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JOURNAL OF THEARABIAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETYVol. 7 No 1 June 2012Possibility of Using Dried Leaves of Guava and Camphor Trees inTilapia DietsAbdelhamid 1 , A. M. and A. A. A Soliman 2 *1. Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Mansourah University, Egypt2. Fish Nutrition Lab. Aquaculture Division, NationalInstitute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt*Corresponding AuthorABSTRACTIn an indoor feeding trial for 16 weeks in plastic tanks on Nile tilapia fishfry, dietary graded levels (0, 1, and 2 %) of guava tree leaves meal (GTLM) andcamphor tree leaves meal (CTLM) were tested for their effects on the fishperformance. The obtained results confirmed the significant gradually (withincreasing the feed additive level) improvements in fish final weight, weight gain(total and daily), growth rates (relative and specific), feed utilization (feed andprotein intakes, feed conversion, protein productive value, protein efficiency ratio,energy retention) by increasing GTLM or CTLM levels. These feed additives, also,significantly improved fish carcass composition (protein, ether extract, energycontent). So, it could recommend the dietary inclusion of 2 % GTLM or CTLM toNile tilapia. So, it could recommend the addition of 2 % GTLM or CTLM to Niletilapia fish diets, but it may need more research on the effect of such feed additiveson the organoleptic test of the fish meat.Keywords: Tilapia, Performance, Composition, Guava leaves, Camphor leaves.INTRODUCTIONBased on the existing efforts topromote sustainable aquaculture,environmental-friendly processed feedsshould be addressed, developed andimplemented (Frankic and Hershner,2003). Because of the rapidlyincreasing of worldwide aquaculture,aqua feed's supply is less than its© Copyright by the Arabian Aquaculture Society 201291

ABDELHAMID AND SOLIMANdemand; so, many efforts areundertaken to overcome this gap.Among these efforts is evaluation ofnovel feed sources, such recyclingsome valuable agro-industrial byproducts(Hussein et al., 2001; Soltan,2002; Hafez et al., 2003 and El-Komy,2006) or field crops' wastes (Srour etal., 2002) and recycling some medicalplants (Abd Elmonem et al., 2002; El-Komy, 2006 and Abd El-Hakim, 2008)whether to substitute one of theconventional feed stuffs in a diet or fortheir attractive or medical effects.Abou Khalifa (2009) mentioned thatrecycling waste is very important highvalueof food. Manufacturing of feedfrom industrial, plant waste is the keyto eliminate pollution from theenvironment. The process ofmanufacturing of animal and fish feedand fertilizer from recycling waste isthe most important factors foroperation of unemployment reduction.The traditional herbal remedyfrom Psidium guajava leaves has beenmedically proposed as effectivetreatment of acute diarrhea anddysentery. Also, guava leaf extractdecreased the frequency of cough, theextract directly stimulated musclecontraction. Moreover, growth ofStaphylococcus aureus and β-streptococcus group A was inhibited byextract of dry guava leaves. Theseresults suggest that guava leaf extractis recommended as a cough remedy(Jaiarj et al., 1999). Abdelrahim et al.(2002) found also that Psidium guajavaextracts possess anti-bacterial activity.The extract of the leaves of Psidiumguajava was found to inhibit edemaand pain and exhibited an antipyreticeffect. The extract reduced intestinaltransit time and prevented diarrhea(Olajide et al., 1999). However, guavashowed high content of polyphenols asnatural antioxidants (Jiménez-Escrig etal., 2001). Psidium guajava, is animportant food crop and medicinalplant in tropical and subtropicalcountries is widely used like food andin folk medicine around of the worldfor its chemical constituents,pharmacological, and clinical uses. Anumber of metabolites have beenshown to possess useful biologicalactivities belonging mainly to phenolic,flavonoid, carotenoid, terpenoid andtriterpene. Extracts and metabolites ofthis plant, particularly those fromleaves and fruits possess usefulpharmacological activities. It is usedalso for hepatoprotection, anti-allergy,antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial,cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardioactive,antiinflamatory and antinociceptiveactivities, supporting its traditionaluses (Pérez Gutiérrez et al., 2008).Camphor tree (Cinnamomumcamphora or Eucalyptuscamaldulensis) is traditionally used92

