 G EOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 

Geology and 

sustainable development 

Sustainable development is a 

philosophy geared towards safeguarding 

the quality of life for 

current and future generations. 

It considers anthropogenic 

impacts locally, regionally and 

globally in economic and environmental 

contexts. Reconciling 

economic prosperity and natural 

sustainability has become the 

conundrum of the age and is 

embodied in the GTK’s vision 

statement, “Promoting the role 

of geological knowledge in sustainable 

growth and national 

prosperity.” 

Geological study intersects with sustainable 

development on many levels. 

The most fundamental is the question 

of balancing the use of natural resources 

and land with environmental 

protection. With the exception of peat 

and water, geological natural resources 

are non-renewable. Human society, 

however, cannot exist without food, 

water, energy, shelter, transport, roads 

and tools. Geological natural resources 

are essential to the functioning of 

society. For example, the average Finn 

will consume over 10,000 kg of iron, 

1,500 kg of aluminium and 600 kg of 

copper, zinc and lead in his lifetime. 

Finns use some 15,000–18,000 kg of 

crushed rock per capita every year in 

various kinds of construction. 

The use of natural resources has 

risen along with consumption and 

standards of living, especially in populous 

regions such as Asia. The finite 

nature of natural resources is fundamental 

to the argument for doing 

more with less. Sustainable development 

also calls for careful management 

of resources. The EU strategy on 

sustainable management of natural 


resources focuses on decoupling, the 

separation of the harmful environmental 

effects associated with the use 

of natural resources from economic 

growth. 

Natural-resource accounting 

to determine availability 

The availability of natural resources 

has to be examined on a broad scale, 

since the discovery, assessment, extraction 

and consumption of natural 

resources is a global activity. EU 

member states import most raw materials 

for industry from outside the 

EU. As sustainable development 

involves an international sharing of 

responsibilities, each country must be 

allowed the right to long-term development 

of its economy on the basis 

of its own natural resources and geographic 

and human assets. However, 

the use of natural resources must be 

sustainable irrespective of where the 

resource originated. The EU, and Fin- 

land in particular, offer expertise in 

preparing operational models and 

procedures for sustainable use of natural 

resources. 

An inventory of a natural resource 

must be based on reliable data on the 

amount, quality and location of the 

resource, as well as consumption forecasts 

and environmental factors that 

could constrain use of the resource. 

The GTK has been actively involved 

in developing methods for determining 

availability of geological natural 

resources. Presently, the most advanced 

work concerns gravels. The 

GTK is working with the environmental 

administration and actors in 

the sector in designing a data management 

system that provides reliable, 

real-time data online on available virgin 

gravels, as well as available substitutes 

and the suitability of gravels for 

various purposes. The aim of the system 

is to secure gravel supplies in line 

with the principles of sustainable 

Finns use over 15,000 kg of crushed rock per capita each year in construction. Shown 

here is the quarrying in Kontiolahti of grey serpentinites used in fire-resistant brick.


G EOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 

Land use, such as spatial planning and construction, requires information on soil, bedrock and groundwater conditions. Shown 

here is the Siilinjärvi town centre. 

development. The first version of the 

system will be introduced in 2008 for 

gravel pits in the Helsinki region. 

The accounting concept can also 

be applied to e.g. peat and mineral 

reserves. Finland is one of the most 

promising areas in Europe in terms of 

its mineral potential, yet only mineral 

reserves at or close to the surface have 

been studied. The challenge is to undertake 

three-dimensional studies of 

areas with mineral potential with 

methods and technologies that can 

create a reliable picture of the quality 

and characteristics of a given mineral 

deposit. 

Lifecycle management 

of natural resource use 

It is important that all stages of resource 

use, from mining to manufacturing, 

are well managed. R&D can be 

used to lower environmental impact 

and energy consumption of production 

processes as well as create new 

approaches to remediation of damaged 

environments. The ideal production 

process, of course, generates no 

emissions or waste. The GTK participates 

in development of ore and mineral 

concentration technologies. The 

GTK is also engaged in research into 

possible waste recovery and solutions 

for reducing the harmful effects of 

mining activities caused e.g. by acidic 

mine water containing heavy metals. 

The GTK researches greenhouse 

gas emissions from combustion of 

peat, a major energy source in Finland. 

The aim of the research is to 

determine sustainable limits for peat 

use. The research is also looking into 

the restoration of decommissioned 

peat bogs and other mining areas to a 

natural state or conversion for other 

uses. 

Land use, such as spatial planning 

and construction, requires information 

on soil and bedrock conditions, 

so that land use and construction can 

be managed in ways that are sustainable 

both financially and in terms of 

environmental impact. For example, 

data on soil quality and properties of 

different strata and groundwater conditions 

should form the basic starting 

points for planning and construction. 

Data on the bedrock and soil are also 

useful in designing management 

plans for water management areas 

subject to the EU’s Water Framework 

Directive. The GTK maps the threedimensional 

structures and features 

of aquifers in groundwater areas to 

5 

provide the basis for sustainable exploitation 

of groundwater and land 

use. 

Thinking about geodiversity 

The diversity of geological formations, 

or geodiversity, is an essential 

part of the natural richness of Finland, 

and a foundation for the living 

environment. Understanding geological 

formations can help us understand 

their role in supporting natural 

diversity. Geological data allow the 

reconciliation of different, often contradictory, 

land use demands and can 

be taken into account in regional zoning. 

The GTK has worked for years 

with the environmental administration 

in mapping valuable geological 

formations and sites. For example, 

after study of the geologically unique 

coastal uplift in the Kvarken area, Finland 

applied for its inclusion in 

UNESCO’s list of World Heritage 

Sites. 

By European standards, Finland is 

rich in natural resources and provides 

excellent opportunities for applying 

state-of-the-art environmental technologies 

to natural resource use.

Photo: Petri Virransalo, GTK 

The information generated from 

our geological mapping activities 

is highly valuable for mining and 

minerals companies, land use 

planning, construction 

and environmental protection. 

Geological mapping in Finland is 

divided into the following mapping 

programmes: 

■ Bedrock mapping 

■ Surficial mapping 

■ Marine geological mapping 

■ Urban geological mapping 

■ Airborne geophysical mapping 

■ Gravimetric surveys 

Geological mapping work 

continues on schedule 

In bedrock and surficial mapping, 

2005 signified the beginning of a transition 

phase extending until 2008, 

during which traditional mapping 

programmes progressing by map sheet 

will be replaced with a needs-based 

operating model that draws on stateof-the-art 

information collection, 

management and distribution procedures. 

In connection with this, largescale 

development projects were started 

contemporaneously with other 

mapping work. The aim is to establish 

procedures for ensuring that field data 

are efficiently captured in databases 

for processing and rapid distribution 

to users. These improvements will 

meet requirements of the EU and national 

geographic information strategy 

for interoperability and availability 

of core datasets. 

The focus of the traditional 

1:100,000 bedrock mapping programme 

was in completing unfinished 

mapping work, which was also reflected 

in the record number of map 

In 2005, the GTK had several projects 

underway in Mozambique and Tanzania. 

The photo was taken on the Tanzanian 

border looking towards the Zambian side. 

▼ 

R E VIEW OF 2005 A CTIVITIES 

sheets completed. With the upswing in 

exploration in Finland, the collection 

of site-specific mapping data of a 

schist belt with mineral potential in 

Kittilä and Sodankylä in northern Finland 

got underway. The project makes 

use of the GTK’s own mapping and 

research data and the large quantity of 

data to be transferred from the Outokumpu 

Group to the GTK. The aim is 

to produce a digital map and database 

useful for exploration to be ready for 

distribution in 2006. Standard scale 

(1:200,000) mapping of the Suomussalmi-Kuusamo-Pudasjärvi 

and South 

Ostrobothnian areas was carried out 

to increase the coverage of regional 

mapping data. 

The projects relating to the conventional 

map sheet programme 

(surficial mapping 1:20,000/50,000), 

general mapping (1:200,000) and biodiversity 

research continued in the 

surficial mapping programme. Basic 

mapping was done in coastal areas of 

southern Finland chosen on the basis 

of a needs assessment performed in 

2004, as well as in the Pyhä-Luosto 

National Park, which is important 

from a tourism perspective and for 

which the Metsähallitus is seeking international 

Geopark status. Several 

surveys concerning the environmental 

impact of mining activities were performed 

in eastern and northern Finland 

as contract research. 

The production of soil data for the 

whole country at a standard scale 

(1:200,000) concerning soils and surficial 

changes continued in cooperation 

with MTT Agrifood Research Finland 

and the Finnish Forest Research Institute 

(METLA). The Ministry of the 

Environment has contributed to the 

project financing. The data will serve 

a variety of land-use, field cultivation 

and forest management uses, as well 

as EU data needs. The mapping pro- 


7 

Bedrock mapping in the coastal area 

of Vaasa. 

gressed as planned, and the coverage 

of the data increased to 35%. A national 

database will be available for 

distribution in 2008. 

In the field of research into biodiversity, 

work continued on the inventory 

project on valuable moraine formations 

(MORMI), and work was 

started on the inventory project on 

valuable wind and beach formations 

(TUURA). The MORMI project will 

finish in 2006, and the results will be

published as a national final report. 

The TUURA project will concentrate 

on surveying and assessing the country’s 

wind-blown sand formations 

and the scenically and geologically 

finest beach formations in accordance 

with the Nature Conservation Act. 

Both projects are being instituted in 

cooperation with the Finnish Environment 

Institute (SYKE). Within the 

projects, the GTK is responsible for 

the geological surveying and assessment 

of the sites, and SYKE for the 

biological evaluation of the sites. The 

Ministry of the Environment will 

provide the bulk of funding for the 

projects. The results will be used for 

planning land use, recreation and 

tourist areas. 

Improved geological mapping of 

the sea floor became possible with the 

commissioning of a vessel for joint 

use by the GTK and Finland’s Naval 

Research Institute. The mapping targets 

were exceeded by a wide margin. 

The mapping focused primarily on 

the Gulf of Bothnia and involved 

jointly funded and contract projects 

such as research into the gravel reserves 

on the sea floor and plans for 

an offshore wind farm. In addition, the 

GTK participated in the wide-ranging 

and long-term VELMU project, led by 

the Finnish Environment Institute, to 

assess the biodiversity of the sea floor 

in the Archipelago Sea. 

Urban geological mapping and its 

development continued in the municipalities 

of the Helsinki Metropolitan 

Area with support from Tekes, the 

Finnish Funding Agency for Technology 

and Innovation, and the municipalities 

in the area. The Internetbased 

GeoTIETO system containing 

information on the suitability of 

ground and bedrock for construction 

and other information was completed 

for use by municipalities in the capital 

8 R E VIEW OF 2005 A CTIVITIES 

region. The system will be accessible 

to all and free of charge when the 

development project is completed 

in 2006. In connection with these 

projects, development work started on 

a web-based service and a ground survey 

register based on the management 

of national drilling information. 

Measurement flights for the airborne 

geophysical survey programme 

were conducted in the Åland islands 

and southeast Finland. Coverage 

reached 89% of Finland’s land area, 

although it fell short of the 2005 target 

due to delays in receiving flight 

permissions related to changes in the 

measurement instrumentation. The 

mapping deficit will be made up over 

the coming years so that the programme 

can be completed as planned 

in 2008. The survey results are traditionally 

used in exploration and bedrock 

mapping, and to an increasing 

extent in various environmental and 

land-use applications. The GTK is 

also contracted with the British Geological 

Survey (BGS) on an airborne 

geophysical survey of Northern Ireland. 

Several chartered flights were 

undertaken in Finland for exploration 

and research into landfill sites. 

Export project operations, which 

come under the geological mapping 

division, were particularly active. The 

GTK had several on-going projects in 

Mozambique and Tanzania in 2005. 

The projects involve bedrock mapping 

and geochemical or geophysical 

mapping depending on the area. The 

aim is to identify sites with ore and 

industrial mineral potential. The 

GTK also helps develop information 

management and laboratories of research 

institutes in the host countries. 

Significant training of local personnel 

is involved. The projects are funded 

by the countries’ governments, the 

International Development Association 

of the World Bank (IDA), the 

Nordic Development Fund (NDF) 

and the African Development Bank 

(AfDB). The GTK is implementing 

these projects with local geological 

surveys and several foreign consultants. 

The activity is financially significant 

for the GTK – export projects 

accounted for 21% (€2.0 million) 

of the GTK’s income from contract 

services. A total of around 30 personyears 

of expert services from the 

GTK was budgeted for these projects. 

Geological mapping, 2005 

Planned Implemented 

Bedrock mapping 

– published maps 1:100,000 5 5 + 2 print ready 

– published explanations 4 3 + 4 print ready 

– regional mapping, coverage % 

Surficial mapping 

72 72 

– basic mapping, km2 1,500 1,749 

– general mapping, coverage % 

Marine geological mapping 

35 35 

– mapping surface area, km2 600 650 

– soundings, line km 

Airborne geophysical surveys 

1,000 1,600 

– Finnish flight programme, line km 50,000 19,800 

– condensed grid measurements, line km 

Regional gravimetric surveys 

15,000 17 700 

– area, km2 2,000 1,775

Research findings – providing 

a factual basis for sustainable 

development. 

Publishing activities set 

record pace 

GTK research during the year under 

review was vibrant, there was a diversity 

of research projects and the 

number of peer-reviewed publications 

reached a record level. To ensure 

the efficiency of its research as well as 

its ability to provide services, the GTK 

expanded its network operating model 

in Finland and internationally. This 

can be seen in the close cooperation 

with interest groups and jointly funded 

multi-discipline operations, which 

have accounted for an increasing 

share of the GTK’s activities over the 

last few years. There has also been 

greater success in obtaining EU funding. 

