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ACOUSTIC LOGGING 51-31TABLE 51.3-ACOUSTICVELOCITIESMaterial v,(fllsec) v,(ftlsec)Nonporous solrdsanhydritecalcitecement (cured)dolomitegranitegypsumlimestonequartzsaltsteelWater-saturated porous rocks in situPorosity (o/o)20,00020,100*12,00023,00019,70019,00021,00016,900 *15,000*20,00011,400-12,70011,200-11,10012,0008,0009,500dolomites 5 to 20 20,000 to 15,000 11,000 to 7,500limestones 5 to 20 18.500 to 13.000 9,500 to 7,000sandstones 5 to 20 16,000 to 11,500 9,500 to 6,000sands (unconsolidated) 20 to 35 11,500 to 9,000-shales‘ 7,000 to 17,000 -Liquids’ *water (pure)water (100,000 mg NaCIIL)water (200,000 mg NaCIIL)drilling mudpetroleum4,8005,2005.500610004,200Gasesair (dry or motst) 1,100hydrogen 4,250methane 1,500described qualitatively by stating that the magnitude of mincreases with decreasing grain contact areas. Thus, m issmall for crystalline rocks and larger for granular andshalier rocks, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 psec/ft for carbonatesand from I to 3 psec/ft for sandstones.Compressibility of the pore fluid depends on whetherit is gas, oil, or water and becomes significant in poorlyconsolidated rocks (see Eq. A-7). In well-consolidatedrocks under high effective stress, the relative contributionof pore fluid compressibility to the overall rockelastic moduli is small; therefore, variations of mbecause of pore fluid content may be neglected.The large range in values of b and m necessitates theuse of core analysis data to calibrate the acoustic log forestimating porosity. For this purpose, porosities andtravel times are measured on core samples under theequivalent subsurface pressure conditions, and the linearrelationship between the two is established by statisticalanalysis. If laboratory measurements of I are notavailable, restored pressure measurements of porosity,or porosity corrected for equivalent subsurface conditionscan be correlated to I from the acoustic log toestablish the linear relationship. provided that adequatedepth correspondence between core and log data can beestablished.There are numerous field examples of acoustic logmeasurements yielding reliable estimates of porosity inwell-compacted, clean sandstones and carbonates, providedthat the lithology is known. Fig. 51.64 illustratesthe close agreement between acoustic-log-measuredtransit times and core-measured porosities for carbonatesections in two wells.In fact, the acoustic log in certain areas is the mostconsistently reliable porosity device. To reiterate, theconditions required are (1) lithology is accuratelyknown, (2) porosity is largely intergranular, and (3)rocks are well compacted and subjected to a differentialstress of at least 4,000 psi.As with other conventional porosity logs, variations inlithology make porosity estimates from compressionalwavetransit times unreliable. To overcome this. acousticlogs are used with density and/or neutron logs, or withmeasurements of shear-wave transit times described inthe next section.Secondary Porosity. Another application of the acousticlog is for estimation of “secondary porosity” in vugularand/or fractured rocks. For this, it is assumed that compressionalwave velocity is affected only by the primaryor intergranular porosity. The density and neutron logsare assumed to respond to total porosity. Hence, any differencebetween these is assumed to be secondaryporosity consisting of vugs and/or fractures. An exampleof this is shown in Fig. 5 1.65, where the section containsanhydrite with fracture porosity. ’‘u Notice that while thetransit time I remains approximately constant over theentire section, density oh decreases from 2.97 to 2.83
51-32 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOKSouthRalphWevburnSaskatchewanSteelman (Kvqsford) FieldSaskatchewanMlsswpplanLImestoneM~ss~rs~pp~enLimestoneTranr,, Tlrn.3 /Jsec/ttTranl,, Tlrnl? /.lsecm100 85 70 55 40100 85 70 55 40Salt Potential Spacing - 1 ft, 2 Receivwsmillivolts Poro.lfy - (%)/35 30 25 21 15 10 5 0~--3Self PotentialmdlivoltsSpecsng - 1 ft. 2 ReceiversPorolltv - (%)>L-Sonic Log/----ore AnalysisZore I4naIySiS-j-t//II--_-- +-I----i--1t ‘?. ’I r-;i+I~
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CHEMICAL FLOODING 47-5When applied
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Chapter 53Other Well LogsRichard M.