DRIED LEAVES OF GUAVA AND CAMPHOR TREES IN TILAPIA DIETSagainst cough, asthma and congestion.Several volatile and water-solubletoxins were found in Eucalyptustissues. Cineole and α-pinene arehighly toxic terpenes. Of 10 isolatedphenolic toxins, five were identified ascaffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallicacid. There are factors permit toxinconcentrations to reach physiologicallysignificant proportions (Anon., 1970).The present work aimed to study theeffect of dietary graded levels of guavaor camphor tree leaves' meals on Niletilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fishperformance and composition.MATERIALS AND METHODSAn indoor feeding experimentwas conducted to evaluate the dietaryinclusion of Pasidium guajava treeleaves meal (GTLM) or camphor treetree leaves meal (CTLM) concerninggrowth performance, carcasscomposition and feed utilization ofNile tilapia, Oreochromios niloticus,fry for 16 weeks. The experimentalsystem consisted of 15 plastic tanks(each of 16 liter water); each tank wascontinuously supplied with acompressed air from an electriccompressor (Shenzehe CompanyBS410). Dechlorinated tap water wasused to change one third of the water ineach tank every day. Water was aeratedbefore be used for about 24 hours toremove chlorine.Experimental Fish: A group ofNile tilapia O. niloticus with anaverage initial body weight of (0.28 –0.30 g) were obtained from a privatefarm at AL Hamoul, Kafr El-Sheikhgovernorate, Egypt and transported tothe wet lab. Fish were maintained inthese tanks for 2 weeks before thebeginning of the experiment foracclimatization purpose. The fish werefed during the acclimatization periodon the basal diet (30% crude protein) ata rate of 20% of the body weight daily,at 2 times daily. The experimentaltreatments were tested at three tanks(replicates) for each. Fish were stokedat a density of 7 fish / tank.Experimental Diet: ground driedleafs of Psidium guajava (GTLM) orcamphor (CTLM) were added (0, 1 and2%) to Nile tilapia fish diets. Allfeedstuffs used in the experimentaldiets were purchased from the localmarket. The basal diet No.1 wasconsidered as a control. Compositionand chemical analysis of the basal andexperimental diets are presented inTable 1 which showed that all theexperimental diets were iso-caloric andiso-nitrogenous. The composition ofthe vitamins and minerals mixture ispresented in Table 2.Experimental ProcedureThe experiment continued for 16weeks. During the experimental period,93

ABDELHAMID AND SOLIMANTable 1: Composition (%) and chemical analysis (% dry matter bases) of the experimentaldiets.IngredientsDiet No. 1 Diets No. 2 & 4 Diets No. 3 & 5Control GTLM (1%) GTLM (2%)Fish meal777Soybean meal505050Yellow corn232221Wheat bran151515GTLM or CTLM012Sunflower oil222Vitamins & minerals333Chemical analysisDry matter (DM)90.0189.8789.93Crude protein (CP)29.6129.9129.31Ether extract (EE)4.945.025.05Ash4.744.614.56Crude fiber (CF)10.169.9510.44Nitrogen free extract (NFE)50.5550.5150.64Gross energy (GE)*(kcal/100 g DM)420.96425.63421.10Protein/energy (P/E) ratio(mg CP/kcal GE)70.3370.2769.60Metabolizable energy(ME)** (kcal/100g)349.73353.20349.52*GE (kcal/100 g DM) = CP x 5.64 + EE x 9.44 + NFE x 4.11 calculated according to(Macdonald et al., 1973)**ME (kcal/100g DM) = Metabolically energy was calculated by using factors 3.49, 8.1 and4.5 kcal/g for carbohydrates, fat and protein, respectively according to Pantha (1982).94