At the start of 2005, there were 

32 projects in progress under various 

funding arrangements. The overall 

funding for these projects over several 

years totals around €7.8 million. The 

number of projects started exceeded 

the target, especially in environmental 

risk research. Jointly funded research 

should maintain its pace as multidiscipline 

cooperation networks continue 

to strengthen and EU-level 

funding for research and technology 

increases. 

Several of projects concerning 

land use and the environment have 

wider implications such as the multidisciplinary 

research into the coastal 

land uplift of the Kvarken region 

(GEONAT, Geological Information 

and Nature Values for the Sustainable 

Development of the Kvarken Area); 

research into soil conservation, spatial 

planning and the state of coastal areas 

at the European Topic Centre on Terrestrial 

Environment (ETC/TE); and 

planning use of the Baltic Sea areas 

(BALANCE, Global Change Vulnerabilities 

in the Barents Region: Linking 

Photo: Olli Breilin, GTK 


The GEONAT project involves multi-disciplinary studies in the Kvarken archipelago, 

which has been proposed as a World Heritage Site. Shown here are the Mikkelinsaaret 

islands. The shot was taken from a nature trail leading from the nature station on 

Kummelskaret island in the municipality of Maksamaa. 

Arctic Natural Resources, Climate 

Change and Economies). Several spatial 

planning projects were also in 

progress: spatial planning and environmental 

risks (ESPON Hazards, 

European Spatial Planning Observation 

Network – the spatial effects and 

management of natural and technological 

hazards in general and in relation 

to climate change); spatial planning 

and the environment (ESPON 

Environment); and spatial planning 

and variations in sea level (SEAREG, 

Sea Level Change Affecting the Spatial 

Development in the Baltic Sea Region). 

Key research results were published 

during the year on Arctic research 

and research into geological 

global change. The GTK participated 

in the Landscape Lab project run by 

the Arctic Centre at the University of 

Lapland, studying the environmental 

impacts of tourism areas in Lapland. 

International cooperation, particularly 

in the area of northwestern Russia, 

was fruitful and produced numerous 

peer-reviewed research publications. 

Adapting to climate change was 

studied in the ASTRA project (Developing 

Policies & Adaptation Strategies 

to Climate Change in the Baltic 

9 

Sea Region), and natural disasters and 

risks were surveyed and evaluated in 

the ARMONIA project (Applied Multi 

Risk Mapping of Natural Hazards 

for Impact Assessment). Research 

into the nuclear waste disposal sites in 

permafrost areas (Permafrost project) 

concentrated on the impact and characteristics 

of permafrost at possible 

disposal sites. The work also included 

hydrogeological analysis of bedrock 

fracture zones. 

A 2,516-metre borehole in Outokumpu 

was completed. The drilling 

was performed by Russian drilling 

experts NEDRA in cooperation with 

the trading house Machinoimport 

under a debt-conversion arrangement 

between Finland and Russia. The 

initial findings back up the seismic 

reflection sounding data for the area. 

The extensive core samples and 

drilling log data will be utilized in 

a number of international research 

projects. Interpretations of the deep 

seismic reflection project were completed, 

providing a new perspective 

on deep structures in Finnish bedrock 

down to depths of tens of kilometres. 

The GTK developed gold prospecting 

models for Lapland and else-


A mine closure handbook was published in 2005. Shown is a former tailings area in 

Outokumpu that has been converted into a golf course. 

where based on the latest technology. 

This research combines the ore geology 

knowledge of top American and 

Australian experts and makes use of 

the exceptionally comprehensive and 

detailed dataset available for Finland. 

The results have already led to practical 

exploration activities in several 

areas. The results of the methodological 

development of diamond exploration 

partially funded by the Academy 

of Finland were published. 

The GTK is actively pursuing 

research that will serve the minerals 

sector. A wide-ranging EU Technology 

Platform Programme on Sustainable 

Mineral Resources is under 

development in cooperation with 

industry and research organizations. 

The BIOSHALE project involves 

development of innovative bioleaching 

methods that exploit microbial activity 

in black shale ores. In this EU project, 

the GTK’s main role involves bioleaching 

black shale from Sotkamo, which is 

studied at the GTK’s mineral processing 

laboratory in Outokumpu. 

During 2005, the GTK took part 

in the publication of several major 

scientific and professional publications. 

They contain the results of 

long-term geological projects and 

will become standard textbooks in 

teaching, research and environmental 

sector reports in Finland and the 

rest of Europe. 

The GTK collaborated with the 

Outokumpu Group, Soil and Water 

Ltd, the Finnish Road Enterprise, 

Salvor Ltd and VTT (the Technical 

Research Centre of Finland) in drawing 

up a handbook on closing mines. 

The publication is intended for actors, 

authorities and consultants in 

the sector. The work is the first of its 

kind in Europe and is likely to be used 

as a handbook and as a reference 

when restoring mine and quarry sites 

to a pristine condition. The guide has 

attracted conciderable interest internationally, 

and an English-language 

version is under preparation. 

A major work on the geology of 

the Precambrian bedrock in Finland 

containing essential data on Finland’s 

bedrock, its long history and the current 

state of geological knowledge 

was published by an international 

publisher. The project was completed 


as the result of cooperation between 

23 experts working at the GTK and 

universities and was based on detailed 

ground observations performed over 

150 years, extensive geochemical data 

and extensive absolute dating. The 

book describes the main bedrock 

areas in Finland in detail, such as the 

layered rocks containing platinum 

group metals in northern Finland, the 

rapakivi granites of southern Finland 

and the diamond-bearing kimberlite 

pipes of eastern Finland. 

The wide-ranging FOREGS 

Geochemical Baseline Mapping 

Programme reached its conclusion 

in 2005. The results were published 

as a book. One of the most important 

aims of the project, which was managed 

by the GTK, was to assess a baseline 

of heavy metals and other element 

concentrations in the soil, as well as 

distinguish between natural variations 

in the presence of certain elements and 

elements present as the result of determine 

human activity. In all, 26 countries 

took part in the project. 

The division of duties between 

the Geological Survey of Finland 

and Finnish universities was clarified. 

Cooperation was improved in line 

with the recommendations of the 

assessment panel that looked into 

cooperation between universities and 

research institutes in the geosciences 

sector. Development work will continue 

under two projects: a planning 

project on the structural development 

of geosciences in Finland and a laboratory 

research project in isotope geoscience. 

Research and Development, 2005 


Internationally refereed scientific publications 60 68 

Nationally refereed scientific publications – 46 

Other publications 160 324

Exploration continued 

at a brisk pace 

One of the key responsibilities of 

the GTK is to assess the amount 

and potential use of natural 

resources in the Earth’s crust in 

Finland. The GTK produces data 

on natural resources and their 

usability as a basis for sustainable 

growth. 

Strong demand for the GTK’s databases 

and services, led by the exploration 

sector, continued throughout 

2005. Nearly all the exploration companies 

operating in Finland used the 

databases and services of the GTK, 

generating record income of over €4 

million from the minerals industry in 

2005. 

New actors entered the exploration 

sector. As of end 2005, there were 

over 40 companies in the field. Their 

interests are primarily in gold, nickel, 


diamonds and PGE metals. Total 

investments by the exploration sector 

were €35 million. Numerous mine 

projects are pending, and many significant 

projects are based on deposits 

discovered by the GTK. The long time 

horizons involved in mine development 

can be seen in the fact that profitability 

assessments are just now being 

made on deposits identified as 

long as 20 years ago. 

While GTK geodata form the basis 

for exploration, many companies 

also use the GTK’s expert, laboratory 

and mineral processing services. The 

GTK played an active role in improving 

the operating environment of the 

minerals industry by producing new 

information and improving the ways 

in which information is interpreted. 

The biggest advances were seen in 

how the mineral potential of bedrock 

Many mining and mineral projects on stream involve deposits discovered and mapped by the GTK. Shown here a lime quarry in 

Mustio operated by Lohja Oy. 

11 

in promising areas sites is assessed, as 

well as increased availability of geological 

information. Information on 

such matters as conservation areas 

was made available on the GTK’s web 

server. The results of the recently 

launched Fennoscandian ore database 

project, which involves cooperation 

with Finland’s neighbours, will eventually 

be posted online. The demand 

for services relating to exploration 

and mining continued to grow. 

The GTK, in accordance with its 

strategy, concentrated on the first 

stage of exploration, which aims at 

locating new ore belts and mineral 

deposits, especially in areas where exploration 

companies have not been 

active. The GTK’s exploration and 

assessments are based on extensive 

research and modelling. The focus of 

exploration for metalliferous ores has 

Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK



The GTK’s programme for mapping peat reserves guarantees reserves of the raw material for industry in line with energy policies. 

Mist rising above peatland, Pieksämäki. 

been on gold and in researching the ore 

potential of northern Finland’s mafic 

intrusions. The most important gold 

exploration projects to identify new 

areas with gold potential and ore deposits 

were centred on the eastern areas 

of Kittilä and in the Sodankylä, Ostrobothnia 

and Forssa-Huittinen areas. 

The GTK reported to the Ministry 

of Trade and Industry on the gold ore 

deposits at Ritakallio in the municipality 

of Huittinen and at Sakiatieva 

in the municipality of Sodankylä, as 

well as the multi-metal deposits at 

Haukiaho and Kaukua in Koillismaa. 

The focus in industrial mineral exploration 

has been on locating reserves 

of ilmenite and lithium in Ostrobothnia. 

Study of a calcite-wollastonite 

deposit at Kuovila in Pohja municipality 

confirmed the area’s geological 

model and large mineral reserves. The 

GTK concluded its regional exploration 

mapping projects in central and 

northern Ostrobothnia and central 

Lapland to identify natural stone materials 

with commercial potential. Reports 

on soapstone reserves in eastern 

Finland were also completed. 

The GTK reported on the exploration 

potential of Finland in forums 

in Finland and abroad, including the 

international mining congress held 

in Toronto and the Fennoscandian 

Exploration & Mining Conference 

in Rovaniemi. 

Peat reserves were surveyed and 

assessed to about the same extent as 

in the previous year. The reported 

volume of peat suitable for production, 

102 million cubic metres of 

peatland, exceeded the reporting target. 

Slightly less mapping was accomplished 

than the budgeted target. Detailed 

studies ordered by the industry 

to direct peat production increased to 

cover an area of 3,000 hectares. The 

mapping of peat reserves by the GTK 

ensures reserves of this renewable fuel 

source for industry in line with national 

energy policies. 

The importance of groundwater 

reserves as sources of municipal water 

supplies continues to grow. Thanks to 

good cooperation, the roles of actors 

in this area have been made clarified, 

and the GTK’s role as a producer of 

geological structure models has been 

highlighted. As part of the TELLUS 

project GTK took part in a research 

project in Northern Ireland in which 

samples of stream water from the 

countryside and city environments 

were analysed with the aim of creating 

a geochemical database and map. 

Exploration and assessment of natural resources, 2005 


Claims reported to the Ministry of Trade and Industry,line km 13 6 

Commercially viable deposits reported to the 

Ministry of Trade and Industry 

Inventory of peat reserves 

4 4 

– surveyed peatland area, km2 300 308 

– reported volume of peat suitable for production, m3 million 100 102

Making information 

user friendly 

Society as a whole benefits when 

well maintained geoinformation is 

widely available. 

A variety of information services provide 

the central interface between information 

generated by the GTK and 

users of geological data. The development 

of information networks and 

the accompanying transformation of 

technology for data distribution have 

enabled services to be developed to a 

completely new level. At the same 

time, these new opportunities pose a 

considerable challenge – their exploitation 

requires increasing investment 

in technology, database management 

and improved work practices. 

The GTK has responded to this 

with a new strategy. We are fully committed 

to becoming a state-of-the-art 

geodata centre that operates and develops 

in response to the information 

needs of our society. 

Our goal is to make up-to-date 

information readily available online. 

Our online services have been diversified, 

delineated and technically upgraded. 

The new system allows immediate 

updating and easy modification 

and creation of web pages. The results 

can be seen in the English-language 

parts of our website. We have put a 

significant amount of new, comprehensive 

data online. For example, the 

geochemical environmental impact 

map now allows online examination 

of background concentrations of elements 

harmful to humans. 

We have also added an online version 

of the Quaternary map user 

guide that allows people working outside 

geology to use our soil data. External 

use of the online services has 

increased by more than 10% a year 

over the past three years, and the positive 

feedback from clients supports our 

current information policies. 



The geoexhibition in Espoo is a presentation of rocks and geological phenomena for 

people of all ages. 

Other significant aspects of the 

information services restructuring 

include the completion of the information 

services project at the Espoo 

unit and the new geological exhibition 

and museum. The exhibition, 

which is open to the public, combines 

traditional and modern exhibition 

technology and is intended for anyone 

interested in rocks and geology. 

The GTK also contributed to several 

other exhibitions and nature trails. 

Although we are an organization 

producing information, information 

management at the GTK is about 

much more than our information 

service. The effectiveness of our own 

activities demands continuous development 

to ensure the smooth running 

of our information processes 

and systematic development of our 

technical capabilities. Our geological 

data management system, GeoKernel, 

was applied to mapping peat reserves. 

13 

Implementation projects for collecting 

data were defined and implemented. 

The speed of the data links 

between the units was upgraded as 

part of a ministerial level framework 

agreement. The changes have enabled 

the introduction of new applications 

in operational information management 

and communication links. 

