Ujce czxysq ghjåkt rfycrjt zpsrb éfñn cndty njhst gjvt hfyb pfyysö öhfybn
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Ujce czxysq ghjåkt rfycrjt zpsrb éfñn cndty njhst gjvt hfyb pfyysö öhfybn

Ds gjk yzz jåt of ybt ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls - American Corners and ...

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UJ­CE­LFH­CN­DTY­YSQ LT­GFH­NF­VTYN CIF / FD­UECN 2008<br />

NJV 13 / YJ­VTH 8<br />

http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa.html<br />

Ht lfr wbz vté le yf hjl ysö by ajh vf wb jy ysö<br />

ghj uhfvv:<br />

Rj jh lb yf njh<br />

Bc gjk yb ntkm ysq ht lfr njh<br />

Lb htr njh gj öe lj ét cn dty ysv<br />

dj ghj cfv<br />

Ukfd ysq ht lfr njh<br />

Jn dtn cn dty ysq ht lfr njh<br />

Pf vtc nb ntkm jn dtn cn dty yj uj<br />

ht lfr nj hf<br />

Pf dt leñ obq ghj bp djl cn dty ysv<br />

jn lt kjv<br />

Pf vtc nb ntkm pf dt leñ ot uj<br />

ghj bp djl cn dty ysv jn lt kjv<br />

Gj cnf yjd obr ghj uhfvv jy kfqy<br />

Ntö yb xtc rbq ht lfr njh<br />

Aj nj ht lfr njh<br />

Lb pfq yth jå kjé rb<br />

Cgt wbf kbcn gj cghf djx yjq<br />

by ajh vf wbb<br />

Lét ht vb A. Rth nby<br />

Léj yf nfy Vfh uj kbc<br />

Léjhlé Rkär<br />

Hb xfhl E. Öfr rf åb<br />

Fktr cfy lhf V. Äå åel<br />

Ifh kby Gjh nth<br />

Cmñ pty K. Lj eyth<br />

Cbkm dbz Crjnn<br />

Léä yby Gth hb<br />

Hj pf kb Nfh ujy crb<br />

Väu ub Léjy cjy Ckfq rth<br />

Nb vj nb Åhf ey<br />

Vfh nby Väy ybyu<br />

Yf gth djq cnhf yb wt jå kjé rb: Åj ktt 110000 vty yj yb njd, ghj ébdfñ<br />

obö d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö, zd kz ñn cz xfc nmñ öhbc nb fy crj uj<br />

ldb ét ybz fyf åfg nbc njd, gj cktl jdf nt kb rj nj hj uj dgth dst ghb åskb<br />

bp Td hj gs d Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns d 17-v dt rt. Ct vmz Uj dfh ljd<br />

bp Cgfh ns, infn Nty ytc cb, bc gjk yz tn ht kb ub jp yst ubv ys e ct åz<br />

lj vf.<br />

© AP Ima ges/Uf pt nf ≤Nty­ytc­cb­tw≥ (The Ten nessean), Léjy Gfh nb gb kj<br />

Åñ hj vté le yf hjl ysö by ajh vf wb jy ysö ghj uhfvv <strong>Ujce</strong><br />

lfh cn dty yj uj lt gfh nf vty nf CIF bp lf tn tét vt <strong>czxysq</strong><br />

äktr nhjy ysq éeh yfk gjl yf pdf yb tv eJournal USA.<br />

D ds gec rfö änj uj éeh yf kf jå ceé lf ñn cz dfé yst <strong>ghjåkt</strong><br />

vs, rj nj hst fr ne fkm ys lkz Cj tlb yty ysö Inf njd<br />

b vté le yfhjl yjq jå ot cn dty yjc nb, f nfr ét fvt hb <strong>rfycrjt</strong><br />

jå ot cn dj b tuj wty yjc nb, bltb b by cnb ne ns.<br />

Rfé lsq yj dsq ds gecr éeh yf kf tét vt czx yj ds öj lbn<br />

yf fy ukbq crjv zps rt, c gj cktl eñob vb gt ht dj lf vb yf<br />

ahfy wep crbq, gjh ne ufkmc rbq, hec crbq b bc gfy crbq <strong>zpsrb</strong>.<br />

Jn ltkm yst ds gec rb gj zd kz ñn cz nfr ét yf afh cb,<br />

fhfå crjv b rb nfq crjv zps rfö. E rfé lj uj ds gec rf<br />

cdjb ds öjl yst lfy yst: njv, cj jn dtn cn deñ obq uj le jn<br />

yf xf kf geå kb rf wbb bp lf ybz, b yj vth, cj jn dtn cn deñ obq<br />

jxt htl yj ve yj vt he éeh yf kf d nt re otv uj le.<br />

Vyt ybz fd nj hjd éeh yf kf yt jåz pf ntkm yj jn hf <strong>éfñn</strong><br />

njx re pht ybz bkb gj kb nb re ghf db ntkm cn df CIF.<br />

Uj ce lfh cn dty ysq lt gfh nf vtyn CIF yt yt ctn jn dtn <strong>cndty</strong><br />

yjc nb pf cj lth éf ybt dtå-cfq njd, ccsk rb yf rj <strong>njhst</strong><br />

cj lth éfn cz d éeh yf kt, f nfr ét pf gjl lth éf ybt<br />

lj cne gf r ybv – pf änj gjk yj cnmñ jn dt xf ñn bp lf nt kb<br />

nf rbö cfq njd. Cnf nmb, aj nju hf abb b bk kñ cnhf wbb, <strong>gjvt</strong><br />

oty yst d éeh yf kt, vj uen åsnm dj cghj bp dt lt ys bkb<br />

gt ht dt lt ys pf ght ltkf vb Cj tlb yty ysö Inf njd, tc kb<br />

yf ybö yt hfc ghj cnhf yz ñn cz jcj åj juj dj hty yst ju <strong>hfyb</strong><br />

xt ybz, yf kf uft vst fd njh crbv ghf djv. Ghb yf kb xbb<br />

gj ljåysö ju hf yb xt ybq yt jå öj lb vj hfp ht it ybt erf <strong>pfyysö</strong><br />

d éeh yf kt dkf ltkm wtd fd njh crbö ghfd.<br />

Åñ hj vté le yf hjl ysö by ajh vf wb jy ysö ghj uhfvv ö<strong>hfyb</strong>n<br />

nt re obt b ghji kst yj vt hf éeh yf kf d yt crjkm rbö<br />

äktr nhjy ysö ajh vf nfö yf cfq nt ht tp://www.america.<br />

gov/publi cati ons/ejournalusa.html.<br />

Rjv vty nf hbb b pf vt xf ybz yf ghfd kzq nt, gj éf keq cnf,<br />

d gj cjkm cn dj CIF Df itq cnhf ys bkb d ht lfr wbñ<br />

éeh yf kf:<br />

Ed itor, eJournal USA<br />

IIP/PUBJ<br />

U.S. Dep artme nt of St ate<br />

301 4th St reet, SW<br />

Washi ngton, DC 20547<br />

Unit ed St ates of America<br />

Yfi äktr nhjy ysq fl htc: eJournalUSA@st ate.gov<br />

eJournal USA

Jå änjv ds gec rt<br />

≤Rjy­uhtcc yt lj­kéty bp­lf­dfnm yb jl­yj­uj pf­rj­yf, jn­yj­cz­ot­uj­cz ­<br />

r ec­nf­yjd­kt­ybñ ht­kb­ubb kb­åj pf­ght­ofñ­ot­uj cdjåjl­yjt tt bc­gj­dt­lf­ybt...≥<br />

Fvt hb rfy crbt le öjd yst kb lt hs – ghtl cnf db nt kb hfp kbx ysö rjy atc cbq e Gf vzn yb rf<br />

Kby rjkm ye d Df iby unj yt, dj dht vz wt ht vj ybb pf dct kty crbq vbh.<br />

© Aj nj FG/Vfh cb Yfq cdfy lth<br />

Rjy uhtcc CIF ghb yzk Gth deñ gj ghfd re r Rjycnb<br />

ne wbb CIF rfr xfcnm Åbk kz j ghf dfö d<br />

1791 uj le, rju lf dj cgj vb yf ybz j Djq yt pf yt pfdb<br />

cb vjcnm tot ås kb cdt éb. Jl yf rj cf vj gj yz nbt cdjåj<br />

ls ht kb ub jp yj uj dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz gj zdb kjcm uj hfp lj<br />

hfym it, xtv cf vf cnhf yf.<br />

Åj ktt xtv pf cnj kt nbt lj nj uj, d 1657 uj le, éb nt kb<br />

hf qj yf Akf ibyu d Yj djv Fv cnth lf vt – ujk kfyl crjq<br />

rj kj ybb, ds cne gb kb c ghj ntc njv ghj nbd ght ckt lj df ybz<br />

rdf rt hjd ue åth yf nj hjv rj kj ybb, rj nj hsq pf ght nbk dct<br />

ht kb ub jp yst rjy atc cbb, rhj vt njq, r rj nj hjq ghb yflkt<br />

éfk jy. Ghj ntcn åsk cajh ve kb hj dfy d lj re vty nt<br />

gjl yf pdf yb tv ≤Ht vjy cnhf wbz bp Akf iby uf≥. Yt rj <strong>njhst</strong><br />

exfcn yb rb änjq fr wbb jrf pf kbcm d nñhm vt, ghjikb<br />

vyj ubt uj ls, ght élt xtv cdj åj lf dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz<br />

ghb ikf d bö uj hjl.<br />

Ct ujl yz dj Akf iby ut, infn Ymñ-Qjhr, åj ktt 200<br />

vtcn åj ujc ke ét ybz ghj wdt nf ñn d hf lbe ct yt crjkm rbö<br />

rdfl hfn ysö rb kj vtn hjd, f j cvt ksö éb nt kzö rj kj ybb<br />

ÖªÈÈ dt rf dcgj vb yf ñn rfr j cf vsö gth dsö fvt hb rfywfö,<br />

jn cnfb dfd ibö cdj åj le ht kb ub jp yj uj dt hj bc gj dt lfybz,<br />

rj nj hfz zd kz tn cz lj cnjz yb tv åj ktt 300 vbk kbjyjd<br />

fvt hb rfy wtd d ÖÖÈ dt rt.<br />

Ghtl cnf db nt kb wth rdtq, öhf vjd, cb yf uju, vt xt ntq<br />

b ns cz xb lhe ubö vj kbn dty ysö vtcn gj dctq cnhf yt bcgj<br />

dt le ñn ht kb ubñ cj pyf yb tv<br />

nj uj, xnj ghf dj ht kb ub jp yj uj<br />

bc gj dt lf ybz gj cj åcn dty yj ve<br />

ds åj he jö hf yz tn cz Gth djq gjghfd<br />

rjq r Rjy cnb ne wbb b ntc yj<br />

dgkt nt yj d cnher ne he fvt hb rfycrj<br />

uj jå ot cn df. Ghtl cnf db nt kb<br />

jå ot cn df, rj nj hst yt bc gj dt leñn<br />

yb rf rjq ht kb ubb, pf ob ot ys<br />

d hfd yjq cnt gt yb.<br />

Byju lf d nf rjq vyj uj jåhfpyjq<br />

cnhf yt, rfr Cj tlb yty yst<br />

Inf ns, ghj bc öj lzn cnjkr yjdtybz<br />

vté le jn ltkm ys vb kb wfvb<br />

b jh uf yb pf wbz vb, b nju lf<br />

uhf yb ws cdj åj ls ht kb ub jp yj uj<br />

dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz yeé lf ñn cz d<br />

rjh htr nb hjd rt. D nf rbö cke xf zö<br />

fvt hb rfy ws jå hf of ñn cz r celtå<br />

yjq cbc nt vt d gj bc rfö pf ob ns.<br />

Ce ls, drkñ xfz Dth öjd ysq cel, bc gjk yz ñn cdjb rjycnb<br />

ne wb jy yst jåz pfy yjc nb, ds yj cz ht it ybz j njv, rfr<br />

aey lf vty nfkm yst ghby wb gs, nf rbt rfr cdj åj lf dt hj bcgj<br />

dt lf ybz, lj kéys cj åkñ lfnm cz uhfé lf yf vb cnhf ys,<br />

yf ct kt ybt rj nj hjq ds hjc kj d 100 hfp cj dht vty ghb yznbz<br />

Gth djq gj ghfd rb r Rjy cnb ne wbb.<br />

Änb ce ltå yst ht it ybz jrf ps df ñn dkbz ybt yf tétlytd<br />

yeñ ébpym d irj kfö, åjkm yb wfö, yf hf åj nt b d<br />

lhe ubö jå ot cn dty ysö vtc nfö. Edf ét ybt b nth gb vjcnm<br />

r hfp yj jå hfp ysv ajh vfv dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz ghj öj lzn<br />

ghj dth re, d nj dht vz rfr jåsx yst uhfé lf yt cnhf ys<br />

gs nf ñn cz ckt lj dfnm ghby wb ge cdj åj ls dt hj bc gj dtlf<br />

ybz, bc gjk yt ybt rj nj hj uj d CIF xfc nj cxb nf tn cz<br />

yt erjc yb ntkm ysv.<br />

Ct ujl yz cnhf yf ldb éb vf äyth ub tq yj djq dj kys bvvbu<br />

hfy njd b ghb ce ob vb tq rekm neh ys vb jcj åty yjc nzvb,<br />

b ghby wbg cdj åj ls dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz, crj htq dct uj,<br />

gjl dth uytn cz yj dsv bc gs nf yb zv. Jl yf rj cgt wbf kbc ns,<br />

rj nj hst gb ien jå änjv yf cnhf yb wfö lfy yj uj éeh yf kf,<br />

edt ht ys d njv, xnj ht kb ub jp yst vtym iby cn df d 21 dt rt<br />

b d åj ktt jn lf kty yjv åe le otv åe len gjkm pj dfnm cz dctq<br />

gjk yj njq cdj åj ls ht kb ub jp yj uj dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz d cj jndtn<br />

cn dbb c ntv, rfr änj ås kj jght ltkt yj d ÖªÈÈÈ dt rt.<br />

Ht lfr wbz<br />

eJournal USA 1

Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq Lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF / Fd­uecn 2008 / Njv 13 / Yj­vth 8<br />

http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournals.html<br />

Cdj åj lf dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz: ht kb ub jp yst vtym iby cn df d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö<br />

Hjkm jå ot cn dty yj uj lj dt Hbz<br />

3 ds gjk yzz jåt of ybt ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls<br />

Lf qf yf K. Är, fd njh ryb ub ≤Yj dfz ht kb ub jp yfz<br />

Fvt hb rf≥<br />

Gj crjkm re Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns cnf kb cf vsv vyj uj jå hfpysv<br />

d ht kb ub jp yjv jn yj it ybb jå ot cn djv d vb ht, ghtl cnfdb<br />

nt kb hfp kbx ysö dt hj bc gj dt lf ybq ghb cgj cfå kb df ñn cz r<br />

bp vt ybd itq cz utj ht kb ub jp yjq ltqcn db ntkm yjc nb.<br />

7 Ht kb ub jp yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt d hfy ybq gt hb jl<br />

bc nj hbb Fvt hb rb<br />

Rän hby K. Fkm åf ybp, fd njh ryb ub ≤Htc geå kb rf<br />

evf b le öf: bc nj hbz vt nf ab pb xtc rjq ht kb ub jp yjq<br />

rekm ne hs Fvt hb rb≥<br />

Ht kb ub jp yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö dt ltn<br />

cdjt yf xf kj c rj kj yb fkm ysö dht vty, b e nhf lb wbq ht kb ub jpyjq<br />

nth gb vjc nb nfr ét lkb ntkm yfz bc nj hbz.<br />

12 lt vju hf abz dt hs<br />

Åhf qfy Lé. Uhbv b Lä dbl Vfc rb, yf ex yst<br />

cj nhel yb rb Aj he vf ht kb ub jp yjq b jå ot cn dty yjq<br />

ébp yb bv. Gmñ<br />

Jrj kj 80 ghj wty njd yf ct kt ybz CIF – öhbc nbf yt, jl yf rj<br />

xbc kj gj cktl jdf nt ktq lhe ubö vb hj dsö ht kb ubq d CIF<br />

yt er kjy yj edt kb xb df tn cz.<br />

GHF dj<br />

17 cdj åj lf dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz b ce ltå yfz cbc nt vf<br />

Äy lhñ Cgb hj ge kjc, lb htr njh Wty nhf bc ckt lj df ybq<br />

rjy cnb ne wb jy yj uj pf rj yj lf ntkm cn df b uj ce lfh <strong>cndty</strong><br />

yj uj eg hfd kt ybz inf nf ghb Ds citq ñhb lb xtcrjq<br />

irj kt eyb dth cb nt nf uj hj lf Jr kf öj vf<br />

Ub gj nt nb xtc rbt nzé ås vté le xfc nys vb kb wf vb b vtcn ysvb<br />

jh uf yf vb cf vj eg hfd kt ybz lt vjyc nhb he ñn, rf rbv jå hfpjv<br />

ce ls jght ltkz ñn, yt yf he if ñn kb jn ltkm yst pf rj ys<br />

ht kb ub jp yeñ cdj åj le.<br />

23 cnf nmz j cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz: bc nj hb xtc rbt<br />

gj cnf yjd kt ybz Dth öjd yj uj ce lf<br />

Rhfn rjt bp kj ét ybt ghb yz nsö pf åj ktt xtv cnj kt nbt<br />

ce ltå ysö ht it ybq, bc njk rj ds dfñ obö pyf xt ybt ht kb ub jp yjq<br />

cdj åj ls.<br />

25 Pf ob nf ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls d vb ht: dct vbh ysq<br />

rjy cty cec<br />

Léjy D. Öäy ajhl ÈÈÈ, gjk yj vjx ysq gj cjk<br />

Uj ce lfh cn dty yj uj lt gfh nf vty nf CIF gj lt kfv<br />

vté le yfhjl yjq ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls.<br />

Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns gj jo hz ñn ghf db ntkm cn df dct uj vb hf<br />

r pf ob nt ht kb ub jp ysö cdj åjl.<br />

Dt HF d ltqcn dbb<br />

27 cj xt nf ybt hf åj ns b ht kb ubb<br />

Rhbc nj ath Rjy ytkk, éeh yf kbcn<br />

Dct åjkm itt ht kb ub jp yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt yf hf åj xbö vtc nfö<br />

cnf kj yt jl yj pyfx yjq ghj åkt vjq.<br />

31 Vté ht kb ub jp yjt ldb ét ybt<br />

Uec nfd Yb åeh, fd njh ryb ub ≤Pf ght ltkf vb<br />

nj kt hfy nyjc nb: gj bc rb vté ht kb ub jp yj uj dpf bvj gjyb<br />

vf ybz d Fvt hb rt≥<br />

Ht kb ub jp yst uheg gs d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö yf dj lzn vjc ns<br />

xt htp hfp kb xbz b cnhj zn dpf bvj gj yb vf ybt.<br />

35 lj gjk yb ntkm yst bc njx yb rb by ajh vf wbb<br />

eJournal USA 2

Hjkm jå ot cn dty yj uj lj dt Hbz<br />

Ds gjk yzz jåt of ybt ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls<br />

Lf qf yf K. Är<br />

© AP Ima ges/Lébv Vj ey<br />

Änjn åel lbq crbq öhfv jn rhsn d 2007 uj le yt gj lfkt re jn uj hj lf Öäv gnjy, infn Vby yt cj nf. Xt ns htö lytd yfz wt ht vjybz<br />

jc dz ot ybz ghb dktr kf åel lbc njd bp cf vsö hfp ysö cnhfy.<br />

Lde­vz aey­lf­vty­nfkm­ys­vb ghby­wbgf­vb Cj­tlb­yty­ysö<br />

Inf­njd zd­kz­ñn­cz cdj­åj­lf dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz b jn­lt­ktybt<br />

uj­ce­lfh­cn­df jn wth­rdb. Ldf cnj­kt­nbz yf­pfl, rju­lf<br />

ås­kf jå­hf­pj­df­yf yf­if htc­geå­kb­rf, fvt­hb­rfy­ws d gjlfdkzñ­otv<br />

åjkm­iby­cn­dt ås­kb öhbc­nbf­yf­vb. C nj­uj<br />

dht­vt­yb, rfr lj­re­vty­nfkm­yj lj­rf­ps­df­tn fd­njh änjq<br />

cnf­nmb d cdj­tq ryb­ut ≤Yj dfz ht kb ub jp yfz Fvt hb rf≥,<br />

Cj­tlb­yty­yst Inf­ns cnf­kb cf­vsv vyj­uj­jå­hfp­ysv d htkb­ub­jp­yjv<br />

jn­yj­it­ybb jå­ot­cn­djv d vb­ht, xnj jcj­åty­yj<br />

öf­hfr­nth­yj lkz hz­lf gj­cktl­ybö lt­cz­nb­kt­nbq.<br />

Lf­qf­yf K. Är – ghj­atc­cjh chfd­yb­ntkm­yj­uj ht­kb­ubjdt­lt­ybz<br />

b by­lj­kj­ubb yf af­rekm­nt­nt bc­rec­cnd b yf­er, f<br />

nfr­ét ghj­atc­cjh af­rekm­nt­nf åj­ujc­kj­dbz Ufh­dfhl­crj­uj<br />

eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf d Rtv­åhb­lét, infn Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc.<br />

Ju hjv ysq åt ksq re gjk vt xt nb c vb yf ht nf vb<br />

gjl yb vf tn cz gj cht lb re re hep ysö gj ktq chf pe<br />

pf uj hj ljv Nj kb lj d inf nt Juf qj. Ds vj ét nt<br />

tt edb ltnm, ghj tp éfz gj crj hjc nyjq fd nj vf ub cnhf kb,<br />

cj tlb yzñ otq yt crjkm rj inf njd. Åjkm ijq by le bcncrbq<br />

öhfv c ds ct xty ysv e döj lf ht kmt ajv cj ckj yf vb<br />

djp ds if tn cz yf crkj yt öjk vf d pf gfl yjv ghtl vtc nmt<br />

uj hj lf Yäi dbkk d inf nt Nty ytc cb. Rfv åj lébq crbq<br />

åel lbq crbq öhfv b vj yfc nshm c yf vt rjv yf rjy ne hs<br />

rhsi Ñuj-djc njx yjq Fpbb hfc gj kj ébk cz cht lb athvth<br />

crbö euj lbq r ñue jn uj hj lf Vby ytf gj kbc d inf nt<br />

Vby yt cj nf.<br />

Ht kb ub jp ysq kfy lifan Fvt hb rb hf lb rfkm yj bpvt<br />

ybk cz pf gj cktl ybt 40 ktn – änb bp vt yt ybz ås kb<br />

gj cnt gty ys vb b uhfy lb jp ys vb jl yj dht vty yj. Jyb<br />

yf xf kbcm cj dht vt yb ≤yj djq bv vbu hf wbb≥, rj nj heñ<br />

cnb ve kb hj dfk Pf rjy jå bv vbu hf wbb b yf ne hf kb pf wbb<br />

eJournal USA 3

Lj hjé ysq pyfr d vf ktym rjv uj hj lt Bk rj, infn Yt df lf, gj rf ps df tn, rfr lj töfnm lj wth rdtq,<br />

jå cke éb dfñ obö änjn ut ju hf ab xtc rbq geyrn c yf ct kt yb tv vt ytt 20000 xt kj dtr.<br />

1965 uj lf, rju lf kñ lb cj dctö rjy wjd vb hf ghb töfkb<br />

d Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns b cnf kb uhfé lf yf vb yf itq<br />

cnhf ys. Dvtc nt c yb vb ghb ås kb ht kb ub jp yst nhf lbwbb<br />

gkf yt ns – bc kfv crbt, by le bcncrbt, åel lbq crbt,<br />

léfq ybq crbt, cbrö crbt, pj hj fc nhbq crbt, fa hb rfy crbt<br />

b fa hj-rf hbå crbt. Kñ lb änbö dt hj bc gj dt lf ybq gtht<br />

dj pbkb d fvt hb rfy crbt éb kst hf qj ys, dyf xf kt c<br />

jgfc rjq, cdjb fk nf hb b vj ktkm yst rjv yf ns – d gj vtot<br />

ybz vtk rbö pf dt lt ybq b plf ybz jab cjd, d gjl df ks<br />

b uf hf éb, crhs nst jn gj cnj hjy yt uj ukf pf. Yj yf xb yfz<br />

c 1990-ö uj ljd bö ghb cen cn dbt cnf kj jxt dbl ysv. Yt<br />

dct fvt hb rfy ws db lt kb vt xtnm d Nj kb lj bkb öhfv d<br />

Yf idbk kt, yj d åe le otv jyb edb lzn gj öj ébt vtc nf<br />

d cdj bö cj åcn dty ysö yf ct kty ysö gey rnfö. Änj fh öbntr<br />

neh yst cbv dj ks yj dj uj ht kb ub jp yj uj ec nhjq cn df<br />

Cj tlb yty ysö Inf njd.<br />

Yf ghb vth, fvt hb rfy ws pyf ñn, xnj vyj ubt nt hf gtdns,<br />

öb heh ub b vt lb wby crbt ctc nhs hj ljv bp By lbb. Yj<br />

jyb lf ét yt pf le vs df ñn cz j njv, xnj e änbö vt lbwby<br />

crbö cgt wbf kbc njd cdjz ht kb ub jp yfz ébpym, xnj gj<br />

en hfv jyb vj uen pf vt htnm d vj kbn dt e cdjt uj lj vfiyt<br />

uj fk nf hz, xnj jyb, djp vjé yj, ghb yj czn aher ns b<br />

wdt ns d vtcn ysq öhfv Ib ds-Dbi ye bkb zd kz ñn cz<br />

xfc nmñ vyj uj kb rj uj by le bcncrj uj yf ct kt ybz, yf cxb nsdfñ<br />

ot uj åj ktt vbk kbj yf xt kj dtr. Vs öj hj ij jc dtljv<br />

kt ys j kf nb yjf vt hb rfy crjq bv vbu hf wbb bp Vtrcb<br />

rb b Wty nhfkm yjq Fvt hb rb, f nfr ét j pyf xb ntkm yjv<br />

bc gf yjz psx yjv yf ct kt ybb yf ibö uj hj ljd, yj, ntv yt<br />

vt ytt, vs, djp vjé yj, yt jcjp yf tv, rf rjt dkbz ybt änj<br />

jrf ps df tn yf öhbc nb fy cn dj d CIF, rfr yf rf nj kb wbpv,<br />

© Flfv Nfy yth/The Ima ge Works<br />

nfr b yf ghj ntc nfyn cn dj<br />

– yf xb yfz c bc gjk yt ybz<br />

ubv yjd b rjy xfz ghfp lybrf<br />

vb.<br />

Jå ibh ysq gkñ hf kbpv<br />

Bc nj hb rb uj dj hzn,<br />

xnj Cj tlb yty yst Infns<br />

dctu lf ås kb cnhf yjq<br />

vyj ubö ht kb ubq. Jåibh<br />

ysq b vyj uj uhfy ysq<br />

gkñ hf kbpv ce ot cn dj dfk<br />

e rj hty ysö yf hj ljd Fvthb<br />

rb – tot lj nj uj, rfr<br />

td hj gtq crbt gt ht ct kty ws<br />

ghb ås kb r tt åt ht ufv.<br />

Ib hj rjt vyj uj jå hf pbt<br />

ht kb ub jp ysö dt hj dfybq<br />

b jå hz ljd by ltq wtd<br />

cj öhf yz tn cz b ct ujl yz,<br />

jn uj hj lf Gbc rf nfeäq d<br />

inf nt Vä hb ktyl lj uj hjlf<br />

Åkär abn d inf nt Vjy nf yf. Kñ lb, ghb åsd ibt xt htp<br />

Fn kfy nb re bp Td hj gs, nfr ét jå kf lf kb vyj uj jå hf pb tv<br />

ht kb ub jp ysö nhf lb wbq – cht lb ybö ås kb bc gfy crbt b<br />

ahfy wep crbt rf nj kb rb, åhb nfy crbt fy ukb rf yt b rdf rths,<br />

be ltb b ujk kfyl crbt öhbc nbf yt-ht ajh vbc ns. Änj<br />

vyj uj jå hf pbt ghj ljk éf kj edt kb xb dfnm cz yf ghj nz étybb<br />

cnj kt nbq. Vyj ubt bp fa hb rfy wtd, ghb dt pty ysö r<br />

fvt hb rfy crbv åt ht ufv hf åj njh ujd wf vb, ås kb ve cekmvf<br />

yf vb. Rb nfq ws b zgjy ws, gt ht åhfd ibt cz d Fvt hb re<br />

d gj bc rfö kex itq ébp yb b hf åj nfd ibt d ifö nfö b yf<br />

gj kzö fvt hb rfy crj uj Pf gf lf, ghb dtp kb c cj åjq cvtcm<br />

åel lbq crbö, lf jc crbö b rjy ae wb fy crbö nhf lb wbq. D<br />

19-v dt rt nfr ét ghb ås kb vyj uj xbc kty yst dj cnjx yjtd<br />

hj gtq crbt be ltb b bh kfyl crbt b bnf kmzy crbt rf njkb<br />

rb. Rfr öhbc nb fy crbt, nfr b ve cekm vfy crbt bv vbuhfy<br />

ns ghb töf kb c Åkbé yt uj Dj cnj rf. Gty léfå ws bp<br />

ctdt hj ­pf gfl yjq By lbb ghb ås kb d gth djv lt cz nb kt nbb<br />

20-uj dt rf. Åjkm iby cn dj bp ybö ås kj cbr öf vb, rjnj<br />

hst jct kb d inf nt Rf kb ajh ybz, gj cnhjb kb gth dst<br />

d Fvt hb rt ueh ldf hs (cbrö crbt öhf vs) b dcne gb kb d<br />

åhf rb c vtr cb rfy crb vb éty ob yf vb, jå hf pj dfd åj ufneñ<br />

cbr öj-bc gfy creñ ceå rekm ne he. Bc nj hbb dctö änbö<br />

kñ ltq zd kz ñn cz dfé yjq xfc nmñ bc nj hbb fvt hb rfy crjq<br />

bv vbu hf wbb.<br />

Bv vbu hfy ns yt crjkm rbö gj cktl ybö lt cz nb kt nbq,<br />

ntv yt vt ytt, är cgj yty wb fkm yj edt kb xb kb vyj uj jåhf<br />

pbt yf itq ht kb ub jp yjq ébp yb. Åel lbc ns ghb ås kb<br />

bp Nfb kfy lf, Dmtn yf vf, Rfv åj léb, Rb nfz b Rj htb;<br />

by le bc ns – bp By lbb, Dj cnjx yjq Fa hb rb b Nhb yb lf lf;<br />

ve cekm vf yt – bp By lj yt pbb, Åfy ukf lti, Gf rbc nf yf,<br />

eJournal USA 4

Yb ut hbb b c Åkbé yt uj Dj cnj rf; cbr öb b léfq ys –<br />

bp By lbb; pj hj fc nhbq ws – bp By lbb b Bhf yf. Bv vbuhfy<br />

ns c Ufb nb b Re ås ghb dtp kb c cj åjq fa hj-rf hbåcrbt<br />

nhf lb wbb, d rj nj hsö cvt if kbcm fa hb rfy crbt b<br />

rf nj kb xtc rbt cbv dj ks b jå hf ps. Yj dst bv vbu hfyns-be<br />

ltb ghb töf kb bp Hjc cbb b Er hfb ys, b fvt hb rfycrbq<br />

be lf bpv cnfk tot åj ktt vyj uj jå hfp ysv, xtv<br />

rju lf-kb åj hfym it. Kb wj fvt hb rfy crj uj öhbc nb fy cn df<br />

nfr ét bp vt yb kjcm c djp ybr yj dt yb tv åjkm ibö kf nbyjf<br />

vt hb rfy crbö, ab kbg gby crbö b dmtn yfv crbö rf njkb<br />

xtc rbö jå oby, rb nfq crbö, ufb nzy crbö b åhf pbkmc rbö<br />

jå oby gz nb lt czn yb rjd, jå oby rj htq crbö ght cdb nt hb fy,<br />

tub gtn crbö rjg njd, f nfr ét by lbq wtd – vf kfy rfhcrbö<br />

ghfdj ckfd ysö. D rfé ljv uj hj lt yf itq cnhf ys<br />

yf wth rjd ysö lj crfö jåüzd kt ybq ds dt it ys hfc gb cfybz<br />

ckeéå rj htq crbö bkb kf nb yjf vt hb rfy crbö jå oby,<br />

dmñ obö uytp lf d cnt yfö cnf hsö uj hjl crbö ghj ntc nfyncrbö<br />

bkb rf nj kb xtc rbö wth rdtq.<br />

Pf yt crjkm rj gj cktl ybö lt cz nb kt nbq vfc cj dst<br />

gt ht ldb ét ybz kñ ltq – rfr<br />

vbu hfy njd, nfr b åt éty wtd –<br />

bp vt yb kb jxth nf ybz ukj åfkmyjq<br />

lt vju hf abb. Rj kb xt cn dj<br />

bv vbu hfy njd gj dct ve vb he<br />

d 2005 uj le cj cnfd kz kj åj ktt<br />

190 vbk kbj yjd xt kj dtr, gj<br />

lfy ysv Vté le yfhjl yjq jh ufyb<br />

pf wbb gj vbu hf wbb. Ghb änjv<br />

jrj kj 45 vbk kbj yjd ghb öj lbkjcm<br />

yf Ct dth yeñ Fvt hb re.<br />

Lb yf vbx ysq jå hfp gkf yt ns<br />

yf it uj dht vt yb – änj yt nfr<br />

yf ps dft vjt cnjkr yjdt ybt wbdb<br />

kb pf wbq, yj ghj wtcc jå hf pjdf<br />

ybz ≤vhf vjh ysö epj hjd b<br />

ghj éb kjr≥ d cnher ne ht wb dbkb<br />

pf wbq b yf hj ljd. Ukj åfkm yst<br />

gt ht ldb ét ybz kñ ltq ghb ytc kb<br />

c cj åjq yj deñ ut ju hf ab xtc reñ<br />

b ht kb ub jp yeñ ltqcn db ntkmyjcnm<br />

– nfr ét, rfr jrjy xf ybt öjkjl yjq djq ys ghb ytckj<br />

c cj åjq yj deñ utj gj kb nb xtc reñ cb nef wbñ. By lebc<br />

ns, cbr öb b ve cekm vf yt ct ujl yz zd kz ñn cz xfc nmñ<br />

ht kb ub jp yj uj kfy lifa nf Åhb nf ybb; vt xt nb – yt jnütvkt<br />

vst lt nf kb gtq pf étq Gf hb éf b Kbj yf, åel lbq crbt<br />

öhf vs – Nj hjy nj, f cbrö crbt ueh ldf hs – Dfy re dt hf.<br />

Jl yf rj ybu lt, lf ét d ct ujl yzi ytv vb ht vfc cj dsö<br />

vbu hf wbq, gjk ysq lbf gf pjy ht kb ub jp yjq dt hs yt ljcnb<br />

uf tn nf rjq ib hj ns, rfr d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö.<br />