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OTHER WELL LOGS 53-3Fig. 53.3-MWD l
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OTHER WELL LOGS 53-5NORT”-100 100
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OTHER WELL LOGS53-72. Vertical Sect
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OTHER WELL LOGS 53-9TABLE 53.2-DEVI
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OTHER WELL LOGS 53-l 1RESISTIVITYAR
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OTHER WELL LOGSBuried Bar with Shal
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OTHER WELL LOGS 53-15as dips and de
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OTHER WELL LOGS53-17limestone, dolo
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OTHER WELL LOGS53-19TUBING PROFILE
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OTHER WELL LOGS 53-21I;2ux leakage.
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OTHER WELL LOGS 53-23there is zero
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OTHER WELL LOGSLOWER ARRAY IUPPERAR
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Chapter 54AcidizingA.W. Coulter Jr.
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ACIDIZING 54-3Determination of acid
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ACIDIZING 54-5.INTENSIFIED- MARBLE5
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ACIDIZING 54-7ẕST 3;2 lpoo0’ a
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ACIDIZING 54-9500m250I 2 3 4 6 7 0
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ACIDIZING 54-11gal of acid per foot
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ACIDIZING 54-13Davis. J.J., Mantill
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Chapter 55Formation FracturingS.J.
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FORMATION FRACTURING 55-3(AVERAGE F
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FORMATION FRACTURING 55-5good propp
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FORMATIONFRACTURING0flow RATE , bbl
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FORMATIONFRACTURING55-9cial techniq
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FORMATION FRACTURING 55-11Baumgartn
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Chapter 56Remedial Cleanup, Sand Co
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REMEDIAL CLEANUP, SAND CONTROL, & O
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Chapter 59SPE Letter and Computer S
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WE LETTER AND COMPUTER SYMBOLS STAN
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Author IndexAbbott, W.A.. v, 4-11Ab
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AUTHOR INDEX 3Broussard, W.F., 12-4
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AUTHOR INDEX 5Essley, P.L. Jr.. 40-
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AUTHOR INDEXHsiao, L., 44-5 1 Jacuz
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AUTHOR INDEX 9McAdams, W-H.. 46-43M
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AUTHOR INDEX 11QQuadir, J.A., 55-l
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AUTHOR INDEX 13Swetnam. J.C.. 7-17S
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Subject IndexAAbandonment pressure,
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SUBJECT INDEXI7American Sot. for Te
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SUBJECT INDEX19Biostromes, 29-4, 29
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SUBJECTINDEXCase histories. thermal
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SUBJECT INDEXDensity meters, instal
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SUBJECT INDEX 29Drillstem test or t
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SUBJECT INDEX 31Equation, general f
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SUBJECT INDEX33regulations, 3-34sen
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SUBJECT INDEX 37Geopressure detecti
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SUBJECT 1NDEX 39Hydrocarbon chromat
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SUBJECT INDEX 47Multicomponent Rash
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SUBJECT INDEX 49practical considera
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SUBJECT INDEX 51Oxygen (O,), 6-55,
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SUBJECT INDEX 53Pneumatic actuators
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SUBJECT INDEX 55data, 7-9, 37-3, 37
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SUBJECT INDEX 57RRabbiting, 56-3Rad
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SUBJECT INDEX 59Reserves, oil and g
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SUBJECT INDEX 61Sample containers.
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SUBJECT INDEX63Silicon-controlled r
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SUBJECTINDEXStandard conditions. de
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SUBJECT INDEX 67Surging flow. 13-52
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iUBJECT INDEX 71Morkill’F method,
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SUBJECT INDEX 73Water gradient. 6-2
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