A significant amount of work was 

performed in the field of data management. 

As of end-2005, the Outokumpu 

Group had provided the GTK 

with 116,000 digital observations, 

nearly 5,000 scanned and georeferenced 

geological maps, and around 

4,250 analyses from deep boreholes. 

The digitization of archive reports by 

the GTK also witnesses significant 

progress. The benefits of this work 

can be seen in our online services for 

clients and in improvements in the 

internal efficiency of our information 

service.


The GTK offers an ever-increasing 

range of contract services to support 

business competitiveness. 

Our client base for contract services 

has expanded significantly over the 

last few years. Business and industry 

remain the core client groups. The income 

targets for the GTK’s contract 

services were successfully achieved in 

2005, and the expansion in the client 

base was driven strongly by increased 

spending on ore exploration. External 

demand for geolaboratory services in 

Finland increased, along with a rise interest 

from the minerals industry in 

GTK research data. 

Our mineral processing laboratory 

in Outokumpu acquired a new highspeed 

measurement tool, a Mineral 

Liberation Analyser (MLA), which 


Increased demand 

for contract services 

incorporates a scanning electron 

microscope. The MLA can perform 

quantitative mineralogical measurements 

of native rock, ore concentrates 

or environmentally affected soil samples. 

The tool will be used to develop 

new application areas in exploration 

and environmental research. 

Our mapping projects in Africa 

progressed on budget and on schedule 

in 2005. The operating targets set for 

the projects, such as transfer of skills 

and techniques and adding value to 

development work in the client country 

will most likely be achieved as planned. 

Improving the quality and service 

capability of the GTK’s products is 

a continuous process involving active 

relations with clients and interest 

groups and development of our 

quality control system. Operating 

processes are developed systematically 

to ensure quality and the ability to 

provide services. 

Contract geoservices, 2005 


Measuring, testing, sample-taking 

Chemically analyzed samples 120,000 114,172 

Boring (Soil sampling), m 15,000 16,609 

Drilling (Bedrock sampling), m 30,000 28,465 

Drilling commissioned from external operators 35,000 22,806 

Demand remained high in 2005 for laboratory services provided by our geolaboratory. Here a microscopist at our mineral 

processing laboratory in Outokumpu studies samples.


The drilling of a research borehole 

to a record depth for Finland was 

completed in January 2005 near 

the town of Outokumpu in eastern 

Finland. 

The drilling of the 2,516-metre-deep 

borehole was performed by the Russian 

drilling specialist NEDRA in 

association with Russian state trading 

house Machinoimport.The Outokumpu 

Deep Drilling Project derives 

from an agreement between the Finnish 

and Russian governments to offset 

a share of the Soviet era debt to Finland 

against scientific instrumentation 

and research services. The drilling of 

the Outokumpu drill hole reduced 

Russia’s debt by about €7 million. The 

GTK also used this innovative debt 

conversion mechanism to finance an 

earlier research project in 2001–2003, 

whereby a Russian seismic measurement 

team performed over 2,000 

line kilometres of reflection seismic 

soundings for the entire country, extending 

to the base of the Earth’s crust 

at 60–80 km depth. 

Although mining of copper and 

nickel ores in Outokumpu was discontinued 

in the 1980s, the GTK ultimately 

selected Outokumpu as the site 

for deep drilling because it remains 

one of Finland’s most fascinating geological 

sites. Previous deep drilling in 

Outokumpu went down to 1,150 metres. 

Although the aim of the Outokumpu 

project was not metals exploration, 

but rather basic research of a 

part of the Earth’s crust with a very 

complex history, it identified serpentinites 

similar to the Outokumpu ore 

C ASE: DEEP DRILLING 

Outokumpu deep drill hole completed 

Photo: Kaj Västi, GTK 

host rock at a depth of 1.3–1.5 km. 

The goal is to keep the borehole open 

for use as a deep laboratory for fluid 

sampling and many kinds of geophysical 

down-hole measurements. 

In addition to providing a surprising 

perspective on the bedrock 

structures in the Outokumpu area, 

hydrogeological tests revealed that 

the water in the rock at depths of 

1,000 m and below is saline and contains 

large amounts of dissolved gases. 

The temperature at the base of the 

borehole was also found to be around 

Drilling tower for the deep borehole at 

Outokumpu. 

15 

40ºC. This is lower than might be 

expected, suggesting the rock holds a 

“memory” of colder climate conditions 

in the distant past. 

The Outokumpu Deep Drilling 

Project involved a wide range of geophysical 

measurements including determining 

the electrical conductivity 

of the rock, its density, magnetic 

properties, temperature and composition. 

The deep borehole at Outokumpu 

is available for geophysical 

and geological investigation. Current 

research projects include detailed 

studies of the bedrock groundwater 

conditions, the pumping of water 

samples from fracture zones and the 

investigation of microbial activity in 

the bedrock. 

A more detailed picture of the 

structures around the borehole will 

be created through calibration of geophysical 

ground-level measurements 

to the actual borehole logs. The drilling 

cores have been carefully preserved 

so that they can be used in 

studying the physical and chemical 

properties of the bedrock. 

Samples from the Outokumpu 

deep borehole will be used in an extensive 

international research project 

over the coming years. Research 

teams representing research institutions, 

universities and companies in 

seven countries are already using the 

borehole for various projects. To 

maximize the scientific benefit from 

the project, scientific researchers from 

around the world are welcome to 

schedule time slots for their particular 

projects.

16 C OMPTE- RENDU D ’ A CTIVITÉ 

Compte-rendu d’activité 

Le Centre National de la Recherche Géologique : 

un pôle du savoir géoscientifique 

L’activité du Centre National Finlandais 

de la Recherche Géologique 

(GTK) a été bénéficiaire au titre de 

l’exercice 2005, les objectifs fixés 

ayant par ailleurs été atteints pour la 

plupart. La demande des prestations 

et services du Centre a été variée et 

soutenue. Les objectifs prévus pour 

les activités d’édition ont été dépassés 

de plus du double du niveau prévu, 

ceci s’expliquant surtout par le fait 

que nous ayons fortement misé sur 

ces activités. A l’image des années 

précédentes, la majeure partie des ressources 

humaines et économiques du 

Centre a été ciblée sur les ressources 

naturelles. 

La stratégie du GTK a été affinée 

au cours de l’exercice. Nous nous 

sommes créé une vision ainsi résumée 

: la géologie, génératrice de croissance 

durable et de bien-être. L’objectif 

que le Centre s’est fixé de devenir un 

pôle du savoir géoscientifique, en 

particulier dans deux domaines spécifiques 

: en tant que spécialiste des ressources 

géologiques, de leur comptabilisation 

et de leur gestion durable, 

et comme centre national de données. 

La nouvelle organisation du Centre 

a pris effet au début de l’année 

comptable, et les modes opératoires 

correspondants ont été adaptés au fil 

de l’année. Les secteurs d’activité figurant 

au bilan de l’exercice sont la 

cartographie géologique, la recherche 

et le développement, la prospection 

des ressources et la gestion de données 

; à ces secteurs d’activité s’ajoutent 

les services payants proposés par 

le Centre. 

Le GTK a favorisé par ses actions 

un développement du rayonnement 

des régions finlandaises, ceci conformément 

aux objectifs gouvernementaux 

; ainsi, en application de la décision 

du ministère du Commerce et de 

l’Industrie, notre antenne régionale 

pour la Finlande occidentale a été 

ouverte début 2006 à Kokkola. 

Aux termes du programme de 

stimulation de la productivité devant 

être mise en œuvre par l’Etat pour la 

période 2005–2011, les établissements 

publics se voient imposer une augmentation 

de leur productivité d’au 

moins 2%. S’agissant du GTK, l’application 

du programme prévu se traduira 

d’ici 2011 par une baisse d’effectifs 

de 130 salariés par rapport aux 

effectifs totaux. L’aspect le plus important 

du programme sera la privatisation 

des services d’analyses chimiques 

en laboratoire, et le transfert des 

personnels correspondants vers la 

nouvelle entreprise ainsi créée. Les 

préparatifs de la privatisation ont 

commencé à la fin 2005. 

La cartographie géologique 

s’est poursuivie comme prévu 

La cartographie géologique produit 

des informations de base et des applications 

destinées à répondre aux besoins 

de l’industrie extractive, de la 

planification foncière, du BTP ainsi 

que de la protection de l’environnement. 

L’année 2005 a correspondu 

pour la cartographie pédologique et 

topologique au début d’une période 

transitoire devant s’étendre jusqu’en 

2008 ; dans cet intervalle, les programmes 

cartographiques traditionnels, 

qui progressaient selon un ordre 

pré-établi, seront remplacés par un 

modèle de fonctionnement tenant 

compte des besoins et utilisant des méthodes 

modernes de collecte, de gestion 

et de diffusion des informations. 

Par ailleurs, d’importants projets 

de développement ont été engagés 

parallèlement aux autres actions cartographiques 

du Centre. L’objectif est 

d’assurer un transfert efficace des informations 

recueillies sur le terrain 

vers nos bases de données, et de parvenir 

à un affinement et une diffusion 

aisée des données jusqu’à l’utilisateur. 

Nous satisfaisons également ainsi aux 

exigences de l’Union européenne et 

de la stratégie topographique nationale 

du point de vue de la comptabilité, 

de la facilité d’accès de nos documents 

et de la mise en place d’une 

banque de données. 

Un nombre record 

de publications 

La recherche et le développement 

produisent des informations de base 

fiables destinées à servir au développement 

durable de la société. Au 

cours de cet exercice comptable, l’activité 

de recherche du GTK a été importante 

et des projets de recherche 

variés ont eu lieu, le nombre de publications 

ayant fait l’objet d’un aval 

scientifique n’ayant par ailleurs jamais 

été aussi élevé. Afin de renforcer son 

efficacité et sa capacité à répondre 

aux demandes du public, le Centre a 

élargi son fonctionnement en réseau 

tant sur le plan national qu’international. 

Ceci s’est traduit par une étroite 

implication du GTK au sein de 

groupements d’intérêt ainsi que dans 

des activités pluridisciplinaires relevant 

du cofinancement. Il y a lieu de noter 

que ces participations prennent depuis 

quelques années une importance croissante 

dans l’activité du GTK. 

Le GTK a également connu un 

succès grandissant en matière de financements 

de l’UE : au début de 

l’année 2006, nous avions 32 projets 

en cours relevant de différents mécanismes 

de financement, ce pour un 

financement total et programmé sur 

plusieurs années de 7,8 millions 

d’euros environ. Nous avons lancé 

davantage de nouveaux projets que 

nous n’avions prévu de le faire, en 

particulier pour la recherche des risques 

liés à l’environnement. 

Une prospection 

minière active 

La mission fondamentale du GTK est 

d’établir l’étendue et l’utilité des ressources 

des sols finlandais du point de


Aperçu financier 

Une Gestion stricte 

C OMPTE- RENDU D ’ A CTIVITÉ 

II Salpausselkä end moraine, Asikkala. Chaîne morainique de II Salpausselkä, Asikkala. 

vue de leur intérêt pour la croissance 

durable. Les informations géologiques 

produites par le Centre servent de 

base à la prospection ; en outre, de 

nombreuses entreprises font appel 

aux services spécialisés du Centre, tels 

que ses services de laboratoire ou de 

technologie minérale. La prospection 

minière a été active, les résultats dégagés 

en 2005 ayant atteint le niveau 

record de plus de 4 millions d’euros 

de recettes. 

Le GTK veille activement à permettre 

l’essor de l’industrie extractive, 

en produisant à cet effet de nouvelles 

informations et interprétations sur les 

zones présentant un intérêt du point 

de vue du potentiel de leur assise rocheuse, 

ainsi qu’en améliorant l’accès 

aux informations géologiques. La Finlande 

comptait en 2005 plus de 40 

compagnies de prospection minière 

dont l’activité a principalement pour 

objet l’or, le nickel, les diamants et le 

platine. Les investissements totaux au 

titre de la prospection se sont élevés à 

35 millions d’euros environ. De nombreux 

projets d’extraction sont en 

cours, dont plusieurs chantiers importants 

qui ont pu voir le jour à la 

suite de la découverte de gisements 

par le GTK. 

Gestion des données : 

un accès plus simple pour 

les utilisateurs 

Le GTK a pour mission d’assurer l’entretien 

et l’accessibilité des informations 

géologiques dont a besoin la 

société, et d’en promouvoir l’usage 

diversifié. Les différentes prestations 

informationnelles qu’assure le Centre 

sont une interface destinée aux utilisateurs 

d’informations géologiques. 

Grâce au développement des réseaux 

d’information et le renouvellement 

des technologies de diffusion de l’in- 

formation, nous avons pu développer 

nos services jusqu’à un niveau jamais 

observé jusque là. Dans le même 

temps, nous sommes en face d’un défi 

considérable nécessitant des investissements 

constants en technologie, 

gestion des contenus et développement 

des modes opératoires. 

L’objectif du GTK est que toute 

l’information gérée par le Centre 

soit diffusée par le biais de l’internet. 

A cette fin, les services en ligne ont été 

diversifiés, simplifiés et modernisés. 

Nous avons opté en 2005 pour un 

nouveau logiciel de mise à jour et de 

développement de sites internet, ce 

qui a permis de renouveler de fond 

en comble la vaste partie en langue 

anglaise de notre site. 

Le GTK s’est vu allouer 41,4 millions 

d’euros de crédits budgétaires. Les 

crédits disponibles reportés de l’exercice 

précédent représentant 2,8 millions 

d’euros, le GTK a pu disposer 

d’un total de 44,2 millions d’euros de 

crédits pour dépenses d’exploitation ; 

sur cette somme, 40,5 millions ont été 

employés. 

