AN EXPERIMENTAL ON USE OF FLY ASH PELLETS IN CONCRETE IN PLACE OF

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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI) any other method of fly ash disposal. It is however necessary to have the following three conditions fulfilled for satisfactory operation by this system: • Availability of large areas of waste land for ponding; • Regular emptying of filled up ponds and • Unrestricted water supply. PROBLEM STATEMENT Many studies done on fly ash aggregates fully replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete. By the replacement of fly ash aggregate saving our natural resources and less labour is used by not shipping raw material from distant places to where glass is available saving time and money. First we can prepare fly ash aggregate 15:85 ratio of cement fly ash at 0.3 water cement ratio. By the replacement of this fly ash aggregate, and a basic experimental study on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing fly ash aggregate was carried out. THESIS LAYOUT Chapter 2 includes general literature over view for studying the use of fly ash aggregate in engineering properties. This research highlighted the different properties of fly ash aggregate and behavior of concrete at different percentages of fly ash aggregate replacement in to that. Chapter 3 discusses scope and objective of the present project Chapter 4 displays the descriptive variables in the experimental testing considering the properties of aggregates and raw materials. This chapter states with different raw components of concrete, sieve analysis, concrete mix, the test results of concrete and compressive strength of hardened concrete. This chapter ends with a detailed list of the different proportions of fly ash aggregate used in concrete. SCOPE <strong>AN</strong>D OBJECTIVES This research is mainly focusing on studying the effect of fly ash aggregate on the properties of concrete mixtures as a partially replacement of coarse aggregate. Within the scope of this study, the main goal is to improve compressive strength of concrete at what percentage of replacement of fly ash aggregate. Fly ash is the cheapest material of all concrete constituents and is much less expensive than natural aggregate and sand as possible to save money. The main aim of the research is to study the effect of concrete when partially replacing the fly ash aggregate in to the concrete. This objective can be achieved through the following conditions: • To determine normal consistency, initial and final setting times, soundness and fineness of cement. • To study specific gravity, water absorption of coarse aggregate of normal and fly ash aggregate. • To find out specific gravity, water absorption of fine aggregate of river sand and fly aggregate. • To examine the effects of these substances with different dosages like 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% replacement of coarse aggregate by weight in the concrete cubes on short term and long term strength development by finding the compressive strength values at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 28 days, 60 days and 90 days. • To assess split tensile strength of conventional concrete and partially replacement of fly ash aggregate. • To find the strength of cement concrete cubes after conducting various durability test like Acid Test • To identify the chemical compounds formed in different combinations of cement concrete by assessing the spatial variations in the chemical compositions which was done by using X-Ray diffraction studies. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The following are to be carried out in order to achieve the research objectives. •To collect the fly ash from thermal power plant RTPP. •Prepare the fly ash aggregate at 15:85 proportions. •To study about the fly ash aggregate. •Experimental study on strength replacement of fly ash aggregate in concrete. •Analyse the experimental results to draw conclusions. MATERIALS <strong>AN</strong>D METHODS GENERAL The physic-chemical properties of cement, sand , granite aggregate and water used in the investigation were analyzed based on and the standard experimental procedure laid down in the standard codes, like IS, ASTM and BS codes. These standard experimental procedures were adopted for the determination of normal consistency, initial and final setting times, soundness of cement and compressive strength and split tensile strength. MATERIALS The materials used in the present experimental investigation include; 1. Cement : Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 2. Mineral admixtures : Fly ash 3. Fine aggregate : Sand 4. Coarse aggregate a) Granite b) Fly ash aggregate 5. Water Chemical characteristics of fly ash S. No chemical characteristics 1. Silica + alumina+ iron oxide % by mass 2. Silicon dioxide % by mass 3. Magnesium oxide % by mass 4. Sulphur trioxide % by mass 5. Available alkalies as sodium oxide % by mass 6. Loss on ignition Requirement Composition of fly ash used 70 (min) 94.2 35 (min) 53.0 5 (max) 1.19 2.75 (max) 0.04 1.5 (max) 0.46 12 (max) 0.34 235
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI) Benefits • Reduces bleeding, • Increase time of setting, • Improve workability, • Reduces segregation in plastic concrete, • Increases ultimate strength, • Reduces drying shrinkage and permeability, • Lowers the heat of hydration Fine aggregate The sand used throughout the experimental work ws obtained from Chittoor, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Sand was thoroughly washed with tap water to remove impurities like decayed vegetable matter, humus, organic matter and deleterious materials like clay, fine silt and fine dust and was oven dried for 24 hours and cooled to room temperature and hence care was taken for the sand used in the investigation. In the present work the size of the sand is passing through 4.75 and retaining on 150mm as per IS sieve. The specific gravity of sand is 2.6. sand is tested for specific gravity, in accordance with IS: 2386-1963(Part I and II) Sand Properties S.NO Properties Sand values 1 Specific gravity 2.6 2 Water absorption 1.0 (%) 3 Bulk density (Kg/ 1.460 m3) 4 Fineness modulus (%) 3.12 Compressive strength Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water from the surface. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the specimen. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140kg/ cm2/minute till the specimen fails. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure. Samples Testing Concrete cube specimens In carrying out the X-ray diffraction, the concrete samples are first grinded into powder form. The sample size is normally 0.002mm to 0.005 mm and then they are put into the small packets. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data for grind samples were tested on Panalytical’s X’Pert Pro with Cu Kα radiation at IIT Ropar, Punjab. The samples are scanned in the range of 2Ѳ = 5 - 60˚ at the scanning speed of 2˚/min. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material and can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, and average bulk composition is determined 4.4.3.1 Fundamental Principles of X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) Max von Laue, in 1912, discovered that crystalline substances act as three-dimensional diffraction gratings for X-ray wavelengths similar to the spacing of planes in a crystal lattice. X-ray diffraction is now a common technique for the study of crystal structures and atomic spacing. X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample. The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg's Law (nλ=2d sin θ). This law relates the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction angle and the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample. These diffracted X-rays are then detected, processed and counted. By scanning the sample through a range of 2θangles, all possible diffraction directions of the lattice should be attained due to the random orientation of the powdered material. Conversion of the diffraction peaks to d-spacings allows identification of the mineral because each mineral has a set of unique d-spacings. Typically, this is achieved by comparison of d-spacings with standard reference patterns. All diffraction methods are based on generation of X-Rays in an X-ray tube. These X-rays are directed at the sample, and the diffracted rays are collected. A key component of all diffraction is the angle between the incident and diffracted rays. Powder and single crystal diffraction vary in instrumentation beyond this. 236
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