QUESTIONNAIRE

QUESTIONNAIRE
CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION
TOWARDS A NATIONAL CONSENSUS
H.C.PAREKH
1 st May 1984

1. ENROLMENT (PRIMARY & MIDDLE LEVELS) ONLY 76%
Enrolment at primary and Middle levels with respect to the
corresponding age- group ( 6-14 Years) is only 76% in India, as
against 117% in China, 112% in France, 107% in Singapore, 106% in
U.S.S.R., 101% in Japan and 98% in the U.S.A.
On the basis of the present population and conditions, raising the
enrolment at these levels by one percentile point will need:
- 6353 additional SCHOOLS
- 22690 additional TEACHERS
- Rs. 25 Crore of additional EXPENDITURE p.a.
In the light of the above, do you feel that the enrolment at Primary
and Middle levels in India should:
1.1 remain at the present level, i.e. around 76% ?
1.2 be boosted to 100% ?
1.3 be boosted to beyond 100% ?

2. MIDDLE LEVEL EDUCATION
( Age Group 11-14 years – std. VI – VIII)
Number ( in lakhs) of : 1950 1984
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Primary Schools 2.01 5.09
- Middle level Schools 0.13 1.26
Therefore,
Ratio of Middle level school : Primary Schools 1 : 15 1 : 4
This means that for
* every 15 primary schools, we had 1 Middle level School in 1950,
* whereas for every 4 Primary schools we have 1 Middle level school
in 1984.
Increasing 1 more Middle level school for every 4 Primary Schools will
mean :
- 1.26 lakhs additional MIDDLE LEVEL SCHOOLS
- 8.78 lakhs additional TEACHERS
- 250 lakhs more CHILDREN could be ENROLLED in Middle level
Schools.

In view of the above, for every 4 Primary Schools, how many Middle
Level should we have ? Enter your number below :
2.1.1 Same number As at present
2.2.2
2.3.3
2.4.4
As laid down in the constitution, education up to the age of 14 years (
i.e. till Middle level ) is the responsibility of the Government, i.e. it
should be compulsory and free :
Do you subscribe to this view ?
2.5 Yes
2.6 No

3 ENROLMENT OF GIRLS ( COMPARED WITH BOYS )
Enrolment as a percentage of eligible population is as Under :
Boys Girls Total
--------------------------------
- Primary level 110 76 93
- Middle level 63 34 49
- Secondary level 33 16 25
In view of the fact that 48% population of India is that of females,
do you agree that :
3.1 Primary education for girls should be made compulsory ?
3.1.1 Yes
3.1.2 No
3.2 Secondary education should be free for girls ?
3.2.1 Yes
3.2.2 No
Making Primary education for girls compulsory will require additional
resources in terms of :
- 65,900..... Primary SCHOOLS
- 1,80,000.. TEACHERS
- Rs. 246 Crores of EXPENDITURES p.a.

4 OUTLAY ON EDUCATION
- India spends 3% of its Gross National Product ( GNP) on education.
- Developed Countries spend about 8%
- 1968 Review Committee recommended 6%
Do you think that the allocation on education as a percentage of GNP
should be :
4.1 3 % ? ( Present situation )
4.2 6 % ?
4.3 8 % ?
4.4 10% ?
India’s GNP for the year 1983-84 is estimated at about Rs. 1,72,000
crores.

5 DIFFERENTIAL EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION IN STATES
5
In 1983-84, per capita budgeted expenditure on education in some of
the major states was as under :-
State
Expenditure ( Rs.)
--------------------------------------------------------
U.P. 49.5 ( lowest among major States )
M.P. 56.7
Bihar 69.2
Punjab 121.2
Kerala 130.4 ( highest among major states )
All India 81.0
This shows that poorer and backward states spend less amount on
education.
In view of the above, do you agree to the followingviews ?
5.1 No states should be allowed to spend less that the present national
average of per capita outlay on education.
5.1.1 Yes
5.2.2 No
5.2 Education opportunities should be equally and evenly spread and
grown in all the states.