La part de l’autofinancement et 

du financement extérieur s’est maintenue 

à un niveau égal à celui de 

l’exercice 2004. Les recettes se sont 

élevées à 13,4 millions d’euros, soit 

une progression de 3,1% par rapport 

à l’année précédente. Les recettes 

générées par les services payants ont 

été de 9,7 millions d’euros. L’accroissement 

des recettes est dû au produit 

d’activités menées en partenariat et 

financées par des sources extérieures 

à l’Etat finlandais, dont l’UE. L’autofi- 

17 

Un accroissement de la 

demande de services payants 

Les services payants proposés par le 

Centre ont pour but de compléter les 

autres prestations du GTK, d’accroitre 

l’influence de notre institution et de 

renforcer la compétitivité de l’économie. 

Le nombre de nos clients a considérablement 

augmenté ces dernières 

années en raison du bon développement 

conjoncturel, et notamment de 

l’accroissement de la prospection. La 

catégorie la plus importante de nos 

clients est restée constituée par les 

acteurs de la vie économique. Le bon 

développement extérieur de la demande 

de services de laboratoire s’est poursuivi 

sur le plan national, tandis que 

l’industrie extractive a continué à manifester 

son intérêt pour les documents 

issus des recherches du GTK. 

nancement et les financements extérieurs 

ont permis de couvrir 25% de 

nos dépenses budgétaires ; la majeure 

partie des activités du Centre a donc 

été financée par ses fonds budgétaires 

propres. Les prévisions de recettes au 

titre des services payants et les prévisions 

de recettes d’ensemble ont été 

les unes et les autres dépassées. 

Les dépenses d’exploitation totales 

au titre de 2005 se sont élevées à 

55,2 millions d’euros, ce qui correspond 

au niveau observé l’année précédente. 

Les charges salariales ont 

atteint 32,5 millions d’euros, ce qui 

représente 58% des dépenses d’exploitation. 

Le total du bilan du GTK s’est 

élevé à environ 16,3 millions d’euros 

à l’actif. Par rapport aux chiffres de 

la fin 2004, le bilan enregistre une 

progression de 1,43 million d’euros.


Publication services 

GTK research findings are reported 

in our publications, domestic and 

international journals, as well as at 

conferences and seminars and on 

our website www.gtk.fi. 

Publications and maps may be 

purchased at the GTK’s Espoo 

offices, Betonimiehenkuja 4, 

POB 96, FIN-02151 Espoo. 

To order by email, contact 

julkaisumyynti@gtk.fi. Publications 

can also be purchased at our unit 

libraries in eastern and northern 

Finland. 

www.gtk.fi 

The GTK website offers a wealth 

of information, including research 

data and GTK publications. Visitors 

can access current information on 

GTK mapping and research activities 

and services, the research register 

and complete publications catalogues. 

An extensive map and 

geographic information database 

and an image bank of geological 

photographs are maintained online. 

In-house magazine 

The GTK publishes Geofoorumi, 

a general-interest magazine, three 

times a year. The magazine is available 

free of charge. The content is 

mostly in Finnish and deals with 

interesting geological phenomena, 

on-going projects and notable 

research results. It also contains 

articles in English and Swedish. 

An on-line version of the magazine 

is posted online at www.gtk.fi/ 

ajankohtaista/geoFoorumi. Printed 

copies may be ordered by sending 

an email to viestinta@gtk.fi 

or by phoning Taina Järvinen at 

+358 (0)20 550 2242. 

We publish traditional topographic 

maps for outdoor recreationists. Here 

hikers explore the Orinoro Gorge in 

Leppävirta. 

▼ 


Great sundew on moss, Leivonmäki. 

P UBLICATIONS 

19

20 G EOLOGICAL MAPPING 2005 

Geological 

mapping 2005 

The index map shows the areas 

where GTK did geological mapping 

in 2005. The colours symbolize 

mapped areas and the form in 

which the results are available. 

10 

13 

12 

11 

Maaperäkartoitus 1:20 000 

Jordartskartering 

Mapping of Quaternary Deposits 

Kartta saatavissa painettuna ja/ 

tai numeerisena 2005 

Kartan publicerad och/ 

eller tillgänglig i digital form 2005 

Sheet published and/ 

or data released in digital form 2005 

Kartoitettavana 2005 

Kartläggning pågår 2005 

Mapping in progress 2005 

18 

22 

21 

20 

23 

28 

27 

26 

24 

25 

39 

38 

37 

36 

35 

34 

33 

32 

31 

30 

49 

47 

46 

45 

44 

41 

43 

42 

Kallioperäkartoitus 

Berggrundskartering 

Mapping of PreQuaternary Rocks 

Kartta 1:100 000 julkaistu 2005 

Kartan 1:100 000 publicerad 2005 

Sheet 1:100 000 published 2005 

Kartoitus 1:100 000 käynnissä 2005 

Kartläggning 1:100 000 pågår 2005 

Mapping 1:100 000 in progress 2005 

Kartoitus 1:200 000 käynnissä 2005 

Kartläggning 1:200 000 pågår 2005 

Mapping 1:200 000 in progress 2005

Publications and 

reports 2005 

All publications also available 

as pdf files at: 

www.gtk.fi/en/Geoinfo/ 

Geological Survey of Finland, 

Bulletin 

402 Lamberg, Pertti 2005: From genetic 

concepts to practice – lithogeochemical 

identification of Ni-Cu mineralised intrusions 

and localisation of the ore. 264 p., 

app. data CD. (Academic dissertation) 

(€15) 

Geological Survey of Finland, 

Special Paper 

38 Autio, Sini (ed.) 2005: Geological 

Survey of Finland, Current Research 

2003–2004. 100 p. (€27) 

39 Airo, Meri-Liisa (ed.) 2005: Aerogeophysics 

in Finland 1972–2004: Methods, 

System Characteristics and Applications. 

197 p., 8 apps. (€40) 

40 Ojala, Antti E. K. (ed.) 2005: Quaternary 

studies in the northern and Arctic 

regions in Finland: Proceedings of the 

workshop organized within the Finnish 

National Committee for Quaternary 

Research (INQUA) Kilpisjärvi Biological 

Station, Finland, January 13–14th 2005. 

130 p. (€40) 

Report of Investigation 

158 Lehtonen, Matti I.; Kujala, Hannu; 

Kärkkäinen, Niilo; Lehtonen, Arja; Mäkitie, 

Hannu; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Virransalo, 

Petri & Vuokko, Jouko 2005: Etelä-Pohjanmaan 

liuskealueen kallioperä. Summary: 

Pre-Quaternary rocks of the South Ostrobothnian 

Schist Belt. 125 p., 3 apps., 1 appended 

map. (€55) 

Guide 

51a Alapieti, T. T. & Kärki, A. J. (eds.) 

2005. Field trip guidebook: Early Palaeoproterozoic 

(2.5-2.4) Tornio – Näränkävaara 

layered intrusion belt and related 

chrome and platinum-group element 

mineralization, northern Finland. 110 p. 

(€20) 

51b Mutanen, Tapani 2005. Field trip 

guidebook: The Akanvaara intrusion and 

the Keivitsa – Satovaara Complex, with 

stops at Kaikkivaltiaanlehto and Särkivaara 

intrusions. 124 p. (€20) 

Report of Peat Investigation 

358 Stén, Carl-Göran & Moisanen, 

Markku 2004: Tammelan suot ja turpeen 

käyttökelpoisuus. Osa 2. Abstract: The 

peatlands and the usefulness of peat in 

Tammela, southern Finland. Part 2. 109 p., 

7 apps. (€16.50) 

359 Stén, Carl-Göran & Toivonen, Tapio 

2005: Kokemäen suot ja niiden turvevarat. 

Summary: The peatlands and peat reserves 

of Kokemäki, Southwest Finland. 44 

p., 4 apps. (€10.50) 

360 Turunen, Jukka & Herranen, Teuvo 

2005: Ylivieskassa tutkitut suot ja niiden 

turvevarat. Osa 2. Abstract: The peatlands 

and peat resources of Ylivieska, western 

Finland. Part 2. 67 p., 4 apps. (€14) 

361 Häikiö, Jukka & Herranen, Teuvo 

2005: Merijärvellä tutkitut suot ja niiden 

turvevarat. Osa 2. Abstract: The peatlands 

and peat resources of Merijärvi, central 

Finland. 31 p., 5 apps. (€9) 

362 Luukkanen, Ari 2005: Kiuruvedellä 

tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 7. 

Abstract: The peatlands and peat reserves 

of Kiuruvesi. Part 7. 44 p., 4 apps. 

(€17.50) 

363 Toivonen, Tapio 2005: Siikaisissa tutkitut 

suot ja niiden turvevarat. Abstract: 

The peatlands and peat reserves of 

Siikainen, western Finland. 64 p., 5 apps. 

(€11.50) 

Nuclear Waste Disposal Research, 

Report 

122 Jääskeläinen, Paula & Korhonen, 

Kimmo 2005: Kopparnäsin tutkimukset 

vuonna 2004. 41 p. (€9) 

Annual Report 

Geologian tutkimuskeskus GTK. Vuosikertomus 

2004. 52 s. 

Geological Survey of Finland GTK. Annual 

Report 2004. 52 s. 

Miscellaneous publications 

Haavisto-Hyvärinen, Maija & Kutvonen, 

Harri 2005: Maaperäkartan käyttöopas. 

WWW publication. 

Heikkinen, P. M. (ed.) & Noras, P. (ed.); 

Mroueh, U.-M.; Vahanne, P.; Wahlström, 

M.; Kaartinen, T.; Juvankoski, M.; Vestola, 

E.; Mäkelä, E.; Leino, T.; Kosonen, M.; 

2005 PUBLICATIONS LIST 

21 

Hatakka, T.; Jarva, J.; Kauppila, T.; Leveinen, 

J.; Lintinen, P.; Suomela, P.; Pöyry, H.; 

Vallius, P.; Nevalainen, J.; Tolla, P. & 

Komppa, V. 2005: Kaivoksen sulkemisen 

käsikirja. 165 p. (Free of charge) 

Johansson, Peter & Kujansuu, Raimo 

(eds.); Eriksson, Brita; Grönlund, Tuulikki; 

Johansson, Peter; Kejonen, Aimo; Kujansuu, 

Raimo; Maunu, Matti; Mäkinen, 

Kalevi; Saarnisto, Matti; Virtanen, Kimmo 

& Väisänen, Ulpu 2005: Pohjois-Suomen 

maaperä: maaperäkarttojen 1:400 000 

selitys. Summary: Quaternary deposits of 

Northern Finland – Explanation to the 

maps of Quaternary deposits 1:400 000. 

236 p. (€27) 

Lahti, Seppo I. (ed.); Raivio, Paula & 

Laitakari, Ilkka (with contributions by) 

2005: Orbicular rocks in Finland. 177 p. 

(€30) 

Lehtonen, Marjaleena 2005: Kimberlites in 

Finland: Information about the mantle of 

the Karelian Craton and implications for 

diamond exploration. 109 p. (Academic 

dissertation). (Free of charge) 

Salminen, R. (chief-editor); Batista, M. J.; 

Bidovec, M.; Demetriades, A.; De Vivo, B.; 

De Vos, W.; Duris, M.; Gilucis, A.; Gregorauskiene, 

V.; Halamic, J.; Heitzmann, 

P.; Lima, A.; Jordan, G.; Klaver, G.; Klein, 

P.; Lis, J.; Locutura, J.; Marsina, K.; Mazreku, 

A.; O’Connor, P. J.; Olsson, S. Å.; 

Ottesen, R.-T.; Petersell, V.; Plant, J. A.; 

Reeder, S.; Salpeteur, I.; Sandström, H.; 

Siewers, U.; Steenfelt, A. & Tarvainen, T. 

2005: Geochemical Atlas of Europe. Part 1: 

Background Information, Methodology 

and Maps. 525 p. (€63) 

Sarala, Pertti 2005: Glacial morphology 

and dynamics with till geochemical exploration 

in the ribbed moraine area of 

Peräpohjola, Finnish Lapland. 141 p. (Academic 

dissertation). (Free of charge) 

Törmänen, T. O. & Alapieti, T. T. (eds.) 

2005: 10th International Platinum Symposium, 

“Platinum-Group Elements – 

from Genesis to Beneficiation and Environmental 

Impacts” August 8–11, 2005 

Oulu, Finland: Extended abstracts. 617 p. 