DRIED LEAVES OF GUAVA AND CAMPHOR TREES IN TILAPIA DIETSTable 2: Composition of the vitamins and minerals mixture*(calculated for each kg of themixture) in the diets.Vitamins:AD 3EK 3B 1B 2B 6B 12CBiotinFolic acidPantothenic acidPhosphorusManganeseZincIronCopperCobaltSeleniumIodineStarchNatural. H.CaCo 3Minerals:Inert essential agent:*: Multi Vita Co. Animal Nutrition, 6 October city, 2 nd Industrial district.5.714.286 IU85.714 IU7.143 mg1.429 mg571 mg343 mg571 mg7.143 μg857 μg2.857 mg86 mg1.143 mg28.571 mg68.571 mg51.429 mg34.286 mg5.714 mg229 mg286 mg114 mg57 g29 gUp to 1000 g95

ABDELHAMID AND SOLIMANthe fish were fed the experimental dietsat a rate of 20% of the live body weightdaily. The diet was introduced twicedaily, at 8 a.m. and 2 p.m. The amountof feed was adjusted weekly based onthe actual body weight changes.Samples of water were taken from eachtank to determine water qualityparameters. Light was controlled by atimer to provide a 14 h light: 10 h darkas a daily photoperiod.Analytical MethodsSamples of water from eachaquarium were taken to determine thewater temperature, pH value, anddissolved oxygen concentrationsaccording to Abdelhamid (1996).Water temperature in degree centigradewas recorded every day by using athermometer. The pH value of waterwas measured daily using an electricdigital pH meter (Jenway Ltd, model350-pH meter). Dissolved oxygenconcentration was determined weeklyusing an oxygen meter model (d-5509).Determinations of DM, CP, EE, CF,and ash in the diets and in fish body atthe start and at the end of theexperiment for different groups werecarried out according to the methods ofA.OA.C. (1990). At the end of theexperiment, three fish were derivedfrom each group (tank) for drying at60ºC for 48 hours and then milledthrough electrical mill and kept at 4 o Cuntil analysis.Growth Performance and Efficiencyof Feed and Protein UtilizationThe growth performance andfeed utilization parameters werecalculated according to the followingequations:Average weight gain (AWG, g/fish) =Average final weight (g)-Averageinitial weight (g).Average daily gain (ADG, mg/fish) =[Average final weight (g)-Averageinitial weight (g)] 1000 / Time(days).Survival rate (SR %) = Total numberof fish at the end of theexperiment×100/total number offish at the start of the experiment.Relative growth rate (RGR) =Average weight gain (g) / Averageinitial weight (g).Specific growth rate (SGR, % / day) =100 [ln wt 1 - ln wt o /T].Where: ln: Natural log. Wt o : Initialweight (g), Wt 1 : Final weight (g),and T: Time in days.Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = Totalfeed consumption (g) /Weightgain (g).Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = Bodyweight gain (g)/protein intake (g).96

DRIED LEAVES OF GUAVA AND CAMPHOR TREES IN TILAPIA DIETSProtein productive value (PPV %) =100 [Retained protein (g)/proteinintake (g)].Energy retention (ER %) = 100[Retained energy (Kcal) / Energyintake (Kcal)].Statistical analysisThe data were statisticallyanalyzed using General Linear Models(GLM) procedure adapted by SAS(1996) for users guide. Means wereseparated using Duncan's multiplerange test (Duncan, 1955).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWater qualityWater quality parametersmeasured (temperature, pH anddissolved oxygen) did not differ amongtreatments (Table 3). Values of themeasured criteria were within thenormal-suitable ranges for rearing Niletilapia fish (being 24 – 26 ºC, 7.5 – 8.5,and 5 – 6 mg/l, respectively) accordingto Abdelhamid (2009).Growth performanceTables 4 and 5 illustrate themeans ± standard errors of the testedgrowth performance parameters. Thedietary inclusion of guava or camphorleaves' meals (particularly at 2 % level)significantly (P≤0.05) improved eachof final weight (FW), average weightgain (AWG), and average daily gain(ADG) as shown in Table 4 as well asrelative growth rate (RGR) and specificgrowth rate (SGR) as given in Table 5Table 3: Means of some water quality criteria in the experimental fish tanksTreatmentsParametersControlGTLM or CTLM(1%)GTLM or CTLM(2%)Temperature, ºC24-2624-2624-26The pH value7.5 – 8.57.5 – 8.57.5 – 8.5DO, mg/l5 - 65 - 65 - 697

