ARISTOTLE'S PRIOR AND POSTERIOR ANALYTICS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

30 INTRODUCTIONpart in modern logic. In modern logic a class may be a class withno members, and if B is such a class it may be true that all B isA, and yet it will not be true that some A is B. In other words,the true meaning of All B is A is said to be There is no B that isnot A, or If anything is B, it is A; and Aristotle is charged withhaving illegitimately combined with this the assumption thatthere is at least one B, which is needed for the j ustifica tion of theinference that some A is B.It must be admitted that Aristotle failed to notice that All B isA, as he understands it, is not a simple proposition, that it indeedincludes the two elements which modern logic has detected. ButI should be inclined to say with Cook Wilson 1 that Aristotle's interpretationof All B is A is the natural interpretation of it, and that themeaning attached to it by modern logic is more properly expressedby the form There is no B that is not A, or If anything is B, itis A. Aristotle's theory of the proposition is defective in that he hasfailed to see the complexity of the proposition All B is A, as he interpretsit; but his interpretation of the proposition is correct, andfrom it the convertibility of All B is A into Some A is B follows.(2) Wherever moods of the second and third figures can bevalidated by conversion, Aristotle uses this method. But it isfrequently supplemented by the use of reductio ad impossibile, andfor the moods Baroco, in the second figure, and Bocardo, in thethird, which cannot be validated by conversion, reductio becomesthe only or main method of proof. He describes it as on~ form ofuvAAoy'ul-'oS' £g tJ7Toeiu£wS'. Z His references to argument £g tJ7TOeiu£wS'in general, or to the kinds of it other than reductio ad impossibile,3are so slight that not much need be said about it in this1 Statement and Inference, i. 2jj-7. A somewhat similar point of view iswell expressed in Prof. J. W. Miller's The Structure of Aristotelian Logic, inwhich, writing from the point of view of a modern logician, he urges that themodern interpretation of 'class' is not the only possible nor the only properinterpretation of it; that it is equally proper to interpret a class as meaning'those entities which satisfy a propositional function, provided that there isat least one entity which does satisfy the function and at least one entitywhich does not satisfy the function'; and that Aristotle's system, whichadopts this interpretation (though in fact the condition 'and at least oneentity which does not satisfy the function' is not required for the justificationof Aristotle's conversion of All B is A), falls into place as one part of thewider system which modern logic has erected on its wider interpretation of'class'. See especially Prof. Miller's pp. 84--95. 2 4ob25~, 4Ia37~.3 4Ia37-bI , 45bI5-20, so816- b 4. Aristotle's view, and the development
THE PURE OR ASSERTORIC SYLLOGISMgeneral review; clearly it played no great part in his logical theory.This much is clear, that he analysed it into a syllogistic and a nonsyllogisticpart. If a certain proposition A is to be proved, it isfirst agreed by the parties to the argument that A must be trueif another proposition B can be proved. This agreement, and theuse made of it, are the non-syllogistic part of the argument; thesyllogistic part is the proof of the substituted proposition (T
Page 1: ARISTOTLE'SPRIOR AND POSTERIORANALY
Page 4 and 5: Oxford University Press, Amen House
Page 7: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHYCONTENTSixINTROD
Page 10 and 11: xSELECT BIBLIOGRAPHYPacius, J.: Ari
Page 12 and 13: 2 INTRODUCTIONIn the latter it is t
Page 14 and 15: 4 INTRODUCTIONnatural enough as par
Page 16 and 17: 6 INTRODUCTIONIITHE RELATION OF THE
Page 18 and 19: 8 INTRODUCTIONPlato's search for th
Page 20 and 21: 10 INTRODUCTIONobviously ought to s
Page 22 and 23: 12 INTRODUCTIONFirst, then, we note
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTIONargument if I said that
Page 26 and 27: 16 INTRODUCTIONline as a species of
Page 28 and 29: 18 INTRODUCTIONpredicate term must
Page 30 and 31: 20 INTRODUCTIONare early, 'so far a
Page 32 and 33: 22 INTRODUCTIONof the first figure
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTIONworks were earlier than
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTIONdescribed; for division
Page 38 and 39: 28 INTRODUCTIONThe formulation of t
Page 42 and 43: 32 INTRODUCTIONwhich is not known t
Page 44 and 45: 34 INTRODUCTIONa ratio cognoscendi.