Ckj éb kfcm åtc ght wt ltyn yfz yj dfz ltqcn db ntkm yjcnm.<br />

Vyj ubt vbu hfy ns, ghbås<br />

dfñ obt d Cj tlb yty yst<br />

Inf ns ct ujl yz, cj öhf yzñn<br />

ntc yst cdz pb cj cdjb vb<br />

ght éyb vb cnhf yf vb, gjllth<br />

éb dft vst gj tp lrf vb,<br />

äktr nhjy yjq gjx njq, vjåbkm<br />

ys vb nt kt aj yf vb b<br />

yj djc nz vb rf åtkm yj uj nt ktdb<br />

lt ybz. Bv elf tn cz ébnm b<br />

nfv, b nen.<br />

Ghj åkt vf cj jå ot cn df<br />

Yj dfz bv vbu hf wb jy yfz ägj öf jn kb xf tn cz jn ghtlsle<br />

obö vfc inf åjv, ckjé yjc nmñ b ghb ce otq tq<br />

lb yf vb rjq. Vyj ubt vbu hfy ns, ghb ås dfñ obt d Cj tlbyty<br />

yst Inf ns ct ujl yz, cj öhf yz ñn ntc yst cdz pb cj<br />

cdjb vb ght éyb vb cnhf yf vb, gjl lth éb dft vst gj tp lrfvb,<br />

äktr nhjy yjq gjx njq, vj åbkm ys vb nt kt aj yf vb b<br />

yj djc nz vb rf åtkm yj uj nt kt db lt ybz. Bv elf tn cz ébnm<br />

b nfv, b nen. Xnj ét ghj bpjq ltn c fvt hb rfy crjq blt tq<br />

b db lt yb tv tt åe le ot uj gj vt ht nj uj rfr uhfé lf yt<br />

cnhf ys, yj dst b cnf hst, dgb ns df ñn dct änj vyj uj jåhf<br />

pbt? Rj uj vs bvt tv d db le, rju lf wb nb he tv gth dst<br />

ckj df yf itq Rjy cnb ne wbb: ≤Vs, yf hjl Cj tlb yty ysö<br />

Inf njd Fvt hb rb...≥? Rnj änb ≤vs≥? Änj, rj ytx yj,<br />

ghj åkt vf uhfé lfy cn df, gj crjkm re htxm bltn j djjå<br />

hf éft vjv cj jå ot cn dt, xfc nmñ rj nj hj uj vs ct åz<br />

cxb nf tv. Änj nfr ét b ghj åkt vf dt hs, gj crjkm re ghtlcnf<br />

db nt kb dctö ht kb ub jp ysö nhf lb wbq ct ujl yz cj ceot<br />

cn deñn c jå ob yf vb dt heñobö,<br />

jn kb xfñ ob vb cz jn bö<br />

cj åcn dty yjq – dj dctv vb ht b<br />

d lj vt yf ghj nbd.<br />

Rju lf e yf ibö lt ntq kexibt<br />

lhe pmz – jl yj rkfc cybrb-ve<br />

cekm vf yt, rju lf gj cktljdf<br />

ntkm by le bp vf bp åb hf tn cz<br />

yf lj kéyjcnm d irjkm yjv<br />

hj lb ntkmc rjv rj vb nt nt, e<br />

rfé lj uj bp yfc gj zd kz tn cz<br />

yj dsq jåjc yj dfy ysq by nt htc r<br />

yf ibv cj ct lzv – rfr r uhfélf<br />

yfv b rfr r ghtl cnf db nt kzv<br />

jght ltkty yjq dt hs.<br />

Gj vt ht nj uj rfr hfp djhf<br />

xb df ñn cz cj ås nbz yj dj uj<br />

cnj kt nbz, fvt hb rfy wfv ghtlcnj<br />

bn ds gjk ybnm jåt of ybt<br />

ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls – cnjkm<br />

aey lf vty nfkm yjq lkz cfvjq<br />

bltb b jå hf pf Cj tlb yty ysö Inf njd. Ht kb ub jp yfz<br />

cdj åj lf dctu lf cgj cjå cn djdf kf djp ybr yj dt ybñ ht kbub<br />

jp yj uj vyj uj jå hf pbz, b yb rju lf yf it vyj uj jå hfpbt<br />

yt ås kj åj ktt dgt xfn kzñ obv, xtv ct ujl yz. Änj<br />

gj nht åe tn jn yfc djp hj lbnm uke åj xfq itt pyf xt ybt ntö<br />

cf vsö ghby wb gjd, rj nj hs vb vs lj hj ébv, b cj plfnm d<br />

CIF yf cnjz ott jå ot cn dj gkñ hf kbp vf, d rj nj hjv änj<br />

ju hjv yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt ås kj ås yt ghj cnj nth gb vj,<br />

f cnf kj ås jc yjd ysv bc njx yb rjv yf itq cb ks. Xnjås<br />

änj uj lj cnbxm, yfv dctv yt jå öj lb vj pyfnm lheu j<br />

lhe ut åjkm it, xtv ctq xfc, b cks ifnm, rfr yj dst fvthb<br />

rfy ws ghj bp yj czn änj ≤vs≥ b dyj czn cdjq drkfl d<br />

pde xf ybt b leö Fvt hb rb.<br />

eJournal USA 5

Vyj uj kb rfz njk gf by le bc njd yf wt ht vj ybb jn rhs nbz öhf vf d<br />

uj hj lt By lbf yf gj kbc, infn By lbf yf<br />

Cj plf nt kb Rjy cnb ne wbb b Åbk kz j ghf dfö yb rj bv<br />

jå hf pjv yt vju kb ghtl db ltnm vfc infå ht kb ub jp yjuj<br />

vyj uj jå hf pbz d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö yf xf kf 21-uj<br />

dt rf. Yj nt ghby wb gs, rj nj hst jyb ghj djp ukf cb kb d<br />

änbö lj re vty nfö – ≤yt ec nf yjd kt ybt≥ jab wb fkm yjq htkb<br />

ubb b ≤cdjåjl yjt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybt≥, – jåtc gt xb df kb<br />

cnhf yt ghjx yeñ jgj he yf ghj nz ét ybb ldeö ghj itl ibö<br />

cnj kt nbq d ghj wtc ct hjc nf yf it uj ht kb ub jp yj uj vyjuj<br />

jå hf pbz. Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns yf xb yf ñn jc dfb dfnm b<br />

en dth élfnm nj, xnj cj plf nt kb Rjy cnb ne wbb yt vju kb<br />

dj jå hf pbnm. Jl yf rj bvty yj fd nj hs Rjy cnb ne wbb CIF<br />

pf kj éb kb jc yj de lkz dj cghbz nbz gj ljåyj uj vyj uj jåhf<br />

pbz.<br />

Ht kb ubz yb rju lf yt zd kz tn cz pf dth ity ysv ghjler<br />

njv, egf rj dfy ysv, lj cnfd kty ysv b gt ht lfy ysv d<br />

yt ghb rjc yj dty yjc nb jl ybv gj rj kt yb tv lhe uj ve. Yt rjnj<br />

hst, d rfé ljq ht kb ub jp yjq nhf lb wbb, cxb nf ñn cdjñ<br />

ht kb ubñ nf rbv ghj ler njv, yf cnfb dfz yf njv, xnj jyf<br />

dcz pf rkñ xf tn cz d cdz oty ysö ntr cnfö, ljr nhb yfö b<br />

hb nef kfö. Jl yf rj lf ét yt åjkm ijq är crehc d bc nj hbñ<br />

lj rf ps df tn, xnj änb kñ lb yt ghf ds. Yf ib ht kb ub jp yst<br />

nhf lb wbb lb yf vbx ys b bp vty xb ds – jyb crj htt ht rb,<br />

© AP Ima ges/Uf pt nf ≤By lbf yf gj kbc Cnfh≥, Hjå Ut åtkm<br />

xtv gf vzn yb rb. Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns ct ujl yz – pf ödfns<br />

dfñ ott vtc nj lkz bpe xt ybz lb yf vbx yjq bc nj hbb<br />

éb dsö ht kb ubq, gj vt ht nj uj rfr åel lbpv cnf yj dbncz<br />

jght ltkty yj fvt hb rfy crjq ht kb ub tq, f öhbc nbf yt b<br />

be ltb, yt jéb lfy yj lkz ct åz cnjkr yed ibcm c åel lbc nfvb,<br />

pf yj dj ajh ve kb he ñn cj lth éf ybt cdj tq dt hs bp-pf<br />

nf rjq dcnht xb bkb, djp vjé yj, yf xb yf ñn jcjp yf dfnm<br />

ct åz xfc nmñ jåt bö nhf lb wbq. Ue vf ybc nfv, ghj nbd yb rfv<br />

dctö ht kb ubq b lf ét fnt bc nfv yt jå öj lb vj gt ht cvjnhtnm<br />

cdjt vb hj djp pht ybt d rjy ntr cnt åj ktt ckjé yjq<br />

ht kb ub jp yjq ltqcn db ntkm yjc nb. C gj ds it yb tv hj kb<br />

gj kb nt bc nb xtc rj uj by le bp vf b åel lbp vf, rj nj hj ve yt<br />

ghb ceo nt bpv, fnt bc nfv, djp vjé yj, ghb ltn cz åj ktt<br />

rjy rhtn yj ajh ve kb hj dfnm nj, d rf rj uj bvty yj ≤åj uf≥<br />

jyb yt dt hzn.<br />

Yf crjkm rj lb yf vbx ys yf ib ht kb ub jp yst nhf lb wbb,<br />

yf cnjkm rj lb yf vbx yf b bltz Cj tlb yty ysö Inf njd rfr<br />

nf rj dfz. Lt dbp yf itq htc geå kb rb – E plurib us unum<br />

(≤T lby cn dj d vyj uj jå hf pbb≥) – änj tot yt cj cnjzd ibqcz<br />

afrn, yj blt fk, rj nj hsq fvt hb rfy ws jåz pf ys gjcnj<br />

zy yj djp hjé lfnm. Gj dt cn djdf ybt j vyj ét cn dt yf hjljd<br />

Fvt hb rb b cj plf ybb tlb yjq yf wbb – yt jrjy xty ysq<br />

hfc crfp, d rj nj hjv bltf ks gj cnj zy yj dj gkj of ñn cz d<br />

ébpym. Yf it vyj uj jå hf pbt åj ktt gj hf pb ntkm yj, xtv<br />

dctu lf – yf ib hf cs b kb wf, yf ib léfp b ve ps rf rfddf­kb,<br />

yf ib ufb nzy crbt åf hf åf ys b åty ufkmc rbt nfå­kf,<br />

yf ib öbg-öjg b nfy ws åöfy­uhf, yf ib jh rtc nhs vf­hbfxb<br />

b uf­vt­kf­ys, yf ib bc kfv crbt vb yf ht ns b åfi yb<br />

by le bcncrbö öhf vjd, yf ib igb kb vjh vjy crbö öhf vjd<br />

b pj kj nst re gj kf ueh­ldfh. Yf aj yt nf rj uj vyj ét cndf<br />

ds hf ét ybt yf it uj tlby cn df, gj nht åe tn vyj ét cn df<br />

yj dsö uj kj cjd, rfé lsq bp rj nj hsö ghb dyt ctn d yt uj<br />

cdjq jcj åsq drkfl.<br />

Lkz nj uj, xnj ås ghtl cnf dbnm ct åt Fvt hb re d 21-v<br />

dt rt, yt jå öj lbv gj ktn dj jå hf ét ybz. Änj jp yf xf tn, xnj<br />

yeé yj edb ltnm ht kb ub jp ysq kfy lifan Cj tlb yty ysö<br />

Inf njd, ≤jn vj hz lj cdth rfñ ot uj vj hz≥, dj dctq tuj<br />

ght rhfc yjq ckjé yjc nb. n<br />

Cj­cnfd­kt­yj gj ryb­ut Lf­qf­ys K. Är ≤Yj dfz ht kb ub jpyfz<br />

Fvt hb rf≥, jgeå­kb­rj­dfy­yjq bp­lf­ntkm­cn­djv ≤Öfh­gth<br />

Cfy-Ahfy­wbc­rj≥ – jn­lt­kt­yb­tv ≤Öfh­gth Rjk­kbyc ­<br />

Gfå­kb­ithc, By­rjh­gj­htq­ntl≥. Copyright © 2001 by<br />

Diana L. Eck. All Rights Reser ved.<br />

Vyt­ybz, ds­hf­éty­yst d änjq cnf­nmt, yt jåz­pf­ntkm­yj jn­hf­éf­ñn njx­re<br />

pht­ybz bkb gj­kb­nb­re ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df CIF.<br />

eJournal USA 6

Ht kb ub jp yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt d hfy ybq gt hb jl<br />

bc nj hbb Fvt hb rb<br />

Rän hby K. Fkm åf ybp<br />

© Ahäy cbc U. Vf qth/Rjh åbc<br />

Gj kjn yj 19 dt rf ≤Lj uj djh Gty yf c by ltq wf vb≥ bpjå hf éf tn jc yj df nt kz rj kj ybb d Gty cbkm df ybb, rdf rt hf Ebkmz vf Gty yf, ec nf yfd kb dfñot<br />

uj lhe étc rbt jn yj it ybz c rj hty ys vb fvt hb rfy crb vb gkt vt yf vb d 1682 u. Gj kjn yj ds gjk yt yj öe ljé yb rjv Äl dfh ljv Öbr cjv, rj nj hsq<br />

hj lbk cz d tgbc rj gfkm yjq ct vmt, yj ghb yzk dt he rdf rt hjd.<br />

Rj­kj­yb­fkm­ysq gt­hb­jl d bc­nj­hbb CIF jn­kb­xfk­cz htkb­ub­jp­ysv<br />

gkñ­hf­kbp­vjv: d nj dht­vz rj­hty­yst fvthb­rfy­ws,<br />

fa­hb­rfy­crbt hf­ås b td­hj­gtq­crbt gt­ht­ct­kty­ws<br />

bc­gj­dt­lj­df­kb cf­vst hfp­yst ajh­vs ht­kb­ubb. D lfy­yjq<br />

cnf­nmt fd­njh ghj­ckt­éb­df­tn rjh­yb b ajh­vb­hj­df­ybt<br />

nth­gb­vjc­nb d rj­kj­yb­fkm­ysq gt­hb­jl.<br />

Rän­hby K. Fkm­åf­ybp – fd­njh ryb­ub ≤Htc geå kb rf evf<br />

b le öf: Bc nj hbz vt nf ab pb xtc rjq ht kb ub jp yjq rekmne<br />

hs Fvt hb rb≥. Jyf nfr­ét ght­gj­lftn chfd­yb­ntkm­yjt<br />

ht­kb­ubj­dt­lt­ybt b pf­dt­le­tn Rf­atl­hjq ht­kb­ubj­dt­lt­ybz d<br />

Rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crjv eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt d Cfy­nf-Åfh­åf­ht.<br />

Ce ot cn detn nhb vb af d jn yj it ybb jå ot uj djcghbz<br />

nbz ht kb ubb d CIF:<br />

•z Vba gth dsq: bc nj hbz hfp db nbz ht kb ubb rf cf tncz<br />

njkm rj td hj gtq wtd.<br />

•z Vba dnj hjq: ghj ntc nfyn crjt öhbc nb fy cn dj td hjgtq<br />

crbö bv vbu hfy njd b gj ct kty wtd ås kj vj yjkbn<br />

ysv d hfy ybt lt cz nb kt nbz bc nj hbb cnhf ys.<br />

•z Vba nht nbq: ht kb ub jp ysq gkñ hf kbpv – änj ytlfd<br />

ytt zd kt ybt, öf hfr nth yjt lkz 20 dt rf.<br />

eJournal USA 7

Ahfy wbc rfy crbq cdz oty ybr Uty yt gby pf gt xfn kty yf änjv gj kjn yt c fvt hb rfy crb vb<br />

by ltq wf vb, rj nj hst ås kb tuj ub lf vb b cgen yb rf vb dj dht vz bc ckt lj df ybz nth hb nj hbq<br />

Dth öyt uj Chtl yt uj Pf gf lf d rjy wt 17-uj dt rf. Cdz oty yb rb Ahfy wbc rfy crj uj jh lt yf<br />

yf xf kb djp dj lbnm vbc cbb cht lb rj hty ysö gkt vty pf 100 ktn lj Uty yt gb yf.<br />

