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Stateless Democracy

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It can negotiate the form and boundaries of this selfadministration<br />

but does not abandon it. The Kurds want to<br />

be included in the political body with their identity based<br />

on their inscribed political geography, which requires a<br />

constitutional recognition of the Kurdish identity in Turkey.<br />

This constitutional recognition, including the notion of autonomy,<br />

would also mean a radical change in the existing<br />

political regime of Turkey. 45<br />

In conclusion, the Kurdish movement in Turkey, which<br />

has developed a new project for radical democracy based<br />

on the conception of “politics beyond the state, political<br />

organization beyond the party, and political subjectivity<br />

beyond class,” can have the opportunity to change the<br />

centralist tradition in Turkish political system as well as<br />

the statist and class reductionist political thought of the<br />

left in Turkey.<br />

Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya is a PhD student in the Faculty of Political and<br />

Social Sciences at Ghent University, Ghent, where he is also doctoral<br />

researcher at the Middle Eastern and North Africa Research Group<br />

(MENARG). Joost Jongerden is Assistant Professor of Sociology and<br />

Anthropology of Development at Wageningen University, Wageningen.<br />

This article first appeared in European Journal of Turkish Studies 14<br />

(2012). It appears here in lightly edited form with permission of the<br />

authors.<br />

Bibliography<br />

Akinan, S. 2009. “Güzel günler yakında mı?” Akşam, 3 April 2009 (accessed<br />

9 April 2009).<br />

Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi and Joost Jongerden. 2011. “The PKK in 2000s: Continuity<br />

through breaks?,” In Marlies Casier and Joost Jongerden eds., Nationalisms<br />

and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue. London:<br />

Routledge.<br />

Badiou, Alain. 2002. Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. London: Verso.<br />

Birand, Mehmet Ali. 2009. “Let’s hear the voice of the Kurds (II).” Hürriyet<br />

(accessed 9 April 2009).<br />

Barkey, H. and Fuller, G. 1998. Turkey’s Kurdish Question. Oxford: Rowman &<br />

Littlefield.<br />

45 Inclusion and autonomy do not contradict<br />

each other as a lengthy quotation from a<br />

geographically, culturally, and politically<br />

faraway context gives some insights: “At<br />

first glance, these twin demands for inclusion<br />

and autonomy seem to contradict<br />

each other. However, the contradiction<br />

only arises if it is assumed that the two are<br />

mutually exclusive, a form of reasoning<br />

that continues to block the full recognition<br />

of indigenous rights in Chiapas and<br />

around the world. Until the 1980s, the<br />

political importance of cultural diversity<br />

tended to be subordinated to other concerns<br />

related to matters of state formation<br />

and economic development. In Mexico<br />

and other Latin American countries,<br />

inclusion assumed adherence to a single<br />

national identity that was decidedly<br />

non-indigenous. However, the long-term<br />

viability of indigenous autonomy may depend<br />

more on its appropriation at the local<br />

level rather than on the revision of legal<br />

statutes. In this regard, autonomy is best<br />

thought of as a marker of political identity<br />

rather than a legal concept.” In Neil<br />

Harvey, “Inclusion Through Autonomy:<br />

Zapatistas and Dissent,” NACLA Report on<br />

the Americas (September–October 2005),<br />

p. 16.<br />

Bila, Fikret. 2004. Satranç tahtasındaki yeni hamleler: Hangi PKK? Ankara: Ümit<br />

Yayıncılık.<br />

Bookchin, Murray. 1982. The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution<br />

of Hierarchy. Palo Alto: Cheshire Books.<br />

1992. “Libertarian Municipalism: An Overview.” Society and Nature 1, no.1.<br />

1993. The Meaning of Confederalism, Society and Nature 1, no. 3.<br />

1996. From Urbanization to Cities: Toward a New Politics of Citizenship. London:<br />

Cassell.<br />

Casier, Marlies. 2010. “Turkey’s Kurds and the Quest for Recognition. Transnational<br />

Politics and the EU-Turkey accession negotiations.” Ethnicities 10, no. 1.<br />

2011. “Beyond Kurdistan? The Mesopotamia Social Forum and the appropriation<br />

and re-imagination of Mesopotamia by the Kurdish Movement.” Journal of Balkan<br />

and Near Eastern Studies 13, no. 4.

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