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTIONwhose nerve depends on
Page 48 and 49: INTRODUCTIONstroyed; therefore any
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONin order to pass from t
Page 52 and 53: 42 INTRODUCTIONcannot be more close
Page 54 and 55: 44 INTRODUCTIONknown or thought to
Page 56 and 57: INTRODUCTIONIf these general featur
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONWith one exception to b
Page 60 and 61: 50 INTRODUCTIONgenus B. The demonst
Page 62 and 63: 52 INTRODUCTIONoccupies almost the
Page 64 and 65: 54 INTRODUCTIONfacts stated in the
Page 66 and 67: INTRODUCTIONWith regard to these as
Page 68 and 69: 58 INTRODUCTIONassumed without proo
Page 70 and 71: 60 INTRODUCTIONgot by proof. On thi
Page 72 and 73: 62 INTRODUCTIONAristotle has alread
Page 74 and 75: INTRODUCTIONtimes incidentally has
Page 76 and 77: 66 INTRODUCTIONinvolves a definite
Page 78 and 79: 68 INTRODUCTIONtwo reasons for its
Page 80 and 81: 7 0 INTRODUCTIONtive premisses must
Page 82 and 83: 7 2 INTRODUCTIONself-subsistent thi
Page 84 and 85: That which can never be an object o
Page 86 and 87: INTRODUCTIONquestions are respectiv
Page 88 and 89: INTRODUCTIONwill account for the ea
Page 90 and 91:
80 INTRODUCTIONhave here in fact th
Page 92 and 93:
INTRODUCTIONThis passage is, howeve
Page 94 and 95:
INTRODUCTIONmiddle term. \Vhen subj
Page 96 and 97:
86 INTRODUCTIONto know the first pr
Page 98 and 99:
88 INTRODUCTIONimply either careles
Page 100 and 101:
9° INTRODUCTIONtheir affinity, and
Page 102 and 103:
9 2 INTRODUCTIONor in none, of our
Page 104 and 105:
94 INTRODUCTIONNeapolitanus III D 3
Page 290 and 291:
CONSPECTUS OF THE CONTENTSANALYTICA
Page 292 and 293:
282 CONSPECTUS OF THE CONTENTS11-13
Page 294 and 295:
284 CONSPECTUS OF THE CONTENTS28 Wh
Page 296 and 297:
TABLE OF THE VALID MOODSTHE followi
Page 298 and 299:
288 COMMENTARYpredicated ot all B.
Page 300 and 301:
290 COMMENTARY16. "Opov. opo~ in th
Page 302 and 303:
COMMENTARYand b22-{, imply that the
Page 304 and 305:
294 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 3Conversion o
Page 306 and 307:
296 COMMENTARYb S - 13. We say, 'Fo
Page 308 and 309:
COMMENTARYand the other sense of Ev
Page 310 and 311:
30 0 COMMENTARYif particular. Maier
Page 312 and 313:
302 COMMENTARYif this were equally
Page 314 and 315:
3~ COMMENTARYb3. a.SLOpLO'TOU TE Ka
Page 316 and 317:
306 COMMENTARY10. (b) Premisses ali
Page 318 and 319:
308 COMMENTARYSometimes the proof i
Page 320 and 321:
3IOCOMMENTARYomitting ~ jJ-~ iJ1TaP
Page 322 and 323:
312 COMME~TARYare horses, but all h
Page 324 and 325:
3I4COMMENTARY6. (2) Particular syll
Page 326 and 327:
COMMENTARYthe major by negation. Th
Page 328 and 329:
318 COMMENTARYmistaken in describin
Page 330 and 331:
320 COMMENTARYMaier (z a. 110 n. I)
Page 332 and 333:
322 COMMENTARY31"1. (B) One premiss
Page 334 and 335:
324 COMMENTARYfigure only the major
Page 336 and 337:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 13Preliminary dis
Page 338 and 339:
328 COMMENTARYthe sentence in 82B--
Page 340 and 341:
33 0 COMMENTARYpremisses (chs. 4-6)
Page 342 and 343:
332 COMMENTARY34-8. 'Ea.v S' ••
Page 344 and 345:
334 COMMENTARYit has been shown tha
Page 346 and 347:
