energize oil & gas 01/2011 - GL Group

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integrity pipeline corrosion In the meantime, new, tougher steels have been devel- oped to extend the life of pipelines. Their physical properties and strain to failure, differ signifi cantly from standard steels, raising new questions. Furthermore, the legacy standards leave a number of open questions for inspectors attempting to estimate the remaining service life of corroded pipelines: interaction between closely spaced defects effects of combined internal pressure and external loading effects of cyclic internal pressure loading Ring Expansion PIPELINE damage tolerance studies can be under- taken by measuring the failure pressure of rings ma- chined from line pipe, with artifi cially introduced defects. The ring is subjected to radial expansion only, without axial loading. This arrangement simulates a pipeline subjected to internal pressure loading with an infi nitely long, axially-orientated defect. properties of high-strength line pipe (up to API 5L grade X100) pipelines constructed from vintage, low toughness line pipe Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), the US Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and BP have funded a multi-year research project with GL Noble Denton in recent years to address these issues. Test. Pipe- linesub- jected to internal pressure loading. 40 energıze
FE models. The results of the fi nite element analysis and burst tests were used to develop the improved guidelines. X100 Line Pipe. Materials from two manufacturers were used for this largescale trial at GL Noble Denton’s Spadeadam test site in the UK. GL Noble Denton conducted a series of material characterization tests, ring expansion tests and burst tests. In addition, an operational trial was conducted using grade X100 line pipe at GL Noble Denton’s Spadeadam test site in the UK. This large-scale test covered an accelerated operational period of two years to simulate 40 years of operation. The 800-metre test pipeline, consisting of line pipe with a 1,22mm nominal diameter from two manufacturers, was subjected to pressure cycling. One pipeline section included damage of various types, such as simulated volumetric corrosion. New Guidance To gather additional experimental data, various lengths of pipeline with “artifi cial corrosion” defects were subjected to different loading conditions in a full-scale burst test to simulate the stresses the pipe must withstand in various environments, over several decades. GL Noble Denton applied combinations of static internal pressure loading, cyc lic internal pressure loading and external bending moments. Using advanced numerical modelling and analysis methods, engineers then studied the hidden effects of dif- 01/2011 ferent loading conditions on pipelines with simulated damage. They constructed three-dimensional fi nite element models of corroded pipelines and examined them to predict the failure pressure for different loading conditions. Gathering the results of the fi nite element analysis and burst tests, the experts went on to write a new guidance document for pipeline inspection and the assessment of the remaining strength of pipelines in operation. The outcome of this work will help pipeline operators in supporting their inspection activities, remaining strength assessments and integrity management efforts. In addition, adhering to the new guidance document will enable them to gain acceptance with regulators when using high-strength transmission pipeline. VC GL NOBLE DENTON EXPERT: Vinod chauhan Principal consultant Integrity Asset Management Phone: +44 1509 282363 E-Mail: vinod.chauhan@gl-group.com sPADEADAM. The team of scientists and engineers working at the test site in Cumbria, UK, possess a wealth of experience in carrying out full-scale testing. 41
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