(Free of charge)

Economic geology (M series): 66 

Bedrock geology (K series): 3 

Aggregates (KA series): 6 

Quaternary geology(P series): 12 

Geophysics (Q series): 18 

22 2005 PUBLICATIONS LIST 

Suomen geologinen kartta – Geological map of Finland, 1:100 000 

–Kallioperäkartat – Pre-Quaternary rocks (€8) 

1142 Mäntyluoto Pihlaja, Pekka & Kujala, Hannu 

1144 Kankaanpää Pihlaja, Pekka & Kujala, Hannu 

2613 Ylitornio Perttunen, Vesa 

Maaperäkartta 1:20 000/1:50 000, selitykset – 

Explanation to the maps of Quaternary Deposits 1:20 000/1:50 000 

2431 07 Ylivieska Saarelainen, Jouko & 

Turunen, Jukka 

3233 11 Mielojärvi Huttunen, Timo 

323312 Leisniemi Huttunen, Timo 

324101 Iisvesi Kejonen, Aimo 

324203 Syvänniemi Kejonen, Aimo 

324204 Kutunkylä Kejonen, Aimo 

324207 Vehmasmäki Kejonen, Aimo 

324208 Kurkimäki Kejonen, Aimo 

324209 Haminalahti Kejonen, Aimo 

324211 Hiltulanlahti Kejonen, Aimo 

324212 Kuopio Kejonen, Aimo 

333207 Ala-Pitkä Kejonen, Aimo 

Digital Quaternary maps 1:20 000/1:50 000 released in 2005 

(name of responsible geologist in brackets): 

2213 01 Latovesi (Heikki Rainio) 

2213 02 Länsi-Aure (Heikki Rainio) 

2213 03 Aurejärvi (Heikki Rainio) 

2213 04 Juhtimäki (Heikki Rainio) 

2213 05 Riuttanen (Heikki Rainio) 

2213 06 Itä-Aure (Heikki Rainio) 

2213 07 Kuru (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 01 Paaso (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 02 Kuortti (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 03 Vastamäki (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 04 Enonvesi (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 05 Koiravesi (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 06 Pertunmaa (Heikki Rainio) 

Unpublished reports released by the GTK Archives 

3344 Laakajärvi Kontinen, Asko 

4312 Ylä-Luosta Paavola, Jorma 

4313 Koli Pekkarinen, Lauri J.; Kohonen, Jarmo; 

Vuollo, Jouni & Äikäs, Olli 

333208 Mäntylahti Kejonen, Aimo 

3333 01 Jännevirta Saarelainen, Jouko 

3342 01 Vieremä Saarelainen, Jouko 

3421 06 Tyrnävä Johansson, Peter, Räisänen, 

Jukka & Väisänen, Ulpu 

3422 12 Ylikiiminki Pihlaja, Jouni, Räisänen, 


3424 03 Juopuli Pihlaja, Jouni, Räisänen, 


3632 06 Ruopsa Väisänen, Ulpu & Maunu, Matti 

3632 09 Soppela Väisänen, Ulpu & Maunu, Matti 

4224 11 Kontiolahti Saarelainen, Jouko 

4322 11 Portinsalo Saarelainen, Jouko & Luukkanen, Ari 

3123 07 Juolasvesi (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 08 Lahnavesi (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 09 Lahnaniemi (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 10 Varpanen (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 11 Mäntyharju (Heikki Rainio) 

3123 12 Tiilikkala (Heikki Rainio) 

3224 05 Kiesimä (Timo Huttunen) 

3244 03 Vaajasalo (Aimo Kejonen) 

3421 06 Tyrnävä (Peter Johansson) 

3422 12 Ylikiiminki (Jouni Pihlaja & Jukka Räisänen) 

3424 03 Juopuli (Jouni Pihlaja & Jukka Räisänen) 

3632 06 Ruopsa (Ulpu Väisänen) 

3632 09 Soppela (Ulpu Väisänen) 

Unpublished reports resulting from studies carried out in GTK are available in the Research Archives. 

In year 2005 totally 146 reports were released by the GTK Archives. The reports are dividing to the following 

themes (series): 

Geochemistry (S series): 5 

Nuclear waste disposal (Y series): 1 

Remote Sensing (RS series): 29 

Information Management (TA series): 1 

International Co-operation (UT series): 5 

Information about GTK’s unpublished reports is available in The Archive Reports database (RAPGEO), at www 

address: http://www.gtk.fi/en/Geoinfo/ArchiveReports/ . Reports will be increasingly available in full-text (pdf).

The following list include references 

from the Bibliographic Database on 

Finnish Geological Literature 

(FINGEO) as at 22 March 2006 to 

reviewed papers published in 2005 

with at least one author from GTK 

staff. Information about papers from 

year 2004 registered since last annual 

report will be found in FINGEO data 

base. The list is in Finnish alphabetical 

order. 

Papers by 

GTK staff in 2005 

International reviewed papers and 

publications: 

Casanova, Joël; Négrel, Philippe; 

Blomqvist, Runar 2005. Boron isotope 

fractionation in groundwaters as an indicator 

of past permafrost conditions in 

the fractured crystalline bedrock of the 

Fennoscandian Shield. Water Research 

39 (2–3), 362-370. 

Dreyer, Annekatrin; Blodau, Christian; 

Turunen, Jukka; Radke, Michael 2005. 

The spatial distribution of PAH depositions 

to peatlands of eastern Canada. 

Atmospheric Environment 39 (20), 

3725–3733. 

Dreyer, Annekatrin; Radke, Michael; 

Turunen, Jukka; Blodau, Christian 2005. 

Long-term change of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon deposition to peatlands of 

eastern Canada. Environmental Science 

& Technology 39 (11), 3918–3924. 

Eilu, Pasi; Weihed, Pär 2005. Fennoscandian 

Shield - orogenic gold deposits. In: 

Blundell, D. ... [et al.] (eds.) Geodynamics 

and ore deposit evolution in Europe. 

Ore Geology Reviews 27 (1-4), 326–327. 

Elliott, B. A.; Peck, W. H.; Rämö, O. T.; 

Vaasjoki, M.; Nironen, M. 2005. 

Magmatic zircon oxygen isotopes of 

1.88–1.87 Ga orogenic and 1.65–1.54 

Ga anorogenic magmatism in Finland. 

Mineralogy and Petrology 85 (3–4), 

223–241. 

Ericsson, Magnus; Noras, Pentti 2005. 

Rocky future. Materials World 13 (7), 

33–35. 

Frisén, Rune; Johansson, Carl Erik; 

Suominen, Veli 2005. Archipelagos in 

the Baltic Sea. In: Seppälä, M. (ed.) 

The physical geography of Fennoscandia. 

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 

267–281. 

Furnes, Harald; Banerjee, Neil R.; 

Muehlenbachs, Karlis; Kontinen, Asko 

2005. Preservation of biosignatures in 

metaglassy volcanic rocks from the 

Jormua ophiolite complex, Finland. 

Precambrian Research 136 (2), 125–137. 

Hanski, E.; Huhma, H. 2005. Central 

Lapland greenstone belt. In: Lehtinen, 

M., Nurmi, P. A. & Rämö, O. T. (eds.) 

Precambrian geology of Finland : key 

to the evolution of the Fennoscandian 

Shield. Developments in Precambrian 

geology 14. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 139–193. 

Hanski, Eero; Huhma, Hannu; Perttunen, 

Vesa 2005. SIMS U-Pb, Sm-Nd 

isotope and geochemical study of an 

arkosite-amphibolite suite, Peräpohja 

Schist Belt : evidence for ca. 1.98 Ga 

A-type felsic magmatism in northern 

Finland. Bulletin of the Geological 

Society of Finland 77 (1), 5–29. 

Hattori, Keiko; Takahashi, Yoshio; Guillot, 

Stephane; Johanson, Bo 2005. Occurrence 

of arsenic (V) in forearc mantle 

serpentinites based on X-ray absorption 

spectroscopy study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica 

Acta 69 (23), 5585–5596. 

Iljina, M.; Hanski, E. 2005. Layered mafic 

intrusions of the Tornio-Näränkävaara 

belt. In: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P. A. & 

Rämö, O. T. (eds.) Precambrian geology 

of Finland : key to the evolution of the 

Fennoscandian Shield. Developments in 

Precambrian geology 14. Amsterdam: 

Elsevier. 101–137. 

Kankaala, Paula; Käki, Tiina; Mäkelä, 

Suvi; Ojala, Anne; Pajunen, Hannu; 

Arvola, Lauri 2005. Methane efflux in 

relation to plant biomass and sediment 

characteristics in stands of three common 

emergent macrophytes in boreal 

mesoeutrophic lakes. Global Change 

Biology 11 (1), 145–153. 

Kohonen, J.; Rämö, O. T. 2005. Sedimentary 

rocks, diabases, and late cratonic 

evolution. In: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P. A. 

& Rämö, O. T. (eds.) Precambrian geology 

of Finland : key to the evolution of 

the Fennoscandian Shield. Developments 

in Precambrian geology 14. Amsterdam : 


Kontinen, A.; Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Peltonen, 

P.; Kuronen, U. 2005. Some new 


23 

constraints on hydrothermal alteration 

and deformation of the Paleoproterozoic 

serpentinite-hosted Outokumpu Cu-Co- 

Ni-Zn-Au deposits, Finland. In: Mao, J. 

& Bierlein, F. P. (eds.) Mineral deposit 

research : meeting the global challenge : 

proceedings of the Eighth Biennial SGA 

Meeting, Beijing, China, 18-21 August 

2005. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer, 639–642. 

Kupiainen, Kaarle J.; Tervahattu, Heikki; 

Räisänen, Mika; Mäkelä, Timo; Aurela, 

Minna; Hillamo, Risto 2005. Size and 

composition of airborne particles from 

pavement wear, tires, and traction sanding. 

Environmental Science & Technology 

39 (3), 699–706. 

Kurhila, Matti; Vaasjoki, Matti; Mänttäri, 

Irmeli; Rämö, Tapani; Nironen, Mikko 

2005. U-Pb ages and Nd isotope characteristics 

of the lateorogenic, migmatizing 

microcline granites in southwestern Finland. 

Bulletin of the Geological Society 

of Finland 77 (2), 105–128. 

Lahti, I.; Korja, T.; Kaikkonen, P.; Vaittinen, 

K. 2005. Decomposition analysis of 

the BEAR magnetotelluric data : implications 

for the upper mantle conductivity 

in the Fennoscandian Shield. 

Geophysical Journal International 

163 (3), 900–914. 

Lahtinen, R.; Korja, A.; Nironen, M. 

2005. Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution. 

In: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P. A. & 

Rämö, O. T. (eds.) Precambrian geology 

of Finland : key to the evolution of the 

Fennoscandian Shield. Developments in 

Precambrian geology 14. Amsterdam : 


Lamberg, P.; Välimaa, J.; Parkkinen, J.; 

Kojonen, K. 2005. Structural, geochemical 

and magmatic modelling of the early 

Proterozoic Keivitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit 

in Sodankylä, northern Finland. In: 


10th International Platinum Symposium : 

‘Platinum-group elements – from genesis 

to beneficiation and environmental 

impact’, August 8–11, 2005, Oulu, 

Finland : extended abstracts. Espoo: 

Geological Survey of Finland, 160–163. 

Lehtinen, M.; Nurmi, P. A.; Rämö, O. T. 

(eds.) 2005. Precambrian geology of Finland 

: key to the evolution of the Fennoscandian 

Shield. Developments in Pre-

cambrian Geology 14. Amsterdam: 

Elsevier. 736 p. 


Lehtonen, M. L.; Marmo, J. S.; Nissinen, 

A. J.; Johanson, B. S.; Pakkanen, L. K. 

2005. Glacial dispersal studies using 

indicator minerals and till geochemistry 

around two eastern Finland kimberlites. 

Journal of Geochemical Exploration 87 

(1 ), 19–43. 

Lehtonen, Marjaleena 2005. Rare earth 

element characteristics of pyrope garnets 

from the Kaavi-Kuopio kimberlites 

– implications for mantle metasomatism. 

Bulletin of the Geological Society 

of Finland 77 (1), 31–47. 

Maier, W. D.; Peltonen, P.; Juvonen, R.; 

Pienaar, C. 2005. Platinum-group elements 

in peridotite xenoliths and kimberlite 

from the Premier kimberlite pipe, 

South Africa. South African Journal of 

Geology 108 (3), 413–428. 

Medvedev, P.; Bekker, A.; Karhu, J. A.; 

Kortelainen, N. 2005. Testing the biostratigraphic 

potential of early Proterozoic 

microdigitate stromatolites. In: 

Aguirre, J. & Braga, J. C. (eds.) 8th International 

Symposium on Fossil Algae, 

Granada, Spain, 18–20 September 2003. 

Revista Española de Micropaleontología 

37 (1), 41–56. 

Mertanen, S.; Pesonen, L. J. 2005. Drift 

history of the shield. In: Lehtinen, M., 

Nurmi, P. A. & Rämö, O. T. (eds.) Precambrian 

geology of Finland : key to the 

evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. 

Developments in Precambrian geology 

14. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 645–668. 

Moore, Tim; Blodau, Christian; 

Turunen, Jukka; Roulet, Nigel; Richard, 

Pierre J. H. 2005. Patterns of nitrogen 

and sulfur accumulation and retention 

in ombrotrophic bogs, eastern Canada. 

Global Change Biology 11 (2), 356–367. 

Mottaghy, D.; Schellschmidt, R.; Popov, 

Y. A.; Clauser, C.; Kukkonen, I. T.; Nover, 

G.; Milanovsky, S.; Romushkevich, R. A. 

2005. New heat flow data from the immediate 

vicinity of the Kola super-deep 

borehole : vertical variation in heat flow 

confirmed and attributed to advection. 

Tectonophysics 401 (1–2), 119–142. 

Mouri, Hassina; Väisänen, Markku; 

Huhma, Hannu; Korsman, Kalevi 2005. 

Sm-Nd garnet and U-Pb monazite dating 

of high-grade metamorphism and 

crustal melting in the West Uusimaa 

area, southern Finland. In: Eklund, O., 

Andersson, U. B. & Högdahl, K. (eds.) 

Proterozoic processes in the Fennoscandian 

Shield. GFF – Geologiska föreningens 

i Stockholm förhandlingar 127 (2 ), 

123–128. 

Mäkinen, J. 2005. A comparison of the 

geochemistry of aquatic sediments and 

the fine (

Salminen, R.; Batista, M. J.; Demetriades, 

A.; Lis, J.; Tarvainen, T. 2005. Sampling. 

