TRACE Tree Rings Archaeology Climatology Ecology

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SECTION 1 ECOLOGY
<strong>Tree</strong>-ring studies in the Dolpo-Himalya (western Nepal) A. Bräuning Institut für Geographie, Azenbergstr. 12, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; e-mail: achim.braeuning@geographie.uni-stuttgart.de Introduction The central Himalaya in the state of Nepal comprises a broad variety of regional climates and mountain-forest types. More than 80% of the annual precipitation is brought by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) between June and September. However, there is a pronounced gradient of decreasing ISM intensity from Southeast to Northwest. In western Nepal, the influence of westerly disturbances in winter is increasing. This general trend is strongly modified by the complex topography. Jumla (2.344 m a.s.l.), Southwest of the main Himalayan crest formed by the Kanjiroba (6883 m) in western Nepal, receives 935 mm of annual rainfall, whereas Mugu, North of the main crest, receives only 583 mm (Donner 1996). In humid areas, the upper treeline is formed by Abies spectabilis and Betula utilis. In dry regions of the inner Himalaya, Pinus wallichiana is found in higher elevations up to 3900 m a.s.l. The present state of the dendrochronological exploration of the central Himalaya is still fragmentary. Initial collections made in the late 1970s by Rudolf Zuber and other chronologies were first published by Bhattacharyya et al. (1992). In a recent study, Cook et al. (2003) greatly improve the coverage of tree-ring sites across Nepal. In the frame of a long-term archaeological project in upper Mustang (central Nepal), several chronologies of Pinus wallichiana were developed which were supplemented by several hundred wood samples from historic buildings to form a regional master chronology spanning the period 1324-1997 (Schmidt et al. 1999). It could be shown that historic wood samples cross-date well with overlapping chronologies from living trees (Schmidt 1992) and that it is possible to reconstruct periods of house-construction activities and settlement patterns. Methods Increment cores from birch, pine and juniper trees were smoothed with razor blades and contrasted with white chalk. Cross-dating was accomplished using TSAP software (Rinn 1996). Standardisation of the chronologies was carried out with the help of the program ARSTAN. Due to the general lack of meteorological data in the region, correlation coefficients between the resulting index chronologies and climate data from Jumla (1957- 1990) and the Indian Summer Monsoon Index (calculated as a regional mean over northern India; Pant & Rupa Kumar 1997) were calculated. 8
Page 1 and 2: Forschungszentrum Jülich in der He
Page 3 and 4: Schriften des Forschungszentrums J
Page 5 and 6: Bibliographic information published
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS SECTION 1 ECOLOGY A. Bräu
Page 10: T. Vernimmen and U. Sass-Klaassen:
Page 15 and 16: Rara MLD (Abies) Rara RW (Abies) Ts
Page 17 and 18: Cook, E.R., Krusic, P.J. & P.D. Jon
Page 19 and 20: Material and methods In the first p
Page 21 and 22: Correlations for all trees (no site
Page 23 and 24: Acknowledgements The authors wish t
Page 25 and 26: Results and interpretation Species
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3: Multitemporal maps of est
Page 30 and 31: SECTION 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY
Page 32 and 33: Zurich Geneva Study site Zermatt Fi
Page 34 and 35: lot of debris-flow events can be se
Page 36 and 37: Changes in growth rates and wood an
Page 38 and 39: Growth reductions and eccentricity
Page 40 and 41: 40% of all trees in the landslide a
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1: Location of study areas H
Page 44 and 45: Ai− rBi Eccentricity for year i i
Page 46 and 47: The event frequency per year for th
Page 48: Shroder, J.F. (1980): Dendrogeomorp
Page 51 and 52: Temporal and spatial variability of
Page 53 and 54: 120 100 80 (Dlink/Dmax)*100 60 Uppe
Page 55 and 56: Figure 6: Results of stepwise clust
Page 57 and 58: Figure 8: Forest types and forest d
Page 59 and 60: The first principal component of a
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Figure 2: Correlations of the 1 st
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NAO and Tree Rings - A dendroclimat
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5°E 10°E 15°E 50°N 45°N Figure
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The smaller bars show the number of
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a b c d Significant correlating are
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Neuwirth, B., Esper, J., Schweingru
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Unterspreewald,Brandenburg,Germany
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Unterspreewald, Brandenburg, German
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Leuschner, H.H., Delorme A. & H.-C.
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Figure 1: Location of the monitorin
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Figure 3: Examples of the distribut
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On the potential of cedar forests i
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At every site, two cores per tree w
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Maximum replications are reached in
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Schweingruber, F.H., Eckstein, D.,
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developed that can be used to study
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4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 normalized Schmidha
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This value is based on the fact tha
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Stokes, M.A. & T.L. Smiley (1968):
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The use of stable isotope dendrochr
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3.0 2.5 Z74 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 3.0
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Conclusions The combined stable car
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The climatic signal in oxygen isoto
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Results Figure 2 shows the raw ring
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Secondly, the records are short and
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Jouzel, J., Hoffmann, G., Koster, R
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Although the difference between min
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SECTION 5 PALAEO-ENVIRONMENTS
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Results and discussion Of 59 oaks a
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Acknowledgements This research was
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Great efforts on small woods Analys
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Some 250 of them - mainly beeches (
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References Billamboz ,A. (1990): Da
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coefficient can be expected from in
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country region covered by theCATRAS
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Figure 2: Map of the Netherlands an
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Jansma, E., Sass-Klaassen, U., de V
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The aim of the current study is to
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Figure 1: Map of archaeological sit
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0.8 correlation coefficient (r) 0.4
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Figure 2: 17th century forgery (Mus
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1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700
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Table 2 - Average annual-growth ind
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Conclusion The data set we studied
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Figure 1: Collapsed foundation (Pho
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A list of the archaeological sites
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personal communication) believe tha
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Table 4: Success rates of the dendr
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wood with no strong common tree-rin
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Jansma, E. (1996): An 1100-Year Tre
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Malacochronology, the application o
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Fladen Grounds 100 m Norway 30 m UK
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higher with the chronology of growt
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0 140 200 growth index 120 100 80 6
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an underlying mechanism but demonst
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Witbaard, R., Jenness, M.I., Van de
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TRACE 2003 Utrecht (NL) 1 st -3 rd
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TRACE 2003 Utrecht (NL) 1 st -3 rd
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Schriften des Forschungszentrums J
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Forschungszentrum Jülich in der He
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