COMMENTARYsyllogism so validated ca
Page 348 and 349:
COMMENTARYgeneral rule stated in 3
Page 350 and 351:
34 0 COMMENTARY7-18. AE'L SE ••
Page 352 and 353:
34 2 COMMENTARY35'5-6. aVTLUTpaq,EL
Page 354 and 355:
344 COMMENTARYbeing white is contin
Page 356 and 357:
COMMENTARYexcept that if the negati
Page 358 and 359:
COMMENTARYshould be white. Thus AcE
Page 360 and 361:
35 0 COMMENTARYpremisses are negati
Page 362 and 363:
35 2 COM~lE~T.\RYparticular or inde
Page 364 and 365:
354 COMMENTARYB is contingent', in
Page 366 and 367:
356 COMMENTARYeither that for all h
Page 368 and 369:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 19Syllogisms in t
Page 370 and 371:
360 COMMENTARY3~7. TO yap ciVClYKCl
Page 372 and 373:
COMMENTARYcombinations of a univers
Page 374 and 375:
COMMENTARYbe proved thus: By conver
Page 376 and 377:
COMMENTARYpremiss are valid, but th
Page 378 and 379:
COMMENTARY40aI5-16. OUTII,) yap •
Page 380 and 381:
37 0 COMMENTARY4I"Z. For we stated
Page 382 and 383:
372 COMMENTARYreferred to is not th
Page 384 and 385:
374 COMMENTARYspecified, that is no
Page 386 and 387:
COMMENTARYto denote lines cf. ,\1 e
Page 388 and 389:
COMMENTARY(the original reading is
Page 390 and 391:
COMMENTARYrepetition. In 314-24 A.
Page 392 and 393:
COMMENTARY32. A is proved only in o
Page 394 and 395:
COMMENTARYon man, it must follow on
Page 396 and 397:
COMMENTARYsince all E is Zn. all E
Page 398 and 399:
COMMENTARYAll M is S, yielding a sy
Page 400 and 401:
COMMENTARY'7Tf1aW as = dP.q,OTtpO~~
Page 402 and 403:
392 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 29Rules for r
Page 404 and 405:
394 COMMENTARYrelations with them),
Page 406 and 407:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 30Rules proper to
Page 408 and 409:
COMMENTARYbetween two other section
Page 410 and 411:
400 COMMENTARYknow what kinds of pr
Page 412 and 413:
402 COMMENTARYto-morrow, i.e. that
Page 414 and 415:
COMMENTARYC may be E, justifies the
Page 416 and 417:
COMMENTARYgood is not knowledge, no
Page 418 and 419:
408 COMME0lTARYof an oblique case)
Page 420 and 421:
410 COMMENTARYfar as it is good' is
Page 422 and 423:
412 COMMENTARYA will be true of all
Page 424 and 425:
COMMENTARYparadoxical consequences
Page 426 and 427:
COMMENTARYthe diagonal commensurate
Page 428 and 429:
7. (fj) of Datisi,8. (y) of Disamis
Page 430 and 431:
420 COMMENTARY(since a thing cannot
Page 432 and 433:
422 COMMENTARYthat the De Interpret
Page 434 and 435:
COMMENTARY(8) D does not entail A,
Page 436 and 437:
COMMENTARYderivable from the origin
Page 438 and 439:
COMMENTARYThus A. recognizes the va
Page 440 and 441:
43 0COMMENTARYCombinations of factI
Page 442 and 443:
432Combinations of facts38. (b) Som
Page 444 and 445:
434 COMMENTARYCombination of factsI
Page 446 and 447:
COMMENTARYSome B is not A are compa
Page 448 and 449:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 5Reciprocal proof
Page 450 and 451:
44 0 COMMENTARYthe conclusion of th
Page 452 and 453:
COMMENTARY27. When one premiss is p
Page 454 and 455:
444 COMMENTARYminor premiss of Fest
Page 456 and 457:
4465. (b)COMMENTARYAll B is A.Some
Page 458 and 459:
COMMENTARYmajor premiss will be pro
Page 460 and 461:
45 040. Propositions tobe provedAll
Page 462 and 463:
