Karenia mikimotoi

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Table 1. EA ‘notifiable’ toxic marine microalgal species. Class Species Toxic Effect [1] Action Levels Bacillariophyceae Pseudo-nitzschia spp. ASP >150,000 cells/litre Dinophyceae Alexandrium spp. Gymnodinium catenatum Dinophysis acuminata D. acuta D. norvegica Prorocentrum lima Amphidinium carterae <strong>Karenia</strong> <strong>mikimotoi</strong> (G. aureolum) Haptophyceae Chrysochromulina polylepis Prymnesium parvum Raphidophyceae Fibrocapsa japonica Heterosigma akashiwo PSP PSP DSP DSP DSP DSP Ichthyotoxic Ichthyotoxic Ichthyotoxic Ichthyotoxic Ichthyotoxic Ichthyotoxic Presence of species Presence of species >100 cells/litre >100 cells/litre >100 cells /litre >100 cells /litre Presence of species Presence of species 2 A Literature review of the potential health effects of marine microalgae and macroalgae Presence of species Presence of species Presence of species Presence of species Cyanophyceae Nodularia spumigena Hepatotoxic 1,000 filaments/mL Note: [1] ASP = amnesic shellfish poisoning; DSP = diahorretic shellfish poisoning; PSP = paralytic shellfish poisoning
2 Non-toxic phytoplankton blooms 2.1 Noctiluca scintillans Noctiluca scintillans is a large cosmopolitan athecate (unarmoured) dinoflagellate species that is distributed world wide in cold and warm waters. It is a nonphotosynthetic phagotroph, feeding on phytoplankton (mainly diatoms and other dinoflagellates), protozoans, detritus, and fish eggs. Toxic blooms of N. scintillans have been linked to massive fish and marine invertebrate kills. Although this species does not produce a toxin, it has been found to accumulate toxic levels of ammonia in food vacuoles (possibly a buoyancy mechanism), which is then excreted into the surrounding waters possibly acting as the killing agent in blooms (Okaichi & Nishio, 1976). Landsberg (2002) has catalogued a number of deleterious effects caused by Noctiluca blooms including the production of mucus that caused mechanical damage to fish gills and interfered with respiration, and a bloom in Venezuela that covered 3 km 2 and resulted in the mass mortality of the mussel Perna perna. The mouse bioassay indicated that the mussels were non-toxic. The gills of the mussels were found to be covered in a mucilaginous substance that probably caused death by suffocation. It has been reported that Noctiluca can carry both potentially toxic (but not necessarily pathogenic) bacteria (Kirchner et al., 2001) and toxic algae (Escalera et al., 2007) and may act as a vector for the distribution of these organisms. There are no reports of this alga having adverse effects on human health. 2.2 Blooms of diatoms Diatoms are in ecological terms one of the most important groups of microalgae. They are cosmopolitan and found in all aquatic environments. When diatoms reach cell densities typically encountered in blooms they may be considered potentially harmful. Smayda (2006) lists a number of diatoms (Table 2) that are reported to be harmful. One of the main harmful effects of blooms of non-toxic diatoms is the creation of hypoxic and anoxic conditions as the bloom senesces and dies and there is increased microbial oxygen demand resulting in large-scale mortalities of fauna in the water column and the benthos as the bloom sediments. Other harmful effects are due to what Smayda (2006) terms ‘non-toxicological stressors’ due to their abundance or morphology; for example the production of copious amounts of mucilage by Coscinodiscus wailesii, which reaches nuisance bloom proportions in the North Sea and can clog fishing nets, and by Thalassiosira mala, which clogged the gills of cultured shellfish in Tokyo bay thereby causing large scale mortality. A Literature review of the potential health effects of marine microalgae and macroalgae 3
Page 1 and 2: A Literature review of the potentia
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Page 9: 1 Introduction In 1991 an editorial
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Freshwater cyanobacteria [3] The WH
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Anon. (2001a) WO/2001/029186 Algal
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Brockmann, U., Heyden, B., Schütt
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Fossat, B., Porthé-Nibelle, J., So
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Jahnke, J. (1992) ICES Identificati
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Marcaillou, C., Gentien, P., Lunven
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Pierce, R.H., Henry, M.S., Blum, P.
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Solomon, A.E. and Stoughton, R.B. (
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van Rijssel, M., Alderkamp, A-.C.,
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Karenia mikimotoi

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