potassium guidelines for field crops in new york - Purdue Agriculture

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Potassium Guidelines for Field Crops in New York. Second Release. June 12, 2003.gravel. The slope is generally level or nearly level, and the topography is level toundulating. The very slowly permeable profile and nearly level slopes make soil drainageand water management difficult but very important. Land smoothing and open ditcheswith good outlets are recommended. Rotations containing sod crops, cultural practicessuch as fall plowing, the incorporation of organic residues, and timely fitting operationsat proper moisture conditions should be used to maintain good soil tilth for optimum cropyields. The water-holding capacity of these soils is high; but because of limited rooting inthe clayey subsoils, crops suffer from drought more frequently than when grown ongroup II or III soils.The soil pH ranges from 5.4 to 7.0; thus lime may or may not be needed. If the pHis low, large quantities of lime are required. Magnesium on these soils is usually adequateto high. The organic matter content is generally high, but the release of nitrogen (N) isslow, especially in the spring because of the cold, wet nature of these soils. The nitrogensupplying power of these soils usually exceeds 80 pounds per acre per year. Theefficiency of applied N is often low, especially if applied pre-plant. These heavy-texturedsoils are often waterlogged, and some N is lost by denitrification. Side-dressing Nincreases its efficiency.Phosphorus (P) is usually low, and the placement of P in the band near the seed atplanting is critical. The heavy soil texture and wet, cold spring conditions slow rootgrowth. Thus, the roots cannot extract nutrients from a large volume of soil. This reducesP uptake and increases the probability of a response when placed in the fertilizer band.The K supplying power is high, but restricted root growth decreases the ability of theplant to extract K; therefore, some K containing fertilizers are needed.The corn yields in this subgroup are generally below 100 bu/acre (17 tons per acreof silage), except for the moderately well drained Vergennes and Wilpoint soils. Theyield potential for perennial forages ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 tons/acre (12% moisture).Birdsfoot trefoil and grass are usually the most appropriate species to grow. Examplesfrom group IA clayey soils are the moderately well drained Vergennes, the somewhatpoorly drained Kingsbury, and the poorly drained Livingston soils. Large acreages ofgroup IA soils occur in northern New York with limited acres (not shown in Figure 1) ineastern New York and the Hudson Valley.3.1.2 Subgroup IBThese are medium- to fine-textured soils developed from lake sediments. Thesesoils are formed from glacial lake or marine deposits and have a permeable, very finesandy loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam surface over a more slowly permeable, heaviersilty clay loam to clay subsurface. They differ from subgroup IA because of the moresandy surface and usually a more permeable subsoil. They generally occur on nearly levelto gently sloping or rolling landscapes of the lower elevations near the lakes and alongthe Hudson River. The more rolling landscape makes surface water control and drainageeasier than on the nearly level areas, but it increases the erosion hazard. Water anderosion control are important in managing these soils for crop production.8
Potassium Guidelines for Field Crops in New York. Second Release. June 12, 2003.The pH of these soils ranges from 5.2 to 7.4, but most often the pH is 5.8 orabove. Most subgroup IB soils need some lime for alfalfa production. The magnesium(Mg) supply is usually adequate.The organic matter content is generally medium, and the N release is good on thewell-drained to moderately well drained soils. The N supplying power generally exceeds80 lbs per acre per year, but nitrogen loss is a problem as with the subgroup IA soils.Original P levels are low, but the addition of manure and fertilizer P to cultivatedareas may have increased soil P to higher levels. Band placement of P is important forcrop establishment where P application is recommended. The K supplying power is high,but continuous cropping without adequate fertilizer can reduce the K levels.The yield potentials for these soils vary from 75 to 120 bushels of corn per acre(13 to 20 tons of silage) depending on the soil drainage. The potential yields of perennialforage range from 2.5 to 5.5 tons per acre (12% moisture), but only the well-drained andmoderately well drained soils are suited for alfalfa production. The Hudson, Odessa, andSchoharie series are examples of the well-drained and moderately well drained soils ofthe subgroup IB. Other examples are the somewhat poorly and poorly drained Caneadea,Canadice, and Rhinebeck soils and the very poorly drained Lakemont soils.3.2 Soil management group IIThe soils of this group are medium-textured to moderately fine-textured soilsdeveloped from calcareous glacial till, calcareous glacial till mixed with shale, or recentalluvium. The soils in this management group belong to one of three subgroupsdepending on parent material. Yield potentials of these soils vary from 75 to 150 bushelsof corn (13-26 tons per acre of corn silage) and from 2.5 to 6 tons per acre of forage,depending primarily on the soil drainage characteristics.3.2.1 Subgroup IIAMedium- to fine-textured soils developed from calcareous glacial till. These soilsare found in areas of undulating to gently rolling topography in the central plains of NewYork. They are formed from strongly calcareous glacial till. The soil profile is slightlyacid to slightly alkaline in the surface and slightly alkaline or strongly alkaline in thesubsoil. The surface texture may be a very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam with siltloam to silty clay loam subsoils. The water-holding capacity of these soils is high. Limeis usually not required, but surface soil pH’s are occasionally low. Additions of manureand fertilizer P have increased the P content to high levels in some soils.Soil water management is a problem on most of these soils. Erosion control andadequate soil drainage are critical problems. Subsurface drainage is effective in removingexcess soil water. Strip-cropping, diversion ditches, sod waterways, and subdrain outletterraces have successfully provided both erosion control and drainage. Once the watermanagement problems have been solved, these are among the most productive soils ofNew York State.9
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