Media Guide_V Eng(16-06)Corret Final.qxd - Independent ...

Recommendations

Info

SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS person infected with the virus who is not sick is HIV positive not HIV/AIDS positive. And an HIV-positive person who dies from opportunistic infections has died from AIDS not HIV/AIDS. See also people with HIV/AIDS. HIV-associated dementia See AIDS dementia complex. HIV positive The presence of antibodies to HIV in a person's bloodstream. Different types of HIV tests can detect the antibodies or the virus itself. Antibodies usually develop within three months of infection. Positive results indicate antibodies. Negative results indicate no antibodies. Hyphens are only used when the word is written as a compound adjective, as in “HIV-positive man”. But “the man is HIV positive”. See seropositive. HIV Sentinel Surveillance A regular NCHADS survey of HIV infection in sentinel groups in Cambodia.The survey is commonly abbreviated as HSS and should not to be confused with the Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BSS) which is also conducted by NCHADS.See page 49. HIV strains By 2002, scientists had classified HIV strains into three groups and many sub-types (known as clades). Major strains (M) have at least 10 sub-types that are classified as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J. Outer strains (O) may have a similar number of sub-types. A strain found by French researchers in a woman with AIDS in Cameroon fell into neither category group and was classified into a third group known as non-M non-O (N). Among the major strains, sub-type B is most common in developed countries including those in East Asia (hence the focus on this subtype for vaccine research) and sub-type C is most common in developing countries. If a person is infected with different strains of the virus, different parts can "recombine" into a new form which can be transmitted to others. These are known as circulating recombinant forms (CRF). One of these sub-types, known as CRF01_AE, is dominant in Southeast Asia. Formerly known as the Thai-A sub-type, it is closely associated with female sex workers and their clients. Some researchers believe CRF01_AE is easier to transmit than subtype B which is more closely associated with men who have sex with men and injection drug users. According to the Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic (MAP) Network, a unique variant of CRF01_AE has been found among injection drug users in northern Vietnam and southern China. And a new recombinant of subtypes B and CRF01_AE, known as CRF01- 01B, is reported to be circulating widely in Thailand among injection drug users as well as female sex workers and their clients. The MAP report for 2004 said sharing infected needles was believed to be a particularly efficient way of recombining HIV sub-types into new forms of the virus. In Ho Chi Minh City, where injection drug users are a major sentinel group, the report said researchers in 2001 had found that eight percent of the HIV isolated was a combination of at least two sub-types. In Yunnan province in China, researchers have even found recombinants of two different recombinants.These were reported to be circulating among nine percent of one group of injection drug users. HIV tests The most common test is the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which tests for the presence of antibodies. But as it takes up to three months for the immune system to produce the antibodies, the result of tests during this window period can be negative even if the person is infected by HIV.Another test known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for the virus itself and can detect HIV within two weeks of infection. A special blood test involving a process called nucleic acid amplification can detect HIV infection during the window period. With the exception of court orders, all testing in Cambodia is required by law to be voluntary. See compulsory HIV testing. HIV transmission HIV is transmitted through semen, preejaculate, blood, vaginal fluids and breast milk. The ability of the virus to survive outside of the body is very limited. So compared with other diseases, HIV is not particularly easy to transmit. HIV is not contagious like air-borne viruses such as influenza or SARS, and you cannot get it by shaking hands, coughing or sneezing. Nor can it be transmitted by glasses, forks, spoons, chopsticks, mosquito bites, toilets or swimming pools. Transmission through kissing is extremely rare - the one noted case in the United States involved two people with severe dental disease. For similar reasons, transmission through households items like toothbrushes or razor blades is considered extremely unlikely. See separate entries for sexual transmission, blood-borne transmission and mother to child transmission. HIV virus The V in HIV stands for virus. HIV virus is redundant as it would mean Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus, which is like saying TVK television or the CPP party. hospital inpatients One of the main sentinel groups included in HIV Sentinel Surveillance system between 1997 and 2000. Dropped in the 2002 survey. See HIV Sentinel Surveillance on page 46. 150 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 151 HPV See human papilloma virus. HSS See HIV Sentinel Surveillance on page 46. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) The virus that causes AIDS. First isolated in 1983 by a team led by Dr Luc Montagnier at the Institut Pasteur in Paris.Taken from a West African blood sample, it was named Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV).The virus was also isolated in 1984 by an American team led by Dr Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute. Taken from the blood of Senegalese sex workers, it was called the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV) III. Following a dispute over the discovery, Montagnier and Gallo agreed to be named co-discoverers of the virus which was renamed as HIV. Note that HIV does not stand for Human Immune Deficiency Virus (which would be HIDV) and that the V stands for virus so "HIV virus" is wrong. Upper-case HIV is universal. As the letter V is often used to denote a final diphthong when transliterating Khmer into Roman script, some people pronounce HIV as hiou in which case hiv makes more sense. See also VIH. human papilloma virus
SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS The virus that causes genital warts. Transmitted through sexual contact, the virus has also been linked to cervical cancer.In HIV-positive women, infection with the virus increases as CD4 counts decline. Although there is no cure, anti-retroviral drugs are used to treat genital warts.The warts can also be removed by laser treatment or conventional surgery. IL-2 See Interleukin 2. immune-based therapies Treatment used to maintain, stimulate or repair the immune system. For HIV, the most extensive trials have involved Interleukin-2, a natural protein produced by the body that can dramatically raise the number of CD4 cells. immune system The body's natural defense against disruption caused by invading foreign agents such as microbes and viruses. There are two aspects of the immune system's response to disease: innate and acquired. The innate part is mobilized very quickly in response to infection and does not depend on recognizing specific proteins or antigens foreign to an individual's normal tissue. It includes macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes. The acquired, or learned, immune response arises when dendritic cells and macrophages present pieces of antigen to lymphocytes, which are genetically programmed to recognize very specific amino acid sequences. The ultimate result is the creation of cloned populations of antibody-producing B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes primed to respond to a unique pathogen. immunomodulating See immune-based therapies. incidence The number of new cases -- of a disease, for example -- occurring in a given population over a certain period of time. infectious An infection that can be transmitted by intimate contact (sex, for example) as opposed to casual contact (such as shaking hands). See also contagious. indinavir An anti-retroviral drug used to treat HIV infections. See protease inhibitors. indirect sex workers In recent NCHADS surveys, the term "indirect sex workers" (srey roksiplauphet proyol) has referred to "beer girls" (srey langseh) and "karaoke girls " (srey karaokeh) who sell sex. But the term previously included "massage girls" (srey massa) and "bar girls" (srey baa) who sell sex, referred to as "freelance sex workers" in the HIV Sentinel Surveillance of 1999. The NAA has a broader definition that defines indirect sex workers as people who have other work besides selling sex or who derive most of their income from other work. In between these two extremes is a third definition used in a 2003 study by the POLICY Project.This defined indirect sex workers as anyone who sells sex outside a brothel. Settings include karaoke bars (with sex taking place either on or off the premises) as well as regular bars and restaurants (where beer promotion girls or waitresses may sell sex in addition to their jobs, usually at a guest house or hotel). Other settings include private houses (freelancers working from home or independent sex workers managing their own house) as well as streets and parks (both male and female sex workers). Under this definition, indirect sex workers also includes female factory workers and orange sellers engaged in informal sex work. NCHADS surveys indicate that the proportion of beer-promotion girls involved in indirect sex work in five provinces almost doubled from 21 percent in 1997 to 39 percent in 1999.The POLICY Project study in 2003 said the apparent surge may have reflected direct sex workers leaving brothels to enjoy more freedom, avoid police raids or increase earnings.Another possible factor was increased numbers of urban poor. NCHADS data released in 2004 indicated that the proportion of beer promotion girls and karaoke hostesses involved in sex work had dropped to 37 percent of those surveyed in 2003, down from 40 percent in 2001. injection drug user People who inject illegal drugs into their blood stream. Without sterilization, HIV can easily be transmitted from one injection drug user to another if they are using the same needle. In the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and more recently in Vietnam, the HIV epidemic has been heavily concentrated in injection drug users. In 2004, UNAIDS said contaminated needles were believed to account for two thirds of new HIV infections in Vietnam. In addition to HIV outbreaks among injection drug users in Ho Chi Minh City, recent outbreaks have been reported in several Vietnamese provinces including Can Tho on the Mekong Delta. Injection drug users are not thought to have significantly contributed to the epidemic in Cambodia. But there is cause for concern given Cambodia's role as an alternative trading route for heroin -- and more recently, amphetamines -- from the Golden Triangle region of Laos, Myanmar and northern Thailand.A survey in 2001 found that nine percent of Phnom Penh street children had injected drugs, up from three percent a year earlier. A separate survey found that three percent of men who have sex with men had injected drugs over the previous 12 months. According to an unpublished estimate, the number of injection drug users in Cambodia exceeded 1,000 in 2004. innocent victim Avoid. The discriminatory notion of innocence and guilt in relation to HIV/ AIDS suggests that some people deserve to be punished and that others don't. It also fails to take into account limited access to HIV testing facilities. Such language lacks objectivity, putting journalists in the position of judging who is innocent and who is guilty. Leave that to the judicial system. Such language could also be defamatory. Describing an HIV-positive baby as an innocent victim could imply that the father is guilty for contracting the virus and passing it to his wife. Saying a recipient of HIV-contaminated blood is an innocent victim could imply that a hospital is guilty of negligence.As a government campaign launched in Australia in 1993 put it, “HIV doesn't discriminate -- people do.” interleukin-2 A natural protein produced by the body that can dramatically raise the number of CD4 cells. Recent evidence suggests that injections of Interleukin-2 combined with anti-retroviral drugs can halt the progression of HIV by keeping a person's CD4 cell count within the normal range. 152 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 153
Page 1 and 2: SECTION 14 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
Page 3 and 4: SECTION 15 MULTILATERAL AGENCIES Un
Page 5 and 6: SETION 16 SELECTED BILATERAL DONORS
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 17 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZAT
Page 23 and 24: SECTION 18 WEBSITES HIV and Develop
Page 25 and 26: SECTION 18 WEBSITES 132 Fighting Ba
Page 27 and 28: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS infect
Page 29 and 30: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS candid
Page 31 and 32: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS In the
Page 33: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS gonorr
Page 37 and 38: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Muslim
Page 39 and 40: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS perina
Page 41 and 42: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS garmen
Page 43 and 44: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS UNFPA
Page 45 and 46: SECTION 19 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 172 20
Page 47 and 48: SECTION 20 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONY
Page 49 and 50: SECTION 20 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONY
Page 51 and 52: SECTION 21 SELECTED REFERENCES Afri

Media Guide_V Eng(16-06)Corret Final.qxd - Independent ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?