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J.Res. ANGRAU 39(1&2)34-36, 2011 SURVEY ON LEVEL OF AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN EASTERN AND WESTERN MANDALS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRAPRADESH P. LATHA, P. SUDHAKAR, M. BALAKRISHNA and K. RAJA REDDY Institute of Frontier Technologies, Phenotyping lab, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati – 517 502. ABSTRACT A study was conducted to obtain information on aflatoxin awareness among farmers and traders and quantification of aflatoxin contents in groundnut kernels of both kharif (2007) and rabi season (2007-08) produce derived from various kinds of groundnut pods collected from different delivery chain and also collected from different storage points in Eastern and Western mandals of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Most of the farmers and collectors were not aware of aflatoxin problem in groundnut. However, the millers who are already exporting hand picked selection groundnut kernels to Singapore, Malasia are aware of the problem. Among the surveyed samples, two kinds of aflatoxins (B1 and B2) were found, however, aflatoxin B1 was more often found. Aflatoxin problem was more in kharif produce than in rabi produce. Aflatoxin B1 range was highest from the groundnut kernels collected from farmers in kharif (33-40 ppb) than in rabi season (20-32 ppb) and lowest aflatoxin B1 was observed from retailers (8-10 ppb in kharif and 5-10 ppb in rabi ). Aflatoxins produced by soil borne fungi viz., Aspergillus flavus and A.niger in various agricultural commodities pose serious animal as well as human health hazards. Of late globalization brought tremendous export potential of agricultural commodities produced in India. However aflatoxin contamination in our agricultural commodities impedes exports due to stringent tolerable limits of toxins imposed by developed nations. Chittoor is one of the largest groundnut producing districts in Andhra Pradesh. In this context, a survey was conducted in the Chittoor district regarding aflatoxin status in agricultural commodities which will help in determining present levels of contamination which helps in recommending measures to avoid the problem. Aflatoxin contamination of groundnut due to invasion by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus is a major problem of rainfed agriculture. Rabi groundnuts largely produced in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh under irrigated conditions are highly preferred for export due to the kernel size. Majority of aflatoxin contamination of local groundnuts occurred at wholesale and retail levels, and especially in traditional markets selling raw kernels (Dharmaputra et al., 2007a and 2007b) despite their moisture contents being less than 8 percent. The objectives of this study were to obtain information on the pre and post harvest handling of groundnuts, awareness about aflatoxins and on the level of aflatoxin contamination at various stages in the groundnut delivery chain. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was conducted during rain fed kharif (July, 2007) and during irrigated rabi (November, 2007) at Sri Kalahasti, Eerpedu, Piler and Rompicherla Mandals of Chittoor district. These areas were selected because of production of large quantities of groundnuts, besides five big groundnut mills (factories) located in these mandals. Interviews and sampling of groundnut pods were carried out during the survey. A total of 176 respondants participated in the survey. Among them, 76 were farmers and the remaining were collectors, processors and retailers. From the 176 respondants, a total number of 325 groundnut pod samples were collected during the survey. Interviews with farmers, collectors (middlemen), wholesalers and retailers were made using questionnaires. Samples (2 kg kernels per sample) of rabi and kharif season kernels collected from various sources were divided three times to obtain working samples for analyzing aflatoxin content. E mail: latha_damu@yahoo.com 34
SURVEY ON LEVEL OF AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN EASTERN Aflatoxin analysis has been performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with immunoaffinity column clean up and post-column derivatization using a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection (PHRED) system for derivatization (Waltking and Wilson, 2006). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the interview at various stages of delivery chain indicated that 1) Most of the farmers sold the groundnuts to local traders after harvest. 2) Harvesting was carried out by pulling the groundnut plants manually. 3) Pod stripping was also carried out manually. 4) Fifty per cent of the farmers only dried and stored groundnuts before sending to collectors or processers. 5) Collectors (middle men) sold the groundnuts directly to factories or stored the groundnuts in gunny bags for short period (up to 7-10 days). 6) Most of the farmers and collectors were not aware of aflatoxin problem in groundnut. 