Ghb nf rjv gjl öj lt r bc nj hbb fvt hb rfy crjq htkb<br />

ubb djp yb rf tn yt crjkm rj ghj åktv. Ght élt dct uj,<br />

gjk yj cnmñ bu yj hb he tn cz vtc nj b hjkm rj hty yj uj yfct<br />

kt ybz – fvt hb rfy crbö by ltq wtd, rj nj hst pf ct kb kb<br />

änjn rjy nb ytyn pf yt crjkm rj cnj kt nbq lj gj zd kt ybz<br />

gth dsö gt ht ct kty wtd bp Td hj gs. Dj ­dnj hsö, yt ghb ybvf<br />

tn cz dj dyb vf ybt vtc nj fa hb rfy wtd, rj nj hst ås kb<br />

jl ybv bp dt le obö vtym iby cnd rj kj yb fkm yj uj yf ct ktybz.<br />

D-nht nmbö, dfé yj jn vt nbnm, xnj d nj dht vz rfr<br />

gth dj yf xfkm yj ghb åsd itt bp Td hj gs yf ct kt ybt Fvt hbrb<br />

ås kj d jc yjd yjv ghj ntc nfyn crbv, d tuj hz lfö ås kb<br />

b ghb dth éty ws Hbv crjq rf nj kb xtc rjq wth rdb b be ltb.<br />

B yf rj ytw, lf ét cht lb ghj ntc nfy njd gkñ hf kbpv åsk<br />

ib hj rj hfc ghj cnhf yty eét d hfy ybq gt hb jl ce ot cndjdf<br />

ybz Fvt hb rb b bvtk åjkm ijt pyf xt ybt d jå otq<br />

cbc nt vt rjy atc cbq d Fvt hb rt. Ctr nfyn crjt ldb ét ybt<br />

d Fy ukbb d gt hb jl, yt gjc htl cn dty yj ghtl it cn deñ obq<br />

rj kj yb pf wbb, uf hfy nb hj df kj gkñ hf kbpv vb hj djppht<br />

ybq, rj nj hsq åsk hfc ghj cnhf yty b cht lb lhe ubö<br />

bv vbu hfy njd, ght bve ot cn dty yj bp Uth vf ybb. Ghb änjv<br />

gt ht ct kty ws bp lhe ubö, ukfd ysv jå hf pjv, ct dth ysö<br />

td hj gtq crbö cnhfy cj cdjb vb jcj åty ys vb ht kb ub jp ysvb<br />

ghtl gjx ntybz vb nfr ét ås kb ghtl cnfd kt ys eét d<br />

hfy ybq gt hb jl ce ot cn djdf ybz Fvt hb rb.<br />

Lf ét ghb rhfn rjv jgb cf ybb ce ot cn deñot uj ht kbub<br />

jp yj uj vyj uj jå hf pbz d hfy ybq gt hb jl ce ot cn djdfybz<br />

Fvt hb rb djp yb rf tn dj ghjc j njv, jn re lf djp ybr<br />

vba j vj yj kbn yjq ghj ntc nfyn crjq cf vj åsn yjc nb.<br />

Hfy ybt bc ckt lj df nt kb ht kb ub jp ysö ext ybq d Fvt hb rt<br />

Leu kfc Ajkmr/Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf<br />

cf vb ås kb ghtl cnf db nt kz vb jc yjdysö<br />

ghj ntc nfyn crbö rjy atc cbq. Jyb<br />

cnf kb pf yb vfnm cz bc nj hb tq hfp kbxysö<br />

rjy atc cbq yt rfr bc nj hb rb,<br />

f rfr ghtl cnf db nt kb le öj dty cn df.<br />

Njkm rj cj dht vt ytv bpe xt yb tv<br />

bc nj hbb ht kb ubb d Fvt hb rt cnf kb<br />

pf yb vfnm cz ghj atc cbj yfkm yst cgtwbf<br />

kbc ns, f nfr rfr gj lfdkzñ ott<br />

åjkm iby cn dj yf ct kt ybz d cnhf yt lj<br />

yt lfd yt uj dht vt yb ltqcn db ntkm yj<br />

ghb yfl kt éf kj r ghj ntc nfyn crbv<br />

rjy atc cb zv, yt elb db ntkm yj, xnj<br />

gkñ hf kbpv, ce ot cn djdfd ibq eét d<br />

hfy ybq gt hb jl Fvt hb rfy crjq bc njhbb,<br />

jc nf dfk cz d nt yb.<br />

Nhf lb wbb rj hty ysö yf hj ljd b<br />

fa hjf vt hb rfy wtd<br />

Dt rf vb rj hty yst yf hj ls hfp ysö<br />

cnhfy hfp db df kb cdjñ öf hfr nth yeñ<br />

fvt hb rfy creñ rekm ne he. Rfé ljt<br />

by ltq crjt gkt vz jå kf lf kj cdj tq<br />

cbc nt vjq eåté lt ybq, rj ltr cjv gj dt lt ybz b nhf lb wbzvb,<br />

rj nj hst ås kb b jc nf ñn cz ce ue åj by lb db le fkmys<br />

vb. (Ghtl cnfd kty yst d lfy yjq cnf nmt vf nt hbf ks<br />

jc yj df ys yf ryb ut Rän hby K. Fkm åf ybp ≤Fvt hb rf:<br />

Ht kb ub jp yst ext ybz b ht kb ubz≥, 4-t bp lf ybt, Åtkmvjyn,<br />

Rf kb ajh ybz, ≤Ejl ce jhn gfå kb ibyu≥, 2007 ujl.)<br />

Ghb yf kb xbb 550 by lb db le fkm ysö jå oby b zps rjd d<br />

Fvt hb rt 17 dt rf, rekm ne hf fvt hb rfy crbö by ltq wtd<br />

öf hfr nt hb pe tn cz yt jéb lfy ysv lkz yfc vyj uj jå hf pb tv.<br />

Jl yf rj dt hj df ybz hfp kbx ysö gkt vty fvt hb rfy crbö<br />

by ltq wtd jåüt lb yz tn cj pyf ybt yt jn lt kb vjc nb jn cdzoty<br />

yj uj vb hf. Änj ds hf éf tn cz d bö dpukz lfö, nhf lbwb<br />

zö b jå hf pt ébp yb d yt gjc htl cn dty yjq åkb pjc nb c<br />

ghb hj ljq. Jyb jn yj czn cz r jr he éfñ ot ve vb he rfr r<br />

cdz oty yj ve vtc ne, yt jn lt kzz tuj jn dt hs d ds cibt<br />

cb ks, rfr änj lt kf kb td hj gtq ws. Jyb yf öj lzn cdz otyyeñ<br />

ht fkm yjcnm d uke åb yfö cj pyf ybz b hfc cvfn hb df ñn<br />

cdjñ dyen hty yññ ébpym b dyti yññ ht fkm yjcnm rfr<br />

jl yj gjl dbé yjt b gjl dth éty yjt ght jå hf pj df ybñ wtkjt.<br />

Cdz oty yst éb djn yst vj uen ght dhf ofnm cz d kñltq<br />

b yf jåj hjn. D lfy yjv rjy ntr cnt vj hfkm yst ghbywb<br />

gs by ltq wtd vjé yj jgb cfnm rfr ébpym d gjk yjq<br />

ufh vj ybb c vb hjv ghb hj ls. Åj ktt nj uj, by ltq ws yt<br />

bc gs ns df kb yt eljå cn df d jå cnf yjd rt, rj nj hfz gj plytt<br />

gj ke xb kf yf pdf ybt ht kb ub jp yj uj gkñ hf kbp vf. Cht lb<br />

rj hty ysö fvt hb rfy wtd ht kb ub jp yst hfp kb xbz jn vt xfkbcm,<br />

gj xb nf kbcm b ghb yb vf kbcm. D hfp ysö gkt vt yfö<br />

gj rkj yz kbcm hfp ysv le öfv, ecnhf bdf kbcm hfp yst wt htvj<br />

ybb, cj åkñ lf kbcm hfp kbx yst jås xfb.<br />

eJournal USA 8

Cht lb fa hb rfy wtd, d cdjñ jxt htlm, ht kb ubz yt<br />

bc xtp kf c gj zd kt yb tv hfå cn df. Åjkm iby cn dj hf åjd<br />

ås kb ghb dt pt ys bp Pf gfl yjq Fa hb rb, Rjy uj, Fy uj ks,<br />

vyj ubt ås kb ds öjl wf vb yf hj ljd vfy lby rf, qj he åf,<br />

båj, åf rjy uj, ädt b ajy. Yt rj nj hst bp ybö bc gj dt ljdf<br />

kb bc kfv, d nj dht vz rfr lhe ubt ckt lj df kb hfp yj jåhfp<br />

ysv nhf lb wb jy ysv fa hb rfy crbv ht kb ub zv. Cht lb<br />

fvt hb rfy crbö by ltq wtd nj ét ght jå kf lf kb jght ltktyyst<br />

nt vs. Cf vsv ukfd ysv ås kf jå ob yf, f cdz oty ysq<br />

vbh åsk dctu lf hz ljv, yf ct kty ysq le öf vb b åj ét cndf<br />

vb, rj nj hst drkñ xf kb gj xb nft vsö ghtl rjd. He rj djlb<br />

kj cdz oty yjq jå ob yjq yt åtc yjt åj ét cn dj, rj nj hjt<br />

eg hfd kz kj kñlm vb c gj vj omñ åj ét cn d-gjc htl yb rjd.<br />

Uf lf ybt, éth ndjg hb yj it ybt éb djn ysö, ve ps rf b nfyws<br />

gjl hbn vbx ysq fr rjv gf yt vtyn åf hf åf yf – dct ltkf<br />

kjcm lkz cj plf ybz b ds hf ét ybz le öjd yj uj cvsc kf.<br />

D Fvt hb rt änb ht kb ub jp yst dpukz ls b jå hz ls ås kb<br />

dj cghb yz ns d jå ob yfö hf åjd, d rj nj hsö xth yj rj étt<br />

yf ct kt ybt ghb cgj cfå kb df kjcm r ghj ntc nfyn crj ve öhbcnb<br />

fy cn de, jl yj dht vty yj dgb ns dfz nt vs, cdz pfy yst c<br />

yt dj ktq b gj hf åj ot yb tv. Nf rbv jå hf pjv, hfp db dfd ittcz<br />

cht lb xth yj rj ét uj yf ct kt ybz öhbc nb fy cn dj yb rju lf<br />

yt ås kj nf rbv ét, rfr cht lb åt kj uj td hj gtq crj uj yfct<br />

kt ybz. Gf hfk ktkm yj, nhf lb wbb dj hjé ås b wt kb ntkmcn<br />

df, xfc nj yf ps dft vst rjk ljd cn djv, cnf kb gj ke xfnm<br />

ib hj rjt hfc ghj cnhf yt ybt, cvt ib df zcm c eåté lt ybz vb<br />

b jås xfz vb fvt hb rfy crbö by ltq wtd b byju lf ghb dktrfz<br />

td hj gtq wtd, rj nj hst gs nf kbcm lj åbnm cz bp kt xt ybz<br />

bkb vf nt hb fkm yj uj jåj uf ot ybz c gj vj omñ vf ubb.<br />

Nhf lb wbb cf vsö gth dsö td hj gtq wtd<br />

Gth ds vb td hj gtq wf vb d gt hb jl hfy yt uj ce ot cndjdf<br />

ybz Fvt hb rb ås kb bc gfy ws, rj nj hst gjl ghtldj<br />

lb ntkm cn djv Öef yf Gj yct lt Ktj yf d 1513 uj le<br />

lj cnbu kb gj ke jc nhj df, rj nj hsq ctq xfc zd kz tn cz<br />

inf njv Akj hb lf. Kbim cgec nz dj ctvm ktn hbv crjrf<br />

nj kb xtc rbt cdz oty yb rb yf xf kb pf yb vfnm cz vbc cbjyth<br />

crjq ltz ntkm yjc nmñ cht lb by ltq wtd, b r 1564 uj le<br />

bc gfy ws jc yj df kb uj hjl Ctyn-Jufc nby. Nj ét ghj bcöj<br />

lb kj pf cjn yb b ns cz xb vbkm, d pf gfl ysö ht ubj yfö<br />

yj dj uj rjy nb yty nf. R rjy we 16-uj dt rf ahfy wbc rfy crbt<br />

vbc cbj yt hs jåjc yj df kbcm d vtc nfö, rj nj hst yf öj lzncz<br />

yf nth hb nj hbb cj dht vty yj uj inf nf Ymñ-Vtr cb rj, f<br />

bt peb ns jn rhs kb vbc cbñ d Fhb pj yt d yf xf kt 18 dt rf.<br />

Fy ukbq crbt rf nj kb rb ghb ås df kb yt pf ntv, xnj ås<br />

jå hf ofnm by ltq wtd d cdjñ dt he, f xnj ås ecnhf bdfnm<br />

yj dst gj ct kt ybz. Öfh nbz rj kj ybb, cnfd itq dgj cktlcn<br />

dbb inf njv Vä hb ktyl, lj cnf kfcm hbv crj ve rf njkb<br />

re. Fy ukbq crbq rj hjkm Rfhk È gj éf kj dfk öfh nbñ<br />

yf dkf lt ybt rj kj yb tq Vä hb ktyl rf nj kb re Léjhlée<br />

Rfk dth ne, kjh le Åfk nb vj he. Tuj csy Ktj yfhl cnfk<br />

gth dsv ue åth yf nj hjv rj kj ybb d 1634 uj le. Vä hb ktylcrfz<br />

rj kj ybz yt ljk uj jc nf df kfcm d he rfö rf nj kb rjd,<br />

yj tt ce ot cn djdf ybt zd kz tn cz cdb lt ntkm cn djv nj uj,<br />

xnj ht kb ub jp yst vtym iby cn df jå kf lf kb lj cnf njx yjq<br />

dkfc nmñ d rj kj yb fkm yeñ ägj öe. Rj kj ybz rdf rt hjd d<br />

Gty cbkm df ybb ghb yb vf kf rf nj kb rjd, f rj kj ybz Ymñ-<br />

Qjh rf, gj rhfq ytq vt ht, xfc nbx yj pf cdjñ bc nj hbñ,<br />

nj ét nth gb vj jn yj cb kfcm r rf nj kb xt cn de. Ymñ-Qjhr<br />

yf öj lbk cz gjl eg hfd kt yb tv ue åth yf nj hf-rf nj kb rf c<br />

1682 gj 1689 ujl, tuj pdf kb Nj vfc Lj yufy.<br />

Ymñ-Qjhr nfr ét cnfk vtc njv gj ct kt ybz gth dsö<br />

be lt td d hfy ybq gt hb jl ce ot cn djdf ybz Fvt hb rb. Jyb<br />

ghb ås kb d 1654 uj le, rju lf uj hjl tot yf ps dfk cz<br />

Yj dsq Fv cnth lfv (rj kj ybz gt ht ikf jn ujk kfy lwtd<br />

r fy ukb xf yfv d 1664 uj le). Änj ås kf xfcnm jå ob ys<br />

åt éty wtd, cajh vb hj dfd itq cz d kb åt hfkm yjq Ujk kfylbb<br />

gjc kt nj uj, rfr be ltb ås kb bp uyf ys bp Bc gf ybb<br />

b Gjh neuf kbb d rjy wt 15-uj dt rf. Gj plytt dj dht vz<br />

ujk kfyl crj uj rj kj yb fkm yj uj jåüt lb yt ybz jyb gt ht åhfkbcm<br />

d dj cnjx yeñ Åhf pb kbñ, f pf ntv, gjc kt nj uj rfr<br />

jyf jnji kf r Gjh neuf kbb, åt éf kb yf ct dth, d Yj dsq<br />

Fv cnth lfv. Nfv jå hf pj df kfcm yt åjkm ifz jå ob yf Ctafh<br />

lbv, ukfd ysv jå hf pjv, cj cnjzd ifz bp njh ujd wtd,<br />

d ytq yt ås kj hfd db yjd. Gj zd kt ybt cvt ify ysö åhf rjd<br />

c vtcn ys vb éb nt kz vb ghb dt kj r nj ve, xnj xbc kj belt<br />

td d jå ob yt cj rhf nb kjcm, jl yf rj r rjy we 1692 uj lf<br />

jyb ce vt kb jn rhsnm gth deñ cb yf uj ue d Ct dth yjq Fvthb<br />

rt. Xfcnm éb nt ktq Ct afh lb vf gj ct kb kbcm d Hjl-Fqkty<br />

lt, lhe ufz – dvtc nt c be ltz vb bp Ct dth yjq Td hj gs,<br />

rj nj hst yf xf kb ghb ås dfnm d Fvt hb re, pf ct kzz uj hj lf<br />

dj cnjx yj uj gj åt ht émz. Bö vf kst jå ob ys b ht kb ub jpyst<br />

ghb öj ls cnf kb hfc ghj cnhf yznm cz yf ñu b lj cnbu kb<br />

Xfhkmc nj yf, infn Ñé yfz Rf hj kb yf.<br />

D änjv vb ht ht kb ub jp yj uj vyj uj jå hf pbz d hfyybq<br />

gt hb jl ce ot cn djdf ybz Fvt hb rb ghj ntc nfy ns ås kb<br />

cf vjq vyj uj xbc kty yjq rjy atc cb tq. Ldt gfy lt vbb d<br />

yf xf kt 17 dt rf gjx nb eybx nj éb kb by ltq wtd yf ctdthj<br />

fvt hb rfy crjv rjy nb yty nt – td hj gtq crbt vbr hj ås<br />

jrf pf kbcm jgfc ytt td hj gtq crbö gbc nj kt njd. Lhe ubt<br />

uheg gs – ds öjl ws bp Fa hb rb, rf nj kb rb b be ltb dctulf<br />

ås kb vtym iby cn df vb, lf ét yt cvjn hz yf nj, xnj<br />

d yt rj nj hsö ht ubj yfö fa hb rfy crjt yf ct kt ybt ås kj<br />

lj cnf njx yj vyj uj xbc kty ysv. Jl yf rj jåüt lb yt ybt dctö<br />

ghj ntc nfy njd d jl ye uheg ge cj plf tn yt dth yjt ghtlcnfd<br />

kt ybt j ntö hfp kb xb zö, rj nj hst ås kb cdjq cn dty ys<br />

vyj ubv bv vbu hfy nfv bp Td hj gs. Vyj ubt gt ht ct kty ws<br />

cj åkñ lf kb jå hz ls öhbc nb fy-ghj ntc nfy njd, ghb lth ébdf<br />

zcm vt nf ab pb xtc rbö eåté lt ybq, ghb ce obö by ltq wfv<br />

b xth yj rj ébv, b ghb åt ufz r vf ubb, fc nhj kj ub xtc rbv<br />

ghtl crf pf yb zv b äpj nt hb xtc rbv ext yb zv (cv. rybue<br />

Léj yf Åfn kt hf ≤Cvs nsq dj kyjq dt hs: jå hf ot ybt<br />

fvt hb rfy crj uj yf hj lf d öhbc nb fy cn dj≥, Ufh dfhl crbq<br />

eyb dth cb ntn, 1990 ujl) b Rän hby K. Fkm åf ybp ≤Htc geåkb<br />

rf vsi kt ybz b le öf: rekm neh yfz bc nj hbz fvt hb rfy­<br />

eJournal USA 9

crjq vt nf ab pb xtc rjq ht kb ubb≥,<br />

Ymñ-Ötq dty, Qtkmc rbq eyb dth cbntn,<br />

2007 ujl).<br />

Rhj vt nj uj, jåt rj kj ybb<br />

hfy yt uj gt hbj lf, bu hfd ibt dtle<br />

oeñ hjkm d åj ktt gj plybö<br />

gj kb nb xtc rbö cj ås nb zö, ås kb<br />

pf ct kt ys cf vs vb hfp ys vb htkb<br />

ub jp ys vb uheg gf vb. Éb nt kb<br />

gth djq gj cnj zy yjq rj kj ybb d<br />

Létqvcnfe yt, cj plfy yjq d 1607<br />

uj le d Dbh léb ybb, jab wb fkmyj<br />

ghb yfl kt éf kb r Fy ukb rfycrjq<br />

wth rdb. Bö fy ukb rfy cn dj<br />

ås kj yf cnjkm rj cnhj ubv, xnj d<br />

nt xt ybt lt cz nb kt nbz gjc kt 1610<br />

uj lf, cj ukfc yj pf rj yj lf ntkm cn de<br />

Dbh ub ybb, ghj gecr nhtö djcrhtc<br />

ysö åj ujc ke ét ybq gjl hzl<br />

rf hfk cz cvth nyjq rfp ymñ (e yfc<br />

ytn lfy ysö j njv, xnj rnj-nj<br />

yf cf vjv lt kt åsk rfp yty pf<br />

ghj gecr åj ujc ke ét ybq). Jl yjdht<br />

vty yj c änbv gt ht ct kty ws d<br />

Gkb ven crjq rj kj ybb d Yj djq<br />

Fy ukbb (1620 ujl) b d Rj kj ybb<br />

Vfc cf xe ctn crj uj pf kb df (1630 ujl) (rj nj hst dgjcktl<br />

cn dbb jåüt lb yb kbcm) ås kb ge hb nf yf vb – xkt yf vb<br />

ldeö ht ajh vf njh crbö uhegg, jn dth ufd ibö ghfr nb re b<br />

ajh vs åj ujc ke ét ybz fy ukb rfy crjq wth rdb. Gkb vencrbt<br />

gb kbu hb vs, hf ytt gt ht ct kbd ibt cz d Ujk kfy lbñ,<br />

cxb nf kb ct åz jn lt kty ys vb jn fy ukb rfy crjq wth rdb.<br />

D åj ktt jå ibh yjq Rj kj ybb Vfc cf xe ctn crj uj pf kb df<br />

nt, rnj yt jn lt kbk cz jn fy ukb rfy crjq wth rdb, gs nfkbcm<br />

bp vt ybnm tt bp yen hb. Jåt uheg gs gjl xth rb df kb<br />

pyf xt ybt jå hf ot ybz d bc nby yjt b xbc njt öhbc nb fy cn dj,<br />

jc yj dfy yjt yf kbx yjv ht kb ub jp yjv jgs nt. Jyb ås kb d<br />

pyf xb ntkm yjq cnt gt yb gjl dth ét ys dkbz ybñ rfkm db ybpvf,<br />

wty nhfkm yjq ljr nhb yjq rj nj hj uj åsk ce dt ht yb ntn<br />

Åj uf, f nfr ét ljr nhb ys j uht öjd yjc nb xt kj dt xt cn df<br />

b ghj bpdjkm yjc nb åj ét cn dty yj uj ds åj hf d gjkm pe ytptv<br />

yj uj hfz bkb dtx ysö fl crbö ver. Jåt uheg gs ås kb<br />

nfr ét gj rkjy yb rf vb cdjåjl yjq bkb jåüt lb yty yjq<br />

wth rdb, rj nj hfz hfp hjc kfcm dj dht vz fyf åfg nbcn crjq<br />

(hf lb rfkm yjq) Ht ajh vf wbb d 16-jv dt rt d Td hj gt. Jyb<br />

ghb lf df kb jcj åjt pyf xt ybt hj kb lfy yjq jåüt lb yty yjq<br />

rjy uht uf wbj yf kbcn crjq wth rdb rfr öhf yb ntkm yb ws Åjémt<br />

uj Pf dt nf.<br />

Lf ét ge hb nfy crbt ht ajh vf nj hs Rj kj ybb Vfc cfxe<br />

ctn crj uj pf kb df jrf pf kbcm yt ljc nf njx yj ge hb nf yf vb<br />

lkz yt rj nj hsö yj dsö ghj ntc nfyn crbö gt ht ct kty wtd.<br />

Hjl-Fq ktyl cnfk hj lb yjq gj cktl jdf nt ktq åfg nbp vf<br />

gjc kt nj uj, rfr Hj léth Ebkmzvc jc yj dfk rj kj ybñ d<br />

Jr yj dbn hf éf d Gth djq fa hb rfy crjq åfg nbcn crjq wth rdb d Cf dfy yt, infn Léjhlébz.<br />

Plf ybt ås kj gj cnhjt yj d 1859 u. ecb kbz vb cdj åjl ysö xth yj rj ébö b hf åjd. Yf cnjz ofz<br />

wth rjdm ds lt kb kfcm bp rjy uht uf wbb, jh uf yb pj dfy yjq d 1788 u., b cxb nf tn cz jl ybv bp<br />

cnf htq ibö fa hjf vt hb rfy crbö ghb öj ljd d CIF.<br />

1636 uj le. Ebkmzvc ås kb bp uyfy bp Rj kj ybb Vfc cf xectn<br />

crj uj pf kb df pf rhb nb xtc rjt jn yj it ybt r cj åhfnmzv-ge<br />

hb nf yfv. D Hjl-Fq kty lt r yt ve ghb cjt lb ybkbcm<br />

lhe ubt ht kb ub jp yst lbc cb lty ns. Cht lb ybö ås kf<br />

jn rhs nj ds crf ps dfd ifz cdjb dpukz ls Äyy Öfn xb cjy,<br />

rj nj hfz en dth élf kf, xnj yf öj lbn cz gjl gj rhj db ntkmcn<br />

djv Cdz nj uj Le öf. Ñé ytt, d Ymñ-Qjh rt cht lb<br />

ghj ntc nfy njd ås kb ujk kfyl crbt ht ajh vbc ns, gj ct kbdibt<br />

cz d uj hj lt tot dj dht vt yf, rju lf jy åsk Yj dsv<br />

Fv cnth lf vjv. Pltcm gj ct kb kbcm b lhe ubt td hj gtq crbt<br />

ghj ntc nfyn crbt uheg gs – ahfy wep crbt rfkm db ybc ns,<br />

yt vtw rbt kñ nt hf yt, rjy uht uf wbj yf kbc ns Yj djq Fyukbb,<br />

rdf rt hs b åfg nbc ns – yt cvjn hz yf nj, xnj rjkj<br />

ybz jab wb fkm yj cxb nf kfcm fy ukb rfy crjq (cv. ryb ue<br />

Hb xfh lf D. Gjq ynt hf ≤Ghj ntc nfyn crbq gkñ hf kbpv b<br />

jgsn Ymñ-Qjh rf: bc ckt lj df ybt ht kb ub jp yj uj vyj uj jåhf<br />

pbz dj ctvyfl wf nj uj dt rf≥, Åke vby unjy, Eyb dth cb ntn<br />

inf nf By lbf yf, 1988 ujl).<br />

Éb nt kb Ymñ-Qjh rf hfc cvfn hb df kb cdjt vyj uj jåhf<br />

pbt rfr gj kj éb ntkm yjt zd kt ybt, cnf yj dzcm cdb lt ntkz<br />

vb tuj ght bve ot cnd c ht kb ub jp yjq b gj kb nb xtc rjq<br />

njx rb pht ybz.<br />

D Ymñ-Léth cb ds öjl ws bp Ujk kfy lbb b lhe ubt<br />

bv vbu hfy ns bp cnhfy Ct dth yjq Td hj gs ghb cjt lb ybkbcm<br />

r hz lfv gj ct kty wtd Yj djq Fy ukbb b fy ukbq crbö<br />

rdf rt hjd. Rdf rt hs yf ikb ct åt yf ltéyjt eåt éb ot<br />

d Gty cbkm df ybb b cnf kb bu hfnm dt le oeñ hjkm d tt<br />

Aj nju hf abz ght lj cnfd kt yf cfq njv Savannahvis it.com<br />

eJournal USA 10

eg hfd kt ybb. Bltj kj ubz nth gb vjc nb cnf kf jl ybv bp<br />

jght ltkzñ obö ghby wb gjd gjc kt jc yj df ybz rj kj ybb<br />

rdf rt hjd d 1681 uj le Ebkmz vjv Gty yjv. Gtyy, csy<br />

fl vb hf kf b yj dj jå hf oty ysq rdf rth, dcne gbk d ghf dj<br />

dkf lt ybz rj kj yb tq, gj ke xbd jå ibh ysq exfc njr ptv kb<br />

d cxtn jg kf ns uth wj ujv Qjhr crbv ljk uf tuj jn we.<br />

Rdf rt hs, cj cdj tq vbc nb xtc rjq dt hjq d gj dct vtcn yjt<br />

ghb cen cn dbt ≤åj ét cn dty yj uj cdt nf≥, ght jå hf pj df kb<br />

cdjñ ht kb ub jp yeñ ab kj cj abñ d cj wb fkm yjt b gj kbnb<br />

xtc rjt lj cnjz ybt lkz dctö. D Gty cbkm df ybb vjé yj<br />

ås kj cdjåjl yj bc gj dt lj dfnm kñ åeñ ht kb ubñ, f nfr ét<br />

cj åkñ lf kbcm ghf df cdj åj ls cj dtc nb. Gj hf éf kj b edféb<br />

ntkm yjt jn yj it ybt Gty yf r rj hty yj ve yf ct kt ybñ<br />

Fvt hb rb ghb pf rkñ xt ybb lj uj dj hjd c by ltq wf vb b tuj<br />

gj kb nb rf jn rf pf jn ghb vt yt ybz dj ty ysö ltqcn dbq.<br />

Fy ukbq crbt rdf rt hs b åfg nbcn crbt vbc cbj yt hs<br />

ghj ybr kb dj dct xfc nb fvt hb rfy crj uj ñuf, ult ht kb ubjp<br />

yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt cnf kj ghb dsx ysv zd kt yb tv. Ytvf<br />

kj dfé yj b nj, xnj yf ñut cnhf ys nfr ét gj zdb kbcm<br />

gj ct kt ybz ghtl cnf db nt ktq ght cdb nt hb fy crjq wth rdb<br />

dvtc nt c wt ksv hz ljv lbc cb ltyn crbö uhegg vtym it uj<br />

hfp vt hf. Yt vtw rbt ctr nfy ns ct kb kbcm d Gty cbkm df ybb<br />

b d lhe ubö vtc nfö – cht lb ybö ås kb vty yj yb ns, jreyfy<br />

ws b vj hfd crbt åj uj vj ks. Ult ås yb gj zd kz kbcm<br />

yt vtw rbt b crfy lb yfd crbt gt ht ct kty ws, djp yb rf kb<br />

åjkm ibt jå ob ys kñ nt hfy b ht ajh vbc njd (rfkm db ybcnjd).<br />

Yf åkñ lf kjcm hfc ghj cnhf yt ybt b nf rbö yt nhf lb wbjy<br />

ysö ctr nfyn crbö jå hf pj df ybq rfr jå ob yf ≤Éty ob yf<br />

d uke ib≥ yt lf kt rj jn Ab kf ltkm abb – nfq yjt åhfn cndj,<br />

rj nj hjt bc gj dt lj df kj cgkfd zps xt cn df, öhbc nb fy cndf<br />

b be lf bp vf d jcj åjq ajh vt ht kb ubb, jåj ét cn dkzditq<br />

ghb hj le.<br />

Dkbz ybt hfp kbx ysö ajhv åkf uj dt cn djdf ybz<br />

Ghb nf rjv hfp yj jå hf pbb ht kb ub jp yjq cf vj åsnyjc<br />

nb b rjy re hb heñ obö ht kb ub jp ysö gjl öj ljd cht lb<br />

kñ ltq, rj nj hst ås kb gj cdjt ve le öe vbc cbj yt hf vb,<br />

r 18 dt re gj ke xb kb ib hj rjt hfc ghj cnhf yt ybt ajhvs<br />

åkf uj dt cn djdf ybz, cj ghj djé lfd ibt cz vfc cj ds vb<br />

ghj gj dt lz vb Tdfy ut kbz, wt kmñ rj nj hsö ås kj jå hf otybt<br />

b gj bcr cgf ct ybz dj Öhbc nt. Yf nf rbö cj åhf yb zö d<br />

kñ lzö ghj åeé lf kbcm ävj wbb b er htg kz kfcm dt hf, änj<br />

ås kj yt jå öj lb vj lkz nj uj, xnj ås ghj cnst kñ lb dcnegf<br />

kb d yj dst ht kb ub jp yst uheg gs bkb dj pjåyjd kz kb<br />

cdjñ fr nbd yjcnm d ght éybö. Bc nj hb rb xfc nj yf ps df ñn<br />

gt hb jl c rjy wf 1730-ö lj 1740-ö b 1750-ö uj ljd dht vtytv<br />

jcj åj uj dyb vf ybz r djp hjé lt ybñ dt hs (cv. ryb ue<br />

Ebkmz vf U. Vfr kja kb yf ≤Djp hjé lt ybt, ghj åeé lt ybt<br />

b ht ajh vf: jxthr j ht kb ubb b cj wb fkm ysö gt ht vt yfö<br />

d Fvt hb rt, 1607–1977 uu.≥, Xb rf uj, Xb rfu crbq eybdth<br />

cb ntn, 1978 u.). Bp dtcn yfz gjl yf pdf yb tv ≤Dt kb rjt<br />

ghj åeé lt ybt≥ bkb byju lf rfr ≤Gth djt dt kb rjt ghjåeé<br />

lt ybt≥, änf ägj öf jn vt xt yf ltz ntkm yjc nmñ ldeö<br />

ds lfñ obö cz ghj gj dtl yb rjd. Jl ybv bp ybö åsk cnhfycn<br />

deñ obq fy ukbq crbq ghj gj dtl ybr gj bvt yb Léjhlé<br />

Efq nabkl, gj cktl jdf ntkm Léj yf Eäc kb (jc yj df nt kz<br />

vt nj lbp vf) b ext ybq rfkm db ybp vf, rj nj hsq tp lbk<br />

gj rj kj yb zv Ct dth yjq Fvt hb rb b xb nfk ghj gj dt lb,<br />

xnj ås cj åhfnm ltym ub lkz ghb ñnf d ñé yjq rj kj ybb<br />

Léjhlébz. Lhe ujq – Léj yf nfy Äl dfhlc – åsk gehb<br />

nf yb yjv, rj nj hj uj cxb nf kb dt kb xfq ibv ntj kj ujv<br />

Fvt hb rb. D cdj bö ghj gj dt lzö d Yjh cfv gnj yt, infn<br />

Vfc cf xe ctnc, jy djp hj lbk ce hj deñ rfkm db ybcn creñ<br />

lj uve jå jå ht xty yjc nb ntö, rnj yt bp åhfy lkz cgf ctybz.<br />

Änb ghj gj dtl yb rb ås kb kbim lde vz bp vyj ubö.<br />

Yf ghb vth, d nfr yf ps dft vsö ≤cht lby ysö rj kj yb zö≥<br />

– Gty cbkm df ybb b, d jcj åty yjc nb, Ymñ-Léth cb ght cdbnt<br />

hbf yt ghtl kf uf kb cdjñ dth cbñ ghj åeé lt ybz.<br />

Gj ­db lb vj ve, zpsr ib hj rj uj åkf uj dtc nbz cnfk<br />

ht kb ub jp ysv zps rjv CIF. Bc nj hb rb jn vt xf ñn hjkm<br />

änj uj zd kt ybz d cj plf ybb b er htg kt ybb ht kb ub jp yj uj<br />

yt cj ukf cbz, yt cvjn hz yf nj, xnj jyj d pyf xb ntkm yjq<br />

vt ht cgj cjå cn djdf kj er htg kt ybñ xed cn df jå oyjc nb<br />

cht lb rj kj ybc njd. D änjq cdz pb ckt le tn jn vt nbnm jl yj<br />

dfé yjt zd kt ybt, xfc nbx yj jåüzc yzñ ott bltj kj ub xtcrbt<br />

rjh yb Fvt hb rfy crjq ht dj kñ wbb d rjy wt 18 dt rf.<br />

Dt kb rjt ghj åeé lt ybt csu hf kj åjkm ieñ hjkm d cj plfybb<br />

xed cn df jå otq cf vj åsn yjc nb, rj nj hjt yt jå öj lb vj<br />

lkz yf xf kf kñ åjq ht dj kñ wbb (cv. ryb ue Fkf yf Ötqvth<br />

nf ≤Ht kb ubz b fvt hb rfy crjt vsi kt ybt: jn Dt kb rjuj<br />

ghj åeé lt ybz lj ht dj kñ wbb≥, Räv åhblé, Ufh dfhlcrbq<br />

eyb dth cb ntn, 1966 ujl). Yt pf db cb vj jn nj uj, rfr<br />

vs dj cghb yb vf tv lfy ysq fh ue vtyn, zc yj, xnj eét r<br />

rjy we 18-uj dt rf d Fvt hb rt ckj éb kjcm ht kb ub jp yjt<br />

vyj uj jå hf pbt, rj nj hjt b gj ctq ltym jc nf tn cz ds lfñotq<br />

cz jcj åty yjc nmñ cj wb fkm yj uj gtq pf éf cnhf ys. n<br />

Vyt­ybz, ds­hf­éty­yst d cnf­nmt, yt jn­hf­éf­ñn dpukz­ls b gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt<br />

ghby­wb­gs ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df CIF<br />

eJournal USA 11

Lt vju hf abz dt hs<br />

Åhf qfy Uhbv b Lä dbl Vfc rb<br />

Cj åhf ybt e ght cdb nt hb fy crjq wth rdb Öhbc nf d Älb yt, infn Vby yt cj nf<br />

© Aj nj FG/Lét ytn Öjc ntn nth<br />

Vyj­uj­xbc­kty­yst ht­kb­ub­jp­yst uheg­gs cj­ce­ot­cn­deñn d<br />

Cj­tlb­yty­ysö Inf­nfö, gjkm­pe­zcm ghf­djv bc­gj­dt­lj­dfnm<br />

cdjñ ht­kb­ubñ ghb ghf­dj­djq pf­ob­nt Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb CIF.<br />

Åhf­qfy Uhbv, dt­le­obq bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkm gj dj­ghj­cfv<br />

ht­kb­ubb b vté­le­yf­hjl­ysv lt­kfv, b Lä­dbl Vfc­rb, dt­leobq<br />

bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkm gj dj­ghj­cfv ht­kb­ubb b ghf­df – xktys<br />

Aj­he­vf Gmñ gj dj­ghj­cfv ht­kb­ubb b jå­ot­cn­dty­yjq<br />

ébp­yb. Aj­hev zd­kz­tn­cz ghj­tr­njv bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkmc­rj­uj<br />

wty­nhf Gmñ – jå­ot­cn­dty­yjq jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb d Df­ibyunj­yt,<br />

rj­nj­hsq ght­lj­cnfd­kz­tn by­ajh­vf­wbñ jn­yj­cbntkm­yj<br />

ghj­åktv, ghby­wb­gjd b nty­lty­wbq, dkbzñ­obö yf<br />

ajh­vb­hj­df­ybt CIF b dct­uj vb­hf.<br />

Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns Fvt hb rb – jl yf bp yf båj ktt<br />

vyj uj jå hfp ysö d ht kb ub jp yjv jn yj it ybb cnhfy<br />

vb hf. Ltqcn db ntkm yj, åkf uj lf hz yf kb xbñ ghtlcnf<br />

db nt ktq dctö jc yjd ysö vb hj dsö ht kb ub jp ysö uhegg<br />

CIF gj bc nb yt zd kz tn cz cnhf yjq ht kb ub jp ysö vtymiby<br />

cnd. Öj nz ghj ntc nfy cn dj jc nf tn cz jc yjd yjq ajh vjq<br />

öhbc nb fy cn df d CIF, nhf lb wbz ghj ntc nfyn cn df lt kbn cz<br />

yf lt czn rb jc yjd ysö rjy atc cbq, rfé lfz cj cdjb vb<br />

eyb rfkm ys vb eåté lt ybz vb, ht kb ub jp ys vb ghby wbgfvb<br />

b bc nj hb tq. Rhj vt nj uj, ukf dty cn dj öhbc nb fy crj uj<br />

ghj ntc nfyn cn df d CIF jc kf åt df tn d gj cktl ytt dht vz.<br />

Yt lfd ybq jg hjc jå ot cn dty yj uj vyt ybz, ghj dt lty ysq<br />

Aj he vjv Gmñ gj dj ghj cfv ht kb ubb b jå ot cn dty yjq<br />

ébp yb, gj rf pfk, xnj CIF cnj bn yf gj hj ut cnhf ys, ult<br />

dgth dst pf dcñ bc nj hbñ ghj ntc nfyn cn dj ght dhf of tncz<br />

d ht kb ub jp yjt vtym iby cn dj. Xbc kj fvt hb rfy wtd,<br />

pf zd kzñ obö, xnj jyb ghb yfl kt éfn r ghj ntc nfyn crjq<br />

rjy atc cbb, cj cnfd kz tn jrj kj 51 ghj wty nf – cgfl gj<br />

chfd yt ybñ c åj ktt 60 ghj wty nf vb d 1970-t b 1980-t<br />

uj ls.<br />

Hbv crbt rf nj kb rb cj cnfd kz ñn ghb vth yj xtn dthnm<br />

dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz CIF, f yf lj kñ lhe ubö öhbc nbfy<br />

crbö dth ghb öj lzn cz lj gjk yb ntkm yst 3,3 ghj wty nf. D<br />

wt kjv gjx nb 8 bp 10 dphjc ksö ghb yfl kt éfn r njq bkb<br />

byjq ajh vt öhbc nb fy crjq ht kb ubb. Lhe ubt vb hj dst<br />

ht kb ubb, drkñ xfz be lf bpv, bc kfv, by le bpv b åel lbpv,<br />

bvt ñn gj cktl jdf nt ktq d CIF d rj kb xt cn dt ghb vthyj<br />

5 ghj wty njd dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz. Gjx nb rfé lsq<br />

itc njq dphjc ksq yt ghb yfl kt ébn yb r rf rjq ht kb ubb<br />

– lj kz yf ct kt ybz, rj nj hfz edt kb xb kfcm d gj cktl ybt<br />

lt cz nb kt nbz.<br />

Ht kb ub jp yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt d CIF ldb éb vj vyjub<br />

vb afr nj hf vb, drkñ xfz bv vbu hf wbñ. Ht kb ub jp yjt<br />

eJournal USA 12

vyj uj jå hf pbt d Fvt hb rt nfr ét zd kz tn cz cdb lt ntkmcn<br />

djv äa atr nbd yjc nb vt öf ybp vjd, ght lecvjn hty ysö<br />

cdj åj ljq dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz cj ukfc yj Rjy cnb ne wbb CIF.<br />

Bv vbu hfy ns jå kf lf ñn yt njkm rj cdj åj ljq ghb dj pbnm<br />

c cj åjq cdjb ht kb ub jp yst eåté lt ybz b ghby wb gs –<br />

vyj ubt fvt hb rfy ws gt ht öj lzn d lhe ueñ dt he rfr vbyb<br />

vev hfp d ébp yb. Ltqcn db ntkm yj, cj ukfc yj jg hj ce,<br />

ghj dt lty yj ve d ct ht lb yt 2007 uj lf, åj ktt xtn dth nb<br />

dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz Fvt hb rb jn htr kbcm jn dt hs, d<br />

rj nj hjq ds hjc kb, d gjkm pe lhe ujq ht kb ubb bkb d gjkmpe<br />

fnt bp vf, ghb xtv cñ lf yt döj lbn gt ht öjl bp jl yj uj<br />

db lf ghj ntc nfyn cn df d lhe ujq.<br />

Ht kb ub jp yst ghf df d CIF<br />

Jc­yjd­yst ht­kb­ub­jp­yst ­<br />

nhf­lb­wbb d CIF<br />

Cht lb dctö dphjc ksö<br />

D ghj wty nfö<br />

Öhbc nbf yt 78,4<br />

Ghj ntc nfy ns 51,3<br />

Tdfy utkmc rbt wth rdb 26,3<br />

Ukfd yst wth rdb 18,1<br />

Bcn. wth rdb fa hjf vt hb rfy wtd 6,9<br />

Rf nj kb rb 23,9<br />

Vjh vj ys 1,7<br />

Cdb lt nt kb Btuj ds 0,7<br />

Ghfdj ckfd yst 0,6<br />

Lhe ubt öhbc nbf yt 0,3<br />

Lhe ubt ht kb ubb 4,7<br />

Be ltb 1,7<br />

Åel lbc ns 0,7<br />

Ve cekm vf yt¡ 0,6<br />

By le cs 0,4<br />

Lhe ubt vb hj dst ht kb ubb < 0,3<br />

Lhe ufz dt hf 1,2<br />

Yt dt heñ obt 16,1<br />

Yt pyfñ/jn rf ps df ñcm 0,8<br />

100<br />

¡ Bp ≤Ve­cekm­vfy­crbt fvt­hb­rfy­ws: chtl­ybq rkfcc b ghfr­nb­xtc­rb<br />

ujc­gjl­cn­deñ­obq,≥ Bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkmc­rbq wtynh Gmñ, 2007 u.<br />