5.2.1 Yes
5.2.2 No
5.3 Backward States should pump in far greater resources on
education for upliftment of masses.
5.3.1 Yes
5.3.2 No
5.4 Depending on the prosperity and literacy level, States should
decide the amount of per capita expenditure on education.
5.4.1 Yes
5.4.2 No

6. PRIVATE DONATIONS FOR EDUCATION
Private donations toward education as a percentage of total
expenditure on education were as under :
Year %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1900- 1901 25.0
1950-1951 11.6
1980-81 3.0
6.1 Should private donations, in your opinion, as a percentage of
total expenditure on education, be in the range of :
6.1:1.. 0% - 10%
6.1:2.. 10% - 20%
6.1:3.. 20% - 30%
6.1:4... > 30%
6.2 Further, do you agree that all donations towards educational
purpose must qualify for a weighted deduction ( say, at the
rate of 150% ) under the Income Tax Act ?
6.2.1 Yes
6.2.2 No
Total expenditures on education was Rs. 1537 Crores in 1980-81.

7. AUDIT OF EDUCATION
8.
Today, hardly any audit is being conducted on :
o Process of education
o Quality of teachers
o Expenditures in Institutes
o Facilities
o Machinery and Equipment
In view of this, do you subscribe to the following views ?
7.1 Bi-annual audit in prescribe forms must be conducted by a
committee consisting of educationists, industrialists and other
prominent citizens appointed by affiliating universities/ boards.
7.1.1 Yes
7.2.2 No
7.2 Those who fail to meet audit standards must be stopped to function
( not merely derecognized ).
7.2.1 Yes
7.2.2 No

8. REQUISITE NORMS FOR EDUCATIONAL INSITUTES
There are hardly any well laid down and known NORMS for allowing new
educational institutions formation.
Do you agree that ,
8.1 for each branch of education, broad as well as detailed guidelines
must be specified ?
8.1.1 Yes
8.1.2 No
8.2 no educational institution should be permitted to commence classes,
unless and until, an independent, impartial Audit Team certifies that
the requirements laid down as per NORMS have been fulfilled ?
8.2.1 Yes
8.2.2 No

9. TEACHER PUPIL RATIO
The Teacher - Pupil Ratio in India was as under in 1983-84 :
a) Primary - level schools 1 : 64
b) Middle - level School 1 : 58
c) Secondary/ Higher 1 : 47
secondary schools
d) Overall for the above 1 : 57
Do you feel that an ideal ratio ,
9.1 For primary – level schools should be :
9.1.1 1 : 64 ?
9.1.2 1 : 50 ?
9.1.3 1 : 30 ?
9.2 For middle – level schools should be :
9.2.1 1 : 58 ?
9.2.2 1 : 40 ?
9.2.3 1 : 25 ?
9.3 For secondary/ Higher secondary schools should be :
9.3.1 1 : 47 ?

9.3.2 1 : 30 ?
9.3.3 1 : 20 ?
9.4 Over – all for the above-mentioned levels should be :
9.4.1 1 : 57 ?
9.4.2 1 : 40 ?
9.4.3 1 : 30 ?
For improving the overall ratio from the present level of 1:57 to
1:30, we shall need the number of teachers to go up from the
present 33.02 lakhs to 62.73 lakhs, assuming the total enrolment
being constant.