ABDELHAMID AND SOLIMANTable 4: Means* of some growth performance parameters of the experimental fish, duringthe present study.TreatmentsI W,g / fishF W,g / fishAWG,g / fishADG,mg / fish / dayControl0.28 a2.0 c1.79 c14.92 cGuava (1%)0.28 a3.64 b3.36 b28.00 bGuava (2%)0.28 a4.38 a4.10 a34.17 aCamphor (1)0.28 a3.29 b3.00 b25.00 bCamphor (2)0.29 a4.39 a3.98 a33.17 a* a-c: Means (in the same column) superscripted with different letterssignificantly (P≤0.05) differed.IW: initial weight, FW: final weight, AWG: average weight gain, ADG: average dailygain.Table 5: Means* of relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival(SR) rate of the experimental fish, during the present study.TreatmentsRGRSGR, %/dSR%Control8.66 d0.35 c100 aGuava (1%)11.99 b1.19 b100 aGuava (2%)14.66 a1.37 a100 aCamphor (1)10.5 c1.09 b100 aCamphor (2)13.42 a1.38 a100 a* a-d: Means (in the same column) superscripted with different letters significantly(P≤0.05) differed.98

DRIED LEAVES OF GUAVA AND CAMPHOR TREES IN TILAPIA DIETScomparing with the control.Meanwhile, there were no significant(P≥0.05) differences among treatmentsin the survival rate (SR). However,dietary inclusion of medicinal plants(garlic, El-Saidy and Gaber, 1997;onion and garlic, Zaki and El-Ebiary,2003; Allium sativum and Thymusvulgaris, Attalla, 2009a) oftenincreases fish performance, nutrientsutilization, and chemical composition.In this respect, Arima and Danno(2002) isolated four antibacterialcompounds from guava leaves whichmay be responsible for improving fishgrowth. Similar results were obtainedby El-Dakar et al. (2004a) who foundthat 2% dietary inclusion of dried basilleaves was palatable and improveddigestibility of protein and energy, soincreased weight gain, SGR, feedefficiency, and PER. Additionally, El-Dakar et al. (2004b) reported that 2%dried marjoram leaves in the diet ofhybrid tilapia fingerlings significantlyenhanced all fish growth performanceand feed and nutrients utilizationparameters. Also, Abd El-Hakim(2008) fed brood stock tilapia fish onlicorice or ginger included diets thatimproved fry performance. Since 1 %addition level led to better final weight,gain, SGR, survival and feedconversion. Moreover, Attalla (2009b)mentioned also that feeding with amixture of ginger (powder and oilextract) can promote all growthparameters and decrease mortality rateof Nile tilapia.Feed utilizationBoth additives significantly(P≤0.05) improved each of feed intake,feed conversion ratio (FCR), proteinintake, protein productive value (PPV),protein efficiency ratio (PER), andenergy retention (ER) comparing withthe control and proportional to theincrease in the additive level in thediets as presented in Table 6. However,dietary inclusion of medicinal plants(garlic, El-Saidy and Gaber, 1997;onion and garlic, Zaki and El-Ebiary,2003; Allium sativum and Thymusvulgaris, Attalla, 2009a) oftenincreases fish performance, nutrientsutilization, and chemical composition.Gaber (2000) concluded that 8 mgclove oil/100g diet significantlyincreased weight, length, feedefficiency, and protein and fat contentsof flesh of Nile tilapia fingerlingscomparing with the control. El-Dakaret al. (2004a) found that 2% dietaryinclusion of dried basil leaves waspalatable and improved digestibility ofprotein and energy, so increasedweight gain, SGR, feed efficiency, andPER. El-Dakar et al. (2004a) foundthat 2% dietary inclusion of dried basilleaves was palatable and improveddigestibility of protein and energy, so99