Wba­hs vj­uen yt er­kf­ls­dfnm­cz d 100 ghj­wty­njd bp-pf jr­uheu­ktybz.<br />

Bc­njx­ybr: ≤Jg­hjc ht­kb­ub­jp­yj­uj gtq­pf­éf d CIF≥, Aj­hev Gmñ<br />

gj dj­ghj­cfv ht­kb­ubb b jå­ot­cn­dty­yjq ébp­yb<br />

Rjy cnb ne wbz CIF ght lecvfn hb df tn pf ob ne ht kb ubjp<br />

ysö vtym iby cnd b ht kb ub jp ysö ghby wb gjd d wtkjv.<br />

Lfy yst uf hfy nbb zd kz ñn cz xfc nmñ gj kj ét ybz j<br />

cdj åj lt ec nf yjd kt ybz b bc gj dt lf ybz ht kb ubq d gth djq<br />

gj ghfd rt r Rjy cnb ne wbb. Gth dfz gj ghfd rf, rj nj hfz<br />

nfr ét uf hfy nb he tn cdj åj le ckj df b vbh ysö cj åhf ybq,<br />

ås kf ghb yz nf d 1791 u., yf hz le c lhe ub vb lt dz nmñ gjghfd<br />

rf vb, rj nj hst cj cnfd kz ñn Åbkkm j Ghf dfö.<br />

Cj cnfdb nt kb Gth djq gj ghfd rb, d jcj åty yjc nb<br />

Létqvc Vä lb cjy, (rkñ xt djq fd njh Rjy cnb ne wbb b xtndth<br />

nsq gj cxt ne fvt hb rfy crbq ght pb ltyn), xtn rj jcjpyf<br />

df kb, xnj ht kb ub jp yst hfp kb xbz ghb dt kb r vyj ujktn<br />

ybv yf cbkm cn dty ysv rjy akbr nfv d Td hj gt. Rhj vt<br />

nj uj, jyb ds cne gf kb ghj nbd ghby wb gjd, ec nf yjd kty ysö<br />

yt rj nj hs vb fvt hb rfy crb vb inf nf vb nj uj dht vt yb,<br />

cj ukfc yj rj nj hsv yf kf uf kbcm ju hf yb xt ybz yf jghtltkty<br />

yst ht kb ub jp yst rjy atc cbb d gjkm pe cfyr wbjybhj<br />

dfy ysö bkb jc yj dfy ysö uj ce lfh cn djv wth rdtq. D<br />

xfc nyjc nb, Vä lb cjy cxb nfk, xnj ju hf yb xt ybz cdj åj ls<br />

dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz yf hz le c gj gsn rf vb ghf db ntkm cn df<br />

cj plfnm ht kb ub jp yjt tlb yj dt hbt yf he if ñn aey lf vtynfkm<br />

yst ghf df xt kj dt rf. Rhj vt nj uj, jy en dth élfk,<br />

xnj dt hf äa atr nbd ytt dct uj åe ltn ghj wdt nfnm d jå cnfyjd<br />

rt, ult ghf db ntkm cn dj jö hf yz tn cdj åj le dt hj bc gjdt<br />

lf ybz kbx yjc nb, yj yt jrf ps df tn gjl lth ére ht kb ubjp<br />

ysv jh uf yb pf wb zv. Änb ldt wt kb cj cnfd kz ñn jc yj de<br />

jn yj cz obö cz r ht kb ubb gj kj ét ybq Gth djq gj ghfd rb.<br />

Jl yf rj lf ét d ägj öe Vä lb cj yf djp yb rf kb ct hmtpyst<br />

hfp yj ukf cbz d jn yj it ybb njx yjq nhfr njd rb nj uj,<br />

j xtv uj dj hbn cz d Gth djq gj ghfd rt: ≤Rjy uhtcc yt<br />

lj kéty bp lf dfnm yb jl yj uj pf rj yf, jn yj cz ot uj cz r<br />

ec nf yjd kt ybñ ht kb ubb kb åj pf ght ofñ ot uj cdjåjl yjt<br />

tt bc gj dt lf ybt≥. D ht pekm nf nt, hjkm njx yjq nhfr njd rb<br />

gj kj ét ybq jå ec nf yjd kt ybb ht kb ubb b cdj åj lt dt hj bcgj<br />

dt lf ybz jnji kf d jc yjd yjv r ce ltå ysv jh uf yfv.<br />

D nj dht vz rfr dct cj ukfc ys c ntv, xnj gth dfz<br />

gj ghfd rf pf ght of tn cj plf ybt wth rdtq, cfyr wbjyb hj dfyysö<br />

uj ce lfh cn djv, yf änjv dpf bv yjt cj ukf cbt pf rfy xbdf<br />

tn cz. Yt rj nj hst, yf ghb vth, en dth élf ñn, xnj gj kjét<br />

ybt jå ec nf yjd kt ybb ht kb ubb ght ljndhf of tn kñ åjt<br />

dvt if ntkm cn dj uj ce lfh cn df d dj ghj cs ht kb ubb. Jyb<br />

cxb nf ñn, rfr jl yfé ls yf gb cfk jntw-jc yj df ntkm Nj vfc<br />

Léta ath cjy, xnj vté le wth rj dmñ b uj ce lfh cn djv<br />

ce ot cn detn ≤hfp lt kb ntkm yfz cnt yf≥. Lhe ubt cxb nf ñn,<br />

xnj uj ce lfh cn dj vj étn jrf ps dfnm gjl lth ére ht kbub<br />

jp ysv vt hjg hbz nb zv b jh uf yb pf wb zv, tc kb njkm rj<br />

jyj yt jn lf tn ghtl gjx nt ybt jght ltkty yjq dt ht. Rju lf<br />

cgj hs d jn yj it ybb ht kb ub jp ysö ghby wb gjd lj ikb<br />

lj ce ltå yjq cbc nt vs, ce ls ghj dt kb uhf yb we vté le<br />

lde vz njx rf vb pht ybz. D wt kjv jyb gj cnf yj db kb, xnj<br />

eJournal USA 13

uj ce lfh cn dj ib hj rj ghb pyf tn ht kb ubñ, yf ghb vth, d<br />

df kñ nt bkb d ntr cnfö rkznd b jåt of ybq, yj jn vt ybkb<br />

pf rj ys, rj nj hst cgj cjå cn deñn hfc ghj cnhf yt ybñ<br />

ht kb ubb (yf ghb vth, htxm bltn j ght gj lfdf ybb Åbå kbb d<br />

uj ce lfh cn dty ysö irj kfö).<br />

Gj kj ét ybz Gth djq gj ghfd rb r Rjy cnb ne wbb j cdjåj<br />

lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz cnf kb ghtl vt njv vyj uj xbc ktyysö<br />

cgj hjd b hfp yj ukf cbq. Gj cktl jdf ntkm yj ds yj cz<br />

ht it ybz j njv, xnj lfy yst gj kj ét ybz pf ob of ñn dct<br />

ht kb ub jp yst eåté lt ybz, ce ls gj ­hfp yj ve nhfr nj dfkb<br />

jn ghfd kt ybt ht kb ub jp ysö jå hz ljd b jce ot cn dkt ybt<br />

ht kb ub jp ysö vt hjg hbz nbq. D wt kjv, ce ls ghb pyf df kb,<br />

xnj Gth dfz gj ghfd rf yt yf ltkz tn dt heñ obö ghfdjv<br />

bu yj hb hj dfnm pf rjy. Ntv yt vt ytt, d yt rj nj hsö<br />

ce ltå ysö ht it yb zö cj lth éf kbcm jcj åst jujdjh rb d<br />

jn yj it ybb ht kb ub jp ysö uhegg, drkñ xfz ht kb ub jp yst<br />

vtym iby cn df. Yf ghb vth, d 1943 u. Dth öjd ysq cel jcnf<br />

dbk d cb kt ghf dj Cdb lt nt ktq Btuj ds jn rf ps dfnm cz<br />

jn exfc nbz d jåz pf ntkm ysö ghb dtn cn dty ysö wt ht vj yb zö<br />

pyf vt yb d cj jn dtn cn dbb cj cdjb vb ht kb ub jp ys vb eåtélt<br />

ybz vb.<br />

Fvt hb rfy crfz ht kb ub jp yfz cht lf<br />

Ghb öj éf yt d wth rdb gz nb lt czn yb rjd d Åhjy rct, uj hjl Ymñ-Qjhr,<br />

ult yt lfd ybt nty lty wbb d bv vbu hf wbb ghb dt kb r gj zd kt ybñ<br />

åjkm ij uj xbc kf tdfy utkmc rbö wth rdtq.<br />

Nfq kth Öbrc/≥Ymñ-Qjhr Nfqvc≥<br />

D ghf dj djv rjy ntr cnt d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö<br />

hfc wdt kj åjkm ijt hfp yj jå hf pbt cgj cj åjd ds hf ét ybz<br />

ht kb ub jp ysö dpukz ljd b eåté lt ybq. Jab wb fkm yjq<br />

cnf nbc nb rb j rj kb xt cn dt ht kb ub jp ysö uhegg d CIF yt<br />

ce ot cn detn, nfr rfr Åñ hj gt ht gb ctq CIF yt ghj djlb<br />

kj jg hjc j ht kb ub jp ysö eåté lt yb zö uhfé lfy bkb<br />

bö ghb yfl kté yjc nb r njq bkb byjq rjy atc cbb c rjy wf<br />

1950-ö uj ljd. Lj cnj dth ysv bc njx yb rjv by ajh vf wbb j<br />

ht kb ubb d CIF ct ujl yz zd kz tn cz ≤Jå pjh ht kb ub jp yj uj<br />

gtq pf éf d CIF≥, ds gjk yzt vsq Aj he vjv Gmñ. Jc yjdfy<br />

ysq yf by nth dmñ c åj ktt 35 000 xt kj dtr dphjc kj uj<br />

yf ct kt ybz ≤Jå pjh ht kb ub jp yj uj gtq pf éf≥ d gjl hjå yjq<br />

ajh vt jn hf éf tn åjkm ijt hfp yj jå hf pbt ht kb ub jp yjq<br />

rfh nb ys d CIF d yf xf kt 21 dt rf.<br />

Rheg yst ht kb ub jp yst uheg gs<br />

Jg hjc gj rf pfk, xnj gjx nb 8 bp 10 dphjc ksö d CIF<br />

ghb yfl kt éfn r öhbc nb fy crjq wth rdb bkb rjy atc cbb.<br />

Xkt ys ghj ntc nfyn crjq wth rdb ct ujl yz cj cnfd kz ñn<br />

yt pyf xb ntkm yjt åjkm iby cn dj (51,3 ghj wty nf) dphjc kjuj<br />

yf ct kt ybz. Yj ghj ntc nfyn cn dj d CIF yt jl yj hjlyj:<br />

jyj hfp lt kt yj yf nhb öf hfr nth yst ht kb ub jp yst<br />

nhf lb wbb – tdfy utkmc rbt ghj ntc nfyn crbt wth rdb (26,3fi<br />

jn jå otq xbc kty yjc nb dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz b gjx nb<br />

gj kj db yf dctö ghj ntc nfy njd); jc yjd yst ghj ntc nfyn crbt<br />

wth rdb (18,1fi dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz b åjkm it jl yjq<br />

nht nb dctö ghj ntc nfy njd); b bc nj hb xtc rb fa hj-fvt hbrfy<br />

crbt ghj ntc nfyn crbt wth rdb (6,9fi jn dctq xbc ktyyjc<br />

nb dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz b xenm vtym it jl yjq ctlmvjq<br />

xfc nb dctö ghj ntc nfy njd). Ghj ntc nfyn cn dj nfr ét<br />

jö df ns df tn vyj uj xbc kty yst rjy atc cbj yfkm yst ct vmb<br />

(yf ghb vth, åfg nbc njd, vt nj lbc njd b gz nb lt czn yb rjd),<br />

rj nj hst döj lzn d jl ye bkb åj ktt bp gt ht xbc kty ysö<br />

ds it nhf lb wbq.<br />

Hbv crbt rf nj kb rb yf cxb ns df ñn gjx nb jl ye xtndthnm<br />

(23,9fi) dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz b ghb vth yj 3 bp<br />

10 fvt hb rfy crbö öhbc nb fy. Cht lb rj hty yj uj dphjckj<br />

uj yf ct kt ybz ghj ntc nfy ns pyf xb ntkm yj ght ds if ñn<br />

gj xbc kty yjc nb rf nj kb rjd (55 fi ghj ntc nfy njd ghj nbd<br />

21fi rf nj kb rjd). Yj cht lb yt rj hty yj uj dphjc kj uj yfct<br />

kt ybz, rf nj kb rb ght ds if ñn gj xbc kty yjc nb ghj ntcnfy<br />

njd rj äa ab wb ty njv ldf r jl yj ve (46fi rf nj kb rjd<br />

ghj nbd 24fi ghj ntc nfy njd).<br />

Vf kst ht kb ub jp yst vtym iby cn df<br />

Lj kz ve cekm vfy d CIF cj cnfd kz tn gj gjl cxt nfv<br />

0,6fi dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz cj ukfc yj yf wbj yfkm yj ve<br />

jg hj ce fvt hb rfy wtd ve cekm vfy crj uj ghj bc öjé lt ybz,<br />

ghj dt lty yj ve d 2007 uj le bc ckt lj df ntkmc rbv wty nhjv<br />

Gmñ yf fy ukbq crjv b fhfå crjv zps rfö, f nfr ét yf<br />

eh le b afh cb. Ghb vth yj ldt nht nb fvt hb rfy wtd vecekm<br />

vfy crj uj ghj bc öjé lt ybz – bv vbu hfy ns. Ntv yt<br />

vt ytt, jg hjc gj rf pfk, xnj jyb ht ib ntkm yj ghb lth ébdf<br />

ñn cz jc yjd ysö lj uv d cdj bö dpukz lfö, ghby wb gfö b<br />

gj pb wb zö. Gj lfdkzñ ott åjkm iby cn dj fvt hb rfy wtd vecekm<br />

vfy crj uj dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz cxb nf ñn, xnj ecth lyfz<br />

hf åj nf djp lf tn cz cgjk yf – eåté lt ybt, rj nj hjt ds hféf<br />

tn cz d njv afr nt, xnj bö lj öjl b ehj dtym jå hf pjdf<br />

ybz d njx yjc nb jn hf éf ñn änb ét nty lty wbb cht lb<br />

fvt hb rfy crj uj yf ct kt ybz. Ve cekm vf yt nfr ét zd kz ñncz<br />

yf båj ktt hfp yj jåhfp yjq d hf cj djv jn yj it ybb uheggjq<br />

d CIF. Åj ktt xtv rfé lsq nht nbq ve cekm vf yby<br />

– åt ksq, ghb vth yj rfé lsq xtn dth nsq – ntv yj rj ébq,<br />

rfé lsq gz nsq – fpb fn crj uj ghj bc öjé lt ybz b gjx nb<br />

rfé lsq gz nsq ghb yfl kt ébn r lhe ujq hf ct.<br />

eJournal USA 14

© Aj nj FG/≤Ajhn-Eäqy Léjh yfk Uf ptn≥, Xtq cb Hjefyl<br />

D u. Ajhn-Eäqy, infn By lbf yf, xkt ys åel lbcn crj uj öhf vf Vjy<br />

cj åb hf ñn cz lkz åkf ujc kj dt ybz dj dht vz njh ét cn df gj cke xfñ<br />

uj ljd ob ys cvth nb vj yf öf Ke fy uf Aj nf En nf vs, evth it uj d 2006<br />

u. Yf hjl Vjy cxb nfk tuj cdj bv Lf kfq-kf vjq.<br />

By le cs yf cxb ns df ñn ghb vth yj 0,4fi dphjc kj uj<br />

yf ct kt ybz CIF cj ukfc yj jg hj ce, ghj dj lbd it ve cz<br />

Aj he vjv Gmñ. Åj ktt 8 bp 10 fvt hb rfy wtd by lbq crj uj<br />

ghj bc öjé lt ybz – yt rj hty yst éb nt kb, ghb töfd ibt gjxnb<br />

bc rkñ xb ntkm yj bp Ñuj-Wty nhfkm yjq Fpbb. Gjx nb<br />

gj kj db yf by le cjd d CIF gj ke xb kb gj cktl bg kjv yjt<br />

jå hf pj df ybt gj chfd yt ybñ njkm rj c rfé lsv lt cz nsv<br />

jn jå otq xbc kty yjc nb dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz. By le cs d<br />

åjkm itq cnt gt yb, xtv lhe ubt uheg gs, bvt ñn ds cj rbq<br />

ehj dtym lj öj lf, ghb rj nj hjv åj ktt 4 bp 10 xt kj dtr<br />

pf hf åf ns df ñn åj ktt 100 000 lj kkf hjd d ujl.<br />

Åel lbc ns cj cnfd kz ñn 0,7fi dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz<br />

CIF. D ghj nb dj gj kjé yjcnm bc kf ve b by le bp ve, åellbpv<br />

d CIF ghtl cnfd kty ght bve ot cn dty yj ghb dthéty<br />

wf vb, rj nj hst hj lb kbcm d Fvt hb rt, åt kj rj éb vb b<br />

yj dj jå hf oty ys vb. Kbim rfé lsq nht nbq fvt hb rfy crbq<br />

åel lbcn cxb nf tn cdjñ hf ce fpb fn crjq, f gjx nb nhjt bp<br />

xt ns htö åel lbc njd pf zd kz ñn, xnj jyb – yj dj jå hf otyyst<br />

åel lbc ns. Xtn dthnm åel lbc njd gj ke xb kb gj cktl bgkjv<br />

yjt jå hf pj df ybt – uj hfp lj åj ktt ds cj rfz wba hf gj<br />

chfd yt ybñ c jå otq xbc kty yjc nmñ dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz.<br />

Jg hjc gj rf ps df tn, xnj åjkm iby cn dj fvt hb rfy crbö<br />

be lt td ghb yfl kt éfn r jl yjq bp nhtö rheg ysö be ltqcrbö<br />

uhegg: ht ajh vbc ns (43 ghj wty nf), rjy cth df njhs<br />

(31 ghj wtyn) b jn hj ljr cs (10 ghj wty njd). Åj ktt 8<br />

bp 10 be lt td ås kb dj cgb nf ys d be ltq crjq ht kb ubb, f<br />

ghb vth yj 7 bp 10 ét yb kbcm bkb ds ikb pf veé pf xtkj<br />

dt rf, rj nj hsq hfp lt kz tn bö be ltq creñ dt he. Åj ktt<br />

jl yjq nht nb be lt td bvt ñn gj cktl bg kjv yjt jå hf pj dfybt,<br />

b, rfr by le cs, be ltb jå kf lf ñn pyf xb ntkm yj åj ktt<br />

ds cj rbv ehjd ytv lj öj lf gj chfd yt ybñ c jå otq xbckty<br />

yjc nmñ yf ct kt ybz.<br />

Åjkm ifz lj kz fvt hb rfy wtd ghb yfl kt ébn nht nmtq<br />

rheg yjq dtn db vb hj dj uj öhbc nb fy cn df – ghfdj ckf dbñ,<br />

xmb gj cktl jdf nt kb ct ujl yz yf cxb ns df ñn 0,6fi dphjc kjuj<br />

yf ct kt ybz. Rhj vt nj uj, fvt hb rfy crjt öhbc nb fy cn dj<br />

drkñ xf tn pyf xb ntkm yjt xbc kj vjh vj yjd b cdb lt nt ktq<br />

Btuj ds. Vjh vj ys cj cnfd kz ñn 1,7fi dphjc kj uj yf ctkt<br />

ybz. Ghb vth yj 6 bp 10 vjh vj yjd gj ke xb kb xfc nbxyjt<br />

ds citt jå hf pj df ybt gj chfd yt ybñ c gj kj db yjq<br />

jn jå otq xbc kty yjc nb yf ct kt ybz CIF. E vjh vj yjd,<br />

rfr ghf db kj, d chtl ytv xenm åj ktt ds cj rbq ehj dtym<br />

lj öj lf, ghb rj nj hjv åjkm iby cn dj (58fi) pf hf åf ns dfñn<br />

åj ktt 50 000 lj kkf hjd d ujl. Cdb lt nt kb Btuj ds<br />

cj cnfd kz ñn 0,7fi dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz. Åj ktt ldeö<br />

nht ntq cdb lt nt ktq Btuj ds – yj dj jå hf oty yst bkb nt,<br />

rnj d ltn cn dt yt ghb yfl kt éfk yb r rf rjq ht kb ub jp yjq<br />

uheg gt.<br />

Jg hjc gj rf ps df tn, xnj 16,1fi dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz<br />

yt ghb yfl kt ébn yb r rf rjq rjy atc cbb, ght dhf ofz äne<br />

uheg ge yf ct kt ybz d xtn dth neñ rheg ytq ieñ ≤ht kb ubjp<br />

yeñ≥ nhf lb wbñ d CIF. Jg hjc nfr ét gj rf ps df tn,<br />

xnj yt dt heñ ofz uheg gf yf ct kt ybz lj cnf njx yj hfp yj jåhfp<br />

yf, b ås kj ås yt ghf dbkm yj jgb cs dfnm dcñ uheg ge<br />

rfr yt ht kb ub jp yeñ bkb ≤cdtn creñ≥. Ltqcn db ntkm yj,<br />

yt cvjn hz yf jn cen cn dbt ghb yfl kté yjc nb r rf rjq-kb åj<br />

ht kb ub jp yjq uheg gt, pyf xb ntkm yfz xfcnm uheg gs pf zdkz<br />

tn, xnj ht kb ubz bvt tn yt rj nj hjt bkb lf ét åjkm ijt<br />

pyf xt ybt d bö ébp yb.<br />

Kbim 1,6fi dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz CIF cxb nf ñn<br />

ct åz fnt bc nf vb, ghb xtv veé xb ys jå änjv pf zd kz ñn<br />

d ldf hf pf xf ot, xtv éty ob ys. Åj ktt vj kj ljt gjrj<br />

kt ybt dphjc ksö (vj kj ét 30 ktn) ghb lth éb df tn cz<br />

fnt bc nb xtc rbö dpukz ljd xf ot, xtv jå ofz xbc kty yjcnm<br />

dphjc kj uj yf ct kt ybz.<br />

Ut ju hf ab xtc rjt hfcght ltkt ybt ht kb ub jp ysö<br />

uhegg<br />

Jg hjc gj rf ps df tn, xnj d rfé ljv ht ubj yt CIF<br />

ghj ckt éb df tn cz öf hfr nth yfz cöt vf ht kb ub jp yjq ghbyfl<br />

kté yjc nb. Yf chtl ytv pf gf lt bkb d wty nhfkm yjq<br />

xfc nb cnhf ys yf åkñ lf tn cz cb nef wbz, yf båj ktt åkbp rfz<br />

r jå otq ht kb ub jp yjq rfh nb yt d cnhf yt. Ghb vth yj xtndthnm<br />

(26fi) éb nt ktq chtl yt uj pf gf lf – xkt ys tdfyutkmc<br />

rjq ghj ntc nfyn crjq wth rdb, ghb vth yj rfé lsq<br />

gz nsq (22fi) – xkt ys ukfd yjq ghj ntc nfyn crjq wth rdb,<br />

gjx nb xtn dthnm (24fi) – rf nj kb rb b 16fi – yt dt heñ obt.<br />

Änb cj jn yj it ybz ghfr nb xtc rb cj dgf lf ñn c lfy ys vb<br />

jg hj cf cht lb jå ot uj yf ct kt ybz.<br />

Yf ctdt hj ­djc nj rt yf cxb ns df tn cz åjkm it rf njkb<br />

rjd (37fi), xtv d lhe ubö ht ubj yfö b cf vjt vf kjt<br />

rj kb xt cn dj kñ ltq, ghb yfl kt éf obö r tdfy utkmc rjq<br />

ghj ntc nfyn crjq wth rdb (13fi). Éb nt kb ctdt hj ­djc nj rf<br />

åj ktt crkjy ys r be lf bp ve (4fi), xtv éb nt kb lhe ubö<br />

ht ubj yjd. D ghj nb dj gj kjé yjcnm rj dct ve erf pfy yj ve<br />

ds it, gj kj db yf xkt yjd tdfy utkmc rjq ghj ntc nfyn crjq<br />

eJournal USA 15

wth rdb ghj éb df tn yf pf gf lt gj chfd yt ybñ kbim c<br />

10fi yf ctdt hj ­djc nj rt b 17fi yf pf gf lt. Gj lfdkzñ ott<br />

åjkm iby cn dj vjh vj yjd (76fi) ghj éb df tn yf pf gf lt, c<br />

cf vjq ds cj rjq cnt gt ymñ rjy wty nhf wbb d inf nt Ñnf.<br />

Yf pf gf lt yf åkñ lf tn cz cf vfz åjkm ifz lj kz kñ ltq, yt<br />

ghb yfl kt éf obö yb r rf rjq ht kb ub jp yjq uheg gt (21fi),<br />

drkñ xfz åjkm ijt rj kb xt cn dj fnt bc njd b fu yjc nb rjd.<br />

Fvt hb rfy crfz ht kb ubz: hfp yj jå hfp yfz<br />

b yt ljr nhb yfkm yfz<br />

D njy c yt jås xfq ysv ht kb ub jp ysv hfp yj jå hf pb tv<br />

d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö, vyj ubt fvt hb rfy ws, gj éf keq,<br />

cj ukfc ys c en dth élt yb tv, xnj vyj ubt ht kb ub jp yst<br />

ext ybz – yt njkm rj bö cj åcn dty yst – dt len r dtx yjq<br />

ébp yb. Ltqcn db ntkm yj, jg hjc gj rf ps df tn, xnj vyj ubt<br />

fvt hb rfy ws jå kf lf ñn yt lju vf nb xtc rbv gjl öj ljv,<br />

rju lf htxm bltn j njk rj df ybb lj uvf njd bö cj åcn dtyyjq<br />

ht kb ubb. Yf ghb vth, åj ktt ldeö nht ntq dphjc ksö,<br />

ghb yfl kt éf obö r rf rjq-kb åj ht kb ub jp yjq nhf lb wbb,<br />

cj ukfc ys c ntv, xnj ce ot cn detn yt crjkm rj ghf dbkm ysö<br />

cgj cj åjd njk rj df ybz ext ybq cdj tq dt hs. Jn cen cn dbt<br />

lj uvf nbp vf d fvt hb rfy crjq ht kb ubb d cj xt nf ybb c<br />

ghf dj djq pf ob njq, ght lj cnfd kzt vjq dctv ht kb ub jp ysv<br />

uheg gfv, jp yf xf tn, xnj ht kb ub jp yst vtym iby cn df, crjhtq<br />

dct uj, b dghtlm åe len yf öj lbnm hf lei ysq ghb tv d<br />

Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö. n<br />

Vyt­ybz, ds­hf­éty­yst d cnf­nmt, yt jn­hf­éf­ñn dpukz­ls b gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt<br />

ghby­wb­gs ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df CIF.<br />

eJournal USA 16

GHF dj<br />

Cdj åj lf dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz<br />

b ce ltå yfz cbc nt vf<br />

Äy lhñ Cgb hj ge kjc<br />

Léj Hb lb/Getty Ima ges<br />

Plf ybt Dth öjd yj uj ce lf CIF d Df iby unj yt, jr heu Rj kev åbz, cnf kj vtc njv vyj uj xbc kty ysö lbc rec cbq jå by nthght<br />

nf wbb cj dht vty ysö pf rj yjd b rjy cnb ne wb jy ysö uf hfy nbq, cdz pfy ysö c ht kb ub tq. Yt htl rj jå ceé lt ybz ce ltå yst<br />

ht it ybq cnf yj db kbcm yf cnjkm rj yt jl yj pyfx ys vb, xnj gt htl plf yb tv ce lf cj åb hf kbcm njk gs, jn cnfb dfd ibt cdjñ<br />

njx re pht ybz.<br />

≤Rjy­uhtcc yt lj­kéty bp­lf­dfnm yb jl­yj­uj pf­rj­yf, jnyj­cz­ot­uj­cz<br />

r ec­nf­yjd­kt­ybñ ht­kb­ubb kb­åj pf­ght­ofñot­uj<br />

cdjåjl­yjt tt bc­gj­dt­lf­ybt...≥<br />

D ntö cke­xf­zö, rju­lf uhfé­lf­yt cxb­nf­ñn, xnj pf­rjy<br />

yf­he­if­tn änj gj­kj­ét­ybt Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb CIF, jyb<br />

jå­hf­of­ñn­cz d ce­ls Cj­tlb­yty­ysö Inf­njd, rj­nj­hst<br />

ghb­pdf­ys pf­ob­ofnm rjy­cnb­ne­wb­jy­yst ghby­wb­gs. Uhfélf­yt<br />

vj­uen jc­gf­hb­dfnm ltqcn­db­ntkm­yjcnm pf­rj­yf yf<br />

jc­yj­df­ybb nj­uj, xnj jy yt gj­pdj­kz­tn ec­nf­yfd­kb­dfnm<br />

ht­kb­ubñ kb­åj ju­hf­yb­xb­df­tn bö cdj­åj­le dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz.<br />

Cel lj­kéty ht­ibnm, ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj kb ce­ot­cn­deñ­obt<br />

pf­rj­ys jn­cne­gb­kb jn egj­vz­ye­nj­uj aey­lf­vty­nfkm­yj­uj<br />

ghby­wb­gf ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq cdj­åj­ls.<br />

Ht­lfr­wbz EJournal USA jå­hf­nb­kfcm r Äy­lhñ Cgb­hjge­kj­ce,<br />

ghj­atc­cj­he ghf­df b lb­htr­nj­he Wty­nhf bpe­xt­ybz<br />

rjy­cnb­ne­wb­jy­yj­uj ghf­df b uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj eg­hfd­ktybz<br />

d inf­nfö ghb ñhb­lb­xtc­rjv af­rekm­nt­nt Eyb­dth­cbnt­nf<br />

uj­hj­lf Jr­kf­öj­vf-Cb­nb, c ghj­cmåjq gjl­uj­nj­dbnm<br />

yt­crjkm­rj ub­gj­nt­nb­xtc­rbö ghb­vt­hjd ce­ltå­ysö ltk,<br />

cdz­pfy­ysö c gj­ghfd­rjq Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb CIF j cdj­åj­lt<br />

dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz b ec­nf­yjd­kt­ybb ht­kb­ubb. Ghj­atc­cjhe<br />

Cgb­hj­ge­kj­ce ghb­ikjcm bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm ds­vsi­kty­ysö<br />

exfcn­yb­rjd b ds­vsi­kty­yst vtc­nf ltqcn­dbz. Jy bp­kjébk<br />

afr­njd, lfk jgb­cf­ybt cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obö ñhb­lbxtc­rbö<br />

lj­dj­ljd bc­nwjd b ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq jh­uf­yjd dkfcnb<br />

(uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysö ex­hté­lt­ybq bkb jh­uf­yjd vtcn­yj­uj<br />

cf­vj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz), f nfr­ét clt­kfk ghtl­gj­kj­ét­ybt j<br />

njv, rf­rbv, crj­htt dct­uj, åe­ltn ht­it­ybt ce­lf d rfé­<br />

eJournal USA 17

ljv rjy­rhtn­yjv cke­xft. Änb ≤ht­it­ybz≥ – dct­uj kbim<br />

by­nth­ght­nf­wbz nj­uj, xnj vj­étn gj­cnf­yj­dbnm cel, yj<br />

jyb jc­yj­df­ys yf yf­cnjz­obö ce­ltå­ysö ht­it­yb­zö. Ghj­xbnfy­yst<br />

rfr jl­yj wt­kjt, änb cwt­yf­hbb yf­vt­xf­ñn ghb­åkbpb­ntkm­yst,<br />

yj ht­fkm­yst uhf­yb­ws vté­le lj­pdj­kty­ys­vb<br />

b yt­ljp­dj­kty­ys­vb ltqcn­dbz­vb dkfc­ntq d jn­yj­it­ybb<br />

dj­ghj­cjd dt­hs.<br />

Cwt yf hbq 1<br />

Afr ns: Ebkmzv Lä dbc ghfr nb re tn yt reñ ht kb ubñ<br />

fvt hb rfy crbö by ltq wtd. Jl yj bp yf båj ktt dfé ysö<br />

nf by cnd änjq dt hs ghtl gj kf uf tn jåz pf ntkm yjt bc gjkmpj<br />

df ybt yfh rjnb xtc rj uj ght gf hf nf. Dkf lt ybt änbv ghtgf<br />

hf njv zd kz tn cz ct hmtp ysv ght cneg kt yb tv d cj jn dtncn<br />

dbb c pf rj yj lf ntkm cn djv inf nf Pf gfl yjq Uj hs, ult<br />

ghj éb df tn Lä dbc. Rju lf hf åj nj lf ntkm Lä db cf ep yfk,<br />

xnj njn bc gjkm pj dfk änjn ght gf hfn ghb jn ghfd kt ybb jåhz<br />

lf cdj tq dt hs, Lä db cf edj kb kb c hf åj ns. Gj crjkm re<br />

Lä dbc edj kty pf cj dth it ybt ghj nb djg hfd ysö ltqcn dbq,<br />

infn Pf gfl yjq Uj hs jn rf pfk tve d gj cj åbb, rj nj hjt<br />

infn jåsx yj ds gkf xb df tn gj nt hzd ibv hf åj ne kb wfv.<br />

Lä dbc gj lfk d cel, xnj ås pf cnf dbnm infn Pf gfl yjq<br />

Uj hs ght lj cnf dbnm tve gj cj åbt, gj crjkm re, gj tuj<br />

vyt ybñ, Rjy cnb ne wbz Cj tlb yty ysö Inf njd yt gj pdj kztn<br />

inf ne Pf gfl yjq Uj hs ds yj cbnm ht it ybt j njv, xnj<br />

bc gjkm pj df ybt lfy yj uj ght gf hf nf c wt kmñ jn ghfd kt ybz<br />

ht kb ub jp yj uj jå hz lf zd kz tn cz yt pf rjy ysv.<br />

Lj dj ls bc nwf: Lä dbc en dth élf tn, xnj infn, jnrf<br />

pfd tve d gj cj åbb, yt pf rjy yj ju hf yb xbk tuj ghf dj<br />

cdjåjl yj uj bc gj dt lf ybz cdj tq ht kb ubb, uf hfy nb hj dfy yjt<br />

Gth djq gj ghfd rjq r Rjy cnb ne wbb CIF. Jy en dth élftn,<br />

xnj pf rjy, yf rj nj hsq cj ckfk cz infn, jn rf ps dfz<br />

tve d gj cj åbb gj åtp hf åj nb wt – gj kj ét ybt, dyj cz ott<br />

d hfp hzl ghj nb djg hfd ysö ltz ybq dkf lt ybt erf pfy ysv<br />

yfh rjnb rjv, yf he if tn Rjy cnb ne wbñ CIF, gj crjkm re<br />

pf nhel yz tn, bkb lf ét lt kf tn yt djp vjé ysv, cj åkñ ltybt<br />

jå hz ljd b jås xf td tuj dt hs. Lfy ysq pf rjy pf cnfdkz<br />

tn Lä db cf kb åj yf he ibnm ghf db kf cdj tq dt hs, kb åj<br />

ctcnm d nñhm ve pf yf he it ybt pf rj yf j yfh rjnb rfö.<br />

Rjy cnb ne wbz, en dth élf tn Lä dbc lf ktt, hfp ht if tn infne<br />

dj cght gzn cn dj dfnm jn ghfd kt ybñ jå hz ljd b jås xf td<br />

xmtq-kb åj dt hs njkm rj d ntö cke xf zö, tc kb (1) e inf nf<br />

tcnm yf nj jxtym dtc rfz ghb xb yf, f nfr ét (2) tc kb lfyysq<br />

pf rjy zd kz tn cz tlby cn dty ysv chtl cn djv lkz ljcnb<br />

ét ybz inf njv pf rjy yjq wt kb. D lfy yjv cke xft, endth<br />

élf tn Lä dbc, e inf nf ytn dtc rjq ghb xb ys lkz nj uj,<br />

xnj ås pf ght nbnm tve bc gjkm pj df ybt änj uj yfh rjnb rf<br />

ghb jn ghfd kt ybb ht kb ub jp ysö jå hz ljd. Jy yt yf yj cbn<br />

ehj yf yb ct åt, yb lhe ubv; jy yt bc gjkm pe tn erf pfy ysq<br />

yfh rj nbr nfr, rfr änj lt kf tn xt kj dtr, rj nj hsq pkj egjnhtå<br />

kz tn lfy ysv yfh rjnb rjv hf lb gj ke xt ybz eljdjkmcn<br />

dbz; rhj vt nj uj, jy yt bvt tn yf vt ht ybq ghj lf dfnm<br />

erf pfy ysq yfh rj nbr rj ve-kb åj tot. Lhe ub vb ckj dfvb,<br />

infn yt vj étn lj rf pfnm, xnj lfy ysq pf rjy bvt tn<br />

rf rjq-kb åj cvsck d ghb vt yt ybb r cke xfñ Lä db cf. Pf<br />

jn cen cn dbtv yt jg hj dth éb vjq ghb xb ys lkz ju hf yb xt ybz<br />

ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls Lä db cf Rjy cnb ne wbz yt gj pdj kz tn<br />

