MUNINN

The Story of MUNINN(MOON · in) and commonly (MYEW · nin)Grand View University, with Vikings as our mascots, is thefinal university celebrating its Danish-American roots.The Viking god, Odinn (or Woden), had two ravens that hesent forth to earth: Huginn who reported on human thought or intentions, and Muninnwho reported the memory of human events and actions. Additionally, the Vikings wereguided by ravens on their voyages by releasing an under-fed raven that wouldinstinctively sore high into the sky in search of land by which the Viking longshipcould navigate. Viking longships often displayed the raven flag seen above in theirmany raids.“I fear that Huginn may not return, yet more anxious am I for Muninn.” -OdinnGrimnismál of the Poetic Edda, Codex Regius, c. 1270MUNINN: Journal of History is a journal of the Grand View University HistoryDepartment that welcomes article and book review submissions from its undergraduatestudents, alumni, faculty, and friends of the journal and department. All periods andsubjects of history are welcome. There is special interest in article submissions thatutilize either the Danish-American records of the Grand View University Archive inDes Moines, Iowa, or the Danish-American Archive and Library in Blair, Nebraska.All undergraduate article submissions will be sent to referees for recommendation ofpublication. Editors will do their best to match article submissions with referees whohave expertise or insights in those fields. Book reviews may be of new history,important historiography, and novels or non-fiction that reveal the social context of anera or people. Short essays are also considered for publication. Submission guidelinesare inside the back cover of this journal.Disclaimer: The opinions and accuracy of facts in the articles and book reviews ofMUNINN are the sole responsibility of the contributors and do not represent thejournal, its referees, the History Department, or Grand View University. This journalaccepts no legal responsibility for errors or omissions. The reader’s critical judgmentmust be exercised with care.Permission: All rights reserved. The use of the MUNINN logo or the seal of GrandView University is expressly prohibited. For permission to reproduce an article, bookreview, or advertisement from this journal beyond traditional academic fair use, pleasecontact mplowman@grandview.eduAcknowledgments: The MUNINN staff thanks the Student Viking Council for fundingthis journal with student publication fees and thanks the History Department forfunding postage.Printed by Carter Printing Company, 1739 East Grand Ave, Des Moines, Iowa 50316