Acids and Bases

CHAPTER 19SUPPLEMENTAL PROBLEMSAcids and BasesWrite balanced chemical equations for each ofthe following reactions that involve acids andbases.1. aluminum and hydrochloric acid2. nitric acid and sodium carbonate3. potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acidWrite the steps in the complete ionization of thefollowing polyprotic acids.4. H 2CO 35. H 3BO 313. What is its pH?14. What is its pOH?A solution has a pH of 5.79.15. What is its pOH?16. What is its [H ]?17. What is its [OH]?18. What is the pH of a 0.50M solution of HCl, astrong acid?19. What is the pH of a 1.5 10 3 M solution ofNaOH, a strong base?Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.A solution has a [H ] of 1.0 10 5 M.6. What is its [OH ]?7. What is its pH?8. What is its pOH?A solution has a [OH ] of 3.6 10 7 M.9. What is its [H ]?10. What is its pH?11. What is its pOH?20. What is the molarity of a KOH solution if25.0 mL of it is neutralized by 31.7 mL of a0.100M nitric acid solution?21. During a titration, 0.200M HCl is added to aNaOH solution of unknown concentration.What is the concentration of the NaOH solutionif 20.0 mL of it is neutralized by 30.7 mL ofthe standard solution?22. A 25.0-mL sample of H 2SO 4is neutralized by27.4 mL of 1.00M KOH. What is the concentrationof the acid?23. A 50.0-mL sample of 0.0100M Ca(OH) 2is neutralizedby 45.6 mL of HBr. What is the molarityof the acid?A solution has a [H ] of 5.6 10 6 M.12. What is its [OH ]?Supplemental Problems Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 19 29

Name Date ClassDirected Reading forContent MasteryChapterOverviewAcids, Bases, and Salts 25Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.salt hydrogen ions positivebase acid negativeThe strength of an1.anacid or basedepends on how completelya4.Meeting Individual NeedsCopyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.produces2.in solutionwhich are3.and combine to form a6.produceshydroxide atomsin solutionwhich are5.Acids, Bases, and Salts 19

Name Date ClassDirected Reading forContent MasterySection 1 ■ Acids and BasesSection 2 ■ Strength of Acidsand BasesDirections: For each of the following, write the letter of the term that best completes the sentence.Chapter25Meeting Individual Needs1. A substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution is a(n) ______.a. acid b. base2. The familiar sour taste of citrus fruits is caused by the presence of______ in these foods.a. acid b. base3. An acid that ionizes almost completely in solution is a ______.a. strong acid b. weak acid4. The strength of a base is determined bya. the concentration of a solutionb. how completely it separates into ions in solution5. A substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution is a(n) ______.a. acid b. base6. A hydrogen ion is indicated by ______.a. H + b. OH –7. The pH of a substance can be determined by using a device called ______.a. an acid meter b. a pH meter8. The term dilute is used to refer to the _____ of an acid or a base.a. strength b. concentration9. A hydroxide ion is indicated by ______.a. OH b. OH –10. An organic compound that changes color in an acid or a base is an ______.a. indicator b. alcohol11. The acidity of a solution can be indicated by its ______.a. pH b. concentration12. On the pH scale, a solution with pH 7 is ______.a. acidic b. neutral13. When an acid is dissolved in water, H + ions form ______.a. hydrogen molecules b. hydronium ions14. The formula for a hydronium ion is ______.a. H 3 O + b. OH –15. On the pH scale, a solution with pH 3 is ______.a. acidic b. basicCopyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.20 Acids, Bases, and Salts

Name Date Class2ReinforcementStrength of Acids and BasespHChapter25Directions: The pH values of several common substances are listed below. Place each item from the list on thepH scale in its proper location. The first one has been done for you.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Meeting Individual Needspure water 7.0ocean water 8.5tomatoes 4.0lye 13.8stomach acid 1.0pure waterlemons 2.5shampoo 5.8bananas 5.2blood 7.2milk of magnesia 10.5ammonia 11.5eggs 7.8soap 10.0vinegar 3.0Directions: Complete the table below by writing the name of each of the substances above under the properheading. Place substances with a pH lower than 3.0 in the strong acids column. Place substances with a pHhigher than 10.0 in the strong bases column.1. Strong acids 2. Weak acids 3. Weak bases 4. Strong basesDirections: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.5. Is pure water an acidic, basic, or neutral substance?6. Is the pH of a strong acid higher or lower than the pH of a weak acid of the same concentration?7. Is the pH of a strong base higher or lower than the pH of a weak base of the same concentration?Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.8. On the pH scale, what are the values of acids and what are the values of bases?28 Acids, Bases, and Salts

Name Date ClassChapterTestAcids, Bases, and SaltsI. Testing ConceptsDirections: In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement oranswers each question.1. In a titration, the point where the indicator changes color and stays that way is the _____.a. pH point b. endpoint c. acid point d. standard point2. In a titration, the solution for which the concentration is known is called the _____.a. indicator b. hydrate c. normal solution d. standard solution3. H 3 O + units are called _____.a. hydroxide ions b. hydronium ions c. hydroxyl groups d. hydrogen ions4. In an equation describing the ionization of an acid, double arrows pointing inopposite directions indicate the acid is _____.a. negative b. strong c. neutral d. weak5. A substance that produces H + ions in solution is a(n) _____.a. acid b. salt c. base d. soap6. A substance that produces OH – ions in solution is a(n)_____.a. acid b. salt c. base d. alcoholChapter25Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.7. Our blood contains ______, which allow small amounts of acids or bases to beabsorbed without harmful effects.a. salts b. esters c. buffers d. indicators8. Organic substances that change color in the presence of an acid or a base are called _____.a. soaps b. glycerins c. hydrates d. indicators9. A compound formed in solution from the negative ion of an acid and the positiveion of a base is a _____.a. salt b. soap c. glycerin d. detergent10. Which of the following substances will react to form an ester?a. ethyl alcohol and sodium hydroxide c. sodium chloride and ethyl alcoholb. acetic acid and sodium chloride d. acetic acid and ethyl alcohol11. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by soaps and detergents?a. has long carbon chainsb. reacts with minerals to form insoluble substances often called scumc. may be classified as an organic saltd. is used for cleaning12. Which of the following is the best indicator of the number of hydronium ions in a solution?a. the pH of the solutionb. the mass of the solutionc. the color of the solution in the presence of an indicatord. the amount of water in the solutionAssessmentAcids, Bases, and Salts 39