inf ne yf rf ps dfnm tuj.<br />

Lj dj ls dkfc ntq: Infn en dth élf tn, xnj yt kb iftn<br />

Lä db cf ghf df cdjåjl yj bc gj dt lj dfnm cdjñ ht kb ubñ.<br />

Pf rjy, pf ght ofñ obq dkf lt ybt erf pfy ysv yfh rjnb rjv,<br />

yt hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz bc rkñ xb ntkm yj yf dt heñ obö: jy<br />

hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz yf dctö. Infn en dth élf tn, xnj jy<br />

jå kf xty rjy cnb ne wb jy yjq dkfc nmñ jåz pfnm Lä db cf gjlxb<br />

yznm cz änj ve pf rj ye, båj cj åkñ lfnm pf rjy jåz pf ys<br />

d hfd yjq cnt gt yb dct, rfr dt heñ obt, nfr b yt dt heñ obt.<br />

Infn en dth élf tn, xnj yt yeé lf tn cz d lj rf pf ntkm cndfö<br />

nj uj, xnj e yt uj ce ot cn detn jxtym dtc rfz ghb xb yf<br />

lkz bp lf ybz lfy yj uj pf rj yf, bkb nj uj, xnj änjn pf rjy<br />

zd kz tn cz tlby cn dty ysv chtl cn djv lkz jce ot cn dkt ybz<br />

erf pfy yjq wt kb. Inf ne yt jå öj lb vj ghtl cnf dbnm kbim<br />

rf reñ-kb åj pf rjy yeñ ghb xb ye bp lf ybz lfy yj uj pf rj yf<br />

– b infn ght lj cnfd kz tn tt: dkfc nzv inf nf åe ltn ghj ot<br />

jåtc gt xb dfnm cj åkñ lt ybt cdj bö pf rj yjd j ghj nb djg hfdyjv<br />

bc gjkm pj df ybb yfh rjnb rjd, tc kb bv yt ghb ltn cz<br />

åtc gj rj bnm cz jå bc rkñ xt yb zö lkz nf rbö kñ ltq, rfr<br />

Lä dbc, rj nj hst cxb nf ñn, xnj e ybö tcnm edf éb ntkm yfz<br />

ghb xb yf lkz yf he it ybz pf rj yf.<br />

Dt hj zn yjt ht it ybt ce lf: D änjv cke xft cel, crjhtt<br />

dct uj, ds yt ctn ht it ybt d gjkm pe inf nf. Dt hj zn yj,<br />

cel ht ibn, xnj, lf ét tc kb jåtc gt xt ybt bc gjk yt ybz<br />

pf rj yf pf nhel yz tn – bkb lt kf tn gjx nb yt djp vjéysv<br />

– lkz rj uj-kb åj cj åkñ lt ybt jå hz ljd b jås xf td<br />

cdj tq dt hs, Rjy cnb ne wbz yt lf tn dt heñ ot ve ghf df yt<br />

gjl xb yznm cz pf rj ye. Lj ntö gjh, gj rf pf rjy hfc ghjcnhf<br />

yz tn cz yf rfé lj uj, dt heñ ot uj bkb yt dt heñ ot uj,<br />

b gj rf ltqcn dbt änj uj pf rj yf jåütr nbd yj yf ghfd kt yj<br />

ghj nbd rfé lj uj ghf dj yf he ib nt kz, infn bvt tn ghf dj<br />

ghb vt yznm lfy ysq pf rjy r dt heñ ot ve. Ghb vt yt ybt<br />

pf rj yf jåec kjd kt yj cgj cjå yjc nmñ inf nf xtn rj jåjc yjdfnm<br />

kñ åeñ hf pev yeñ ghb xb ye ce ot cn djdf ybz nf rj uj<br />

pf rj yf. Bys vb ckj df vb, infn yt jåz pfy jc dj åjé lfnm<br />

dt heñ obö jn ds gjk yt ybz nht åj df ybq cghf dtl kb dj uj<br />

pf rj yf.<br />

Cwt yf hbq 2<br />

Afr ns: Yt rfz Wth rjdm Yj dj uj jå hz lf ghfr nb re tn<br />

yt reñ enj gb xtc reñ dt he. Tt kb neh ubz drkñ xf tn jå hzl<br />

éth ndjg hb yj it ybz éb djn ysö: uj ke åtq, reh, rjp bkb<br />

jdtw. Éth ndjg hb yj it ybt éb djn ysö zd kz tn cz dfé yjq<br />

xfc nmñ ckeéå enj gb xtc rjq ht kb ubb b ds gjk yz tn cz<br />

dj dht vz nf by cnd, ghb byb wbf wbb yj dsö ghb öj éfy b<br />

cdz oty yb rjd, vj kbn dt pf åjkm ysö b d öj lt tét ujlysö<br />

ghfp lyb rjd. Vyj ubt éb nt kb uj hj lf Gfkm vj dsq<br />

eJournal USA 18

Kbcn, ult ét kf tn jåjc yj dfnm cz wth rjdm, jåtc gj rjt ys<br />

tt jås xfz vb éth ndjg hb yj it ybz éb djn ysö. Jyb cxbnf<br />

ñn gj ljåyst jås xfb b jå hz ls jn dhf nb ntkm ys vb b<br />

djp ve nb ntkm ys vb, gj bö vyt ybñ, änb jås xfb b jå hz ls<br />

vj uen cj plfnm eu hj pe plj hj dmñ yf ct kt ybz. Éb ntkb<br />

Gfkm vj dj uj Kbc nf jå hf nb kbcm d ve yb wb gf kb ntn c<br />

ghj cmåjq pf cnf dbnm wth rjdm ght rhf nbnm éth ndjg hb yjit<br />

ybz éb djn ysö. Ve yb wb gf kb ntn bp lfk pf rjy, rj njhsq<br />

lt kf tn eåbq cn dj éb djn yj uj yt pf rjy ysv, tc kb jyj<br />

zd kz tn cz xfc nmñ hb nef kf bkb wt ht vj ybb, f yt cj dthit<br />

yj c wt kmñ bp uj njd kt ybz gb ob bkb jlté ls, d wt kzö<br />

cgjh nf, yf ex ysö är cgt hb vty njd bkb åjhm ås c dht lbnt<br />

kz vb. Wth rjdm gj lfkf d cel yf ve yb wb gf kb ntn lkz<br />

nj uj, xnj ås ght ljndhf nbnm dvt if ntkm cn dj d ghfr nb re<br />

cdj bö ht kb ub jp ysö ckeéå.<br />

Lj dj ls bc nwf: Wth rjdm cxb nf tn, xnj gj cnf yjd ktybt<br />

ve yb wb gf kb nt nf Gfkm vj dj uj Kbc nf, pf ght ofñott<br />

eåbq cn dj éb djn ysö, kb if tn tt ghb öj éfy bö<br />

uf hfy nb hj dfy yj uj Rjy cnb ne wb tq ghf df yf cdjåjl yjt<br />

cj åkñ lt ybt jås xf td b jå hz ljd cdj tq ht kb ubb. Wthrjdm<br />

en dth élf tn, xnj lfy ysq pf rjy yt hfc cvfn hb df tn<br />

dt heñ obö b yt dt heñ obö rfr hfd ysö. Yt cvjn hz yf nj,<br />

xnj erf pfy yjt gj cnf yjd kt ybt, yf gth dsq dpukzl, dsukz<br />

lbn nfr, rfr åel nj jyj hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz yf dctö,<br />

ghb åkb éfq itv hfc cvjn ht ybb cnf yj dbn cz zc yj, xnj yf<br />

cf vjv lt kt jyj hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz njkm rj yf dt heñobö.<br />

Njkm rj dt heñ obt eåb df ñn éb djn ysö ghb jnghfd<br />

kt ybb hb nef kf bkb wt ht vj ybb, b ghb änjv njkm rj<br />

lfy ysq dbl eåbq cn df éb djn ysö ghb pyf tn cz ghj nb dj pfrjy<br />

ysv. Vyj ubt lhe ubt db ls eybx nj ét ybz éb djn ysö,<br />

nf rbt rfr bö pf åjq c wt kmñ bp uj njd kt ybz gb ob bkb<br />

cgjh nbd yfz jöj nf, yt djp åhf yz ñn cz. Nfr ét zc yj, xnj<br />

ve yb wb gf kb ntn yf vt hty yj bp lfk lfy ysq pf rjy, xnj ås<br />

dj cght gzn cn dj dfnm jn ghfd kt ybñ dt heñ ob vb jå hz ljd<br />

enj gb xtc rjq dt hs. Änjn pf rjy kbim gjl ndth lbk gjkj<br />

ét ybz erf pfy yj uj gj cnf yjd kt ybz, ghb yzd dj dyb vfybt<br />

éf kj ås lhe ubö, dhfé ltå yj yf cnhj ty ysö éb nt ktq<br />

uj hj lf. Rjy cnb ne wbz nht åe tn, xnj ås dkfc nb, gj cf vjq<br />

rhfq ytq vt ht, yt ghj dj lb kb lbc rhb vb yf wb jy yjq u<strong>hfyb</strong><br />

ws vté le dt heñ ob vb b yt dt heñ ob vb, f nfr ét yt<br />

© AP Ima ges/Uf pt nf ≤Åtl ajhl Nfqvc-Väqk≥, Crjnn Åhfy yth<br />

Yt crjkm rj fvt hb rfy crbö yf ct kty ysö gey rnjd cnf kb vtc nf vb ce ltå ysö åf nf kbq, cdz pfy ysö c gf vzn yb rf vb, edt rj dt xb dfñ ob vb åbå ktq crbt<br />

pf gj dt lb. D uhfa cn dt Kj htyc, infn By lbf yf, jh uf yb pf wbz pf ob ns uhfé lfy crbö cdj åjl jå hf nb kfcm d cel c nht åj df yb tv lt vjy nb hj dfnm<br />

gf vzn ybr, ec nf yjd kty ysq yf ke éfq rt gt htl plf yb tv änj uj ce lf. Yf cybv rt: Hf åj xbt eåb hf ñn gf vzn ybr d cj jn dtn cn dbb c gj cnf yjd kt ybtv<br />

ce lf.<br />

eJournal USA 19

© AP Ima ges/Xfhkmp Htrc Äy åj ufcn<br />

Änf är cgj pb wbz d Ve ptt cdj åj ls bv. Vfr rjh vb rf d Xb rf uj, infn Bk kb yjqc, gj vj étn gj ct nb nt kzv kex it gj yznm pyf xt ybt cdj åjl, ghjdjp<br />

ukf ity ysö d Gth djq gj ghfd rt r Rjy cnb ne wbb – cdj åj ls ckj df, dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz b cj åhf ybq. Ve ptq jn rhsn d 2006 uj le yf chtl cn df<br />

Ajy lf Vfr rjh vb rf, jc yj dfy yj uj åsd ibv ht lfr nj hjv b bp lf nt ktv uf pt ns ≤Xb rf uj Nhb åmñy≥.<br />

ltqcn dj df kb c pf dt lj vj dhfé ltå ys vb yf vt ht ybz vb<br />

ghj nbd rf rjq-kb åj rjy rhtn yjq ht kb ubb. D cke xft veyb<br />

wb gf kb nt nf Gfkm vj dj uj Kbc nf jl yj ve kb we vj étn<br />

åsnm ghtl üzd kt yj jå db yt ybt d ght cneg yjv ltz ybb pf<br />

fr nbd yeñ ghb yfl kté yjcnm r cdj tq dt ht, nju lf rfr kbwe,<br />

cj dth ifñ ot ve njx yj nf rjt ét ltz ybt gj yt ht kbub<br />

jp ysv vj nb dfv, änj uj jå db yt ybz yt ghtl üzd kz ñn.<br />

D ntö cke xf zö, rju lf dkfc nb jn yj czn cz r dt heñ obv<br />

c lhe ub vb vth rf vb, xtv r yt dt heñ obv, jyb lj kéys<br />

ghtl üz dbnm lkz änj uj jxtym dtc reñ ghb xb ye. D lfy yjv<br />

ét cke xft ghfr nb xtc rb ytn hfp yb ws vté le eybx nj étyb<br />

tv éb djn yj uj dt heñ obv bkb kñ åsv lhe ubv kb wjv.<br />

Lj dj ls dkfc ntq: Ve yb wb gf kb ntn en dth élf tn, xnj<br />

erf pfy ysq pf rjy yt yf ghfd kty ghj nbd dt heñ obö b yt<br />

zd kz tn cz lbc rhb vb yf wb jy ysv gj jn yj it ybñ r ybv.<br />

Änjn pf rjy hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz yf rfé lj uj xt kj dt rf,<br />

yt pf db cb vj jn nj uj, dt heñ obq jy bkb ytn, tc kb jy<br />

eåb df tn éb djn ysö ghb jn ghfd kt ybb kñ åj uj hb nef kf<br />

bkb wt ht vj ybb – ghb änjv ce ot cn detn vyj ét cn dj wtht<br />

vj ybq, rj nj hst yt zd kz ñn cz ht kb ub jp ys vb. Jöjn ybrb,<br />

eåb dfñ obt hf lb cgjh nf, bkb vzc yb rb, rj nj hst änj<br />

lt kf ñn lkz bp uj njd kt ybz gb ob, eåb df ñn éb djn ysö c<br />

ghfr nb xtc rjq wt kmñ, f yt lkz exfc nbz d wt ht vj ybb.<br />

Änb ltqcn dbz jn kb xf ñn cz jn hb ne fkm yj uj eåbq cn df<br />

b gj änjq ghb xb yt vj uen b lj kéys hfc cvfn hb dfnm cz<br />

pf rj yjv gj ­byj ve. Xt kj dtr yt zd kz tn cz kb ity ysv<br />

cdjt uj rjy cnb ne wb jy yj uj ghf df yf cdjåjl yjt dt hj bc gjdt<br />

lf ybt d njv cke xft, rju lf pf rjy hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz d<br />

hfd yjq cnt gt yb yf dctö – rfr dt heñ obö, nfr b yt dtheñ<br />

obö. Änj cghf dtl kb dj lf ét d njv cke xft, rju lf<br />

lfy ysq pf rjy pf nhel yz tn cj åkñ lt ybt yt rj nj hsö ht kbub<br />

jp ysö jås xf td b jå hz ljd.<br />

Dt hj zn yjt ht it ybt ce lf: JD lfy yjv cke xft cel,<br />

crj htt dct uj, ghb vtn ht it ybt d gjkm pe enj gb xtc rjq<br />

wth rdb. Yt cvjn hz yf nj, xnj gj cnf yjd kt ybt ve yb wbgf<br />

kb nt nf, jxt dbl yj, hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz yf dctö, yt pf dbcb<br />

vj jn bö dt hs bkb jn cen cn dbz nf rj djq, erf pfy ysq<br />

pf rjy zd yj hfc cvfn hb df tn dt heñ obö b yt dt heñ obö yt<br />

hfd yj wty yj. Lfy ysq pf rjy åsk ghtl yf vt hty yj cj cnfdkty<br />

c ntv, xnj ås tuj ltqcn dbt hfc ghj cnhf yz kjcm yf dtheñ<br />

obö, rj nj hst eåb df ñn éb djn ysö ghb jn ghfd kt ybb<br />

cdj bö ht kb ub jp ysö ckeéå, jl yj dht vty yj lt kfz bc rkñxt<br />

ybt lkz dctö, rnj eåb df tn éb djn ysö gj lhe ubv ghbxb<br />

yfv. Xt kj dtr kb ity ghf df cdjåjl yj ghfr nb rj dfnm<br />

eJournal USA 20

cdjñ ht kb ubñ, rju lf dkfc nb jn yj czn cz r yt ve gj ­byjve,<br />

xtv r yt dt heñ obv, pf bc rkñ xt yb tv ntö cke xf td,<br />

rju lf änb dkfc nb ghtl cnfd kz ñn lj rf pf ntkm cn df nj uj,<br />

xnj: (1) ce ot cn detn jxtym dtc rfz ghb xb yf ghb yz nbz<br />

nf rj uj pf rj yf b, (2) lfy ysq pf rjy zd kz tn cz få cj kñn yj<br />

yt jå öj lb vsv lkz lj cnb ét ybz erf pfy yjq wt kb. D lfyyjv<br />

cke xft ghb xb ys ju hf yb xt ybz bkb ght ljndhf ot ybz<br />

eybx nj ét ybz éb djn ysö hfc ghj cnhf yz ñn cz d hfd yjq<br />

cnt gt yb yf dt heñ obö b yt dt heñ obö. Tlby cn dty ysv<br />

hf pev ysv jåüzc yt yb tv ghj dt lty yj uj dkfc nz vb hfp u<strong>hfyb</strong><br />

xt ybz zd kz tn cz bö dhfé ltå yjcnm gj jn yj it ybñ r<br />

enj gb xtc rjq ht kb ubb.<br />

Cwt yf hbq 3<br />

Afr ns: Xt nsh yfl wf nb ktn yzz Vb itkm Hb dthc yt lfdyj<br />

pf rjy xb kf uj ce lfh cn dty yeñ djcm vb ktn yññ irj ke.<br />

Irj kf ghj dj lbn wt ht vj ybñ ds gec rf lkz cdj bö ds gecryb<br />

rjd. Nf rbt wt ht vj ybb, rfr ghf db kj, bu hf ñn jxtym<br />

dfé yeñ hjkm d ébp yb exf obö cz b bö ct vtq. Irj kf<br />

ghb ukf cb kf cdz oty yb rf lkz xnt ybz vj kbnd d yf xf kt b<br />

gj jrjy xf ybb ds gec ryjq wt ht vj ybb, d rj nj hjq exf cndjdf<br />

kf Hb dthc. Änb vj kbn ds ås kb jå hf ot ys r åj ue d<br />

wt kjv, d ybö yt egj vb yf kfcm dt hf d rjy rhtn yj uj åj uf.<br />

Irjkm yb rjd yt pf cnfd kz kb vj kbnm cz bkb dcnf dfnm dj<br />

dht vz ghj bp yt ct ybz lhe ub vb änbö vj kbnd. Irjkm yb rb<br />

nfr ét yt ås kb jåz pf ys ghb cen cn dj dfnm yf wt ht vj ybb,<br />

xnj ås gj ke xbnm cdb lt ntkm cn dj jå jrjy xf ybb irj ks.<br />

Hb dthc gj lfkf d cel yf irj ke, gj crjkm re jyf cxb nf tn,<br />

xnj Rjy cnb ne wbz yt yf ltkz tn uj ce lfh cn dty yeñ irj ke<br />

ghf djv ecnhf bdfnm vj kbn de yf wt ht vj ybb ds gec rf.<br />

Lj dj ls bc nwf: Hb dthc en dth élf tn, xnj irj kf (ujce<br />

lfh cn dty yjt ex hté lt ybt), jh uf yb pj dfd vj kbn de, yfhe<br />

if tn gj kj ét ybt Gth djq gj ghfd rb r Rjy cnb ne wbb d<br />

jn yj it ybb ec nf yjd kt ybz ht kb ubb. Hb dthc en dth élf tn,<br />

xnj dkfc nb lt kf ñn änj rfé lsq hfp, rju lf bö ltqcndbz<br />

gj rf ps df ñn, xnj yt dt hbñ d åj uf ghtl gj xb nf tn cz<br />

ht kb ub jp yjcnm, bkb rju lf jyb d kñ åjq ajh vt gjl lthéb<br />

df ñn hfc ghj cnhf yt ybt ht kb ubb. D lfy yjv cke xft,<br />

ghtl kf ufz vj kbnm cz dj dht vz ds gec ryjq wt ht vj ybb,<br />

dkfc nb jn lf ñn ghtl gjx nt ybt ht kb ubb b cbu yf kb pb heñn<br />

j cdj tq uj njd yjc nb tt gjl lth éb dfnm. Rhj vt nj uj,<br />

dkfc nb ec nf yfd kb df ñn ht kb ubñ ge ntv ghb yeé lt ybz Hbdthc<br />

r ghj bp yt ct ybñ vj kbn ds kb åj, gj vtym itq vt ht,<br />

r lt vjy cnhf wbb edf ét ybz r dt hj df yb zv, rj nj hsö jyf<br />

yt hfp lt kz tn. Dkfc nb yt bvt ñn ghf df lt kfnm ec kj db tv<br />

ghb cen cn dbz Hb dthc yf änjq wt ht vj ybb, dfé yjv cj åsnbb<br />

d tt ébp yb, lt vjy cnhf wbñ tñ edf ét ybz r ht kb ubb.<br />

Lj dj ls dkfc ntq: Irj kf en dth élf tn, xnj Hb dthc<br />

yt gjl dth uf tn cz ghb yeé lt ybñ r lt vjy cnhf wbb gjl lthérb<br />

bkb, gj rhfq ytq vt ht, edf ét ybz r ht kb ubb. Jyf<br />

yt jåz pf yf ghb cen cn dj dfnm yf wt ht vj ybb, f d cke xft tt<br />

ghb cen cn dbz yt jåz pf yf vj kbnm cz bkb lf ét dcnf dfnm,<br />

rju lf lhe ubt vj kzn cz. Irj kf en dth élf tn, xnj yt<br />

gjl lth éb df tn b yt ghj gf ufy lb he tn ht kb ubñ yt pf rjyysv<br />

jå hf pjv. Jyf kbim ght lj cnfd kz tn ghb cen cn deñobv<br />

yf wt ht vj ybb djp vjé yjcnm, tc kb jyb ét kf ñn bkb<br />

cxb nf ñn yeé ysv, ds hf pbnm cdjb ht kb ub jp yst xed cn df.<br />

Irj ks b lhe ubt uj ce lfh cn dty yst ex hté lt ybz ght ljcnfd<br />

kz kb djp vjé yjcnm exfc nbz d vj kbn dt cj dht vty<br />

jå hf pj df ybz änj uj uj ce lfh cn df, b dhzl kb rnj-kb åj<br />

crf étn, xnj änjn bc nj hb xtc rbq jås xfq pf cnfd kz tn<br />

kñ ltq åsnm dt heñ ob vb bkb jrf ps dfnm rf reñ-kb åj<br />

joe nb veñ gjl lth ére ht kb ubb.<br />

Dt hj zn yjt ht it ybt ce lf: D änjv cke xft cel, crjhtt<br />

dct uj, ghb vtn ht it ybt d gjkm pe Hb dthc. Dkfc nb<br />

yt bvt ñn ghf df pf cnfd kznm Hb dthc ds åb hfnm vté le<br />

ghb cen cn dbtv yf cj åcn dty yjq ds gec ryjq wt ht vj ybb,<br />

dfé yjv cj ås nbb d tt ébp yb, b ghb ye lb ntkm ysv dshf<br />

ét yb tv edf ét ybz r dt hj df yb zv, rj nj hsö jyf yt<br />

hfp lt kz tn. Yt cghf dtl kb dj jéb lfnm, xnj yt cj dth ityyj<br />

ktn yzz Hb dthc yfq ltn d ct åt cb ks ghj nb djc nj znm<br />

yt jljå ht ybñ cdj bö cdthc nyb rjd, lt vjy cnhf nbd yj jn rfpfd<br />

ibcm dcnf dfnm dj dht vz vj kbn ds bkb ghb yb vfnm d<br />

ytq exfc nbt. Nf rbv jå hf pjv, e dctö ghb cen cn deñ obö<br />

ckj ébn cz dgt xfn kt ybt, xnj jyf vj kbn cz bkb, gj vtymitq<br />

vt ht, ds hf éf tn cdjt edf ét ybt r pyf xt ybñ vj kbnds.<br />

Rjy cnb ne wbz yt gj pdj kz tn uj ce lfh cn de yf dz ps dfnm<br />

ht kb ubñ yt dt heñ obv. Rhj vt nj uj, dkfc nb yt vj uen<br />

bc gjkm pj dfnm cdjb cb ks b ht ceh cs d wt kzö hfc ghj cnhfyt<br />

ybz bkb gj jo ht ybz ht kb ub jp ysö eåté lt ybq. Jh ufyb<br />

pez vj kbn de ghb ghj dt lt ybb geå kbx yjq wt ht vj ybb,<br />

dkfc nb lf ñn gj yznm tt exfcn yb rfv, xnj jyb ghb lf ñn<br />

åjkm ijt pyf xt ybt dfé yjc nb b gjkm pt ht kb ubb. Rjulf<br />

dkfc nb ghj dj lzn d ébpym bltñ j cdj tq gjl lth ért<br />

ht kb ub jp yjq dt hs, jyb ec nf yfd kb df ñn ht kb ubñ, ntv<br />

cf vsv yf he ifz Rjy cnb ne wbñ.<br />

Cwt yf hbq 4<br />

Afr ns: Uj ce lfh cn dty yjt plf ybt Rf gb nj kbz d u. Vtnhj<br />

gj kbc, infn Yj dsq Uel pjy, jr he ét yj uhfy lb jp ysv<br />

gfh rjv, d rj nj hjv ec nf yjd kt yj lj cnf njx yj åjkm ijt<br />

rj kb xt cn dj gf vzn yb rjd. Jlby bp gf vzn yb rjd – rf vtyyjt<br />

cnhjt ybt lde övtn hj djq ds cj ns c ds ct xty ysv yf<br />

ytv ntr cnjv Lt cz nb pf gj dt ltq. Gf vzn ybr yf öj lbn cz<br />

vté le plf yb tv Rf gb nj kbz, d rj nj hjv hfp vt of ñn cz<br />

pf rj yj lf ntkm yst jh uf ys inf nf, b plf yb tv Dth öjd yjuj<br />

ce lf inf nf. Yfl gbcm yf gf vzn yb rt cj jå of tn, xnj<br />

jy åsk gj éth ndj dfy inf ne uheg gjq xfc nysö uhfé lfy<br />

åj ktt 40 ktn yf pfl. Uty hb Vty rty, éb ntkm Vtn hj gjkb<br />

cf, xfc nj ghj öj lbn vb vj änj uj gf vzn yb rf gj lj hj ut<br />

yf hf åj ne. Vty rty yt hfp lt kz tn rf rbö-kb åj ht kbub<br />

jp ysö eåté lt ybq b yt lj dj kty ntv, xnj gf vzn ybr,<br />

rj nj hsv dkf lt tn b j rj nj hjv pf åj nbn cz infn, ds hféf<br />

tn gjl lth ére rjy rhtn ysv ht kb ub jp ysv dpukz lfv.<br />

eJournal USA 21

Jy gj lftn d cel, xnj ås pf cnf dbnm infn gt ht ytc nb änjn<br />

gf vzn ybr.<br />

Lj dj ls bc nwf: Vty rty en dth élf tn, xnj, gj vtc nbd<br />

gf vzn ybr c ht kb ub jp ysv pyf xt yb tv yf exfc nrt ptv kb,<br />

rj nj hsq ghb yfl kt ébn inf ne, dkfc nb Yj dj uj Uel pj yf<br />

ec nf yfd kb df ñn ht kb ubñ d yf he it ybt Gth djq gj ghfd rb<br />

r Rjy cnb ne wbb. Jy en dth élf tn, xnj kñ åjq plhf djvsc<br />

kz obq xt kj dtr, ghj öj lz obq xt htp gfhr – jl yj bp<br />

cf vsö dfé ysö jå ot cn dty ysö vtcn inf nf – b xb nfñobq<br />

yfl gbcm yf gf vzn yb rt, ghb ltn r pf rkñ xt ybñ, xnj<br />

infn Yj dsq Uel pjy gjl lth éb df tn cj åkñ lt ybt Lt cz nb<br />

pf gj dt ltq. Vty rty en dth élf tn, xnj Rjy cnb ne wbz yt gjpdj<br />

kz tn dkfc nzv bc gjkm pj dfnm cdjq fd nj hb ntn b ht cehcs<br />

lkz gjl lth érb bkb hfc ghj cnhf yt ybz rjy rhtn ysö<br />

ht kb ub jp ysö ghby wb gjd. Jy yf cnfb df tn yf njv, xnj<br />

erf pfy ysq gf vzn ybr lj kéty åsnm gt ht yt cty c nth hb njhbb,<br />

rj nj hfz zd kz tn cz jå ot cn dty yjq cj åcn dty yjc nmñ.<br />

Lj dj ls dkfc ntq: Infn en dth élf tn, xnj ybxnj<br />

d gf vzn yb rt yt cdb lt ntkm cn detn j gj gsn rt inf nf<br />

ec nf yj dbnm ht kb ubñ. Lfy ysq gf vzn ybr yt zd kz tn cz<br />

lt vjy cnhf wb tq nj uj, xnj infn Yj dsq Uel pjy gs nf tncz<br />

yf dz pfnm ht kb ubñ cdj bv uhfé lf yfv kb åj nj uj, xnj<br />

jy gjl lth éb df tn ht kb ubñ. Gf vzn ybr, hfc gj kj éty ysq<br />

d gfh rt, ult yf öj lbn cz åj ktt 30 lhe ubö gf vzn yb rjd,<br />

kbim jn hf éf tn njn bc nj hb xtc rbq afrn, xnj ht kb ubjp<br />

yst ghby wb gs, cj lth éf obt cz d Lt cz nb pf gj dt lzö,<br />

bvt kb åjkm ijt pyf xt ybt lkz kñ ltq, rj nj hst jc yj df kb<br />

lfy ysq infn. Åjkm iby cn dj kñ ltq, ghj öj lz obö xt htp<br />

gfhr b xb nfñ obö yfl gbcm yf gf vzn yb rt, hfc cvfn hb df tn<br />

tuj rfr tot jlby bp vyj ét cn df gf vzn yb rjd, rj nj hst<br />

jn hf éf ñn yt xnj dfé yjt d bc nj hbb Yj dj uj Uel pj yf.<br />

Jyb yt cxb nf ñn, xnj änjn gf vzn ybr zd kz tn cz ds hf étyb<br />

tv rf rjq-kb åj bltb, cdz pfy yjq c ct ujl yzi ytq gj pbwb<br />

tq inf nf Yj dsq Uel pjy d jn yj it ybb ht kb ubb. Ybx nj<br />

d änjv gf vzn yb rt yt yf he if tn pf rjy, en dth élf tn<br />

infn, gj änj ve jy lj kéty jc nfnm cz yf cdj tv vtc nt.<br />

Dt hj zn yjt ht it ybt ce lf: D änjv cke xft cel, crjhtt<br />

dct uj, ds yt ctn ht it ybt d gjkm pe inf nf. Lfy ysq<br />

gf vzn ybr yt cdb lt ntkm cn detn yb j ghb cnhf cnbb r rfrjq-kb<br />

åj ht kb ubb, yb j tt gjl lth ért. Gf vzn ybr, crjhtt,<br />

cdb lt ntkm cn detn j dfé yjq hj kb, jn dj lbd itq cz htkb<br />

ubb d bc nj hbb Yj dj uj Uel pj yf. Åjkm iby cn dj kñ ltq<br />

cxb nf tn, xnj gf vzn ybr ds hf éf tn bc nj hb xtc reñ, f yt<br />

ht kb ub jp yeñ bltñ, gj crjkm re jy yf öj lbn cz d vtc nt,<br />

jr he éty yjv lhe ub vb gf vzn yb rf vb b vt vj hb fkm ysvb<br />

lj crf vb, rj nj hst nfr ét ds hf éf ñn bc nj hb xtc rbt<br />

bltb. Rhj vt nj uj, zc yj, xnj åjkm iby cn dj db ltd ibö<br />

gf vzn ybr kñ ltq yt cxb nf tn, xnj dkfc nb yf dz ps df ñn<br />

bv ht kb ub jp yst rjy wtg wbb, gj crjkm re lfy ysq gf vznybr<br />

yf öj lbn cz yf cdj tv vtc nt d nt xt ybt vyj ubö ktn b<br />

yb rju lf hfym it yt ds ps dfk djp hf ét ybq. Yf hjl inf nf<br />

dj cghb yb vf tn lfy ysq gf vzn ybr rfr xfcnm cdj tq bc njhbb,<br />

b gj änjq ghb xb yt yt djp vjé yj hfc cvfn hb dfnm tuj<br />

rfr gj gsn re dkfc ntq ec nf yj dbnm ht kb ubñ d yf he it ybt<br />

Rjy cnb ne wbb. n<br />

Vyt­ybz, ds­hf­éty­yst d änjq cnf­nmt, yt jåz­pf­ntkm­yj jn­hf­éf­ñn njx­re<br />

pht­ybz bkb gj­kb­nb­re ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df CIF.<br />

eJournal USA 22

Cnf nmz j cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz:<br />

bc nj hb xtc rbt gj cnf yjd kt ybz<br />

Dth öjd yj uj ce lf<br />

Rhfn­rjt bp­kj­ét­ybt ghb­yz­nsö pf åj­ktt xtv cnj­kt­nbt<br />

ce­ltå­ysö ht­it­ybq, bc­njk­rj­ds­dfñ­obö pyf­xt­ybt ­<br />

ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq cdj­åj­ls.<br />

Htq yjkmlc ghj nbd Cj tlb yty ysö Inf njd (1879)<br />

Jc nfd kt yj d cb kt ce ltå yjt ht it ybt jå euj kjd yjv<br />

yf rf pf ybb dbl yj uj vjh vj yf pf ghfr nb re ldjt éty cn df<br />

d Ñnt.<br />

Rfy ndtkk ghj nbd inf nf Rjy ytr nb ren (1940)<br />

Jn vt ybd ce ltå ysq ghb uj djh, ds yt cty ysq pf yf he it ybt<br />

jå ot cn dty yj uj gj hzl rf, Dth öjd ysq cel gjl ndth lbk,<br />

xnj gj kj ét ybt j cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz (xfcnm Gthdjq<br />

gj ghfd rb r Rjy cnb ne wbb CIF) ltqcn db ntkm yj rfr<br />

gj jn yj it ybñ r lt kfv, gjl gf lfñ obv gjl at lt hfkmyeñ<br />

ñhbc lbr wbñ, nfr b r lt kfv, rj nj hst yf öj lzn cz d<br />

ñhbc lbr wbb inf njd.<br />

Irjkm ysq jr heu u. Vfq yth cdbkkm ghj nbd Uj åb nb cf<br />

(1940)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj Cnf nmz j cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz<br />

yt lf tn ghf df ext yb rfv uj ce lfh cn dty ysö irjk er kjyznm<br />

cz gj ht kb ub jp ysv vj nb dfv jn jåz pf ntkm yjq<br />

wt ht vj ybb jn lf xb cf kñ nf yf wbj yfkm yj ve akf ue.<br />

Cj dtn gj yf hjl yj ve jå hf pj df ybñ inf nf Pf gfl yfz<br />

Dbh ub ybz ghj nbd Åfhytn nf (1943)<br />

Jn vt yt yj ht it ybt gj lt ke Uj åb nb cf b ghb pyf yj, xnj<br />

ghf dj yt exf cn dj dfnm d wt ht vj yb zö jn lf xb cf kñ nf<br />

yf wbj yfkm yj ve akf ue jc yj df yj yf rjy cnb ne wb jy yjv<br />

ghf dt cdj åj ls ckj df b dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz.<br />

Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns ghj nbd ct vmb Åfk kfhl (1944)<br />

Gj lt ke j ht kb ub jp yjv wt kb nt kt, en dth élfd itv, xnj<br />

jy jå kf lf tn cdth öütc nt cn dty ys vb bc wt kzñ ob vb cgjcjå<br />

yjc nz vb, gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj ghf db ntkm cn dj yt vj étn<br />

gjl dth ufnm cjv ytybñ bc nby yjcnm bkb lj cnj dth yjcnm<br />

xmbö-kb åj ht kb ub jp ysö dt hj df ybq, jl yf rj dghf dt<br />

hfc ckt lj dfnm, bc rhty yb kb nf rbt dt hj df ybz.<br />

Åhjy atkl ghj nbd Åhfe yf (1961)<br />

Jn rf pf yj d bc rt åbp ytc vt ye-be ltñ, rj nj hsq cj åkñ lfk<br />

ceå åj ns b jc gf hb dfk pf rjy, ghtl gb cs dfñ obq pf rhs nbt<br />

åbp yt cjd gj dj crht ct ymzv.<br />

Ith åthn ghj nbd Dth yt hf (1963)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj ghf db kf b ghj wt le hs inf nf Ñéyfz<br />

Rf hj kb yf d jn yj it ybb åtp hf åj nb ws, pf cnfd kzd ibt hfåjn<br />

yb we ds åb hfnm vté le cj åkñ lt yb tv lyz jn ljö yj dtybz<br />

gj ceå åj nfv b ghf djv yf gj cj åbt gj åtp hf åj nb wt,<br />

yf he if kb Cnf nmñ j cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz.<br />

Infn Dbc rjy cby ghj nbd Qj lt hf (1972)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj gj kj ét ybt j cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lfybz,<br />

cj lth éf ott cz d Gth djq gj ghfd rt r Rjy cnb ne wbb<br />

CIF, jc dj åjé lf tn lt ntq-gjl hjc nrjd, ghb yfl kt éf obö<br />

r Wth rdb fvb itq cnf hj uj jå hz lf, jn bc gjk yt ybz pf rjyjd<br />

jå jåz pf ntkm yjv gj ct ot ybb irj ks.<br />

D Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö yt htl rj vjé yj veé xby-be lt td, yj cz obö<br />

rb­ge rfr yf ekb wt, nfr b lj vf. Ntv yt vt ytt, Dth öjd ysq cel CIF<br />

gj cnf yj dbk, xnj rf gb nfy DDC, bc gj dt leñ obq be lf bpv, yt vj étn<br />

åsnm jc dj åjé lty jn gjl xb yt ybz ghf db kfv yj it ybz ajh vs jltéls,<br />

rj nj hst pf ght of ñn yj it ybt uj kjd yj uj eåj hf d gj vt ot ybb.<br />

Eyb dth cb ntn bv. Åj åf Léjy cf ghj nbd Cj tlb yty ysö<br />

Inf njd (1983)<br />

Jn rf pf yj d jc yj dfy yjv yf Gth djq gj ghfd rt r Rjy cnbne<br />

wbb bc rt, yf ghfd kty yjv ghj nbd ghf dbk Yf kj uj dj uj<br />

eg hfd kt ybz CIF, rj nj hst jn rf ps df ñn d cnf ne ct<br />

yt gjl kt éf obö jå kj ét ybñ yf kj uf vb ht kb ub jp ysv<br />

yt rjv vth xtc rbv jå hf pj df ntkm ysv ex hté lt yb zv c<br />

lbc rhb vb yf wb jy ys vb d hf cj djv jn yj it ybb ghf db kf vb<br />

b ghj wt le hf vb.<br />

Ujk lvfy ghj nbd Dfq yåth ut hf (1986)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj rjy cnb ne wb jy yjt gj kj ét ybt j<br />

cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz yt jc dj åjé lf tn rf gb nf yf<br />

Vf hbj Nf vf/Getty Ima ges<br />

eJournal USA 23

Dj ty yj-djp lei ysö cbk be ltq crjq dt hs jn gjl xb yt ybz<br />

ltqcn deñ ot ve d DDC ghf db ke, cj ukfc yj rj nj hj ve<br />

pf ght of tn cz yj it ybt kñ åj uj uj kjd yj uj eåj hf d gj vtot<br />

ybb.<br />

Yt rj nj hst vf nt hbf ks, drkñ xfz vtc rf kby, bc gjkm pet vst ghb<br />

jn ghfd kt ybb hb nef kjd Wth rdb fvt hb rfy crbö by ltq wtd. Ce ls CIF<br />

gj cnf yj db kb, xnj bc gjkm pj df ybt änj uj yfh rjnb xtc rj uj dt ot cndf<br />

zd kz tn cz pf rjy ysv ghb jn ghfd kt ybb by ltq crbö ht kb ub jp ysö<br />

jå hz ljd.<br />

J’Kj ey ghj nbd yf cktl cn dty yjq vfc cs ct vmb If åfp<br />

(1987)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj cj jå hf ét ybz åt pj gfc yjc nb ght ljcnfd<br />

kz ñn hf pev yjt jåjc yj df ybt lkz ju hf yb xt ybz exfcnbz<br />

pf rkñ xty ysö d ve cekm vfy crjv åj ujc ke ét ybb.<br />

Jn ltk nhe lj ec nhjq cn df Lt gfh nf vty nf hf åj xtq cb ks<br />

inf nf Jht ujy ghj nbd Cvb nf (1990)<br />

Jc nfd kt yj d cb kt ht it ybt jå jn rf pt d gj cj åbb gj åtphf<br />

åj nb wt ldev xkt yfv Wth rdb fvt hb rfy crbö by ltq wtd<br />

– hf åjn yb rfv ckeé ås htf åb kb nf wbb åjkm ysö yfhrjvf<br />

yb tq, rj nj hsö edj kb kb, gj crjkm re jyb ghb yb vf kb<br />

ufk kñ wb yj uty ysq vtc rf kby (yfh rjnb xtc rjt dt ot cn dj,<br />

gj ke xft vjt bp rfr ne cf vtc rfk) ghb jn ghfd kt ybb ht kbub<br />

jp yj uj jå hz lf.<br />

Fq hf Åkjr/National Geographic/Getty Ima ges<br />

Wth rjdm Ke re vb Åf åf ke Fqt ghj nbd ve yb wb gf kb nt nf<br />

Öf qf kbf (1993)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj bp lfy yst ve yb wb gf kb nt njv Öfz kbf<br />

gj cnf yjd kt ybz j ghf db kfö jå hf ot ybz c éb djn ys vb<br />

zd kz ñn cz lbc rhb vb yf wb jy ys vb d jn yj it ybb ht kb ubb<br />

cfy nt hbz b tt jås xfz éth ndjg hb yj it ybz éb djn ysö.<br />

Ve yb wb gf kb ntn Åth yt ghj nbd Akj ht cf (1997)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj Rjy uhtcc yt jå kf lf tn gjk yj vj xbzvb<br />

gjl vt yznm cj åcn dty ys vb ht it ybz vb ht it ybz at lthfkm<br />

ysö ce ltå ysö jh uf yjd d jn yj it ybb ghf dj dsö yjhv<br />

ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls, rj nj hst lj kéys cj åkñ lfnm cz<br />

inf nf vb.<br />

Kjrr ghj nbd Läq db (2004)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj ce ot cn deñ ofz d inf nt Df iby unjy<br />

cbc nt vf lt yté ysö gj cj åbq yf ds citt jå hf pj df ybt, rjnj<br />

hst yt ds lf ñn cz cne lty nfv, cgt wbf kb pb heñ obv cz d<br />

jå kfc nb åj ujc kj dbz, zd kz tn cz rjy cnb ne wb jy yjq.<br />

Rfn nth ghj nbd Dbk rby cj yf (2005)<br />

Jn rkj yty lj djl j njv, xnj nf xfcnm at lt hfkm yj uj<br />

pf rj yf j ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj lt, rj nj hfz jn yj cbn cz r<br />

pf rkñ xty ysv b lhe ubv cj lth éf obv cz d uj ce lfh cn dtyysö<br />

pf dt lt yb zö kb wfv, yf he if tn gj kj ét ybt jå ec nfyjd<br />

kt ybb ht kb ubb d Gth djq gj ghfd rt r Rjy cnb ne wbb.<br />

Ujy pf ktc ghj nbd O Ce ntro Espirita Be ne fi cie nte Unifo do<br />

Ve ge tal (2006)<br />

Gj cnf yjd kt yj, xnj Pf rjy j djc cnf yjd kt ybb ht kb ub jp yjq<br />

cdj åj ls jn 1993 uj lf pf ob of tn ghf dj yt åjkm ijq ht kbub<br />

jp yjq ctr ns bvgjh nbhj dfnm b bc gjkm pj dfnm ufk kñ wbyj<br />

uty ysq ght gf hfn ghb jn ghfd kt ybb cdj bö ht kb ub jp ysö<br />

jå hz ljd. n<br />

Gt­ht­gt­xf­nf­yj c hfp­ht­it­ybz Aj­he­vf ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq b jå­ot­cn­dty­yjq<br />

ébp­yb bv. Gmñ: www.pe wforum.org. Copyright 2007 Pew Research<br />

Ce nt er.<br />

Vyt­ybz, ds­hf­éty­yst d lfy­yjq cnf­nmt, yt jåz­pf­ntkm­yj jn­hf­éf­ñn njx­re<br />

pht­ybz bkb gj­kb­nb­re ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df CIF.<br />

eJournal USA 24

Pf ob nf ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls d vb ht:<br />

dct vbh ysq rjy cty cec<br />

Léjy D. Öäy ajhl, ÈÈÈ<br />

© Aj nj FG/Gfå kj Vfh nb ytp Vjy cb df bc<br />

Léjy Öäy ajhl ÈÈÈ, gj cjk gj jcj åsv gj he xt yb zv, cdz pfy ysv cj cdj åj ljq dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz, jåüzd kz tn<br />

j geå kb rf wbb tétujl yj uj jå ckt lj df ybz, ghj dj lb vj uj Ujc lt gfh nf vty njv CIF.<br />

Cdj­åj­lf dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz ghb­pyf­tn­cz vté­le­yf­hjl­ys­vb<br />

cj­ukf­it­ybz­vb rfr yt­ght­kjé­yjt ghf­dj xt­kj­dt­rf, b Cjtlb­yty­yst<br />

Inf­ns Fvt­hb­rb lt­kf­ñn dct djp­vjé­yjt lkz<br />

nj­uj, xnj­ås pf­ob­ofnm änj ghf­dj dj dctv vb­ht.<br />

Léjy Öäy­ajhl – gj­cjk CIF gj jcj­åsv gj­he­xt­yb­zv,<br />

cdz­pfy­ysv cj cdj­åj­ljq dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz<br />

Cdj åj lf dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz – aey lf vty nfkm yjt<br />

ghf dj, pf rhtg kty yjt d Gth djq gj ghfd rt r Rjycnb<br />

ne wbb CIF b uke åj rj erj ht ybd itt cz d fvthb<br />

rfy crjq bc nj hbb b yf wbj yfkm yjv öf hfr nt ht. Ckt le tn<br />

jn vt nbnm, xnj cnhtv kt ybt fvt hb rfy wtd pf ob nbnm ghf dj<br />

yf cdj åj le dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz yt ju hf yb xb df tn cz nth hbnj<br />

hb tq CIF. Hfc gj kf ufz cdt lt ybz vb j njv, xnj ghf dbntkm<br />

cn df vyj ubö cnhfy jn rf ps df ñn cdj bv uhfé lf yfv d<br />

ghf dt bc gj dt lj dfnm ne bkb byeñ ht kb ubñ b jn ghfd kznm<br />

ht kb ub jp yst jå hz ls, Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns ghb dth étys<br />

cj ltqcn dbñ b pf ob nt cdj åj ls dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz dj<br />

dctv vb ht.<br />

Cdj åj lf ht kb ub jp yj uj dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz eét lfdyj<br />

ghb pyf yf yt ghb rjc yj dty ysv ghf djv xt kj dt rf d<br />

vté le yf hjl ysö cj ukf it yb zö b lj uj dj hfö, nf rbö rfr<br />

Dct jå ofz ltr kf hf wbz ghfd xt kj dt rf b Vté le yf hjlysq<br />

gfrn j uhfé lfy crbö b gj kb nb xtc rbö ghf dfö. Yf<br />

jc yj dt änj uj vté le yfhjl yj uj rjy cty ce cf, CIF ghbps<br />

df ñn ghf db ntkm cn df dctö cnhfy ds gjk yznm erf pfyyst<br />

vté le yf hjl yst jåz pf ntkm cn df, yt yf cnfb dfz yf<br />

ghtl gjx nbntkm yjc nb fvt hb rfy crj uj gjl öj lf r lfy yj ve<br />

dj ghj ce.<br />

D 1998 uj le Rjy uhtcc CIF tlb yju kfc yj ghb yzk<br />

Pf rjy j vté le yfhjl yjq cdj åj lt ht kb ub jp yj uj dthj<br />

bc gj dt lf ybz. Pf rjy pf rht gbk nj, xnj bc nj hb xtc rb<br />

zd kz tn cz jl ybv bp ghb jhb nt njd vté le yfhjl yjq gj kbnb<br />

rb CIF, cj plfd yj dst ñhb lb xtc rbt vt öf ybp vs lkz<br />

eJournal USA 25

gjl lth érb b jö hf ys cdj åj ls dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz. Cj tlbyty<br />

yst Inf ns ds cne gf ñn pf cdj åj le bc gj dt lf ybz dctö<br />

ajhv ht kb ubb, lj åb df ñn cz cj åkñ lt ybz vté le yf hjlysö<br />

yjhv, jceé lfz cke xfb yf he it ybz cdj åj ls dt hj bcgj<br />

dt lf ybz b gjl lth éb dfz cdj åj le dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz rfr<br />

aey lf vty nfkm yjt ghf dj dctö yf hj ljd.<br />

Cj ukfc yj pf rj ye ås kf ex hté lt yf lj kéyjcnm gj ckf<br />

gj jcj åsv gj he xt yb zv, cdz pfy ysv c vté le yfhjl yjq<br />

cdj åj ljq dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz, b cj plfy jn ltk gj dj ghj cfv<br />

vté le yfhjl yjq cdj åj ls dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz d Ujc lt gfhnf<br />

vty nt CIF. Jce ot cn dkz tn cz vj yb nj hbyu cke xf td<br />

ht kb ub jp yj uj ght ckt lj df ybz b lbc rhb vb yf wbb gj dct ve<br />

vb he b hfp hf åf ns df ñn cz ghby wb gs b ghj uhfv vs, yfghfd<br />

kty yst yf er htg kt ybt cdj åj ls dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz.<br />

Vs lj cnb uf tv änjq wt kb, hf åj nfz c gj cjkm cn df vb<br />

CIF, byj cnhfy ys vb ghtl cnf db nt kz vb, f nfr ét ht kbub<br />

jp ys vb uheg gf vb b uheg gf vb gj ghf dfv xt kj dt rf,<br />

xnj ås jn htf ub hj dfnm yf ltqcn dbz ghf db ntkm cnd, rj <strong>njhst</strong><br />

yt gj pdj kz ñn uhfé lf yfv cdjåjl yj ds hf éfnm cdjb<br />

ht kb ub jp yst dpukz ls b eåté lt ybz.<br />

Jl ybv bp dfé ysö chtl cnd zd kz tn cz ≤Tét­ujl­ysq<br />

lj­rkfl j cdj­åj­lt dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz d vb­ht≥, rj nj hsq<br />

uj nj dbn cz gj gj he xt ybñ Rjy uhtc cf. D änjv tétujlyj<br />

geå kb ret vjv lj re vty nt lf tn cz jå pjh gj kj ét ybz<br />

cj cdj åj ljq dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz d åj ktt 195 cnhf yfö, tuj<br />

jåütv ght ds if tn 800 cnhf ybw. Lj rkfl pf 2008 ujl åeltn<br />

jgeå kb rj dfy d cty nzå ht. Lj rkf ls j cdj åj lt dt hjbc<br />

gj dt lf ybz d vb ht pf ys yti ybq b ght lsle obq uj ls<br />

yf fy ukbq crjv b lhe ubö zps rfö vjé yj yfq nb yf cfq nt:<br />

ht tp://www.st ate.gov/g/drl/irf.<br />

Jn ltk gj dj ghj cfv vté le yfhjl yjq ht kb ub jp yjq<br />

cdj åj ls elt kz tn åjkm ijt dyb vf ybt jå hf ot ybñ c<br />

ht kb ub jp ys vb vtym iby cn df vb. Vs lj åb df tv cz ghtrhf<br />

ot ybz lbc rhb vb yf wbb ht kb ub jp ysö vtym iby cnd,<br />

ght lj cnfd kt ybz bv djp vjé yjc nb pf ht ubc nhb hj dfnm<br />

cdjb uheg gs b jn rhs nj ltqcn dj dfnm d nf rbö cnhf yfö,<br />

rfr Hjc cbz, Neh rvt ybc nfy, Tub gtn, By lj yt pbz b Gfrbc<br />

nfy. D Bhf rt jn ltk ds cne gf tn pf åj ktt ib hj rjt<br />

gjl rkñ xt ybt ht kb ub jp ysö vtym iby cnd r gj kb nb xtcrj<br />

ve ghj wtc ce, b vs ghb ps df tv ghf db ntkm cn df cnhfy<br />

Fpbb, Td hj gs b lhe ubö cnhfy edf éb ntkm yj jn yj cbnm cz<br />

r cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz ve cekm vfy crbö vtym ibycnd<br />

cht lb yf ct kt ybz.<br />

Geå kb rf wbz ≤T­étujl­yj­uj lj­rkf­lf j cdj­åj­lt dt­hjbc­gj­dt­lf­ybz<br />

d vb­ht≥ d 2007 uj le cj dgf kf c ghfp lyj dfyb<br />

tv ht kb ub jp ysö lfn lde vz rjy atc cbz vb, ghtl cnfdkty<br />

ys vb d CIF. Nj, xnj ve cekm vf yt ghfp lyj df kb<br />

Hf vf lfy, f be ltb jn vt xf kb be ltq crbq yj dsq ujl<br />

– ghfp lybr Hji öf-If yf – yf gjv yb kj fvt hb rfy wfv j<br />

cnjkm wt yb vjq fvt hb rfy crjq nhf lb wbb cdjåjl yj uj b<br />

edf éb ntkm yj uj dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz.<br />

Ujc ctr ht nfhm Rjy lj kb pf Hfqc pf zdb kf gj änj ve<br />

gj dj le: ≤Gj rf yf kfv yf ibö lde cnj hjy ybö jn yj it ybq,<br />

yf itq hf åj ns yf vté le yf hjl ysö aj he vfö b vyj ujxbc<br />

kty ysö lbc rec cbq gj lfy yj ve dj ghj ce c kñlm vb<br />

gj dct ve vb he CIF åe len b dghtlm cj ltqcn dj dfnm<br />

cdj åj lt dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz, dj cgb ns dfnm nth gb vjcnm b<br />

cnhjb nm åj ktt cgj rjq ysq vbh lkz yf hj ljd dctö dt hjbc<br />

gj dt lf ybq≥. n<br />

eJournal USA 26

Dt HF d ltqcn dbb<br />

Cj xt nf ybt hf åj ns b ht kb ubb<br />

Rhbc nj ath Rj ytkk<br />

Dj lb ntkm nfr cb ve cekm vfy crj uj ghj bc öjé lt ybz bp Gf rbc nf yf vj kbn cz dj dht vz cdj tq cvt ys d<br />

Ymñ-Qjh rt<br />

© Aj nj FG/Vfhr Kty yb öfy<br />

Pf­rjy ≤J uhfé­lfy­crbö ghf­dfö≥ 1964 u. ib­hj­rj bp­dtc­nty<br />

pf­ght­njv hf­cj­djq ctu­ht­uf­wbb d irj­kfö b jå­ot­cn­dty­ysö<br />

vtc­nfö d Cj­tlb­yty­ysö Inf­nfö Fvt­hb­rb. Änjn pf­rjy<br />

nfr­ét bvt­tn bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjt pyf­xt­ybt d pf­ob­nt jn ghtlhfc­cel­rjd<br />

yf hf­åj­xtv vtc­nt, drkñ­xfz lbc­rhb­vb­yf­wbñ<br />

d jn­yj­it­ybb jn­ltkm­ysö kbw yf jc­yj­dt bö ht­kb­ub­jp­ysö<br />

eåté­lt­ybq. Dt­heñ­obt, cnjkr­yed­ibt­cz c ghf­db­kf­vb ghbyz­nbz<br />

yf hf­åj­ne, rj­nj­hst blen dhfp­htp c bö ht­kb­ub­jpys­vb<br />

eåté­lt­ybz­vb, cvju­kb dj­cgjkm­pj­dfnm­cz pf­ob­njq<br />

cj cnj­hj­ys lfy­yj­uj pf­rj­yf.<br />

Rhbc­nj­ath Rjy­ytkk – df­iby­unjy­crbq éeh­yf­kbcn c<br />

vyj­uj­ktn­ybv jgs­njv, rj­nj­hsq vyj­uj gb­itn j dj­ghjcfö<br />

uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq gj­kb­nb­rb.<br />

D<br />

vté le yfhjl yjv fä hjgjh ne uj hj ljd Vby ytfgj<br />

kbc b Ctyn-Gjk ve cekm vfy crbt dj lb nt kb<br />

nfr cb bp Cj vf kb vj uen gj nt hznm hf åj ne b cnfnm<br />

jåütr njv jå ot cn dty yj uj yt uj lj df ybz, jn rf ps df zcm gtht<br />

dj pbnm gfc cf éb hjd, rj nj hst djp dhf of ñn cz lj vjq bp<br />

jn gec rjd c åtc gji kby ys vb cgbh nys vb yf gbn rf vb.<br />

D rj atq yjq ≤Cnfh åfrc≥ d Öbk cåj hj, infn Jht ujy,<br />

åf hbc nf en dth élf tn, xnj tt edj kb kb yt bp-pf jgjp lfybz,<br />

f bp-pf rjk ljd crj uj jét ht kmz yf itt.<br />

D Ymñ-Léth cb yta ntgt ht hf åf ns dfñ oeñ rjv gf ybñ<br />

≤Rj yj rj-Ab kbgc≥ ghb dkt rf tn r ce ltå yj ve hfp åb hfntkm<br />

cn de At lt hfkm yeñ Rj vbc cbñ hfd ysö djp vjé yjcntq<br />

d cat ht pf yz njc nb pf jn rfp gt ht cvjn htnm uhf abr<br />

hf åj ns öhbc nb fy crj uj nhe åj er kfl xb rf, rj nj hsq yt<br />

öj ntk ghj gec rfnm wth rjd yeñ ckeé åe gj en hfv d djcrht<br />

ct ymt.<br />

F d Ab ybr ct, infn Fhb pj yf, gjc kt itc nb ktn yt uj<br />

ce ltå yj uj hfp åb hf ntkm cn df at lt hfkm ysq cel ghb czéysö<br />

ht ibk ji nhf aj dfnm yf 250 000 lj kkf hjd rjvgf<br />

ybñ gj ghj rf ne fd nj vj åb ktq ≤Fkf vj≥. Gj lfyysq<br />

bcr åsk ht pekm nf njv edjkm yt ybz ghj lfd ob ws-ve cekmvfy<br />

rb bp Cj vf kb, rj nj hfz jn rf ps df kfcm hf åj nfnm c<br />

yt gjr hs njq uj kj djq dj dht vz Hf vf lf yf.<br />

Xtv åj ktt vyj uj jå hfp ysv cnf yj dbn cz yf ct kt ybt<br />

CIF, ntv åjkm it xbc kj hf åjn yb rjd nht åe ñn cj åkñlt<br />

ybz ghf df yf cdj åj le dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz yf hf åj xbö<br />

vtc nfö. Gj pf rj ye jyb bvt ñn ghf dj nht åj dfnm hf pevysö<br />

bp vt yt ybq d hf åj xtv uhf ab rt. Byju lf jyb cnfkrb<br />

df ñn cz c cj ghj nbd kt yb tv cj cnj hj ys rjk ktu bkb<br />

yf xfkm cn df. Yf aj yt hfc ne ot uj xbc kf ce ltå ysö hfp åbhf<br />

ntkm cnd At lt hfkm yfz Rj vbc cbz hfd ysö djp vjé yjcntq<br />

d cat ht pf yz njc nb – jh ufy, rj nj hsq jn dt xf tn pf<br />

eJournal USA 27

Cñ pfy Vfr lfa ab, hf qjy ysq lb htr njh At lt hfkm yjq Rj vbc cbb hfd ysö<br />

djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb, cke if tn, rfr fl dj rf ns Rj vbc cbb hfccrf<br />

ps df ñn j hfc cvfn hb dft vsö lt kfö yf ght cc-rjy at hty wbb. Ltk, hfccvfn<br />

hb dft vsö d Rj vbc cbñ djp hjc kj d cdz pb c edt kb xt yb tv ht kb ub jp yj uj<br />

vyj uj jå hf pbz yf hf åj xbö vtc nfö.<br />

bc gjk yt ybt nhe lj dj uj pf rj yj lf ntkm cn df, dctu lf dcnf tn<br />

yf cnj hj ye hf åjn yb rf.<br />

Vyj ubt rjv gf ybb gj yb vf ñn, xnj eljd ktn dj ht ybt gjljåysö<br />

pf ghj cjd hf åjn yb rjd rjv vth xtc rb jghfd lfy yj.<br />

Pf rjy, jc yj dfy ysq yf hf dty cn dt b edf ét ybb<br />

Ker Dbc rjy nb, gfh nyth b cj ex ht lb ntkm éeh yfkf<br />

“Dive rs ityInc”, cxb nf tn, xnj eljd ktn dj ht ybt yeél<br />

hf åjn yb rjd c ht kb ub jp ys vb eåté lt ybz vb – ≤kbim<br />

cgj cjå hfd yjg hfd yj uj b edf éb ntkm yj uj jn yj it ybz r<br />

kñ lzv c ntv, rj nj hsq cj plf tn hf åj xeñ jå cnf yjd re<br />

d le öt ufh vj ybb b ds cj rjq ghj bp dj lb ntkm yjc nb. Änj<br />

lt kf tn cz yt hf lb gj kb nb xtc rjq rjh htr nyjc nb, f lkz<br />

gj ds it ybz ghj bp dj lb ntkm yjc nb b hfp vt hjd ghb ås kb≥.<br />

Lj gjk yb ntkm yfz gjkm pf lkz rjh gj hf nbd yjq Fvt hb rb<br />

pf rkñ xf tn cz tot b d njv, xnj jyf jl yj dht vty yj exbn<br />

nj ve, ≤rfr eéb dfnm cz c pf rfp xb rf vb ve cekm vfy crj uj,<br />

be ltq crj uj, öhbc nb fy crj uj bkb kñ åj uj lhe uj uj dt hj bcgj<br />

dt lf ybz≥ d nhe lj djv rjk ktr nb dt, pf zdbk Dbc rjy nb.<br />

D rf xt cn dt ghb vt hf vjé yj ghb dtc nb rjh gj hf wbñ<br />

≤Nt öfc bycnhe vtync≥. Lkz hf åjn yb rjd tt cåj hjx ysö<br />

ghtl ghbz nbq cj plf ys cgt wb fkm yst ≤nb öbt rjv yf ns≥,<br />

f yf yt rj nj hsö pf dj lfö jn dt lt ys vtc nf, ult hf åjn ybrb<br />

ve cekm vfy crj uj ghj bc öjé lt ybz vj uen jce ot cn dbnm<br />

jvj dt ybt yju gt htl yf xf kjv vj kbn ds, rfr änj uj nhtåe<br />

tn bö ht kb ubz. Rjv gf ybz ≤Ajhl Vj njhc≥ b lhe ubt<br />

ghb ps df ñn r ht kb ub jp yjq nth gb vjc nb b cgj cjå cn deñn<br />

cj plf ybñ uhegg, jåüt lb yzñ obö tlb yj dth wtd. Xkt ys<br />

änbö uhegg cj åb hf ñn cz dvtc nt lkz vj kbn ds b åt ct ls.<br />

Gjc kt eétc nj xt ybz vth åt pj gfc yjc nb d rjv gf ybb<br />

≤Fq-åb-äv≥ dcktl pf nt hfr nf vb 11 cty nzå hz 2001 uj lf<br />

njkm rj xnj ghb yz nfz yf hf åj ne éty ob yf-ve cekm vfy rf<br />

© Aj nj FG/Ä hbr Hbc åthu<br />

åjz kfcm, xnj gj nt hz tn hf åj ne bp-pf jn rf pf ajnju<br />

hf ab hj dfnm cz lkz ghj gec rf åtp xfl hs. Yj<br />

ub ufyn crfz abh vf gj ikf tq yf dcnht xe, ds lfd<br />

ldf ghj gec rf: jlby, yf rj nj hjv dbl ys njkm rj<br />

tt ukf pf, jyf gj rf ps df tn dctv, dnj hjq, åtp xflhs,<br />

jyf gj rf ps df tn njkm rj éty ob yfv, rj nj hst<br />

hf åj nf ñn d jn lt kt jö hf ys.<br />

Éjh étn A. Åtyytnn, ght pb ltyn b ex ht lbntkm<br />

Wty nhf gj vté ht kb ub jp yj ve gj yb vf ybñ<br />

bv. Nf yty åfe vf, uj dj hbn: ≤D bnj ut jyb gj ke xbkb<br />

ght lfyyj uj hf åjn yb rf. Jyf yt åe ltn cnhtvbnm<br />

cz gt ht qnb yf hf åj ne d lhe ueñ abh ve,<br />

gj nj ve xnj r ytq jn ytc kbcm edf éb ntkm yj, f yt<br />

rfr r uhfé lf yb ye dnj hj uj cjh nf≥.<br />

Hfp ltk ªÈÈ Pf rj yf j uhfé lfy crbö ghf dfö<br />

1964 u. pf ght of tn lbc rhb vb yf wbñ yf hf åj xtv<br />

vtc nt yf jc yj dt hf cj djq ghb yfl kté yjc nb, wdt nf<br />

rj éb, dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz, gj kf bkb yf wbj yfkmyjc<br />