In: Salminen, R. (ed.) Geochemical 

atlas of Europe. Part 1: Background 

information, methodology and maps. 

Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland, 

67–79. 

Salminen, Reijo 2005. Focus on: Continental-wide 

geochemical mapping in 

Europe. Explore (127), 8–15. 

Sandström, H.; Reeder, S.; Bartha, A.; 

Birke, M.; Berge, F.; Davidsen, B.; Grimstvedt, 

A.; Hagel-Brunnström, M.-L.; 

Kantor, W.; Kallio, E.; Klaver, G.; Lucivjansky, 

P.; Mackovych, D.; Mjartanova, 

H.; Os, B. van; Paslawski, P.; Popiolek, E.; 

Siewers, U.; Varga-Barna, Zs.; Vilsteren, 

E. van; Ødegård, M. 2005 . Sample preparation 

and analysis. In: Salminen, R. 

(ed.) Geochemical atlas of Europe. Part 

1: Background nformation, methodology 

and maps. Espoo: Geological Survey 

of Finland, 81–94. 

Sarala, Pertti 2005. Till geochemistry in 

the ribbed moraine area of Peräpohjola, 

Finland. Applied Geochemistry 20 (9), 

1714–1736. 

Sarala, Pertti 2005. Weichselian stratigraphy, 

geomorphology and glacial dynamics 

in southern Finnish Lapland. 

Bulletin of the Geological Society of 

Finland 77 (2), 71–104. 

Schmidt-Thomé, P.; Staudt, M.; Kallio, 

H.; Klein, J. 2005. Scenarios for future 

impacts of sea level changes on soil contamination. 

In: Lens, P. ... [et al.] (eds.) 

Soil and sediment remediation : mechanisms, 

technologies and applications. 

London: IWA Publishing, 409–417. 

Schwertmann, U.; Carlson, L. 2005. The 

pH-dependent transformation of schwertmannite 

to goethite at 25°C. Clay 

Minerals 40 (1), 63–66. 

Selonen, Olavi; Ehlers, Carl; Luodes, 

Hannu; Lerssi, Jouni 2005. The Vehmaa 

rapakivi granite batholith – an assemblage 

of successive intrusions indicating 

a piston-type collapsing centre. Bulletin 

of the Geological Society of Finland 77 

(1), 65–70. 

Skyttä, Pietari; Käpyaho, Asko; Mänttäri, 

Irmeli 2005. Supracrustal rocks in the 

Kuovila area, southern Finland : structural 

evolution, geochemical characteristics 

and the age of volcanism. Bulletin 

of the Geological Society of Finland 77 

(2), 129–150. 

Solovieva, Nadia; Jones, Vivienne J.; 

Nazarova, Larisa; Brooks, Stephen J.; 

Birks, H. J. B.; Grytnes, John-Arvid; 

Appleby, Peter G.; Kauppila, Tommi; 

Kondratenok, Boris; Renberg, Ingemar; 

Ponomarev, Vasily 2005. Palaeolimnological 

evidence for recent climatic 

change in lakes from the northern Urals, 

arctic Russia. Journal of Paleolimnology 

33 (4), 463–482. 

Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Luukkonen, E. J. 

2005. Archean rocks. In: Lehtinen, M., 

Nurmi, P. A. & Rämö, O. T. (eds.) Precambrian 

geology of Finland : key to 

the evolution of the Fennoscandian 


geology 14. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 19–99. 

Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Zhang, Y.; Alt-Epping, 

P.; Ord, A.; Cudahy, T.; Kuronen, 

U. 2005. The effect of sedimentary cover 

on submarine hydrothermal processes - 

some simple numerical simulations and 

applications. In: Mao, J. & Bierlein, F. P. 

(eds.) Mineral deposit research : meeting 

the global challenge : proceedings of 

the Eighth Biennial SGA Meeting, Beijing, 

China, 18-21 August 2005. Vol. 2. 

Berlin: Springer, 1497–1499. 

Sutinen, Raimo; Hyvönen, Eija; Ruther, 

Andreea; Ahl, Andreas; Sutinen, Marja- 

Liisa 2005. Soil-driven timberline of 

spruce (Picea abies) in Tanaelv Belt- 

Lapland Granulite transition, Finland. 

Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 37 

(4), 611–619. 

Talikka, Matti; Mänttäri, Irmeli 2005. 

Pukala intrusion, its age and connection 

to hydrothermal alteration in Orivesi, 

southwestern Finland. Bulletin of the 

Geological Society of Finland 77 (2), 

165–180. 

Taniguchi, Makoto (ed.); Kukkonen, 

Ilmo T. (ed.) 2005. Thermally controlled 

processes and preserved thermal signatures 

within the Earth. Physics of the 

Earth and Planetary Interiors 152 (4), 

221–342. 

Tarvainen, T.; Reeder, S.; Albanese, S. 


25 

2005. Database management and map 

production. In: Salminen, R. (ed.) Geochemical 

atlas of Europe. Part 1: Background 

information, methodology and 

maps. Espoo: Geological Survey of 

Finland, 95–98. 

Tarvainen, Timo; Hellmuth, Karl-Heinz; 

Backman, Birgitta 2005. Natural geochemical 

concentrations and fluxes of 

Cu, Th and U in Finland. Geochemistry : 

exploration, environment, analysis 5 (1), 

41–50. 

Vaasjoki, M.; Korsman, K.; Koistinen, T. 

2005. Overview. In: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, 

P. A. & Rämö, O. T. (eds.) Precambrian 

geology of Finland : key to the 

evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. 

Developments in Precambrian geology 

14. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 1–17. 

Valjus, T.; Suppala, I.; Vanhala, H. 2005. 

Airborne geophysical study around hydrometallurgical 

plant area in Kara-Balta, 

Kyrgyzstan [Electronic resource]. 

In: Near surface 2005 : 11th European 

Meeting of Environmental and Engineering 

Geophysics, 4–7 September 

2005, Palermo, Italy : extended abstracts 

& exhibitor’s catalogue. Houten: EAGE, 

4 p.. Optical disc (CD-ROM). 

Vanhala, H.; Suppala, I. 2005. Airborne 

EM – from anomaly hunting to 3D 

mapping – a case from Finland [Electronic 

resource]. In: Near surface 2005 : 

11th European Meeting of Environmental 

and Engineering Geophysics, 4–7 

September 2005, Palermo, Italy : extended 

abstracts & exhibitor’s catalogue. 

Houten: EAGE, 4 p. Optical disc (CD- 

ROM). 

Vuollo, J.; Huhma, H. 2005. Paleoproterozoic 

mafic dikes in NE Finland. In: 

Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P. A. & Rämö, O. 

T. (eds.) Precambrian geology of Finland 

: key to the evolution of the Fennoscandian 


geology 14. Amsterdam : 


Weihed, Pär; Arndt, Nicholas; Billström, 

Kjell; Duchesne, Jean-Clair; Eilu, Pasi; 

Martinsson, Olof; Papunen, Heikki; 

Lahtinen, Raimo 2005. Precambrian 

geodynamics and ore formation : the 

Fennoscandian Shield. In: Blundell, D. 

... [et al.] (eds.) Geodynamics and ore


deposit evolution in Europe. Ore Geology 

Reviews 27 (1-4), 273–322. 

Weihed, Pär; Eilu, Pasi 2005. Fennoscandian 

Shield - Proterozoic VMS deposits. 

In: Blundell, D. ... [et al.] (eds.) Geodynamics 

and ore deposit evolution in 

Europe. Ore Geology Reviews 27 (1–4), 

324–325. 

Zhang, Y.; Ord, A.; Roberts, P. A.; Sorjonen-Ward, 

P.; Lin, G.; Wang, Y. J. 2005 . 

Numerical modelling of coupled deformation 

and fluid flow in mineralisation 

processes. In: Mao, J. & Bierlein, F. P. 

(eds.) Mineral deposit research : meeting 

the global challenge : proceedings of 

the Eighth Biennial SGA Meeting, Beijing, 

China, 18–21 August 2005. Vol. 2. 

Berlin: Springer, 1509–1512. 

National reviewed papers 

and publications: 

Airo, Meri-Liisa 2005. Regional interpretation 

of aerogeophysical data : extracting 

compositional and structural 

features. In: Airo, M.-L. (ed.) Aerogeophysics 

in Finland 1972-2004 : methods, 

system characteristics and applications. 

Geological Survey of Finland. Special 

Paper 39, 176–197. 

Backman, Birgitta; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, 

Kirsti 2005. Arseenia kaivoveteen 

kallioperästä. Ympäristö ja Terveys 36 

(10), 66–69. 

Breilin, Olli; Kotilainen, Aarno; Nenonen, 

Keijo; Räsänen, Matti 2005. The 

unique moraine morphology, stratotypes 

and ongoing geological processes 

at the Kvarken Archipelago on the land 

uplift area in the western coast of Finland. 

In: Ojala, A. E. K. (ed.) Quaternary 

studies in the northern and Arctic regions 

of Finland : proceedings of the 



Research (INQUA), Kilpisjärvi Biological 

Station, Finland, January 13–14th 

2005. Geological Survey of Finland. 

Special Paper 40, 97–111. 

Gervilla, F.; Kojonen, K.; Merkle, R. K. 

W. 2005. Platinum-group minerals in 

the Proterozoic Keivitsa mafic-ultramafic 

intrusion, Sodankylä, northern Finland. 

In: Törmänen, T. O. & Alapieti, T. 

T. (eds.) 10th International Platinum 

Symposium : ‘Platinum-group elements 

– from genesis to beneficiation and environmental 

impact’, August 8-11, 2005, 

Oulu, Finland : extended abstracts. 


345–348. 

Grönholm Sari; Kärkkäinen, Niilo; Wiik, 

Jonas 2005. The Halikko Kultanummi 

prospect – a new type of gold mineralization 

in the high-grade gneiss terrain 

of southwestern Finland. In: Autio, S. 

(ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, Current 

Research 2003–2004. Geological 

Survey of Finland. Special Paper 38, 

15–23. 

Hautaniemi, H.; Kurimo, M.; Multala, J.; 

Leväniemi, H.; Vironmäki, J. 2005. The 

“Three In One” aerogeophysical concept 

of GTK in 2004. In: Airo, M.-L. (ed.) 

Aerogeophysics in Finland 1972–2004 : 

methods, system characteristics and applications. 

Geological Survey of Finland. 


Hill, R. E. T.; Barnes, S. J.; Dowling, S. E.; 

Makkonen, H. V.; Peltonen, P. 2005. 

Chalcophile element distribution in mafic 

and ultramafic metavolcanic rocks of 

the Svecofennian (1.9 Ga) Kotalahti and 

Vammala Nickel Belts, Finland – a test 

for a geochemical signature of subvolcanic 

magmatic ore forming processes . 

In: Törmänen, T. O. & Alapieti, T. T. 

(eds.) 10th International Platinum Symposium 

: ‘Platinum-group elements – 

from genesis to beneficiation and environmental 

impact’, August 8-11, 2005, 



369–372. 

Hirvas, Heikki; Lintinen, Petri; Ojala, 

Antti E. K.; Vanhala, Heikki 2005. Geological 

characteristics of the Halti-Ridnitsohkka 

region, Enontekiö, Finland. 

In: Ojala, A. E. K. (ed.) Quaternary studies 

in the northern and Arctic regions of 

Finland : proceedings of the workshop 

organized within the Finnish National 

Committee for Quaternary Research 

(INQUA), Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, 

Finland, January 13–14th 2005. Geological 


7–12. 

Huotari, Taija; Vanhala, Heikki; Hellstén, 

Pasi 2005. Electrical resistivity and 

IP tomography in the research of saltcontaminated 

groundwater areas. In: 

Saarela, J. ... [et al.] (eds.) 7th International 

Symposium on Environmental 

Geotechnology and Global Sustainable 

Development : proceedings, 8-10 June, 

2004, Helsinki and Espoo, Finland. 

Helsinki: SYKE, 473–481. 

Hyvönen, Eija; Turunen, Pertti; Vanhanen, 

Erkki; Arkimaa, Hilkka; Sutinen, 

Raimo 2005. Airborne gamma-ray surveys 

in Finland. In: Airo, M.-L. (ed.) 

Aerogeophysics in Finland 1972-2004 : 




Hänninen, Pekka; Venäläinen, Ari; 

Sutinen, Raimo 2005. Maaperän jäätyminen 

ja vesipitoisuusmuutokset talvikautena. 

Vesitalous 46 (1), 28–32. 

Johansson, Peter 2005. Meltwater canyon 

lakes (saivos) in western Finnish 

Lapland. In: Ojala, A. E. K. (ed.) Quaternary 

studies in the northern and 

Arctic regions of Finland : proceedings 

of the workshop organized within the 

Finnish National Committee for Quaternary 

Research (INQUA), Kilpisjärvi 

Biological Station, Finland, January 13– 

14th 2005. Geological Survey of Finland. 


Kauppila, T.; Kihlman, S.; Mäkinen, J. 

2005. Sediment arcellacean assemblages 

in a mine water polluted bay of a boreal 

lake. In: Meriläinen, P., Sivula, L. & 

Oikari, A. (eds.) Seventh Finnish Conference 

of Environmental Sciences, 

Jyväskylä, May 12–13, 2005 : science for 

sustainability : proceedings. Jyväskylä : 

University of Jyväskylä, 272–275. 

Kinnunen, Kari A. 2005. Lithic analysis 

of the flintlike artifacts, flakes and 

fragments from the Rävåsen site. In: 

Rävåsen. Finskt Museum 2002, 75–79. 

