A-HRC-13-42
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A/<strong>HRC</strong>/<strong>13</strong>/<strong>42</strong><br />
page 14<br />
attempts to circumvent the guarantees of applicable international human rights law inform a<br />
broad approach as to the scope of the present study of what constitutes secret detention in the<br />
context of countering terrorism.<br />
14. Organized crimes, such as drug or human trafficking, are not covered by the present study,<br />
unless anti-terrorism legislation is invoked. Whether the State has conferred on the case a link to<br />
terrorism may have to be inferred from elements uttered by State officials or if the person is later<br />
prosecuted on terrorism-related charges.<br />
15. Detention by non-State actors, when not attributable to the State, is not addressed in the<br />
present study. Hence, hostage-taking, kidnapping or comparable conduct by terrorists, criminals,<br />
rebels, insurgents, paramilitary forces or other non-State actors do not fall within the ambit of the<br />
report, which focuses on secret detention by or attributable to States and is addressed to the<br />
Human Rights Council as an intergovernmental body.<br />
16. Victims of the human rights violation of secret detention are not only the detainees<br />
themselves, but also their families, who are not informed of the fate of their loved ones deprived<br />
of their rights and held solely at the mercy of their captors.<br />
B. Secret detention and international human rights<br />
law and international humanitarian law<br />
17. Secret detention is irreconcilable with international human rights law and international<br />
humanitarian law. It amounts to a manifold human rights violation that cannot be justified under<br />
any circumstances, including during states of emergency.<br />
1. Secret detention and the right to liberty of the person<br />
18. Secret detention violates the right to liberty and security of the person and the prohibition<br />
of arbitrary arrest or detention. Article 9, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and<br />
Political Rights affirms that everyone has the right to liberty and security of person, that no one<br />
should be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention nor be deprived of his or her liberty except on<br />
such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law. Furthermore,<br />
article 9, paragraph 4, of the Covenant stipulates that anyone deprived of their liberty by arrest or<br />
detention should be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may<br />
decide, without delay, on the lawfulness of their detention and order their release if the detention<br />
is not lawful. The Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No. 8, highlighted that<br />
article 9, paragraphs 1 and 4, and paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and<br />
Political Rights as far as the right to be informed at the time of the arrest about the reasons<br />
(E/CN.4/2005/6/Add.1), No. 6/2003 (E/CN.4/2004/3/Add.1), No. 1/1999<br />
(E/CN.4/2000/4/Add.1), No. 21/1999 (E/CN.4/2000/4/Add.1) and No. 12/1998<br />
(E/CN.4/1999/63/Add.1); decisions No. 36/1996 (E/CN.4/1997/4/Add.1), No. 1/1993<br />
(E/CN.4/1994/27), No. 5/1993 (E/CN.4/1994/27), No. 30/1993 (E/CN.4/1994/27) and<br />
No. 36/1993 (E/CN.4/1994/27).