nb. Gth dj yf xfkm yj At lt hfkm yfz Rj vbccbz<br />

hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb<br />

pf zdb kf, xnj hf åj nj lf ntkm lj kéty bl nb yf dcnht xe<br />

ht kb ub jp ysv eåté lt yb zv hf åjn yb rjd, tc kb njkm rj änj<br />

yt ghb dj lbn ≤r ct hmtp ysv yt eljå cn dfv lkz åbp yt cf≥.<br />

D 1972 uj le Rjy uhtcc eétc nj xbk pf rjy, nht åez ghtlj<br />

cnfd kt ybz hf pev ysö eljå cnd, rj nj hst yt dt len r<br />

≤xhtp vth ysv nz uj nfv≥. Jl yf rj Dth öjd ysq cel CIF<br />

jc kf åbk chtl cn df pf ob ns d 1977 uj le, ds yt cz ht itybt<br />

gj lt ke ≤Nhfyc-ejhkl äh kfqyp ghj nbd Öfh lb cjyf≥,<br />

cj ukfc yj rj nj hj ve kñ åst pf nhf ns hf åj nj lf nt kz,<br />

ght ds ifñ obt vb yb vfkm yst, zd kz ñn cz xhtp vth ys vb<br />

nz uj nf vb. Ht kb ub jp yst rjy atc cbb, drkñ xfz Fl dtynbc<br />

njd ctlm vj uj lyz b jh nj ljr cfkm ysö td ht td, rj <strong>njhst</strong><br />

cnhj uj cj åkñ lf ñn ceå åj ne, uj lf vb kjå åb hj df kb<br />

dyt ct ybt bp vt yt ybq d lfy ysq pf rjy, yj bö gj gsn rb yt<br />

edty xf kbcm ec gt öjv.<br />

Ntv yt vt ytt, dct åjkm it he rj dj lb nt ktq b vt ytlét<br />

hjd jn lt kjd rfl hjd cxb nf ñn, xnj fvt hb rfy crbt<br />

hf åjn yb rb bvt ñn ghf dj bc gj dt lj dfnm cdjñ ht kb ubñ,<br />

rfr yf hf åj nt, nfr b pf tt ght ltkf vb. Änj cf vsq jcnhsq<br />

dj ghjc rfl hj djq gj kb nb rb, gj ckj dfv Ähb rf<br />

Gt nth cj yf, he rj dj lb nt kz byb wbf nb ds än yb xtc rj uj b<br />

rekm neh yj uj vyj uj jå hf pbz ghb Jå ot cn dt gj eg hfd ktybñ<br />

xt kj dt xtc rb vb ht ceh cf vb, rj nj hjt yf cxb ns df tn<br />

240 000 xkt yjd.<br />

≤Kñ lb yt cnht vzn cz r cdj åj lt lkz jå hf ot ybz<br />

rjk ktu d cdjñ dt he, – uj dj hbn Gt nth cjy, hf ytt hfåj<br />

nfd ibq vt yt lét hjv gj bpe xt ybñ än yb xtc rbö b<br />

rekm neh ysö hfp kb xbq d rjy cfk nby uj djq abh vt ≤Åep<br />

Fk kty Uf vbkm njy≥, – jyb ghj cnj öj nzn ébnm b hf åjnfnm<br />

cj ukfc yj cdj bv ht kb ub jp ysv eåté lt yb zv≥. Änj<br />

yt ghjc nfz pf lf xf, jcj åty yj lkz ntö, rnj yt bc gj dt le tn<br />

öhbc nb fy cn dj b xmb ht kb ub jp yst ghby wb gs ≤ghb ps dfñn<br />

bö jlt dfnm cz b dtc nb ct åz jght ltkty ysv cgj cj åjv,<br />

eJournal USA 28

j nj hsq yt dctu lf ghb dtn cn detn cz yf hf åj xtv vtc nt≥,<br />

– uj dj hbn jy. Ht it ybt änjq ghj åkt vs, rfr ghf db kj, yt<br />

nht åe tn åjkm ibö pf nhfn. Crj htt, yeé yj åtp ght leåtélt<br />

ybz pf lfnm ct åt dj ghjc: ≤Rfr lj cnbxm änjq wt kb, yt<br />

ghb åt ufz r nhf lb wb jy yj ve, jhb ty nb hj dfy yj ve yf öhbcnb<br />

fy, cgj cj åe?≥<br />

Pf rjy ghj nbd lbc rhb vb yf wbb yf jc yj dt dt hj bc gj dtlf<br />

ybz yf hf åj xtv vtc nt hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz yf dct fvthb<br />

rfy crbt rjv gf ybb, ult hf åj nf tn åjkm it 15 xt kj dtr.<br />

D 2008 uj le At lt hfkm yfz Rj vbc cbz hfd ysö djp vjéyjc<br />

ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb ds gec nb kf yj djt he rj djl cndj<br />

gj bc gjk yt ybñ pf rj yj lf ntkm cn df yf 94 cnhf yb wfö,<br />

d rj nj hjv ghb dj lzn cz lt czn rb rjy rhtn ysö ghb vt hjd<br />

nj uj, rfr hf åj nj lf ntkm vj étn pf åj nbnm cz j ht kb ub jpysö<br />

yeé lfö b eåté lt yb zö hf åjn yb rjd.<br />

≤Ä nj jå kfcnm, rj nj hjq dct cnf hf ñn cz bp åt ufnm,<br />

gj nj ve xnj kñ lb nfr yt kñ åzn uj dj hbnm j ht kb ubb.<br />

Nhf lb wb jy yj vs jn yj cbv cz r ht kb ubb rfr r nj ve,<br />

xnj vs jc nfd kz tv pf ght ltkf vb vtc nf hf åj ns, yj d<br />

ltqcn db ntkm yjc nb änj yt nfr≥, – uj dj hbn Åtyytnn.<br />

Jc gf hb df ybt cke xf td lbc rhb vb yf wbb<br />

C yf xf kf 1990-ö uj ljd, rju lf bv vbu hfy ns cnf hfkbcm<br />

lj åbnm cz hfc ib ht ybz rekm neh yj uj b ärj yj vb xtcrj<br />

uj vyj uj jå hf pbz d CIF, éf kj ås d At lt hfkm yeñ<br />

Rj vbc cbñ hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb<br />

gj gj dj le lbc rhb vb yf wbb gj ht kb ub jp yj ve ghb pyf re<br />

el djb kbcm lj 2880 d 2007 uj le. Lt kf j lbc rhb vb yfwbb<br />

dt heñ obö b lbc rhb vb yf wbb éty oby jc nf ñn cz<br />

yf båj ktt hfc ghj cnhf yty ys vb (jyb djp åeé lf ñn cz gj<br />

Kby lf Cfh ceh, lb htr njh ghj uhfv vs Fhf åj-fvt hb rfy crjq fc cj wbf wbb<br />

Ymñ-Qjh rf, åt ct le tn c rjk kt ujq Ve yjq Bh wb rfn. Jh uf yb pf wbz Cfh ceh<br />

ds cne gf tn d gjl lth ére 300 000 fvt hb rfy wtd fhfå crj uj ghj bc öjé ltybz,<br />

ghj éb dfñ obö d Ymñ-Qjh rt b tuj ghb uj hj lfö.<br />

ldev nht nzv dctö bc rjd, gj lfdft vsö d At lt hfkm yeñ<br />

Rj vbc cbñ hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb).<br />

Jl yf rj bö xbc kj yt ght nth gt kj åjkm ibö bp vt yt ybq<br />

pf gj cktl ytt lt cz nb kt nbt, d nj dht vz rfr éf kj ås d<br />

cdz pb c ht kb ub jp ys vb ghtl hfc cel rf vb ds hjc kb c 2,1<br />

lj 3,5 ghj wty njd jn jå ot uj xbc kf gj lfdft vsö bc rjd.<br />

Gjc kt nt hfr njd 11 cty nzå hz, At lt hfkm yfz Rj vbccbz<br />

hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb cnf kf<br />

elt kznm jcj åjt dyb vf ybt jö hf yt ve cekm vfy, fhf åjd,<br />

ds öjl wtd bp Ñé yjq Fpbb b cbr öjd jn yt ét kf ntkm ysö<br />

zd kt ybq yf hf åj xtv vtc nt.<br />

D lt kt, jl yjq bp cnj hjy rj nj hj uj ås kf rjv gf ybz gj<br />

ghj rf ne fd nj vj åb ktq ≤Fkf vj≥, ldfl wf nbl deö ktn yññ<br />

bv vbu hfy nre bp Cj vf kb Åb kfy Yeh edj kb kb d lt rfå ht<br />

2001 uj lf pf jn rfp cyznm gkf njr, rj nj heñ jyf yf ltkf<br />

dj dht vz cdz oty yj uj vt cz wf Hf vf lfy. At lt hfkm yfz<br />

Rj vbc cbz hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb<br />

djp åe lb kf ce ltå ysq bcr ghj nbd ≤Fkf vj≥ jn bvt yb Yeh.<br />

Gjx nb itcnm ktn cgec nz cel ghb czé ysö gj cnf yj dbk dsgkf<br />

nbnm éty ob yt bp At ybr cf rjv gty cf wbñ d hfp vt ht<br />

37 640 lj kkf hjd b inhfa yf cev ve 250 000 lj kkf hjd.<br />

≤Cel ghb czé ysö ghj cnj yt gj dt hbk gj rf pf yb zv cj nhelyb<br />

rjd ≤Fkf vj≥ j njv, gj xt ve Yeh edj kb kb, – pf zdb kf<br />

Cäk kb Ity kb, ukfd ysq ce ltå ysq fl dj rfn At lt hfkm yjq<br />

Rj vbc cbb hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb.<br />

≤Fkf vj≥ ds gkf nb kf 250 000 lj kkf hjd d cxtn lj ce ltåyj<br />

uj eht ue kb hj df ybz. Ys yti ybt dkf ltkm ws rjv gf ybb<br />

jn rf ps df ñn cz rjv vty nb hj dfnm äne cb nef wbñ.<br />

Hfp yj ukf cbz d jn yj it ybb nhe åj er kfl xb rf c vyj ujktn<br />

ybv cnf étv Rkä hty cf Nj vf cf, rj nj hj ve ghb rf pf kb<br />

hf åj nfnm gj en hfv d dj crht ct ymt yf yta ntgt ht hf åf nsdfñ<br />

otv pf dj lt ≤Rj yj rj Ab kbgc≥ d Kby lt yt, infn<br />

Ymñ-Léth cb, tot yt lj ikb lj hfp åb hf ntkm cn df d<br />

ce lt. Nj vfc uj dj hbn, xnj cyf xf kf tve ås kj crfpf<br />

yj, xnj jy vj étn bc gjkm pj dfnm jn gec ryst lyb,<br />

xnj ås yt hf åj nfnm d änb xf cs, yj gj njv b d änjq<br />

ec neg rt tve jn rf pf kb. Åbkk Uhäv, ghtl cnf db ntkm<br />

yta nz yjq rjv gf ybb d ömñc njy crjq infå-rdfh nb ht,<br />

pf zdbk: ≤Vs hfc cvfn hb df tv vyj uj jå hf pbt hf åjnyb<br />

rjd rfr ju hjv yjt lj cnb ét ybt, rjv gf ybz pf ghtof<br />

tn kñ åeñ lbc rhb vb yf wbñ bkb ght ckt lj df ybz≥.<br />

Jy jn vt nbk, xnj xkt ys ghja cjñ pjd, nf rbt, rfr<br />

Nj vfc, bvt ñn ghf dj gj lfnm éf kj åe d vtcn yst celtå<br />

yst jh uf ys, f nfr ét ≤vj uen gj pdj ybnm yf uj hzxeñ<br />

kb ybñ ≤Rj yj rj Ab kbgc≥, rj nj hfz pf yb vf tn cz<br />

dj ghj cf vb änb rb≥.<br />

Hfp yj ukf cbz vté le hf åjn yb rf vb vté le yfhjlyj<br />

uj fä hjgjh nf uj hj ljd Vby ytf gj kbc b Ctyn-Gjk,<br />

Hj åthn Yb rtkmc åthu/Aj nj Utn nb<br />

jl yj uj bp cf vsö pf uhe éty ysö d vb ht, b ve cekmvfy<br />

crb vb dj lb nt kz vb nfr cb bp Cj vf kb lj cbö gjh<br />

yt eht ue kb hj df ys. Åj ktt 4800 gfc cf éb hfv ås kj<br />

jn rf pf yj d jå cke éb df ybb d gt hb jl c 2002 gj 2007<br />

ujl dj lb nt kz vb, rj nj hst db lt kb, xnj d åf uf ét<br />

eJournal USA 29

gfc cf éb hjd tcnm fk rj ujkm yst yf gbn rb. Cyf xf kf dj lbnt<br />

ktq, rj nj hst jn rf ps df kbcm åhfnm nf rbö gfc cf éb hjd,<br />

jn cs kf kb d rj ytw jxt ht lb, yj, yf xb yfz c vfz 2007<br />

uj lf, e ybö cnf kb bps vfnm ghf df yf chjr lj 30 lytq pf<br />

gth djt yf he it ybt b yf ldf uj lf pf dnj hjq jn rfp d ghtlj<br />

cnfd kt ybb jå cke éb df ybz.<br />

Nfr cbc ns, bc gj dt leñ obt bc kfv, hf åj nf ñn dj vyjubö<br />

fvt hb rfy crbö fä hjgjh nfö, yj gj rf änf ghj åkt vf<br />

djp ybr kf njkm rj d Vby ytf gj kb ct b Ctyn-Gj kt. ≤Yt<br />

pyfñ, gj xt ve änj uj yt ghj bc öj lbn d lhe ubö fä hjgjhnfö≥,<br />

– uj dj hbn Gfn hbr Öj ufy, lb htr njh gj cdz pzv c<br />

jå ot cn dty yjcnm d Rj vb nt nt fä hjgjh nf uj hj ljd-åkbp ytwjd.<br />

≤Vyt rf étn cz, xnj änj cdz pf yj c ntv, rfr xfcnm<br />

plti yt uj yf ct kt ybz by nth ght nb he tn Rj hfy≥. Jå ot cn dj<br />

fvt hb rfy crbö ve cekm vfy d Vby yt cj nt yt jn dt xf tn yf<br />

pdjy rb, xnj ås ghj rjv vty nb hj dfnm cb nef wbñ.<br />

Jp yf xf tn kb edt kb xt ybt ltk, hfc cvfn hb dft vsö<br />

At lt hfkm yjq Rj vbc cb tq hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d<br />

cat ht pf yz njc nb, xnj cj cnjz ybt ltk eöel if tn cz?<br />

≤Nhel yj crf pfnm≥, – uj dj hbn Lb fy yf Léjy cnjy,<br />

gj vjo ybr fl dj rf nf d At lt hfkm yjq Rj vbc cbb hfdysö<br />

djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb. ≤Pf gj cktl ybt<br />

20–30 ktn ghj bpj itk pyf xb ntkm ysq dcgktcr ht kb ub jpyj<br />

uj vyj uj jå hf pbz yf hf åj xbö vtc nfö d CIF. D änjv<br />

rhj tn cz xfcnm jn dt nf yf gj cnfd kty ysq dj ghjc. Rhj vt<br />

nj uj, ct ujl yz kñ lb åj ktt jn rhs nj ds hf éf ñn cdjb<br />

ht kb ub jp yst eåté lt ybz, rfr yf hf åj xbö vtc nfö, nfr b<br />

d jå ot cn dt d wt kjv. Änj byju lf cnf yj dbn cz ghb xb yjq<br />

yt gj yb vf ybz≥.<br />

Pf rjy jö hf yz tn yt njkm rj jc yjd yst ht kb ubb vb hf.<br />

≤Jy hfc ghj cnhf yz tn cz yf kñ åst vj hfkm yst bkb änbxtc<br />

rbt eåté lt ybz j ghf dbkm yjv b yt ghf dbkm yjv, d<br />

rj nj hst kñ lb bc rhty yt dt hzn≥, – uj dj hbn Léjy cnjy.<br />

Jy d hfd yjq cnt gt yb pf ob of tn ghf df b ntö, rnj yt<br />

ghb lth éb df tn cz yb rf rbö ht kb ub jp ysö eåté lt ybq.<br />

Hf åjn yb rb ccs kf ñn cz yf Hfp ltk ªÈÈ Pf rj yf j uhfélfy<br />

crbö ghf dfö d vyj uj xbc kty ysö cgj hfö d cdz pb c<br />

uhf ab rjv hf åj ns bkb d jn yj it ybb nj uj, vj uen kb jyb<br />

yj cbnm yf uj kj dt th vjk rb bkb re ab dj dht vz vj kbnds.<br />

Yf ghb vth, d Ltn hjq nt At lt hfkm yfz Rj vbc cbz hfdysö<br />

djp vjé yjc ntq d cat ht pf yz njc nb ce lbn cz c “HCR<br />

Manor Care”, rheg yjq ct nmñ lj vjd ght cnf ht ksö, bp-pf<br />

edjkm yt ybz cb ltk rb, rj nj hfz yj cb kf gjl jlté ljq rbhgfy.<br />

Rbh gfy – änj pf xtö kty ysq rby éfk lkb yjq d nhb<br />

lñq vf c ghb neg kty ysv ktp db tv, rj nj hsq cxb nf tn cz<br />

jl ybv bp cdz oty ysö cbv dj kjd ht kb ubb cbr öjd.<br />

Vyj ubt ht kb ubb ghb ps df ñn dt heñ obö jå hf ofnm<br />

lhe ubö d cdjñ dt he, b yt rj nj hst uheg gs uj dj hzn, xnj<br />

Hfp ltk ªÈÈ lf tn bö gj cktl jdf nt kzv ghf dj hfc crf ps dfnm<br />

j cdj tq ht kb ubb d eujk rt c dj ljq d jab ct b by nt ht cjdfnm<br />

cz ht kb ub jp ys vb eåté lt ybz vb rjk ktu. Yj tc kb<br />

rjk kt uf ghj cbn bö jc nf yj dbnm cz, jyb jåz pf ys gjl xbybnm<br />

cz, cj ukfc yj Léby Ujkml åthu, cnfh it ve fl dj rfne<br />

bp At lt hfkm yjq Rj vbc cbb hfd ysö djp vjé yjc ntq d<br />

cat ht pf yz njc nb. ≤E hf åj nj lf nt kz tcnm ldt jåz pfy yjcnb:<br />

bl nb yf dcnht xe djp vjé yjc nb ds hf éfnm ht kb ub jpyst<br />

eåté lt ybz d hf pev ysö ght ltkfö b yt lj gec rfnm<br />

ghb ntc yt ybz hf åjn yb rjd yf ht kb ub jp yjq gj xdt≥.<br />

Änj pf rjy cghf dtl kbd rfr d jn yj it ybb hf åj nj lf ntktq,<br />

nfr b d jn yj it ybb ce ljd.<br />

D ht it ybb gj lt ke ≤Gt nth cjy ghj nbd rjh gj hf wbb<br />

Ömñ ktn-Gfr rfhl≥ lt dz nsq jr heé yjq fgtk kz wb jy ysq<br />

cel d 2004 uj le jc nf dbk d cb kt ht it ybt jå edjkm ytybb<br />

Hb xfh lf Gt nth cj yf, rj nj hsq ghj ntc nj dfk ghj nbd<br />

hfp vt ot ybz gkf rf njd d gjl lth ére än yb xtc rbö b rekmneh<br />

ysö hfp kb xbq, rj nj hst abh vf Ömñ ktn-Gfr rfhl<br />

hfp vtc nb kf d tuj rf åb yt nt d Åjq ct, inf nt Fq lf öj.<br />

Gt nth cjy, uke åj rj dt heñ obq öhbc nbf yby, yf xfk hfpdt<br />

ib dfnm e cdjt uj hf åj xt uj vtc nf cnb öb bp Åbå kbb,<br />

jceé lfñ obt uj vj ctr cef kbpv. Jy gj yb vfk, xnj änb<br />

bp ht xt ybz vju kb jc rjh åbnm jr he éfñ obö. Fgtk kz wb jyysq<br />

cel gj cnf yj dbk, xnj rjv gf ybz ≤Ömñ ktn-Gfr rfhl≥<br />

bvt kf ≤ghf dj cgj cjå cn dj dfnm än yb xtc rbv b rekm nehysv<br />

hfp kb xb zv b gj jo hznm nth gb vjcnm b lj åheñ<br />

dj kñ d hf åj xtv rjk ktr nb dt≥.<br />

Yj d njv ét uj le at lt hfkm ysq ce lmz d Lty dtht<br />

ds ytc ht it ybt j ghb ceé lt ybb 146 000 lj kkf hjd<br />

åsd it ve cj nhel yb re rjv gf ybb “AT&T”, edj kty yj ve<br />

pf jn rfp gjl gb cfnm ghf db kf rjv gf ybb d jn yj it ybb<br />

än yb xtc rbö b rekm neh ysö hfp kb xbq, e rj nj hsö uj djhbn<br />

cz j yt jå öj lb vjc nb ≤edf éfnm b wt ybnm hfp kb xbz<br />

vté le kñlm vb.≥ Ce lmz pf zdbk, xnj rjv gf ybz lj kéyf<br />

ås kf yfq nb cgj cjå gjq nb yf dcnht xe Fkm åth ne Åej yfyyj,<br />

rj nj hsq pf zdbk, xnj rfr öhbc nbf yby jy kñ åbn dctö<br />

kñ ltq, yj yt ≤wt ybn≥ uj vj ctr cef kbpv.<br />

Ähbr Gt nth cjy, he rj dj lb nt kz byb wbf nb ds än yb xtcrj<br />

uj b rekm neh yj uj vyj uj jå hf pbz ghb Jå ot cn dt gj<br />

eg hfd kt ybñ xt kj dt xtc rb vb ht ceh cf vb, uj dj hbn, xnj<br />

jc yjd yjq dj ghjc lkz vt yt lét hjd gj rfl hj djq gj kbnb<br />

rt pf rkñ xf tn cz d njv, rfr jåtc gt xbnm dté kb djt<br />

gj dt lt ybt yf hf åj xbö vtc nfö, ult hf åj nfñ obt vj uen<br />

ghb lth éb dfnm cz ghz vj ghj nb dj gj kjé ysö dpukz ljd gj<br />

dj ghj cfv ht kb ubb b jå hf pf ébp yb.<br />

≤Jh uf yb pf wbb lj kéys gj yb vfnm, xnj vjé yj edféb<br />

ntkm yj jn yj cbnm cz r kñ lzv yt pf db cb vj jn bö dt hjbc<br />

gj dt lf ybz b jhb ty nf wbb b gj pdj kznm jåt bv uheg gfv<br />

cj ce ot cn dj dfnm≥, – uj dj hbn Gt nth cjy. ≤J yb yt lj kéys<br />

åsnm kex ib vb lhe pmz vb. Ytn yt jå öj lb vjc nb ghb ukfifnm<br />

rjk kt ue b tuj gfh nyt hf r ct åt yf jåtl d dj crhtct<br />

ymt gjc kt wth rjd yjq ckeé ås. Yj yeé yj yf exbnm cz<br />

hf åj nfnm c yb vb, yt yf he ifz uhf yb ws ghb kb xbz b yt<br />

lt kfz gj gs njr bö bpj kz wbb – ghb xtv änj rf cf tn cz b<br />

ntö, b lhe ubö≥. n<br />

Vyt­ybz, ds­hf­éty­yst d cnf­nmt, yt jn­hf­éf­ñn dpukz­ls b gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt<br />

ghby­wb­gs ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df CIF.<br />

eJournal USA 30

Vté ht kb ub jp yjt ldb ét ybt<br />

Uec nfd Yb åeh<br />

© AP Ima ges/Ybr En<br />

D Kjc-Fylét kt ct vtcn yst éb nt kb rkf yz ñn cz gjc kt nj uj, rfr nfq crbt åel lbq crbt vj yf öb ghb yz kb jn ybö gb oe.<br />

Vj yf öb bp ≤Dfn-Nfq Kjc-Fylét ktc≥, cf vj uj rheg yj uj öhf vf nfq crj uj åel lbp vf d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö,<br />

tét yt ltkm yj ghj öj lzn gj tuj jr htc nyjc nzv, cj åb hfz gj éth ndj df ybz.<br />

Yf ghj­nz­ét­ybb åj­ktt cnf ktn yt­rj­nj­hst uheg­gs<br />

fvt­hb­rfy­wtd lt­kf­kb gj­gsn­rb yf­kf­éb­df­ybz rjy­nfr­njd<br />

c lhe­ub­vb ht­kb­ub­jp­ys­vb uheg­gf­vb, yf­ltzcm lj­cnbxm<br />

kex­it­uj dpf­bvj­gj­yb­vf­ybz b cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­df vté­le<br />

jå­ob­yf­vb.<br />

Uec­nfd Yb­åeh – fd­njh ryb­ub ≤Pf ght­ltkf­vb nj­kthfy­nyjc­nb:<br />

gj­bc­rb vté­rjy­atc­cbj­yfkm­yj­uj dpf­bvj­gjyb­vf­ybz<br />

d Fvt­hb­rt≥. Jy nfr­ét zd­kz­tn­cz lj­wty­njv<br />

rf­atl­hs ht­kb­ubj­dt­lt­ybz Cb­hf­rmñc­crj­uj eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf<br />

d inf­nt Ymñ-Qjhr.<br />

Tot d 1991 uj le hfd dby cb yf uj ub d ymñ-qjhr crjv<br />

ghtl vtc nmt yf Kjyu-Fq kty lt pf lfk yt jéb lfyysq<br />

dj ghjc jl yj ve bp tt cdtn crbö kb lt hjd:<br />

≤Yt ce ot cn detn kb d jr htc nyjc nzö uheg gf ve cekm vfy,<br />

rj nj hst öj nt kb ås gj pyf rj vbnm cz c xkt yf vb cb yf ujub,<br />

xnj ås cj dvtcn yj jå htc nb yt rbt pyf ybz, yt ju <strong>hfyb</strong><br />

xb df zcm hfv rf vb jl yjq ht kb ubb?≥ Hfd db ye Lét hjve<br />

Lä dbl cj ye, le öjd yj ve kb lt he cb yf uj ub Åtn-Äkm,<br />

hfc gj kj éty yjq d jr he ut Yf ccfe inf nf Ymñ-Qjhr, änf<br />

bltz yt rf pf kfcm cj dth ity yj yj djq. D nt xt ybt vyj ubö<br />

ktn jy jn dt xfk pf ghb ukf it ybt ds lfñ obö cz kñ ltq,<br />

rj nj hst yt ghb yfl kt éf kb r be ltq crjq dt ht – ghj ntcnfy<br />

njd, rf nj kb rjd, byju lf fvt hb rfy crbö ve cekm vfy –<br />

lkz ds cneg kt ybq d cdj tq dct fvt hb rfy crjq jh uf yb pf wbb<br />

hfd db yjd. Jl yf rj yb xt uj gj ljåyj uj, gj tuj ckj dfv,<br />

tot yt ghtl ghb yb vf kj cm yf vtc nfö. ≤Rf pf kjcm dféysv<br />

gj gs nfnm cz nf rjt clt kfnm≥.<br />

Ds gjk yt ybt änjq pf lf xb pf yz kj jght ltkty yjt<br />

dhtvz, yj eét xt htp ujl yt rj nj hst dkbz ntkm yst<br />

xktys Åtn-Äkm cj ukf cb kbcm dcne gbnm d lbf kju cj<br />

cdjb vb gfh nyt hf vb bp ≤Bc kfv crj uj jå ot cn df Kjyu-<br />

eJournal USA 31

Aj nj: Fhjy Kbö njd/ Td htq crfz irj kf bv. Äq vj cf b Cb kbb Öfq kb rth<br />

d u. Vby ytf gj kbc<br />

cnj kj djq lkz yeé lfñ obö cz bkb ghj uhfvvs<br />

gj ds it ybz ltn crjq uhf vjn yjc nb. Jl yj<br />

bp bc ckt lj df ybq, ghj dt lty yjt Öfh najhlcrbv<br />

by cnb ne njv ht kb ubj dt lt ybz d inf nt<br />

Rjy ytr nb ren, gj rf pf kj, xnj cht lb bpe xtyysö<br />

bv ht kb ub jp ysö jå oby – öhbc nb fycrbö,<br />

be ltq crbö, ve cekm vfy crbö b lhe ubö<br />

– jåütv cj dvtcn ysö jå ot cn dty yj-gj ktp ysö<br />

yf xb yf ybq ds hjc pf gt hb jl vté le 2000 b<br />

2005 uj lf vb åj ktt xtv d xt ns ht hf pf b<br />

cnfk jö df ns dfnm 38 ghj wty njd jn jå ot uj<br />

xbc kf ghb öj ljd.<br />

Cnhf yf dt heñ obö<br />

Irjkm yb rb – be ltb b ve cekm vf yt – bp uj hj ljd-ldjq yb rjd Vby ytf gj kbc b<br />

Ctyn-Gjk d inf nt Vby yt cj nf exf cn deñn d jå vt yt vyt ybz vb, ghj öj lz otv d<br />

hfv rfö vté rjy atc cbj yfkm yjq ghj uhfv vs, ab yfy cb het vjq ht ubj yfkm ysv<br />