Kojonen, K.; Gornostayev, S. S.; 

Pitkäjärvi, J.; Knauf, V. V. 2005. The PGE 

mineralogy of the Kemi chromite deposit 

: an overview. In: Törmänen, T. O. 

& Alapieti, T. T. (eds.) 10th International 

Platinum Symposium : ‘Platinum-group 

elements – from genesis to beneficiation 

and environmental impact’, August 

8–11, 2005, Oulu, Finland : extended 

abstracts. Espoo: Geological Survey of 

Finland, 412–416.

Kojonen, K. K.; Isomäki, O.-P. 2005. 

PGE-minerals and tarkianite, (Cu,Fe) 

(Re,Mo)4S8, a new mineral species from 

Hitura mine, Nivala, central Finland. In: 


10th International Platinum Symposium 

: ‘Platinum-group elements – from 

genesis to beneficiation and environmental 

impact’, August 8–11, 2005, 



417–420. 

Kojonen, K. K.; Tarkian, M.; Knauf, V. V.; 

Törnroos, R. 2005. New results of the 

placer PGE-minerals from Ivalojoki and 

Lemmenjoki rivers, Finnish Lapland. In: 








Korhonen, J. V. 2005. Airborne magnetic 

method : special features and review on 

applications. In: Airo, M.-L. (ed.) Aerogeophysics 

in Finland 1972–2004 : 




Koskinen, Riikka 2005. Glacial hydrology 

and the deglaciation of the Scandinavian 

Ice Sheet in the Paistunturit area of 

the Utsjoki region in northern Finnish 



regions of Finland : proceedings of 

the workshop organized within the 






Lahti, Seppo I. (ed.); Raivio, Paula; 

Laitakari, Ilkka 2005. Orbicular rocks in 

Finland. Espoo: Geological Survey of 

Finland. 177 p. 

Lahti, Mari; Vanhala, Heikki; Mattsson, 

Annina; Beamish, David; Lerssi, Jouni 

2005. Environmental applications of 

airborne geophysics – groundwater and 

contaminated soil in Finland, Germany 

and United Kingdom. In: Airo, M.-L. 

(ed.) Aerogeophysics in Finland 1972- 

2004 : methods, system characteristics 

and applications. Geological Survey of 

Finland. Special Paper 39, 155–175. 

Laiho, Jussi V.-P.; Perämäki, Paavo 2005. 

Evaluation of portable X-ray fluorescence 

(PXRF) sample preparation 

methods. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological 


2003–2004. Geological Survey of 


Lintinen, Panu; Al-Ani, Thair 2005. The 

Vittajänkä kaolin deposit, Salla, Finnish 

Lapland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological 


2003-2004. Geological Survey of 


Lohva, J.; Lehtimäki, J. 2005. Geophysical 

investigation of kaolin and ilmenite 

deposits in Finland. In: Airo, M.-L. (ed.) 

Aerogeophysics in Finland 1972–2004 : 




Luukkanen, S.; Kalapudas, R.; 

Laukkanen, J.; Kojonen, K. 2005. Applied 

mineralogy and mineral processing 

of the disseminated Cu-Ni-PGE ore 

from the Keivitsa deposit, Sodankylä, 

northern Finland. In: Törmänen, T. O. 

& Alapieti, T. T. (eds.) 10th International 

Platinum Symposium : ‘Platinum-group 

elements - from genesis to beneficiation 

and environmental impact’, August 

8–11, 2005, Oulu, Finland : extended 

abstracts. Espoo: Geological Survey of 

Finland, 170–173 . 

Lönngren, M.; Kojonen, K. 2005. Dissolution 

of chromitite ore for platinum 

group elements and gold analysis, Ray-Iz 

ophiolitic complex, polar Urals. In: 








Lönngren, M.; Lakomaa, T. 2005. ID- 

ICP-MS analysis of platinum, palladium, 

iridium and ruthenium in mafic 

rocks from the Kotalahti nickel belt in 

Finland and the Black Swan in Australia. 

In: Törmänen, T. O. & Alapieti, T. T. 

(eds.) 10th International Platinum Symposium 

: ‘Platinum-group elements – 


27 

from genesis to beneficiation and environmental 

impact’, August 8–11, 2005, 



174–177. 

Makkonen, Hannu V. 2005. Intrusion 

model for Svecofennian (1.9 Ga) maficultramafic 

intrusions in Finland. In: 

Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of 

Finland, Current Research 2003–2004. 


Paper 38, 11–14. 

Morero, M.; Mäkilä, M.; Alm, J.; Saarnio, 

S. 2005. Mire microsites respond differently 

for dry years. In: Meriläinen, P., 

Sivula, L. & Oikari, A. (eds.) Seventh 

Finnish Conference of Environmental 

Sciences, Jyväskylä, May 12-13, 2005 : 

science for sustainability : proceedings. 

Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 

207–210. 

Mäkinen, Kalevi 2005. Dating the 

Weichselian deposits of southwestern 

Finnish Lapland. In: Ojala, A. E. K. (ed.) 

Quaternary studies in the northern and 








Mörsky, Pekka; Kangaskolkka, Maria 

2005. Beneficiation of sulfide-poor 

PGE-deposits, laboratory test work with 

the Hanumalapur PGE deposit, Karnataka, 

India, and the Sompujärvi (SJ) 

Reef, Penikat intrusion, Finland. In: 







Geological Survey of Finland, 488. 

Ojala, Antti E. K.; Valpola, Samu E.; 

Hirvas, Heikki; Lintinen, Petri; Vanhala, 

Heikki; Nenonen, Jari 2005. Dating of 

the Holocene glacier variations in the 

Halti-Ridnitsohkka region based on distal 

lacustrine sediment cores. In: Ojala, 

A. E. K. (ed.) Quaternary studies in the 

northern and Arctic regions of Finland : 

proceedings of the workshop organized 

within the Finnish National Committee


for Quaternary Research (INQUA), 

Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, Finland, 

January 13–14th 2005. Geological Survey 

of Finland. Special Paper 40, 23–32. 

Pajunen, Hannu 2005. Ala-Saimaan 

sedimentaatioympäristön muuttuminen 

jääkauden jälkeen. Summary: Early 

Holocene change in the sedimentation 

environment at lower Lake Saimaa. 

Terra 117 (1), 33–46. 

Sarala, Pertti 2005. Landform development 

during the Weichselian glaciation 

in Peräpohjola, Finland. In: Ojala, A. E. 

K. (ed.) Quaternary studies in the 

northern and Arctic regions of Finland : 

proceedings of the workshop organized 

within the Finnish National Committee 

for Quaternary Research (INQUA), 

Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, Finland, 

January 13–14th 2005. Geological Survey 

of Finland. Special Paper 40, 59–65. 

Sarala, Pertti; Nenonen, Jari 2005. Ore 

prospecting in the ribbed moraine area 

of Misi, northern Finland. In: Autio, S. 

(ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, 

Current Research 2003–2004. Geological 


25–29. 

Sarapää, Olli; Kärkkäinen, Niilo; Chernet, 

Tegist; Lohva, Jaana; Ahtola, Timo 

2005. Exploration results and mineralogical 

studies on the Lumikangas apatite-ilmenite 

gabbro, Kauhajoki, western 

Finland. In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological 


2003–2004. Geological Survey of 


Schmidt-Thomé, Kaisa; Schmidt- 

Thomé, Philipp 2005. Liikaa melua varoitusjärjestelmistä. 

Terra 117 (1), 51–54. 

Strand, Kari; Saarnisto, Matti 2005. Past 

global changes - high latitude perspectives. 

In: Heininen, L., Strand, K. & 

Taulavuori, K. (eds.) Northern sciences 

review 2005 : northern dimensions and 

environments. Oulu: University of Oulu, 

189–196. 

Suppala, I.; Oksama, M.; Hongisto, H. 

2005. GTK airborne EM system : characteristics 

and interpretation guidelines. 

In: Airo, M.-L. (ed.) Aerogeophysics in 

Finland 1972–2004 : methods, system 

characteristics and applications. Geolog- 


ical Survey of Finland. Special Paper 39, 

103–118. 

Suppala, Ilkka; Lintinen, Petri; Vanhala, 

Heikki 2005. Geophysical characterising 

of sulphide rich fine-grained sediments 

in Seinäjoki area, western Finland. In: 

Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of Finland, 

Current Research 2003–2004. Geological 

Survey of Finland. Special Paper 

38, 61–71. 

Sutinen, Raimo 2005. Timing of early 

Holocene landslides in Kittilä, Finnish 


studies in the northern and 





Biological Station, Finland, January 

13–14th 2005. Geological Survey of 


Sutinen, Raimo 2005. HMT-kuusikoiden 

uudistaminen Keski-Lapin vihreäkivivyöhykkeen 

moreenimailla. In: Varmola, 

M., Hyppönen, M. & Hokajärvi, P. 

(eds.) Lapin metsien tulevaisuus. Rovaniemi: 

[Metla], 123–130. 

Turunen, Pertti; Vanhanen, Erkki; Pankka, 

Heikki 2005. Application of low 

altitude airborne geophysics to mineral 

exploration in the Kuusamo Schist Belt, 

Finland. In: Airo, M.-L. (ed.) Aerogeophysics 

in Finland 1972–2004 : methods, 

system characteristics and applications. 

A wagtail checking out the bird tower in Torronsuo. 


Paper 39, 137–146. 

Vanhala, Heikki; Räisänen, Marja Liisa; 

Suppala, Ilkka; Huotari, Taija; Valjus, 

Tuire; Lehtimäki, Jukka 2005. Geophysical 

characterizing of tailings impoundment 

– a case from the closed Hammaslahti 

Cu-Zn mine, eastern Finland. 

In: Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of 

Finland, Current Research 2003-2004. 


Paper 38, 49–60. 

Vanhala, Heikki; Suppala, Ilkka; Lintinen, 

Petri; Hirvas, Heikki; Ojala, Antti E. 

K. 2005. Application of electrical and 

electromagnetic methods in studying 

frozen ground and bedrock – results 

from Ridnitsohkka, northern Finland. 

In: Ojala, A. E. K. (ed.) Quaternary 


regions of Finland : proceedings of the 



Research (INQUA), Kilpisjärvi Biological 

Station, Finland, January 13–14th 

2005. Geological Survey of Finland. 


Woodard, Jeremy; Hölttä, Pentti 2005. 

The Naantali alvikite vein-dykes : a new 

carbonatite in southwestern Finland. In: 

Autio, S. (ed.) Geological Survey of 

Finland, Current Research 2003–2004. 


Paper 38, 5–10.


Photo: Outokumpu Oyj 

Many GTK maps, reports and publications 

are now available online. 

The ease and speed of access has 

been widely praised, especially by 

companies involved in ore exploration 

in Finland. 

Exploration has picked up significantly 

in Finland in recent years. 

Companies engaged in exploration 

note that the country’s well-functioning 

information infrastructure and 

the availability of high-quality geological 

data have been key factors in 

their decisions to invest in Finland. 

This achievement is the combination 

of long-term, systematic mapping 

operations and a recently adopted 

C ASE: ONLINE SERVICES 

Exploration Info – comprehensive data for prospectors 

policy of the GTK in pricing its data 

products. We have increased the 

amount of data available free of 

charge and set forth clear rules on 

data distribution. 

We have garnered particular 

praise for our “Exploration Finland” 

service, available online in English. 

This part of the GTK website provides 

exploration news, information 

on mining legislation, publications 

and reports, as well as information on 

GTK’s role and available services. One 

of the most useful parts of the online 

service is the Active Map Explorer, 

which can be used to perform extensive 

searches for information on the 

bedrock in Finland. 

GTK geodata make online ore prospecting a fairly straightforward proposition. Shown 

here the massive Kemi chromite mine. 

29 

Nearly all exploration companies 

operating in Finland use the GTK’s 

databases and services. Exploration 

Finland is geared to the needs of mining 

companies, researchers and students. 

The service has been much 

praised by users, who note that the 

service addresses the precise concerns 

of the exploration community. The 

service is similar to online geological 

services available in other major 

mining countries. 

The online service is updated and 

added to constantly. The news section 

is updated daily. Map-based updates 

are performed about once a month. 

In 2005, new features were added to 

the Active Map Explorer, such as a 

direct link to scanned claim reports. 

The addition of separate map levels 

that include nature conservation areas 

and sites designated under the Natura 

Network Initiative has been particularly 

well received. 

We continue to increase the 

amount and quality of online content 

with the digitization of research data, 

content coding and increased server 

capacity. We are also adding GIS interoperability 

features in coming 

years. 

To visit Exploration Finland, go to 

www.gtk.fi/en/ExplorationFinland.


Microscope image of diabase. 

▼ 

The GTK budget appropriation for 

2005 was €41.4 million, and another 

€2.8 million was carried over from 

the previous year. Thus, the GTK had 

at its disposal a total appropriation of 

€44.2 million for operating expenses. 

€40.5 million of the appropriation 

was spent, with €3.7 million carried 

over to 2006. 

The percentage of self-generated 

and external funding in the GTK’s 

funding structure remained at the 

same level as in 2004. Income rose to 

€13.4 million, an increase of 3.1% on 

the previous year. Income from contract 

services was €9.7 million. The 

increase was due to income obtained 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

11.0 

0.4 

0.9 

0.6 

13.0 

1.1 

13.4 

0.6 

1.2 

2.2 

0.5 0.9 

9.2 10.2 9.7 

2003 2004 2005 

F INANCIAL REVIEW 

Budget performance on track in 2005 

externally e.g. from jointly funded EU 

cooperation projects. Self-generated 

and external funding accounted for 

26% of budget spending. The majority 

of the operations continued to be 

funded with the GTK’s own budget 

appropriations. Income targets for 

both contract services and total income 

were exceeded. 