ABDELHAMID AND SOLIMANTable 6: Means* of feed utilization parameters of the experimental fish, during thepresent study.Treatments(No.)Feed Intakeg/fishFCRProteinIntake, g/fishPPV%PERE R%Control12.75 c7.01 a3.77 c19.43 c0.47 b29.95 dGuava (1%)15.65 ab4.65 b4.63 ab31.14 a0.72 a72.99 bGuava (2%)18.11 a4.41 b5.36 a32.10 a0.76 a91.71 aCamphor (1)14.61 b4.86 b4.32 b29.57 b0.69 a48.47 cCamphor (2)18.92 a4.74 b5.59 a31.59 a0.71 a51.13 c* a-d: Means (in the same column) superscripted with different letters significantly(P≤0.05) differ.increased weight gain, SGR, feedefficiency, and PER. Additionally, El-Dakar et al. (2004b) reported that 2%dried marjoram leaves in the diet ofhybrid tilapia fingerlings significantlyenhanced all fish growth performanceand feed and nutrients utilizationparameters. Similar results wereobtained when Khalafalla and Salem(2006) replaced up to 20% of yellowcorn energy by olive cake withoutharmful effect on the tilapia growthperformance and feed utilization.Also, Abd El-Hakim (2008) fed broodstock tilapia fish on licorice or gingerincluded diets, that improved survivalrate and led to better feed utilization (toproduce 1000 fry). Abdelhamid et al.(2004, 2006 and 2012) came to theconclusion that mallow, waterhyacinth, and duck weed plants,respectively can be included in fishdiets without harmful effects.Moreover, Attalla (2009b) mentionedalso that feeding with a mixture ofginger (powder and oil extract) canpromote all growth parameters anddecrease mortality rate of Nile tilapia.These positive effects of most feedadditives are due to their activepharmacological (medical) substances.Carcass compositionTables 7 and 8 illustrate the data ofproximate analysis of the fish before100

DRIED LEAVES OF GUAVA AND CAMPHOR TREES IN TILAPIA DIETSTable 7: Chemical composition (% drymatter basis) of the experimentalfish at the start of the presentstudy.CompositionDMCPEENFEAsh%18.7540.8425.8116.2117.14and after carrying out of theexperiment, respectively. At the end ofthe experiment, the dry matter (DM)and crude protein (CP) percentagesincreased but the ether extract (EE) and/ or ash contents decreased comparingwith the analysis before the start of theexperiment. However, the dietaryinclusion of guava or camphor leavesmeal significantly (P≤0.05) increasedeach of CP, EE and energy content(EC) of the fish body (Table 8)comparing with the control. Yet, DMand ash contents did not reflect anysignificant (P≥0.05) alteration due tothe dietary additive. Table 8 presentsalso positive relationships betweenboth CP and EE on one side, andbetween CP and ash, and between EEand EC on the other side. El-Kholy(2012) fed marjoram (Marjoranahortensis) or sage (Salvia officinalis)as feed additives and found increasesin weight gain, feed efficiency andprotein content in whole bodycomposition of tilapia hybrid(Oreochromis niloticus xOreochromis aureus) monosexfingerlings at levels of 150 and 300mg/kg diet, respectively comparingwith the control. Similar to the presentdata, a negative relationship betweencrude proteins and crude fats in thechemical composition of Nile tilapiafish was reported before (El-Ebiary andZaki, 2003 and Abdelhamid et al.,2007). Yet, El-Saidy and Gaber (1998and 2002) and El-Saidy et al. (1999)found that there was a positivecorrelation between crude protein andfat contents of the fish. A positivecorrelation between crude protein andcrude ash contents of Nile tilapia fishwas reported also by Abdelhamid et al.(2000 and 2007) and El-Saidy andGaber (2002).These positive effects of theused feed additives are due to theiractive pharmacological (medical)substances, since guava leaves arecontaining flavonoids (Lozoya et al.,2002). Moreover, the extract from theleaves of Psidium guajava inhibited101