10. TEACHERS MOTIVATION
Teachers are not sufficiently motivated to improve the quality of
education and take an active interest in the educational process since:-
- Even their physical needs like housing, proper salary, education for
their own children, etc. are not met fully :
- Esteem need is not met since they do not enjoy sufficient status in
the social strata.
- Environment for meeting Self-Actualization needs does not exists.
To what extent do you feel the following measures would contribute
toward raising teachers motivation level?
Great ..Fair..Little..None
10.1 Meet the basic physical (10.1:1)( 10.1:2)(10.1:3)(10.1:4)
needsof the teachers
community
10.2 Make teachers accountable 10.2:1 10.2:2 10.2:3 10.2:4
10.3 improve work ethos 10.3:1 10.3:2 10.3:3 10.3:4
10.4 Employ qualified teachers 10.4:1 10.4:2 10.4:3 10.4:4
having integrity and
devotionfor the profession
10.5 Introduce performance 10.5:1 10.5:2 10.5:3 10.5:4
basedpromotion scheme

10.6 Create environment wherein 10.6:1 10.6:2 10.6:3 10.6:4
they can undertake research
and develop institutional
instructional material and
thereby have a sense of
achievement.

11. INDUSTRY – INSTITUTE- INTERACTION – ADEQUACY
Some of the advantages of Industry – Institute interaction are
believed to be that Technical education will be more in tune with the
real life situation and the latest technology, and teachers would feel
more inspired and motivated.
Do you feel that the level of Industry- Institute interaction in case of
the following is :
More than Fairly Inadequate Zero
adequate
11.1 Non-technical 11.1:1 11.1:2 11.1:3 11.1:4
graduate
colleges
11.2 Technical college 11.2:1 11.2:2 11.2:3 11.2:4
Diploma level
11.3 Technical college 11.3:1 11.3:2 11.3:3 11.3:4
Degree level
11.4 Management 11.4:1 11.4:2 11.4:3 11.4:4
Institutions
11.5 Research 11.5:1 11.5:2 11.5:3 11.5:4
Institutions

12. INDUSTRY – INSTITUTE INTERACTION – METHODOLOGY
Given below are some methods by which Industry – Institute
interaction may be increased :
Kindly evaluate these methods, on a 4-point scale:
Very Good Fair Ineffective
Good
12.1 Industries should 12.1:1 12.1:2 12.1:3 12.1:4
adopt existing
institutions for
transfer of knowledge
12.2 Industry should 12.2:1 12.2:2 12.2:3 12.2:4
organiseTraining
for teachers
12.3 project-assignment 12.3:1 12.3:2 12.3:3 12.3:4
work for students
should form a
large percentage of
the curriculum.

13. VOCATIONAL INSTITUTES - STATEWISE DISTRIBUTIONS
At present 66% of the 1600 Vocational Institutes ( Industrial) are
located in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, which have only 16% of the
total population. Presently almost all these institutions are governed
by the State Governments.
To what extent do you feel, a more equitable distribution of
vocational Institutes is possible by the following measures?
Great Fair Little None
13.1 Industrial Houses 13.1:1 13.1:2 13.1:3 13.1:4
shouldbe encouraged
to set upvocational
Institutes
13.2 State Government 13.2:1 13.2:2 13.2:3 13.2:4
should increase
funds outlay for
Vocational Institutes

14. LITERACY LEVEL – GROWTH RATE
Progress of literacy, in India as measured by the percentage of
literates to the population in the last five census years is as under :-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Census Year Total Male Female
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1941 16.1% 24.9% 7.3%
1951 16.7% 25.0% 7.9%
1961 24.0% 34.4% 13.0%
1971 29.5% 39.5% 18.7%
1981 36.2% 46.7% 24.9%
Growth in 1981over 1941 241.1% 124.8% 87.5%
In the light of this, do you feel that the thrust of our education
policy in this matter should be :-
14.1 Keep growth in literacy rates at the existing levels
14.2 Striving for much higher growth In literacy rates for males as
compared to growth in female literacy rate.
14.3 Strive for much higher growth in literacy rates for females
than what is obtained up to 1981.