Total expenditure in 2005 was 

€55.2 million, which corresponds to 

the 2004 level. The income and expenditure 

statement shows personnel 

costs stood at €32.5 million and accounted 

for 58% of the operating 

costs. The corresponding figures for 

the previous year were €33.1 million, 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

51 

7.2 

2.1 

8.3 

3.6 

55.1 

7.7 

2.6 

8.2 

3.8 

31 

or 53% of operating costs. Despite 

higher personnel costs resulting from 

Finland’s centralized incomes policy, 

personnel costs fell by 1.8% overall as 

a result of a reduction in the number 

of employees. A total of 818 (2004: 

836) person-years accrued, of which 

794 (2004: 805) person-years were 

covered by the appropriation for operating 

expenses. Leasing and rental 

costs accounted for 10% of operating 

costs and the purchases of services 

another 16%. The balance sheet total 

was €16.3 million, an increase of 

€1.43 million from 2004. 

Income by client groups; total income €13.4 million Income from contract services; total €9.7 million 

Local authorities 

€0.6 million (4%) 

Central government 

€1.3 million (10%) 

EU funding for 

research projects 

€1.7 million (12%) 

Foreign contract services 

€2.0 million (15%) 

Other €0.9 million (6%) 

Trade and industry in 

Finland and abroad 

€6.9 million (53%) 

(Income from domestic mining 

industry €2.5 million, income 

from foreign mining industry 

€1.9 million) 

Quaternary 

geology 6% 

Other 

analyses 17% 

Geophysics 

6% 

Ore geology 

12% 

Annual income, € million Annual expenditure, € million 

Other income 

Income obtained externally (e.g. EU funding) 

Income obtained externally from government offices 

Contract services 

54.7 

8.1 

2.0 

7.5 

4.3 

29.8 32.4 32.7 

2003 2004 2005 

Other expenditure 

Fixed assets 

Services 

Rents 

Personnel costs 

Laboratory 

analyses 

40% 

Bedrock geology 19%

32 F INANCIAL REVIEW 

Income and Expenditure 

Statement (€1,000) 

1.1. – 31.12.2005 1.1. – 31.12.2004 

Operating income 

Income from contract services 9,726 13,573 

Other operating income 3,551 13,277 2,731 16,304 

Operating expenses 

Materials, supplies and goods: 

Purchases during the financial period 3,305 3,491 

Increase (-) or decrease (+) in stocks 104 337 

Staff expenses 32,501 33,091 

Rents 5,378 4,655 

Purchased services 8,972 12,353 

Other expenses 3,595 3,418 

Increase (-) or decrease (+) in product stocks 3,099 

Manufacturing for own use (-) -289 -185 

Depreciation 2,178 1,930 

Internal costs 122 -55,866 -62,191 

Deficit I -42,589 -45,887 

Financial income and expenses 

Financial income 8 5 

Financial expenses -8 0 -10 -5 

Extraordinary income and expenses 

Extraordinary income 1,579 4,316 

Extraordinary expenses -5 1,574 -3 4,313 

Deficit II -41,015 -41,579 

Income and expenses from payment transfers 

Income 

Income from payment transfers from non-profit organizations 95 80 

Income from payment transfers from EU 95 319 398 

Expenses 

Expenses from payment transfers from trade and industry -10 -10 

Deficit III -40,931 -41,180 

Income from taxes and compulsory charges 

Value added tax collected 1,453 1,692 

Value added tax paid -3,508 -2,055 -3,725 -2,033 

Deficit for financial period -42,986 -43,214

ASSETS 

Balance Sheet 

(€1,000) 

Fixed assets and other long-term investments 

F INANCIAL REVIEW 

33 

31.12.2005 31.12.2004 

Intangible assets 492 702 

Tangible assets 7,292 6,952 

Shares and other long-term investments 4 5 

Current and financial assets 

7,789 7,658 

Materials, supplies and goods in stock 

Short-term receivables 

3,932 4,037 

Accounts receivable 3,962 2,632 

Prepaid expenses and accrued income 400 372 

Other short-term receivables 193 105 

Advance payment 42 81 

4,597 3,190 

Cash, bank receivables and other financial assets 2 3 

8,532 7,229 

Total assets 16,321 14,888 

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 

Equity 

State’s equity 6,073 3,968 

Liabilities 

Long-term 520 3 

Short-term 

Advance payments received 337 1,329 

Accounts payable 1,695 1,674 

Transactions between accounting offices 707 729 

Items to be forwarded for payment 539 535 

Accrued expenses 5,180 5,116 

Other short-term liabilities 1,269 1,533 

9,728 10,916 

10,248 10,920 

Total liabilities and equity 16,321 14,888

Expenditure 

Income 

Person-years 

% 

0 

34 F INANCIAL REVIEW 

Volume of operations per unit in terms of expenditures, income and person-years, 2005 

26% 

26% 

39% 

12% 9% 37% 1 % 15% 

9% 4% 46% 1 1 

% Total €13.4 million 

15% 1% 36% 

1 

% 12% 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

Southern Finland Office 

Eastern Finland Office 

Northern Finland Office 

Geoservices 

International Services 

Management and Administrative Services 

100 

Total €54.7 million 

Total 818 

Person-years 2005 (total 818) Income 2005 (total €13.4 million) 

Information 

management 

109 

Evaluation of 

natural resources 

338 

Expenditure 2005 (total €55.2 million) 

Information 

management 13% 

Evaluation of 

natural resources 

42% 


mapping 129 

Research and 

development 

242 


mapping 16% 

Research and 

development 29% 

Evaluation of 

natural 

resources 41% 

Information 

management 

2% 


mapping 22% 

Research and 

development 

35%


An evolving personnel strategy 

The palette of competences we 

need in coming years and our 

operating strategy determine how 

we invest in our people. 

The strategic personnel plan drawn 

up in 2005 acts as a guide for determining 

appropriate staffing levels and 

recruitment needs in order to reach 

the targets set forth in our streamlining 

programme. The plan stresses 

skill acquisition and increasing interaction 

among all levels of the organization. 

The GTK encourages all its employees 

to develop in their careers. In 

performance reviews, development 

needs are assessed in terms of the employee’s 

age, education and position. 

Personnel by division, 2005 

Information 

management 

108.9 person-years 

13.3% 

Research and 

development 

241.6 personyears 

29.6% 

Geological mapping 


15.8% 

The GTK employed 807 people at 

the end of 2005, down 4% from 2004. 

The average age of an employee has 

risen steadily due to long employment 

relationships and low staff turnover; 

more than half (54.9%) of our 

personnel are now 50 or older. Nearly 

40% have at least a Master’s degree. 

The goal is to match the competences 

of highly trained specialists with the 

organization’s skills structure. We 

have increased investment in training 

and the transfer of knowledge and 

information internally has improved 

through job rotation in-house and 

among regional units. 

Another key aim has been to develop 

management and supervisory 

practices that promote interaction at 

Exploration and 

assessment of natural 

resources 


41.3% 

all levels of the organization. We are 

working to improve internal communications 

in many ways, including 

development of our intranet. 

The GTK promotes a healthy 

working environment as a long-term 

strategic goal. We saw a reduction in 

absences due to sickness to 7.9 days 

per person-year in spite of the high 

average age of personnel (48.8 years). 

Increasing the effectiveness of cooperation 

with occupational health care 

and investing in preventive action 

alongside treatment measures has 

produced results. All GTK departments 

now have access to the same 

occupational health care services. 

Personnel education distribution, 2005 

Licentiate 5% 

Other 

academic 

degree 

31% 

P ERSONNEL 

35 

PhD 68% 

Comprehensive 

school or 

equivalent 

23% 

Upper 

secondary 

33%


Our mission includes inventory of 

the nation’s geological resources 

and promoting sustainable use of 

those resources. In recent years, 

environmental issues have come 

to the forefront. 

The FOREGS Geochemical Baseline 

Mapping Programme, completed in 

2005, showcases the GTK’s capabilities. 

The project involved mapping 

baseline concentrations of heavy metals 

and other indicator elements in 

soils, sediments and surface waters, as 

well as distinguishing natural variations 

in element concentrations from 

changes in element concentrations 

Stream water is 

significantly more 

acidic in the Nordic 

countries than 

elsewhere in 

Europe because 

the bedrock lacks 

neutralizing carbonate 

rocks and the 

extra contribution 

to acidity from humus 

in the water. 

36 C ASE: FOREGS GEOCHEMICAL ATLAS 

FOREGS Geochemical Atlas of Europe supports 

environmental study 

resulting from human activity. The 

GTK managed the project, which 

involved the participation of 26 countries. 

The research has particular value 

because it applied standardized 

methods of sampling, chemical analysis 

and data management in every 

country. 

Once concentrations and distributions 

of various elements present 

on the surface in soils, stream water 

and sediments were measured, the 

date were used to create a baseline 

of element concentrations and other 

variables measured that could be 

compared with observations made in 

other contexts. The database of con- 

centration values for over 50 elements 

and other parameters include comprehensive 

measurements of element 

concentrations never previously studied 

systematically in Europe. 

By European standards, Finland 

appears to have rather low natural 

background concentrations of arsenic, 

cadmium, mercury and lead, 

but fairly high natural concentrations 

of chromium, nickel and uranium. 

The FOREGS results have been 

collated as The Geochemical Atlas of 

Europe, Part 1, an atlas containing 360 

maps. The atlas may be used, for example, 

as background material in the 

design of EU framework directives on 

soil and water conservation. The carbon 

concentration data for soils and 

waters should enrich the debate on 

regulation of carbon dioxide emissions.

Organization and management 

Southern 

Finland Office 

Bedrock 

Geology and 

Resources 

Quaternary 

Geology and 

Environment 

Geophysical 

Research 

Information 

Services 

Management 


Elias Ekdahl 

Administrative Director 

Jorma Järvinen 

Director’s 

staff 

Western 

Finland Office 

Quaternary 

Geology and 

Environment 

O R GANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 

Ministry of Trade 

and Industry 

Board of 

Directors 

Director 

General 

International 

Services 

Administrative 

Services 

Geoservices 

Geolaboratory 

Technical Services 

Director’s staff 

Research Director 

Keijo Nenonen 

(Quaternary Geology and 

Environment) 

Research Director 

Pekka Nurmi 

(Bedrock Geology 

and Resources) 

Programme Director 

Hannu Idman 

(Geological mapping) 

Information Management 

Director 

Jarmo Kohonen 

Communications Director 

Marie-Louise Wiklund 

Management 

group 

Eastern 

Finland 

Office 

Bedrock 

Geology and 

Resources 

Quaternary 

Geology and 

Environment 

Information 

Services 

Unit Directors 

37 

Northern 

Finland 

Office 

Bedrock 

Geology and 

Resources 

Quaternary 

Geology and 

Environment 

Information 

Services 


Karita Åker 


Kari Pääkkönen 

Western Finland Office 

Runar Blomqvist 


Risto Pietilä 

International Services 

Markku Mäkelä 

Geoservices 

Harry Sandström 

Administrative Services 

Niko Merikanto

Photo: Kauko Ingerttilä, GTK 

38 O R GANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 

Current GTK Board of Directors 

(2004–2008 term) 

The Board of Directors visiting the mineral processing laboratory in Outokumpu on September 16, 2005. From left: Alpo Kuparinen, 

Jorma Järvinen, Elias Ekdahl, Eija Hyvönen, Tom Niemi, Helena Korhonen, Pirkko Selin and Jukka Noponen. 

Tom Niemi 

Chairman 

Deputy Managing Director 

Boliden AB 

Alpo Kuparinen 

Deputy Chairman 

Industrial Counsellor 

Ministry of Trade and Industry 

Helena Korhonen 

Ministerial Counsellor 

Ministry of the Environment 

Jukka Noponen 

Programme Director 

The Finnish National Fund for 

Research and Development (Sitra) 

Pirkko Selin 

Director 

Vapo Oy 

Elias Ekdahl 


Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) 

Eija Hyvönen 

Personnel Representative 

Geophysicist 


Jorma Järvinen 

Secretary to the Board 

Administrative Director 


A wooden walkway winds through 

at stand of spruce in Leivonmäki. 


▼


P.O.Box 96 

(Betonimiehenkuja 4) 

FI-02151 Espoo, Finland 

Fax +358 20 550 12 

Loppi 

Mustinsuontie 159 

FI-12600 Läyliäinen, Finland 

Fax +358 19 445 069 

Geological Survey of Finland 

TEL. +358 20 550 11 gtk@gtk.fi www.gtk.fi 

Western Finland 

Office 

Kokkola 

2006 

Espoo 

Loppi 


P.O.Box 1237 

(Neulaniementie 5) 

FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 

Fax +358 20 550 13 

Sodankylä 

Rovaniemi 

Outokumpu 

Tutkijankatu 1 

FI-83500 Outokumpu, Finland 

Fax +358 13 557 557 

Kuopio 

Outokumpu 

Northern Finland 

Office 

Southern Finland 

Office 

Eastern Finland 

Office 

Western Finland Office 

P.O.Box 97 

(Vaasantie 6) 

FI-67101 Kokkola, Finland 

Fax +358 20 550 5209 


P.O.Box 77 

(Lähteentie 2) 

FI-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland 

Fax +358 20 550 14 

Sodankylä 

Kaarrostie 12 

FI-99600 Sodankylä, Finland 

Fax +358 20 550 4909

Geological mapping 2005 - Geologian tutkimuskeskus

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