Name Date ClassChapter Test (continued)13. Antacids work because they _____ excess stomach acid.a. neutralize b. contain c. acidify d. titrate14. A solution with a bitter taste and a slippery feel is most likely _____.a. an acid b. a base c. salt d. an ester15. HCl is the formula for _____.a. the hydronium ion c. hydrogen peroxideb. hydrochloric acid d. sodium hydroxide16. When you wash your hands with soap, you are using a(n) _____.a. buffer b. acid c. base d. indicator17. The terms dilute and concentrated refer to the _____ of a solution.a. concentration b. strength c. pH d. acidity18. The strength of a base that only partly ionizes in solution would be described as _____.a. dilute b. concentrated c. weak d. strong19. A solution that is basic contains _____ H 3 O + ions.a. fewer OH – ions than c. more OH – ions thanb. an equal amount of OH – ions and d. noAssessmentII.20. A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water is a(n) _____reaction.a. neutralization b. synthesis c. decomposition d. endpointUnderstanding ConceptsSkill: Comparing and ContrastingDirections: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. How does the charge of the ions produced by an acid in solution differ from the charge of theions produced by a base in solution?2. List three characteristics that acids and bases have in common.Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.40 Acids, Bases, and Salts

CHAPTER 19Acids and BasesName:Date:1 Which of these decreases as the pH of a solutionincreases?ABCDThe basicity of a solutionNumber of hydrogen ionsThe value of K wNumber of hydroxide ionsThis question covers TEKS 11B. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 610–611.4 Strong acids or bases make the best electrolytesbecause they —ABCDdo not ionize in solutionreact in an equilibrating mannerionize completely in solutionhave extremely small ionization constantsThis question covers TEKS 14B. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpage 602.Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.2 Acid rain is extremely harmful to the environment.All of the following are ways that acid rain affectsthe environment EXCEPT —ABCDeroding buildingspromoting hydroxide depositsleaching mineral ions from the soilaltering biological molecules necessary foraquatic lifeThis question covers TEKS 14D. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 595–596.3 ABrønsted-Lowry base is to a hydrogen-ionacceptor as a Brønsted-Lowry acid is to —ABCDa hydroxide-ion producera hydroxide-ion donoran electron-pair donora hydrogen-ion donorThis question covers TEKS 11A. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 598–599.5 The neutralization of a strong acid by a strong basealways involves the products —ABCDwater and a saltan anion and a saltwater and an iona weak acid and a strong baseThis question covers TEKS 14C. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 617–618.6 Black coffee has a pH of approximately 5.0. What isthe pOH of black coffee?A 7.0B 19.0C 3.0D 9.0This question covers TEKS 14A. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpage 611.Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKSChemistry: Matter and Change37

CHAPTER 19 Acids and Bases, continued Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKSName:Date:Use the table below to answer question 7.pH of Various Solutions7 The pH scale is used to rank the hydronium ionconcentration of a given substance. Which of thefollowing sequences shows these solutions fromleast acidic to most acidic?ABCDABCDSolutionGastric JuiceVinegarHuman BloodBaking SodapH1.52.87.48.5Gastric juice, vinegar, human blood,baking sodaBaking soda, human blood, vinegar,gastric juiceBaking soda, vinegar, human blood, gastric juiceGastric juice, human blood, vinegar,baking sodaThis question covers TEKS 14A. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpage 611.8 Buffers in your body are constantly working toprevent harmful increases or decreases in the pH ofyour blood, urine, and other fluids. In order to resistsuch changes, a buffer is composed of —a strong acid and a strong basea weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weakbase and its conjugate acida strong base and a weak acida strong acid and a weak baseThis question covers TEKS 11B and 14C. Thisquestion tests the material that was covered in thetextbook on pages 623–625.Use the equation below to answer question 9.HBr(aq) + NH 3(aq)9 According to this chemical equation, whichof the following represents a conjugateacid–base pair?ABCDNH 4 + (aq) and Br – (aq)HBr(aq) and NH 4 + (aq)NH 3 (aq) and HBr(aq)HBr(aq) and Br – (aq)10 Which of the following does NOT represent abalanced equation for an acid–base neutralizationreaction?ABHCl + NaOH ➝ NaCl + H 2 OCH 4 + 2O 2 ➝ CO 2 + 2H 2 OC 2HBr + Ca(OH) 2 ➝ 2H 2 O + CaBr 2DNH 4+(aq) + Br – (aq)This question covers TEKS 11B. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 598–599.Mg(OH) 2 + 2HCl ➝ MgCl 2 + 2H 2 OThis question covers TEKS 11C and 14C. Thisquestion tests the material that was covered in thetextbook on page 618.Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.38Chemistry: Matter and Change