452 COMMENTARYcontrary (J.L"1S£vt.
Page 464 and 465:
454 COMMENTARYPropositions tobe pro
Page 466 and 467:
456 COMMENTARYData Reduc/io Ostensi
Page 468 and 469:
458 COMMENTARYthat between A and E
Page 470 and 471:
COMMENTARYThe combinations possible
Page 472 and 473:
COMMENTARYA and B are the same eith
Page 474 and 475:
COMMENTARY'If he does not prove 'B
Page 476 and 477:
COMMENTARYsupposition is so related
Page 478 and 479:
COMMENTARY66'5' TO l.,liUya.TOY, sc
Page 480 and 481:
47 0 COMMENTARYelenchus is a syllog
Page 482 and 483:
472 COMMENJ ARY37. A fortiori a man
Page 484 and 485:
474 COMMENTARYA ; i.e. the type of
Page 486 and 487:
COMMENTARYand similar phrases ib. 4
Page 488 and 489:
COMMENTARYbe avoided than C, the le
Page 490 and 491:
COMMENTARY(al0) should come after a
Page 492 and 493:
COMMENTARYusage of £tray£tll in o
Page 494 and 495:
COMMENTARYfollows: The object of de
Page 496 and 497:
COMMENTARYB is A, so that 'Tra.v ya
Page 498 and 499:
COMMENTARY13. Example, then, is inf
Page 500 and 501:
49 0 COMMENTARYsemi-dialectical, in
Page 502 and 503:
49 2 COMMENTARYopposites', or (ii)
Page 504 and 505:
494 COMMENTARYrejecting the second,
Page 506 and 507:
COMMENTARYza or zb must be right. O
Page 508 and 509:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 27I nference from
Page 510 and 511:
500 COMMENTARY(70br--6), the list i
Page 512 and 513:
50 2 COMMENTARYopposed to acquired)
Page 514 and 515:
COMMENTARYbS. There is, however, no
Page 516 and 517:
506 COMMENTARYa triangle equal two
Page 518 and 519:
508 COMMENTARY72.5. To proceed from
Page 520 and 521:
510 COMMENTARYunderstand why it is
Page 522 and 523:
51 2 COMMENTARYand P. 41. 21-42. 2
Page 524 and 525:
514 COMMENTARYOEE {"7TEEv ci1rOOELg
Page 526 and 527:
5I6COMMENTARYTOUTO S' (In TOU A OVT
Page 528 and 529:
SIBCOMMENTARYor odd and even, prime
Page 530 and 531:
520 COMMENTARYconnexion not between
Page 532 and 533:
5 22 COMMENTARYof proposition invol
Page 534 and 535:
COMMENTARY17. (2) That proportional
Page 536 and 537:
COMMENTARYwas not avwvvfLoV. But it
Page 538 and 539:
528 COMMENTARYsuch an attribute nee
Page 540 and 541:
53 0 COMMENTARYThe solution lies in
Page 542 and 543:
532 COMMENTARYthe most universal ax
Page 544 and 545:
534 COMMENTARYprove that or explain
Page 546 and 547:
COMMENTARYas we demonstrate proposi
Page 548 and 549:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 10The different k
Page 550 and 551:
540 COMMENTARY10. SUl TE Ti;)V KOWi
Page 552 and 553:
542 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 11The functio
Page 554 and 555:
544 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 12Error due t
Page 556 and 557:
COMMENTARYof error A. mentions two
Page 558 and 559:
COMMENTARYof the figure on the blac
Page 560 and 561:
55 0 COMMENTARYthe subjects to the
Page 562 and 563:
55 2 COMMENTARYhave a distinct natu
Page 564 and 565:
554 COMMENTARYof effect by adequate
Page 566 and 567:
556 COMMENTARYarea relatively to th
Page 568 and 569:
558 COMMENTARYprove a universal neg
Page 570 and 571:
560 COMMENTARYour subject. The case
Page 572 and 573:
COMMENTARYAll B is D. Then (a) if i
Page 574 and 575:
COMMENTARYD is A, no B is D, and no
Page 576 and 577:
566 COMMENTARYThe passage contains
Page 578 and 579:
568 COMMENTARYwith f..'~ in the ear
Page 580 and 581:
57 0 COMMENTARY8za3O-Z. ouSE ya.p .