7) Some of the factory people were aware of aflatoxin problem in processed groundnut. Quantification of aflatoxin B1 was done by comparing the standard peak area and sample peak area. Standard aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) peak areas are shown in fig 1(a) and one infected groundnut kernel sample containing aflatoxin B1 and B2 and one healthy groundnut kernel sample is shown in fig 1(b) and 1(c) respectively. The result of the level of aflatoxin contamination during survey revealed that, two kinds of aflatoxins (B1 and B2) were found in surveyed samples. Aflatoxin B1 was more often found. The Aflatoxin B1 content of groundnut kernels derived from various kinds of groundnut collected from different delivery chains during kharif season was greater than those from the rabi season (table 1). The Aflatoxin B1 content of groundnut kernels from farmers was greater (33-40 ppb in kharif and 20-32 ppb in rabi season) than the other members of delivery chain. Lowest aflatoxin B1 was observed from retailers (8-10 ppb in kharif and 5-10 ppb in rabi season). According to Dharmaputra et al., (2007a and 2010) 33 per cent of raw kernels samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 with more than 15 ppb and the range infection by A.flavus was higher in the kernels collected from wholesaler than those from retailer. The study revealed that awareness about aflatoxin problem in groundnut at farmer level is only minimal. Right management practices and drying methods to minimize aflatoxin problem in groundnut need to be inculcated among the farming community by rigorous trainings and frontline demonstrations. Rabi produced groundnuts are safer in terms of aflatoxin contamination compared to kharif produced groundnuts. In the groundnut delivery chain, more aflatoxin contaminated groundnuts were recorded at farmer level. Acknowledgements Financial support for this work was provided by Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad under Head of Account “230 280 Aflatoxin lab and Quality Control Lab” Peak no. Peak name Retention Time Area 1 G2 11.39 2728197 2 G1 12.5 2715818 3 B2 14.492 2414365 4 B1 17.892 2634453 Fig: 1a. Custom report for aflatoxin standards analysed through HPLC 35
Page 1 and 2: J.Res. ANGRAU 39(1&2)1-5, 2011 CHAR
Page 3 and 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION
Page 5 and 6: CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION
Page 7 and 8: SCREENING OF YEAST ISOLATES AND PRO
Page 9 and 10: SCREENING OF YEAST ISOLATES AND PRO
Page 11 and 12: EFFECT OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Page 13 and 14: EFFECT OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Page 15 and 16: RESPONSE OF LOW LAND RICE TO SOURCE
Page 21 and 22: HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRI
Page 23 and 24: HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRI
Page 25 and 26: J.Res. ANGRAU 39(1&2)25-27, 2011 IN
Page 27 and 28: INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO FUSARI
Page 29 and 30: COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIEL
Page 31 and 32: COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIEL
Page 33: COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIEL
Page 37 and 38: J.Res. ANGRAU 39(1&2)37-42, 2011 CO
Page 39 and 40: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT DIALLEL MAT
Page 41 and 42: COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT DIALLEL MA
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Page 45 and 46: GLYCAEMIC INDEX AND GLYCAEMIC LOAD
Page 47 and 48: GLYCAEMIC INDEX AND GLYCAEMIC LOAD
Page 49 and 50: ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY AND CAUSE
Page 51 and 52: ASSESSMENT OF VARIABILITY AND CAUSE
Page 53 and 54: Research Note J.Res. ANGRAU 39(1&2)
Page 55 and 56: FARMERS PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNDERSTA
Page 57 and 58: FARMERS PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNDERSTA
Page 59 and 60: KASTHURI et. al. REFERENCES Arbad,
Page 61 and 62: INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR WEED CONTRO
Page 63 and 64: INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR WEED CONTRO
Page 65 and 66: STUDIES ON EFFECT OF ORGANIC AGRICU
Page 67 and 68: STUDIES ON EFFECT OF ORGANIC AGRICU
Page 71 and 72: INTEGRATED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN A
Page 73 and 74: S.No. Profile Frequency Percentage
Page 75 and 76: ENTERPRISES TAKEN UP BY THE WOMEN E
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Page 81 and 82: STRESS OF ASSISTANT PROFESSORS IN A
Page 83 and 84: MANAGEMENT OF CHROZOPHORA ROTTLERI
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ABSTRACTS The path analysis indicat
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ABSTRACTS “Reaction of Urdbean [V
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ABSTRACTS The pupal period varied f
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CONTENTS PART 1 : PLANT SCIENCE Cha
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Statement about ownership and other
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GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF M
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2 2 2 N The original research artic
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