ABDELHAMID AND SOLIMANTable 8: Means*(± SE) of chemical composition (% dry matter bases) of Nile tilapiacarcass as affected by the dietary treatments, during the present study..Proximate analysisTreatmentsDM %CPEEAshEC, kcal/100gControl27.66 a56.90 b15.54 c10.67 a554.8 bGuava (1%)27.12 a58.80 a21.09 b10.32 a610.1 aGuava (2%)27.92 a58.08 ab20.18 b10.42 a582.7 abCamphor (1)73.26 a57.90 ab16.03 c9.99 a564.5 bCamphor (2)72.85 a59.11 a35.55 a11.19 a746.4 a* a-c: Means (in the same column) superscripted with different letters significantly(P≤0.05) differed.spontaneous contractions in theunstimulated ileum with aconcentration-response relationship(Lutterodt, 1989). Moreover,potassium is an essential macronutrientin higher plants. It plays an importantphysiological role in stomamovements, osmoregulation, enzymeactivation and cell expansion. Thedemand for potassium can besubstantial, especially when the plantconcerned is a Eucalyptus tree inexcess of 50 m tall. Two cDNAs,EcHKT1 and EcHKT2, were isolatedfrom Eucalyptus camaldulensis(Fairbairn et al., 2000). Theosmosensing function may provide E.camaldulensis with a competitiveadvantage in maintaining K +homeostasis under certain conditions(Liu et al., 2001).Conclusively and from the results ofthe present study, it could be concludedthat the dietary addition of 2 % eitherguava or camphor tree leaves meal toNile tilapia fry (0.28 g), improved itsperformance.REFERENCESAbd El-Hakim, A. E. (2008). Effectof type of diet on productive andreproductive performance of Niletilapia reared on commercial scale.102

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ABDELHAMID AND SOLIMANعبد الحميد محمد عبد الحميد*‏ و على على على سليمان**‏‏*قسم إنتاج الحيوان،‏ كلية الزراعة،‏ جامعة المنصورة،‏ ج.م.ع.‏‏**المعهد القومى لعلوم البحار والمصايد،‏ القاهرة،‏ ج.م.ع.‏فى تجربة تغذية معملية لمدة61أسبوعا فى أحواض بالستكية على ذريعةأسماك البلطى النيلى،‏ تم تجريب إضافة مسحوق أوراق أشجار الجوافة أو الكافوربتركيزات متدرجة ‏)صفر،‏% 2 ،6من العليقة(‏ لدراسة تأثيراتها على أداء األسماك،‏فثبت أن احتواء العالئق على مسحوق أوراق أشجار الجوافة أو الكافور ‏)خاصةبالتركيز األعلى وهو)% 2قد حسّن معنويا من أداء األسماك من حيث الوزنالنهائى،‏ الزيادة فى الوزن ‏)كلية ويومية(،‏ معدالت النمو ‏)النسبى والنوعى(،‏ أوجهاالستفادة الغذائية ‏)استهالك العلف والبروتين،‏ التحويل الغذائى،‏ قيمة البروتيناإلنتاجية،‏ معدل كفاءة البروتين،‏ تخزين الطاقة(،‏ تركيب الجسم ‏)محتواه من البروتينالخام والدهن والطاقة(،‏ لذا يُنصح باحتواء عالئق صغار أسماك البلطى النيلى على2%مسحوق أوراق أشجار الجوافة أو كافور،‏ وربما يحتاج األمر مزيد من الدراسةلمعرفة تأثير تلك اإلضافات على تذوق لحوم األسماك.‏108