Page 582 and 583:
57 2 COMMENTARYwider than the origi
Page 584 and 585:
574 COMMENTARYsubject, or assign a
Page 586 and 587:
COMMENTARY29. If so, the tenns betw
Page 588 and 589:
COMMENTARYto denounce the Platonic
Page 590 and 591:
580 COMMENTARYinvolved in the defin
Page 592 and 593:
582 COMMENTARYthe light of the rema
Page 594 and 595:
COMMENTARYa proof; if not, there is
Page 596 and 597:
586 COMMENTARYwe can find a term 'd
Page 598 and 599:
588 COMMENTARY3. iv9a. jL€v 8 5Ei
Page 600 and 601:
59 0 COMMENTARYalways uses universa
Page 602 and 603:
592 COMMENTARYof such a series woul
Page 604 and 605:
594 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 26Ostensive d
Page 606 and 607:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 27The more abstra
Page 608 and 609:
598 COMMENTARYa movement, and also
Page 610 and 611:
600 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 32AU syllogis
Page 612 and 613:
602 COMMENTARYin "19-3° took accou
Page 614 and 615:
COMMENTARYsyllogisms are the same'.
Page 616 and 617:
606 COMMENTARYTo maintain that true
Page 618 and 619:
608 COMMENTARYtwo cases; not that '
Page 620 and 621:
610 COMMENTARYit, (3) whether a cer
Page 622 and 623:
6I2COMMENTARY(t:l £an applied to a
Page 624 and 625:
COMMENTARYdefined.) (I) Definition
Page 626 and 627:
616 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 4It cannot be
Page 628 and 629:
618 COMMENTARYbegs the question, an
Page 630 and 631:
620 COMMENTARYattributes that it ca
Page 632 and 633:
622 COMMENTARYbelong to the same su
Page 634 and 635:
COMMENTARYimperfect (Met. 1092313).
Page 636 and 637:
626 COMMENTARYtalking definitions,
Page 638 and 639:
628 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 8The essmce o
Page 640 and 641:
COMMENTARY(938II-r2, cf. 9r"r5-r6),
Page 642 and 643:
COMMENTARYeclipse), yet a regroupin
Page 644 and 645:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 10The types of de
Page 646 and 647:
COMMENTARYattributes or events, tho
Page 648 and 649:
COMMENTARYand products; for nature
Page 650 and 651:
COMMENTARYdifference between cause
Page 652 and 653:
COMMENTARYdefining it as the half o
Page 654 and 655:
COMMENTARYnote of the very strong t
Page 656 and 657:
COMMENTARYof afterthought on nature
Page 658 and 659:
COMMENTARYCHAPTER 12The inference o
Page 660 and 661:
COMMENTARYWe cannot say 'since even
Page 662 and 663:
COMMENTARYthere may be a causal tra
Page 664 and 665:
COMMENTARYattributes of which each
Page 666 and 667:
COMMENTARYreasoning in metaphors, w
Page 668 and 669:
COMMENTARYbelong to the genus becau
Page 670 and 671:
660 COMMENTARYB, C, D; therefore we
Page 672 and 673:
662 COMMENTARYread dATJJLJLEVWV, wh
Page 674 and 675:
COMMENTARYava:ro[.L..J elsewhere).
Page 676 and 677:
666 COMMENTARYCHAPTER 16Where there
Page 678 and 679:
668 COMMENTARYCHAPTERS 17, 18Differ
Page 680 and 681:
COMMENTARYone effect but two effect
Page 682 and 683:
COMMENTARYThe general upshot of the
Page 684 and 685:
COMMENTARY20. We have said that dem
Page 686 and 687:
COMMENTARY980127--981"12, where the
Page 688 and 689:
COMMENTARYindividual thing before t
Page 690 and 691:
680 INDEX VERBORUM~OaIt4, , OTaV ~
Page 692 and 693:
682 INDEX VERBORUM80fa 43 8 39, 463
Page 694 and 695:
JCp""Ta'\'\os 95"16"",,'\'1' Sr,,,v
Page 696 and 697:
686 INDEX VERBORUMUT'YIJ...j )( 1J.
Page 698 and 699:
INDEXAbstract science superior to c
Page 700 and 701:
690 INDEXde-Sextus Empiricus 39Sbor
show all

ARISTOTLE'S PRIOR AND POSTERIOR ANALYTICS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?