15. PHYSICAL FACILITIES
Following are the extent of basic facilities possessed by our
educational institutions :
- 60.3% of schools have blackboards
- 29.5% of schools have libraries
- 46.6% of schools have play- grounds
- 91.0% of schools have buildings
What do you feel are the levels to which these facilities should be raised
to ?
15.1 Schools having black – board:
15.1.1 70%
15.1.2 80%
15.1.3 90%
15.1.4 100%
15.2 Schools having libraries :
15.2.1 40%
15.2.2 60%
15.2.3 80%
15.2.4 100%

15.3 Schools having play- grounds
15.3.1 60%
15.3.2 80%
15.3.3 100%
15.4 Schools having buildings :
15.4.1 95%
15.4.2 100%

16. EXAMINATION SYSYTEM
Do you feel that the following statement are :
Completely Mainly Partially Completely
True True True False
16.1 The examination 16.1.1 16.1.2 16.1.3 16.1.4
system at present
encourage memorizing
and cramming rather
than understanding
and learning
16.2 Examination at the 16.2.1 16.2.2 16.2.3 16.2.4
end of the year
drive pupils to study
only in the last lap.
16.3 The examination 16.3.1 16.3.2 16.3.3 16.3.4
systems does not
truly reflect the
potential / aptitude/
knowledge acquired by
the pupil.

17. EXAMINATION SYSTEM
A “ Credit point System” of promotion as practiced in some of the
advanced countries permits everyone to set one's own pace of
learning. Students could be promoted to the next class on
accumulation of certain minimum number of credit point. This would
enable bright student to complete formal education faster.
Would you agree that it is necessary in India to shift to the “Credit
Point System?
17.1 Yes
17.2 No

18 DIGNITY OF LABOUR
18.1 Would you consider it true that our present education system
induces people to opt For white- collar jobs ?
18.1.1 Yes
18.1.2 No
18.2 Do you feel that student should be made to engage
themselves in physical work such as compulsory commissions
in para-military forces, practical learning of crafts,
compulsory tree-plantation, upkeep of community amenities,
upkeep of educational institutes, etc. to restore the dignity of
labour ?
18.2.1 Yes
18.2.2 No

19 AGRICULTURAL VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE
At present, Agricultural Education is available only at Graduates
Level, except for Agricultural Machinery ( Mechanics ) at Vocational
level in a very few colleges .
This results in rural population, going into cities for entering into
vocational institutes relevant to Industry only.
19.1 Is it desirable, in your opinion, to set up Agricultural Vocational
Institutes in rural areas to impart courses such as Agriculture,
Horticulture, Forestry, Canning, Food preservation, Animal
Husbandry, Pantry Sericulture, Honey extraction, Bio-gas, Fishseed
cultivation, etc.?
19.1.1 Yes
19.1.2 No
19.2 Do you feel such AgriculturalVocational Institutions could be
financed by suitably taxing farm income?
19.2.1 Yes
19.2.2 No

20. ENROLMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Total enrolment in higher education in 1983-84 is estimated at
33.59 lakhs out of 1243 lakhs total enrolment, i.e. 2.7%
Do you think that this percentage ( 2.7 % ) :
20.1 Is adequate ?
20.2 Should be raised to 5%?
20.3 Should be raised to 10%?
20.4 Should be raised to 15%?
At the 1983-84 level of total enrolment, raising enrolment in higher
education by one percentile point will need :
- About 1940 additional colleges
- About 81,240 additional teachers

21 PLAN OUTLAY ON ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Share of plan outlay on " Elementary Education ", from the total
outlay on education has been as follows :
1 ST Plan 55%
2 nd Plan 34%
3 rd Plan 37%
4 th Plan 31%
5 th Plan 32%
6 th Plan 36%
7 th Plan 34%
21.1 Do you agree that the 7 th plan outlay on elementary education
is adequate ?
21.1.1 Yes
21.1.2 No
21.2 If no, what in your opinion it should be ? ...…%
o Total 7 th Plan outlay on education is R. 5457 Crores.
o Allocation of 34% on elementary education is equal to
Rs.1855 Crores – over a period of five years, i.e. Rs.371
Crores p.a.
o Plan budgeted expenditure for 1983-84 is Rs.230 Crores, on
elementary education.
o Literacy level as per 1981 census is 36.2%