THE FUTURE OF THE ARMY

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DEVELOPING ONE ARMY a long-standing—and, the Commission contends, outdated— prejudice regarding the skills and dedication of one component over the others. These differences among the components continue to be manifested in a wide range of administrative policies and traditional practices, from promotion standards and training opportunities to personnel management and human resources stove piping. These work against developing one Army. In its travels, the Commission constantly heard the same two refrains. One, members of all three components commented about continuing obstacles facing soldiers transitioning among the Regular Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve. Two, once prepared, a soldier is a soldier and has the confidence of fellow soldiers and commanders to accomplish the mission, regardless of component. What soldiers accomplish so well in the crucible of combat, the Commission challenges Army and political leaders to accomplish in managing these soldiers all the time: to take specific steps to achieve a truly Total Force with three distinct, interdependent, and essential components. “You cannot wave a wand, you can’t throw money on it and build personal readiness overnight. Personal readiness takes time. It takes operational experience. It requires institutional experience. It requires us to invest in their professional military education. It requires us to ensure we carve out enough time for them to maintain their personal fitness, both physically and mentally. That’s why I say time is our biggest resource challenge when it comes to building and sustaining readiness.” GEN Robert “Abe” Abrams, Comanding General, Forces Command, speaking at the Association of the United States Army’s annual meeting, Oct. 14, 2015. Photo on page 59 Staff Sergeant Christopher Croslin, the 2014 Army Reserve Drill Sergeant of the Year, brings a group of Army Reserve soldiers to present arms during reveille at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. ROLES OF THE ARMY COMPONENTS The Army’s size and diversity of capabilities distinguish it from other land forces. It provides the capabilities and capacity to fulfill its statutory mission prescribed in section 3062 of the U.S. Code: “It shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations on land. It is responsible for the preparation of land forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned and, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Army to meet the needs of war....” (Figure 9) At any given time, the active Army consists of the Regular Army and any activated Army National Guard members and Army Reservists. For example, in November 2015, the active Army included approximately 491,000 Regular Army soldiers, about 46,000 full-time active Guard and Reservists, and an additional 16,000 Army National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers who had been placed on active duty, for a total active force of about 553,000. This example of total active Army illustrates how the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve provide operational capabilities and strategic depth to the Regular Army to expand its collective capacity. Among the nation’s armed services, the Army is unique in its reliance on its reserve components (Figure 10). The Army National Guard and Army Reserve provide over half of the Army’s total capacity. While the three Army components share the same training standards, doctrine, and equipment, each are distinct, interdependent and essential. Similar units in all Army components (such as infantry battalions and truck companies) are organized the same and follow the same operational and training doctrines. Yet, each component has unique attributes informing the distribution of capabilities. Regular Army units are more heavily consolidated and co-located on large installations with necessary training facilities, such as weapons ranges, maneuver areas, and urban training sites. Regular Army units are intended to rapidly project capabilities to support the Joint Force, as needed, by maintaining the highest readiness to provide the greatest flexibility. Army National Guard forces, located in 2,600 communities across the 54 U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia, and the 2,000 units of the Army Reserve, are distributed throughout our nation’s communities and typically must travel to regional training centers to conduct collective training. Since the 1993 AC-RC Leaders Offsite Agreement (see Appendix C), Army National Guard forces have focused primarily on wartime direct combat missions and 60 National Commission on the Future of the Army
DEVELOPING ONE ARMY Figure 9 ARMY FORMATIONS TYPE OF FORMATION NUMBER OF PERSONNEL IN UNIT RANK OF COMMAND LEVEL Army Task Organized with General (2-5 Corps) 100,000-300,000 Soldiers Corps Task Organized with Lieutenant General (2-5 Divisions) 40,000-100,000 Soldiers Division Task Organized with Major General (5 or more Brigades) 10,000-18,000 Soldiers Brigade/Regiment/Group 3,000-5,000 Soldiers Colonel (3 or more Battalions) Battalion/Squadron 400-1,000 Soldiers Lieutenant Colonel (3-5 Companies) Company/Battery/Troop 60-200 Soldiers Captain (3-5 Platoons) Platoon 16-50 Soldiers Lieutenant (3-4 Squads) Squad/Section 4-12 Soldiers Staff Sergeant (2-4 Teams) Fire Team/Crew 4-6 Soldiers Sergeant (4-6) peacetime domestic emergencies while the Army Reserve has focused on providing operational support and sustainment. The Army National Guard also serves as the organized militia for the states and territories when not under federal authority. The Regular Army provides forward-stationed forces and capabilities needed twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. This high readiness is the foundation of Army capabilities provided to Combatant Commands. The Army National Guard and Army Reserve provide additional Army maneuver and support capacity, and each also provide selected capabilities found only in that component that may be called upon early in a conflict or crisis response. The unique civilian expertise in these part-time forces also brings capabilities that have proven essential when answering the call to our nation’s defense or in times of regional disaster relief. The Army National Guard and Army Reserve play both an operational and strategic role, providing operational capabilities and strategic depth across the full range of military operations. National Commission on the Future of the Army 61
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NATIONAL COMMISSION ON THE FUTURE O
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY “Not later than
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Developing One Ar
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U.S. Army National Guard photo by S
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WHY THE NATION NEEDS AN ARMY CIVILI
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Page 19 and 20: National Commission on the Future o
Page 21 and 22: THE COMMISSION’S MISSION AND METH
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Page 89 and 90: APACHE TRANSFERS AND RELATED ISSUES
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APPENDIX B: RECOMMENDATIONS BY RESP
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APPENDIX C: OFFSITE AGREEMENT Natio
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APPENDIX D: ARMY BUDGET AND END STR
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APPENDIX D: ARMY BUDGET AND END STR
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APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AA
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APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS PD
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APPENDIX G: TESTIMONIES AND COMMENT
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APPENDIX H: COMMISSIONERS AND STAFF
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APPENDIX I: SUBCOMMITTEES OPERATION
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APPENDIX I: SUBCOMMITTEES FORCE GEN
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APPENDIX I: SUBCOMMITTEES DRAFTING
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APPENDIX J: SOURCES CONSULTED Defen
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APPENDIX J: SOURCES CONSULTED U.S.
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APPENDIX J: SOURCES CONSULTED U.S.
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THE FUTURE OF THE ARMY

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