Appendix 1 - IRRI

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size of this species varied largely from 100 square meters to over 10 hectares. The local farmers call 0. officinalis as “Miyang Padi” (means awned rice), “Padi Padiam” (wild rice), “Padi Rawa” (swamp rice), or “Rumput” (grass), The Irianese tribal people called it “Ovall” in Marind language and they knew that this was a kind of rice, although no meaning of this name was indicated. The farmers who moved from other parts of Indonesia let their cows, water buffalo, and other animals to graze on this wild rice, some farmers also harvested the young plants of this wild rice to feed their animals. A newly settle farmer from Java lived now in the Hidup Baru Village (village of new life) told us a story that he has tried to mill this wild rice and ate it as fermented rice. He claimed that it tasted good, but the production of this rice was very low because of the seed shattering and other reasons. All the messages here indicated that 0. officinalis commonly occurs in the Merauke subdistrict, and we believed that it is distributed abundantly in the low land of the whole district. Oryza meridionalis Ng Orya meridionalis is an annual diploid (2n=2x=24) wild rice with the AA genome (Vaughan 1989). This species is usually characterized by its compact panicles, slender spikelets, long and robust awns, and short anthers (ca. 2 mm). It could be easy to identify 0. meridionahs from its Asian counterpart, i.e. 0. rufipogon and 0. nivara. Noticeably, 0. meridionalis has been only reported as an endemic species to northern parts of Australia. Our finding is, therefore, the first documentation that 0. meridionalis also has distribution in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. 0. meridionalis usually occurs in open swampy areas with shallow water, or along streams and canals. In Irian Jaya, 0. meridionahs was found in swamps, ponds, along canals, in deserted fields or inside farmer’s paddy fields (Figures 9 to 13). Like 0. officinalis, most of the 0. meridionalis populations were not found in standing water, instead were found to grow on very dry lands (Figures 12 and 13), and the plant height of 0. meridionazis was less than 30 cm. When we collected samples from 0. meridionalis in Irian Jaya, seeds from the main tillers have been shattered. We were only able to collect seeds from the later tillers. The local agriculture extension workers and farmers told us that there were many populations of this wild rice flowering during February and April, when there was sufficient water. During the flooding, season the water level could reach as high as 1.5 meters above the land and some 0. meridionalis plants were found floating on the surface of water. The best time to collect the mature seed samples of 0. meridionalis would be in May and June. The farmers called this wild rice as “Miyang Padi” (meaning awned rice), Padi Padian (wild rice), and Padi Rawa Hitam (black swamp rice). They complained that the plants of this wild rice were disturbing their rice fields particularly during the wet season when it occurred abundantly everywhere, so, they deliberately pulled the wild rice plants out and destroyed them. Other farmers complained that this wild rice made a lot of troubles when they were fishing in the swamps and streams, because the seeds, particularly the awns of this wild rice were sticking to or getting inside of their pants and clothes, which caused some irritation. Farmers do not intentionally use this wild rice, but they told us that their cows and buffalo grazed on the young plants of this wild rice before they were flowering, also the farmers said that birds like to eat seeds of 0. meridionalis. The local agriculture extension workers suspected that this wild rice was 9
possibly brought to the New Guinea by some migration birds from the northern part of Australia. Oryza longiglumis Jansen Oryza Zongiglumis is a tetraploid (2n=4x=48) perennial wild rice species in the 0. ridleyi complex, containing the HHJJ genomes (Aggarwal 1996). This species has its limited distribution in certain areas of Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea. 0. Zongiglumis has unique morphological characters, such as narrow and flexous sterile lemmas, and chartaceous (papery) lemma and palea, which separate it from species in all other complexes of the genus. This species usually occurs in the forested areas, grows in lowlying seasonally wet areas such as swamps, water holes of stream-beds in partial or full shade in organic loamy soils. In Irian Jaya, we found 0. Zongiglumis to occur exclusively at edge of or inside the primary forests (under sago and other trees) in partial or complete shade, and with sufficient moisture, but not to grow in standing water (Figures 14 and 15). This species was often found near a stream or on dry land. Populations of 0. ZongigZumis we encountered seemed to have strong photoperiod sensitivity and many of the populations were in booting or panicle formation stages. Therefore most samples of this species we collected were vegetative stocks. We estimated that many populations will be flowering in one or two months, so, the best time for collecting mature seeds of this species would be in February and March before the flooding season. Some farmers noticed this wild rice and called it as “Padi Ketam Hitam” (meaning black sticky rice), Padi Rawa, or grass. They said that cows and birds liked to graze the leaves or pick up mature seeds of this species. One farmer we interviewed told us that he had tried to mill and eat this wild rice, but it tasted bad. Oryza rufipogon Griff. Oryza rujipogon is a perennial and diploid (2n=2x=24) wild rice species having also the AA genome (Vaughan 1989). This species occurs mostly in habitats with deepwater and therefore the length of stems/culm is largely variable, depending on the water depth. 0. rujpogon is usually found in swamps, marshes, ponds, and lakes, along ditches and canals, in open grassland, near or inside farmer’s rice fields. It has strong ability of vegetative propagation through ratooning and high nodal tillering. On the other hand, 0. ru$pogon usually has comparatively low seed production. In flooding season when water level is high, the vegetative parts of 0. rufipogon can float on the surface of water and be carried to different locations. The morphology of typical 0. rufipogon is characterized by its open panicles, slender grains with usually long purple/purplish awns, and large anthers (usually longer than 5 mm). This species has a wide distribution from northeast of India, Nepal, and south parts of China through Myanmar, Thailand and Malay Archipelago extending to the northern part of Australia. In Irian Jaya, 0. rufipogon was found in canals, swamps, and swampy areas or low lands in forests (Figures 16 to 20). There is a large swamp called “Rawa Biru” (meaning blue swamp) in Wasur National Park in Merauke, with several hundreds of hectares in area, 10
Page 1 and 2: A Report On CRIFC-IRRI Cooperative
Page 3 and 4: Farmers also noticed the variation
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgement I would like to ack
Page 7 and 8: successful and all the participants
Page 9: visited in Jayapura and Jaya Wijaya
Page 13 and 14: References Aggarwal, R. K., D. S. B
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2. The collecting team is ex
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6. Mr. Natalis Tany is colle
Page 19 and 20: Figure 10. A close up picture showi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 14. Otyza Zongiglumis is exc
Page 23: Figure 18. Vegetative samples of Or
Page 26: Appendix 1 Passport data of wild an

Appendix 1 - IRRI

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