Cj dt njv wth rdtq Ctyn-Gj kf.<br />

Fq kty lf≥, jå hf pj dfy yj uj ghb yf öj lz otq cz d yt crjkmrbö<br />

rb kj vtn hfö vt xt nb. Jyb yf xf kb c vf kj uj, jå vtyb<br />

df zcm by ajh vf wb tq j njv, rfr ghb dth éty ws rfé ljq<br />

bp änbö rjy atc cbq jn vt xf ñn dfé yst cj ås nbz d ébp yb<br />

(hjé lt ybt ht åty rf, ghfp lyj df ybt cdflm ås). Pf ntv<br />

exfcn yb rb lbf kj uf gt ht ikb r jå ceé lt ybñ åj ujc kjdcrbö<br />

ghby wb gjd, bp kj éty ysö d cdz oty ysö ntr cnfö.<br />

Rju lf jyb gj ­yfc njz ot ve ep yf kb lheu lhe uf, be ltb b<br />

ve cekm vf yt cnf kb chfd yb dfnm cdjb gj pb wbb d jn yj itybb<br />

Åkbé yt uj Dj cnj rf – jå ceé lf kb ≤njy rbt dt ob≥,<br />

cj ukfc yj jgb cf ybñ Lä dbl cj yf. R nj ve dht vt yb, rju lf<br />

z by nth dmñb hj dfk tuj, uj nj dz ryb ue j vté ht kb ub jpysö<br />

dpf bvj jn yj it yb zö, änjn lbf kju ghj ljk éfk cz gznyfl<br />

wf nsq ujl. ≤Ghb yj cbn kb änjn lbf kju gt ht vt ys r<br />

kex it ve?≥, – cghj cbk Af her Öfy, dhfx, rj nj hsq åsk<br />

he rj dj lb nt ktv ghb öj lf vt xt nb. ≤Yt d vb hj djv vfcinf<br />

åt≥, – crf pfk jy, yj lj åf dbk: ≤Tc kb z d cb kfö gjvjxm<br />

ldev jå ob yfv kex it gj yb vfnm lheu lhe uf, lkz<br />

vt yz änj eét zd kz tn cz pyf xb ntkm ysv lj cnb ét yb tv≥.<br />

Tc kb änf bc nj hbz rf étn cz yt jåsx yjq, nj njkm rj<br />

gj nj ve, xnj nf rbt yt jéb lfy yst rjy nfr ns htl rj gj gflf<br />

ñn yf gth dst gj kj cs uf ptn, rj nj hst jåsx yj jn djlzn<br />

cz lkz cnf ntq j rjy akbr nfö, f yt j cj nhel yb xt cn dt<br />

vté le rjy atc cbj yfkm ys vb uheg gf vb. Jl yf rj dcnht xb<br />

yf Kjyu-Fq kty lt dgb cs df ñn cz d jå oeñ nty lty wbñ,<br />

yf vt nbd ieñ cz d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö. Yt cvjn hz yf<br />

nj, xnj d ds gec rfö yj djc ntq rjy atc cbj yfkm yst hfp kbxbz<br />

xfc nj fc cj wbb he ñn cz c yf ghz éty yjq jå cnf yjd rjq<br />

b yf cb kb tv, vté rjy atc cbj yfkm yjt cj nhel yb xt cn dj<br />

d Fvt hb rt ghj ljk éf tn hfc nb. Änj ldb ét ybt jåsx yj<br />

ghb yb vf tn ajh ve ht ue kzh ysö dcnhtx vté le xkt yf vb<br />

hfp kbx ysö ht kb ub jp ysö jå oby lkz jab wb fkm yj uj lbfkj<br />

uf bkb cj dvtcn yjq hf åj ns yfl jå ot cn dty yj-gj ktpys<br />

vb ghj tr nf vb – nf rb vb rfr jh uf yb pf wbz åtc gkfn yjq<br />

Ldf afr nf gj vj uf ñn jåüzc ybnm gj zd ktybt<br />

änjq nty lty wbb. Dj ­gth dsö, b ght élt<br />

dct uj, Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns – ht kb ub jp yfz<br />

cnhf yf, cj ukfc yj ht pekm nf nfv yf wbj yfkmysö<br />

jg hj cjd jå ot cn dty yj uj vyt ybz. Fvt hb rfy ws ds cjrj<br />

wt yzn jc yjd yst ht kb ub jp yst wty yjc nb b jås xfb,<br />

xnj zd kz tn cz jn kb xb ntkm yjq xth njq ébp yb cnhf ys –<br />

d ghji kjv b d yf cnjz otv. D bñ yt 2008 uj lf Aj hev<br />

ht kb ub jp yjq b jå ot cn dty yjq ébp yb bv. Gmñ jgeåkb<br />

rj dfk ht pekm nf ns vfc infå yst jg hj cf, d rj nj hjv<br />

ghb yz kj exfc nbt åj ktt 35000 xt kj dtr. Gj lfy ysv<br />

jg hj cf, 92 ghj wty nf fvt hb rfy wtd gjl ndth lb kb, xnj<br />

dt hzn d åj uf, f 75 ghj wty njd pf zdb kb, xnj vj kzn cz, gj<br />

vtym itq vt ht, tét yt ltkm yj, ghb änjv vyj ubt bp ybö<br />

– tétl ytd yj. Änb ht pekm nf ns cj jn dtn cn djdf kb ht pekmnf<br />

nfv ght lsle obö jgeå kb rj dfy ysö jg hj cjd, d rj njhsö<br />

åj ktt xtv ctvm bp rfé lsö lt cz nb fvt hb rfy wtd<br />

cxb nf kb, xnj ht kb ubz ≤dfé yf≥ kb åj ≤j xtym dfé yf≥ d<br />

bö ébp yb. Ib hj rj hfc ghj cnhf yty yjt vyt ybt j njv, xnj<br />

dt hf ghtl cnfd kz tn cj åjq åjkm ieñ le öjd yeñ wty yjcnm,<br />

vjé yj ghj ckt lbnm d lf kt rjv ghji kjv Fvt hb rb. D<br />

1796 uj le ght pb ltyn Léjhlé Df iby unjy pf zdbk d cdjtv<br />

Ghj ofkm yjv jå hf ot ybb, xnj uhfé lf yt htc geå kb rb<br />

yt cvj uen jce ot cn dkznm cf vj eg hfd kt ybt b gjk yj wty yj<br />

gjkm pj dfnm cz cdjb vb cdj åj lf vb, yt jå kf lfz xed cn djv<br />

cj åcn dty yj uj lj cnj by cn df. F uhfé lfy crjt lj cnj by cn dj,<br />

gj ckj dfv Df iby unj yf, jc yj df yj yf ht kb ubb b vj hf kb.<br />

(Öf hfr nth yj, xnj jy yt rjy rht nb pb hj dfk, rf rjq bvty yj<br />

ht kb ubb).<br />

Dj ­dnj hsö, nty lty wbz vté rjy atc cbj yfkm yj uj cjnhel<br />

yb xt cn df cdz pf yf c lt vjr hf nb xtc rb vb bp vt yt ybzvb,<br />

ghj bpj itl ib vb d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö, yf xb yfz<br />

c gj cktl ybö lt cz nb kt nbq 20-uj dt rf. D jr nzå ht 1965<br />

uj lf, gjc kt yt crjkm rbö yt ltkm lt åf njd d Rjy uhtc ct,<br />

ght pb ltyn Kby ljy Léjy cjy gjl gb cfk pf rj yj lf ntkm ysq<br />

frn, ghj djp ukf cbd ibq hf lb rfkm yeñ ht ajh ve bv vbuhf<br />

wb jy ysö pf rj yjd. Änjn yj dsq pf rjy jn rhsk ldt hb<br />

yj dsv bv vbu hfy nfv bp Fpbb, Fa hb rb b Kf nby crjq<br />

eJournal USA 32

Fvt hb rb – ghb nj re, rj nj hsq gj hj lbk vyj uj jå hf pbt<br />

ht kb ub jp yj uj kfy lifa nf cnhf ys. D xbc kt yj dsö fvthb<br />

rfy wtd jrf pf kbcm yt njkm rj öhbc nbf yt bkb be ltb,<br />

ghb cen cn dbt rj nj hsö yf änjv rjy nb yty nt dj cöj lbn<br />

rjh yz vb gj vtym itq vt ht r 17-j ve dt re, yj nfr ét<br />

jå ob ys åel lbc njd, by le bc njd, léfq yjd, ve cekm vfy,<br />

cbr öjd, pj hj fc nhbq wtd b lhe ubö.<br />

Yf ghfr nb xtc rjv ehjd yt änf bv vbu hf wbz jp yf xf kf,<br />

xnj d åjkm ibö uj hj lfö b bö ghtl vtc nmzö öhbc nbf yt,<br />

be ltb, ve cekm vf yt, by le bc ns b åel lbc ns jrf ps df ñncz<br />

d yt gjc htl cn dty yjv dpf bv yjv rjy nfr nt yf hf åj xbö<br />

vtc nfö, d eyb dth cb ntn crbö uj hjl rfö b éb ksö hf qj yfö.<br />

Hfc ntn xbc kj kñ ltq, rj nj hst öj nzn cåkb pbnm änb hfpyj<br />

jå hfp yst uheg gs. Båe Gf ntkm, hj lbd ibq cz d By lbb<br />

ve cekm vf yby, xmz ct vmz bv vbu hb hj df kf yf Chtl ybq<br />

Pf gfl CIF d 1970-t uj ls, öj xtn gj vjxm hfp he it ybñ<br />

cnt htj nb gjd ge ntv åt ctl b vt hjg hbz nbq, ghb ghj dt ltybb<br />

rj nj hsö nf rbt uheg gs vju kb ås jå ofnm cz lheu<br />

c lhe ujv. Pf rjy xbd rjk ktlé d inf nt Bk kb yjqc b<br />

vf ub cnhf ne he d Jr cajh lt, Gf ntkm jc yj dfk ≤Vté htkb<br />

ub jp ysq vj kj lté ysq wtynh≥ cj infå-rdfh nb hjq d<br />

Xb rf uj. Änf jh uf yb pf wbz hf åj nf tn ght bve ot cn dty yj yf<br />

nth hb nj hb zö rjk kt létq, ghb yb vfz cne lty njd, bc gjdt<br />

leñ obö hfp yst ht kb ubb, rj nj hst öj nzn jå ceé lfnm<br />

jc yj dj gj kf ufñ obt ht kb ub jp yst dpukz ls b eåté lt ybz<br />

b dvtc nt ds gjk yznm lj åhjdjkm xtc reñ hf åj ne gj nf rbv<br />

ghj tr nfv, rfr ht vjyn éb kmz lkz yt bve obö bkb eåjhrf<br />

uj hjl crbö gfh rjd. Gf ntkm, nt gthm eét ut yt hfkm ysq<br />

lb htr njh jh uf yb pf wbb, uj dj hbn, xnj tuj pf vs ctk pfrkñ<br />

xf tn cz yt d njv, xnj ås jå hf nbnm rj uj-kb åj d lheueñ<br />

dt he, yj crj htt – er ht gbnm ht kb ub jp yeñ blty nbxyjcnm<br />

cne lty njd, jl yj dht vty yj gj pdj kzz bv jn rhsnm<br />

lkz ct åz vj hfkm yst nhf lb wbb, zd kzñ obt cz jå ob vb<br />

lkz dctö ht kb ubq.<br />

Bc nj hbz vté rjy atc cbj yfkm yj uj ldb ét ybz<br />

Jc yj dj gj kf ufñ ofz bltz cj lth éf ntkm yj uj lbf kj uf<br />

vté le ht kb ub jp ys vb vtym iby cn df vb uj hj lf Xb rf uj<br />

dj cöj lbn r jl yj ve bc nj hb xtc rj ve cj ås nbñ, ghjbpj<br />

itl it ve 11 cty nzå hz 1893 uj lf. D änjn ltym, dj<br />

dht vz ghj dt lt ybz Dct vbh yjq zh vfh rb d Xb rf uj, ås kf<br />

cj pdf yf jcj åfz rjy at hty wbz. Änj cj åhf ybt gjl yf pdfyb<br />

tv ≤Dct vbh ysq gfh kf vtyn ht kb ubq≥ ås kj cj pdf yj<br />

vtcn ys vb ghj ntc nfy nf vb, ghb ukf cbd ib vb d Xb rf uj<br />

ghtl cnf db nt ktq lt cz nb hfp kbx ysö rjy atc cbj yfkmysö<br />

uhegg bp hfp ysö cnhfy ds cne gbnm yf nt ve cdj bö<br />

rjy rhtn ysö ht kb ub jp ysö djp pht ybq b jås xf td. Änj<br />

cj ås nbt, ghj öj lbd itt d nt xt ybt ghb åkb pb ntkm yj ldeö<br />

yt ltkm, ght dhf nb kjcm d cty cf wb jy ysq jå ot ljc negysq<br />

rehc ktr wbq gj chfd yb ntkm yj ve ht kb ubj dt lt ybñ.<br />

Yf ytv ghb cen cn djdf kb ns cz xb kñ ltq, d njv xbc kt<br />

b uf ptn yst htgjh nt hs, hfc ghj cnhf yzd ibt crf pfy yjt<br />

yf pf ct lf yb zö gj dctq cnhf yt. Jxtym pyf xb ntkm ysv,<br />

d xfc nyjc nb, jrf pf kjcm nj, c rf rbv dyb vf yb tv ås kb<br />

dj cghb yz ns ktr nj hs, rj nj hst bc gj dt le ñn yt öhbc nbfy<br />

crbt ht kb ubb, jcj åty yj ldjt – by le bcncrbq exb ntkm,<br />

rj nj hj uj pdf kb Cdf vb Db dt rf yfy lf, b åel lbq crbq<br />

vj yfö Fyf uf hb rf Löfh vf gf kf. Rfé lsq bp ybö ghtlcnfd<br />

kzk ht kb ubñ, j rj nj hjq fvt hb rfy ws rhfq yt pyf kb<br />

vf kj bkb rj nj heñ gkj öj gj yb vf kb. Jåf ktr nj hf<br />

ghj bp dt kb dgt xfn kt ybt yf vyj uj xbc kty ysö cke if ntktq<br />

b yf xb nf nt ktq uf ptn, dyb vf ntkm yj ckt lbd ibö pf<br />

ht ue kzh ys vb jn xt nf vb htgjh nt hjd. Rfé lsq bp änbö<br />

ñé yjf pb fn crbö ht kb ub jp ysö ltz nt ktq ghb ps dfk r<br />

lbf kj ue b dpf bv yj ve edf ét ybñ vté le ht kb ubz vb<br />

vb hf. Db dt rf yfy lf, ds cne gfz d gth dsq ltym ghj dtlt<br />

ybz Gfh kf vty nf, ghj djp ukf cbk, xnj pdj ybd ibq yf<br />

pf ct lf ybb jn rhs nbz rj kj rjk pde xfk rfr ≤gj öj hjy ysq<br />

pdjy gj af yf nbp ve≥. Vs pyf tv, hf pe vt tn cz, xnj jy<br />

ds hf pbk yf ltéle, rj nj hfz yt ås kf htf kb pj df yf lf ét<br />

xt htp cnj ktn, yj lkz yt rj nj hsö tuj ckj df cj öhf yz ñn<br />

cdjñ dljö yjd kzñ oeñ cb ke.<br />

Gfh kf vtyn pf rhsk cz, yt jc nf dbd ght tv yb rf, rj njhsq<br />

ås hfp dbk tuj bltb. Ib hj rbq by nt htc r nf rj ve<br />

lbf kj ue yf lt kt yf xfk hfp db dfnm cz d Cj tlb yty ysö<br />

Inf nfö b d Dt kb rj åhb nf ybb njkm rj c ct ht lb ys 1990-ö<br />

uj ljd. D 1993 ét uj le ghfp lyj df ybt cnj kt nbz Gfhkf<br />

vty nf ghb dktr kj d Xb rf uj ns cz xb kñ ltq – änj uj<br />

ås kj lj cnf njx yj, xnj ås ghb dtc nb r cj plf ybñ gj cnjzy<br />

yj ltqcn deñ otq jh uf yb pf wbb, rj nj hfz pf yb vf tn cz<br />

jh uf yb pf wb tq vté le yf hjl ysö cj åhf ybq gj ljåyj uj<br />

hj lf. Rj vb ntn gj ghj dt lt ybñ Gfh kf vty njd dct vbh ysö<br />

ht kb ubq (RGDH) jh uf yb pj dfk dcnht xb d 1999 uj le d<br />

Rtq gnfe yt, Ñé yfz Fa hb rf, b d 2004 uj le – d Åfh ctkj<br />

yt, Bc gf ybz. Ckt leñ ofz dcnht xf cj cnjbn cz d 2009<br />

uj le d Fd cnhf kbb.<br />

Lkz vyj ubö fvt hb rfy wtd dfé yfz hf åj nf d jå kfc nb<br />

vté ht kb ub jp ysö dpf bvj jn yj it ybq jce ot cn dkz tn cz yf<br />

vtc nfö, rfr d ghb dt lty yjv ghb vt ht dcnhtx yf Kjyu-<br />

Fq kty lt. Vyj ujt cke xb kjcm chf pe gjc kt 11 cty nzå hz<br />

2001 uj lf – lf ns nth hj hbc nb xtc rbö fnfr yf uj hj lf<br />

Ymñ-Qjhr b Df iby unjy, jr heu Rj kev åbz. Yt cvjn hz<br />

yf nj, xnj hfp he it ybz, yf yt cty yst d njn ltym, rjt-ult<br />

edt kb xb kb yf ghz éty yjcnm d jn yj it yb zö vté le ghbdth<br />

éty wf vb öhbc nb fy crbö rjy atc cbq b ve cekm vf yf vb,<br />

nf rfz ht fr wbz ås kf lf kt rj yt dct jå otq. Chf pe gjc kt<br />

nt hfr njd 11 cty nzå hz 2001 uj lf öhbc nbf yt b be ltb<br />

dj vyj ubö uj hj lfö – yf ghb vth, d Cb än kt, Lty dt ht b<br />

Df iby unj yt, jr heu Rj kev åbz – cj åhf kbcm lkz nj uj,<br />

xnj ås cj jå of pf ob nbnm vt xt nb jn fr njd dfy lf kbp vf<br />

b gjl lth éfnm cdj bö ve cekm vfy crbö cj ct ltq b rjk ktu.<br />

D åj ktt lkb ntkm yjq gth cgtr nb dt änb fnf rb ghb dt kb r<br />

fr nbd yj ve lbf kj ue vté le hfp kbx ys vb ht kb ub jp ysvb<br />

jå ob yf vb. Ltqcn dez gj cj åcn dty yjq byb wbf nb dt,<br />

vyj ubt fvt hb rfy crbt ve cekm vf yt jh uf yb pj df kb lyb<br />

eJournal USA 33

jn rhs nsö ldt htq – ≤lyb jn rhs nsö vt xt ntq≥, – xnj ås<br />

gj pyf rj vbnm dctö ét kfñ obö c jc yj df vb bc kf vf.<br />

Cghf dtl kb djc nb hf lb ckt le tn jn vt nbnm, xnj jgbcs<br />

dft vfz pltcm nty lty wbz yt zd kz tn cz gj dct vtcn yjq.<br />

Vyj ubt dt heñ obt fvt hb rfy ws dctö lt yj vb yf wbq yt<br />

ghb yb vf ñn exfc nbz d gj ljåysö cj ås nb zö. Yt rj nj hst<br />

uke åj rj crtg nb xtc rb, b lf ét dhfé ltå yj, jn yj czn cz r<br />

nf rj ve lbf kj ue, cxb nfz, xnj njkm rj bö dt hf zd kz tn cz<br />

ds hf ét yb tv få cj kñn yjq bc nb ys. C bö njx rb pht ybz,<br />

jn rhs nst jå ceé lt ybz ht kb ub jp ysö dj ghj cjd c lheub<br />

vb kñlm vb – gec nfz nhf nf dht vt yb bkb yt xnj tot<br />

åj ktt öel itt. D cj jn dtn cn dbb c Gth djq gj ghfd rjq r<br />

Rjy cnb ne wbb CIF, rj nj hfz uf hfy nb he tn cdj åj le dt hjbc<br />

gj dt lf ybz dctv uhfé lf yfv, nf rbv kñ lzv ght lj cnfdkz<br />

tn cz gjk yfz pf ob nf bö eåté lt ybq b nj xtr pht ybz.<br />

Jl yf rj, rfr gj rf pf kb ht pekm nf ns wb nb het vj uj<br />

ds it jn xt nf Aj he vf Gmñ, åjkm iby cn dj fvt hb rfywtd<br />

yt yf cnjkm rj lj uvf nbx ys, rju lf htxm bltn j dt ht.<br />

B lj cnf njx yj åjkm ijt bö rj kb xt cn dj, rfr z gj yzk<br />

dj dht vz ghj dt lt ybz cdjt uj bc ckt lj df ybz, yf cf vjv<br />

lt kt ét kf tn åjkm it pyfnm j ht kb ub jp ysö dt hj df yb zö<br />

b jås xf zö cdj bö cj ct ltq, f nfr ét uj nj dj gj cdz ofnm<br />

änj ve dht vz. Vyj ubö dljö yjd kz tn cdjz cj åcn dty yfz<br />

kñ åjp yf ntkm yjcnm. Yj, djp vjé yj, cf vjt kex itt jcyj<br />

df ybt änj ve cajh ve kb hj df yj d pf zd kt ybb, yf gb cfyyjv<br />

41 ujl yf pfl ght gj ljåysv Vfh nb yjv Kñ nt hjv<br />

Rby ujv. Fa hjf vt hb rfy crbq åfg nbcn crbq cdz oty ybr,<br />

jy kex it dct uj bp dtc nty cdj tq kb lb heñ otq hj kmñ d<br />

ldb ét ybb pf uhfé lfy crbt ghf df. Jl yf rj yt pfljk uj<br />

lj ub åt kb jy gjl he ébk cz c dmtn yfv crbv åel lbq crbv<br />

vj yf öjv d bp uyf ybb, Nbx Yufn Öf yjv, rj nj hsq nju lf<br />

ge nt it cn dj dfk gj Cj tlb yty ysv Inf nfv c vbc cb tq<br />

vb hf. Ghb ps ds Yufn Öf yf r vb he b eht ue kb hj df ybñ<br />

dj Dmtn yf vt dljö yj db kb Rby uf, rj nj hsq dgj cktl cn dbb<br />

ghtl cnf dbk änj uj vj yf öf r Yj åt ktd crjq ght vbb. Ghbåkb<br />

pb ntkm yj d änj dht vz Rbyu yf gb cfk cnf nmñ, d rj njhjq<br />

jy ghtl kf ufk xb nf nt kzv ghtl cnf dbnm ct åt xt kj dtxt<br />

cn dj rfr yf cktl yb rf ≤åjkm ij uj ≤dct vbh yj uj lj vf≥,<br />

d rj nj hjv yfv ghb öj lbn cz ébnm dvtc nt≥. Rbyu gt htxbc<br />

kbk éb nt ktq änj uj lj vf – be lt td b uj td, rf nj kbrjd<br />

b ghj ntc nfy njd, ve cekm vfy b by le bc njd, – yf pdfd<br />

bö ct vmtq, vyj uj jåhfp yjq d cdj bö blt zö b rekm ne hfö,<br />

yj ghb änjv nf rjq, rj nj hfz, ≤gjc rjkm re vs åjkm it<br />

yb rju lf yt cvj étv ébnm dhjpm, lj kéyf rf rbv-nj jåhf<br />

pjv yf exbnm cz ébnm d vb ht lheu c lhe ujv≥. n<br />

Vyt­ybz, ds­hf­éty­yst d änjq cnf­nmt, yt jåz­pf­ntkm­yj jn­hf­éf­ñn njx­re<br />

pht­ybz bkb gj­kb­nb­re ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df CIF.<br />

eJournal USA 34

Lj gjk yb ntkm yst bc njx yb rb<br />

Ryb ub, cnf nmb, dtå-cfq ns b abkm vs, gj cdz oty yst ht kb ub jp ysv vtym iby cn dfv<br />

d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö<br />

Ryb ub<br />

Ahdar, Rex J. and Ian Leigh. Religious Freedom in the Liberal<br />

State. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.<br />

Albanese, Catherine L. America: Religions and Religion. 4th ed.<br />

Australia; Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2007.<br />

Albanese, Catherine L. A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural<br />

History of American Metaphysical Religion. New Haven, CT: Yale<br />

University Press, 2007.<br />

Esposito, John L., Darrell J. Fasching, and Todd Lewis. Religion<br />

and Globalization: World Religions in Historical Perspective.<br />

Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.<br />

Joshi, Khyati Y. New Roots in America’s Sacred Ground:<br />

Religion, Race, and Ethnicity in Indian America. New Brunswick,<br />

NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006.<br />

Kokot, Waltraud, Khachig Tololyan, and Carolin Alfonso, eds.<br />

Diaspora, Identity, and Religion: New Directions in Theory and<br />

Research. London; New York: Routledge, 2004.<br />

Niebuhr, Gustav. Beyond Tolerance: Searching for Interfaith<br />

Understanding in America. New York: Viking, 2008.<br />

U.S. Department of State. International Religious Freedom<br />

Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007.<br />

http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/<br />

Van der Vyver, J. D. Leuven Lectures on Religious Institutions,<br />

Religious Communities, and Rights. Leuven; Dudley, MA: Peeters,<br />

2004.<br />

CNF nmb<br />

Dougherty, Kevin D. and Kimberly R. Huyser. “Racially Diverse<br />

Congregations: Organizational Identity and the Accommodation of<br />

Differences,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 47,<br />

no. 1 (2008), pp. 23–44.<br />

Smith, Tom W. “Religious Diversity in America: The Emergence of<br />

Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus and Others,” Journal for the Scientific<br />

Study of Religion, vol. 41, no. 3 (September 2002): pp. 577–585.<br />

Wexler, Jay D. “Preparing for the Clothed Public Square: Teaching<br />

About Religion, Civic Education, and the Constitution,” William<br />

and Mary Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 3 (February 2002): pp. 1159–<br />

1263.<br />

ct nt dST bc njX yb RB by AJH VF WBB<br />

Frf lt vbr-By aj: Ht kb ubz d Fvt hb rt<br />

Dtå-cfqn, ult vjé yj yfq nb ryb ub, cnf nmb, åf ps lfy ysö<br />

b lhe ubt bc njx yb rb by ajh vf wbb.<br />

www.academicinfo.net/amrelig.html<br />

Fc cj wbf wbz fh öb djd ht kb ub jp yjq lj re vty nf wbb (ARDA)<br />

Eyb dth cb ntn inf nf Gty cbkm df ybz<br />

ARDA ght lj cnfd kz tn rjy uht uf wb zv, bc ckt lj df nt kzv,<br />

ght gj lfdf nt kzv b chtl cn dfv vfc cj djq by ajh vf wbb lfy yst<br />

j ht kb ubb d CIF b lhe ubö cnhf yfö.<br />

ht tp://www.thearda.com<br />

Wtynh ht kb ubb b fvt hb rfy crjq jå ot cn dty yjq ébp yb bv.<br />

Åjq pb<br />

Åjc njy crbq rjk ktlé<br />

Jåüt lb yt ybt ext ysö, gj kb nb xtc rbö ltz nt ktq, ghtl cnf db nt ktq<br />

chtl cnd vfc cj djq by ajh vf wbb b ht kb ub jp ysö kb lt hjd<br />

pf yb vf tn cz jå ceé lt yb tv ht kb ub jp yjq b fvt hb rfy crjq<br />

jå ot cn dty yjq ébp yb b hfp vsi kz tn yfl änb vb dj ghj cf vb.<br />

ht tp://www.bc.edu/research/bo isi<br />

Wtynh bpe xt ybz b hfc ghj cnhf yt ybz ht kb ub jp yjq<br />

nth gb vjc nb bv. ceg he ujd Åj yñr<br />

Eyb dth cb ntn bv. Hfq cf<br />

Wtynh bv. ceg he ujd Åj yñr cgj cjå cn detn cj plf ybñ<br />

ec kj dbq, åkf ujg hb zn ysö lkz cnf åbkm yj uj vb hf vté le<br />

ghtl cnf db nt kz vb hfp kbx ysö ht kb ubq.<br />

ht tp://boniuk.rice.edu<br />

Kilman, Carrie. “One Nation, Many Gods,” Teaching Tolerance,<br />

no. 32 (Fall 2007)<br />

http://www.tolerance.org/teach/magazine/features.<br />

jsp?p=0&is=41&ar=851<br />

eJournal USA 35

Wtynh ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls<br />

By cnb nen Uel pj yf<br />

Cj ltqcn de tn ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj lt, xnj zd kz tn cz jl ybv bp<br />

äkt vty njd vté le yfhjl yjq gj kb nb rb CIF.<br />

ht tp://crf.hudson.org/<br />

Jå hf pj df ybt rfr ghj uhfv vf ght jå hf ét ybz<br />

Vté le yf hjl yfz jh uf yb pf wbz, bc ckt leñ ofz djp ltqcn dbt<br />

ht kb ub jp yj uj vyj uj jå hf pbz yf jå hf pj df ybt.<br />

www.wel les ley.edu/Rel Life/tr ans form ation<br />

Aj hev 18<br />

Aj hev 18 zd kz tn cz bycnhe vty njv, cgj cjå cn deñ obv<br />

ghj dt lt ybñ d ébpym Cnf nmb 18 Dct jå otq ltr kf hf wbb ghfd<br />

xt kj dt rf. Lfy ysq dtå-cfqn elt kz tn jc yjd yjt dyb vf ybt jn xtnfv<br />

j ltqcn db zö, yf ghfd kty ysö ghj nbd ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls.<br />

ht tp://www.forum18.org/<br />

Öfh najhl crbq by cnb nen ht kb ub jp ysö bc ckt lj df ybq<br />

Öfh najhl crfz ct vb yf hbz<br />

Änjn by cnb nen ghtl kf uf tn cj dht vty yst bc ckt lj df ybz<br />

ghj åktv ht kb ubb c wt kmñ cj plf ybz jå ot cn df c kex ibv<br />

gj yb vf yb tv b by ajh vb hj dfy yjc nmñ.<br />

ht tp://hirr.hartsem.edu/abo ut/who_we_are.html<br />

Aj hev ht kb ub jp yjq b jå ot cn dty yjq ébp yb bv. Gmñ<br />

Dyt gfh nbq yfz, yt pf yb vfñ ofz cz ghj gf ufy ljq b ghj ldb étybtv<br />

rf rbö-kb åj dpukz ljd jh uf yb pf wbz, cnht vz ofz cz<br />

cj ltqcn dj dfnm åj ktt uke åj rj ve gj yb vf ybñ ghj åktv yf<br />

cns rt ht kb ub jp yjq b jå ot cn dty yjq cath.<br />

ht tp://pe wforum.org<br />

Jå pjh ht kb ub jp yj uj kfy lifa nf CIF<br />

Änjn jå pjh Aj he vf Gmñ gjl hjå yj jgb cs df tn ht kb ub jpyst<br />

rjy atc cbb fvt hb rfy crj uj jå ot cn df yf jc yj dt<br />

by nth dmñ c åj ktt xtv 35000 fvt hb rfy wtd d djp hfc nt<br />

18 ktn b cnfh it.<br />

ht tp://pe wforum.org/docs/?DocID=279<br />

Ghj trn ≤Gkñ hf kbpv≥<br />

Ufh dfhl crbq eyb dth cb ntn<br />

Lfy ysq ghj trn gs nf tn cz gj vjxm fvt hb rfy wfv kex it<br />

gj yznm ceo yjcnm ht kb ub jp yj uj vyj uj jå hf pbz ghb gj vj ob<br />

yf ex ysö bc ckt lj df ybq, hf åj ns yf vtc nfö b hfc ghj cnhf yt ybz<br />

by ajh vf wbb.<br />

ht tp://www.plurfl ism.org<br />

Ht kb ubz b rekm ne hf: jn dt xfz nht åj df yb zv gkñ hf kbp vf<br />

Byb wbf nb df Ajy lf Ajh lf bpe xf tn hjkm ht kb ub jp ysö<br />

nhf lb wbq d ajh vb hj df ybb jå ot cn dty ysö wty yjc ntq b<br />

by cnb ne njd.<br />

ht tp://religionandpluralism.org/<br />

Wtynh vté ht kb ub jp yj uj dpf bvj gj yb vf ybz bv.<br />

Nf yty åfe vf<br />

Cdtn crfz, yt fa ab kb hj dfy yfz c rf rjq-kb åj ht kb ub tq<br />

jh uf yb pf wbz, ltz ntkm yjcnm rj nj hjq yf ghfd kt yf yf<br />

cj rhf ot ybt b ght ljndhf ot ybt yf cb kbz, jce ot cn dkzt vj uj<br />

dj bvz ht kb ubb.<br />

ht tp://www.ta ne nbaum.org<br />

Teaching To lera nce<br />

Jåe xt ybt nj kt hfy nyjc nb<br />

Jc yj dfy yfz d 1991 uj le Ñhb lb xtc rbv wty nhjv åtl yj ns<br />

Ñuf, jh uf yb pf wbz ≤Jåe xt ybt nj kt hfy nyjc nb≥ gs nf tn cz<br />

åj hjnm cz c ghtl hfc cel rf vb, ekex ifnm dpf bvj jn yj it ybz<br />

vté le uheg gf vb yf ct kt ybz b gjl lth éb dfnm hfd yjg hfd yst<br />

ec kj dbz irjkm yj uj jå hf pj df ybz lt ntq.<br />

ht tp://www.to lera nce.org/teach/magazi ne/fe atu res.<br />

osp?p=0&is=41&ar=850<br />

Abkm Vju HF ABZ<br />

Yj­dsq ht­kb­ub­jp­ysq kfy­lifan Fvt­hb­rb (2002)<br />

Ghj lñ cth: Nt kt db pb jy ysq tét yt ltkm ybr ≤Yj djc nb ht kb ubb<br />

b vj hf kb≥ (Religion and Eth ics Ne ws We ekly)<br />

Rhfn rjt cj lth éf ybt: Lj re vty nfkm ysq abkmv hfc crf ps df tn<br />

j ht kb ub jp yjv vyj uj jå hf pbb d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö.<br />

Ghj ljk éb ntkm yjcnm: 60 vb yen<br />

Cs­yjd­yzz éth­ndf (2006)<br />

Ghj lñ ct hs: Qj yb Åher, Ve cf Cf bl<br />

Rhfn rjt cj lth éf ybt: Lj re vty nfkm ysq abkmv ghj ckt éb df tn<br />

celm åe vj kj lj uj fvt hb rfy wf-ve cekm vf yb yf, rj nj hsq<br />

bc gs ns df tn cjv ytybz gj gj dj le dcneg kt ybz dj dkf lt ybt<br />

jn wjd crjq öf kzkm yjq åjq ytq d u. Ymñ-Qjhr.<br />

Ghj ljk éb ntkm yjcnm: 30 vb yen<br />

Bc­ckt­lj­df­ybt ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq Fvt­hb­rb (2002)<br />

Ghj lñ cth: Nt kt db pb jy ysq tét yt ltkm ybr ≤Yj djc nb ht kb ubb<br />

b vj hf kb≥ (Religion and Eth ics Ne ws We ekly)<br />

Rhfn rjt cj lth éf ybt: Dpzd pf jc yj de jå pjh ce ot cn deñ obö<br />

d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö ht kb ub jp yjq nth gb vjc nb, dt hj df ybq<br />

b jås xf td, änjn abkmv ghtl cnfd kz tn by ajh vf wb jy yst<br />

lfy yst b db ltj-yj dtk ks yf xt ns ht nt vs: ht kb ub jp yjt<br />

vyj uj jå hf pbt, ghj ntc nfy nbpv, rf nj kb wbpv b le öjd yjcnm<br />

d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö.<br />

Ghj ljk éb ntkm yjcnm: 90 vb yen<br />

Nhb dt­hs, jlby åju: be­lf­bpv, öhbc­nb­fy­cn­dj, bc­kfv (2006)<br />

Ghj lñ cth: Aut eur Producti ons<br />

Rhfn rjt cj lth éf ybt: Lj re vty nfkm ysq abkmv chfd yb df tn<br />

jå obt xth ns b jn kb xbz d ht kb ub jp ysö dt hj df yb zö bc kf vf,<br />

öhbc nb fy cn df b be lf bp vf.<br />

Ghj ljk éb ntkm yjcnm: 120 vb yen<br />

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