'Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\iĀyp(rv[S : a[k ...

p\krN - 5 Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> si>AkZ(tk p(rv[S
1. Fm< : si>AkZ(tk p(rv[Sn&> mh_vn&> t_v :
{a} Yi[ms hiD) Fm<
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Fm<
2.m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ :
{a} Yi[ms hiD) m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[
3. li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t :
{a} Yi[ms hiD) li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t
4. g\iÀyp(rv[S an[ g\iÀys>AkZ(t :
{a} Yi[ms hiD) gimD&>
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> gimD&>
5. tLpd) s>AkZ(tn[ Äykt krt) BiPi an[ bi[l):
{a} Yi[ms hiD) BiPi an[ bi[l)
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> BiPi an[ bi[l)
324

s>AkZ(t a[ minvsmij oiri (n(m(gk ci[Ês smyn[ ai>tr[ (vkis Yti[ rHi[ C[. (vVn) ai(d s>AkZ(t
s>b>(Ft a[v) FirNi ht) k[ sZ(OTni p\ir>Bmi> j sj
Av$p FirN kr[ t[mj t[n[ a[k ~[Oq Jvn Jvvin&> migF) j$r) (s¹Fi>ti[ pi[tini mi¹ymY) p\din kyi hti>. ä(Pai[a[ ¹yinivAYimi> eVr
pis[Y) (dÄy Xin p\i¼t ky& an[ a[n[ v[di[ni $pmi> li[ki[ smx p\At&t ky&. a[ v](dk (s¹Fi>ti[ni
piyi upr j p\ic)n s>AkZ(tni[ ud`Bv an[ (vkis Yyi[. Ryirbid j[m j[m minvni[ (vkis
Yti[ gyi[, t[m t[m an[k p\yisi[ an[ pr>priai[ s>AkZ(tni aiFirB*t a>g tr)k[ AYi(pt Yvi
li³yi.s>AkZ(tni[ a[k a[v) smijÄyvAYi tr)k[ (vkis Yyi[ j[mi> a[k minvn&> Jvn aikir
pim[ C[ an[ t[[ a[ni AvBiv an[ aicrNn[ (nFi (vkis kr[ C[. s>AkZ(t a[ ki[e a[k minv)ni[ ai(vOkir nY).t[ ti[ a[k minvsm*hn)
JvnS]l) s>b>Fk miºytiai[n&> vh[N C[-t[ ~[Oq minvJvnni Firi-Fi[rNi[n) a[v) Firi C[
j[ ai(dkiLY) aij pyt a(vrtpN[ vh) rh) C[.
(Bºn-(Bºn S¾dki[Pi[mi> >'s>AkZ(t"ni (v(vF aYi[< aipvimi> aiÄyiC[. 'Bgvd`gi[m>DL"
mi> 's>AkZ(t" S¾dni[ n)c[ p\miN[ aY< aipvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ :
“s>AkZ(t a[ m*L s>AkZt S¾d C[.j[ni[ aY< Yiy C[ am&k (v(SOT s>Akiri[ni[ sm&diy,
rh[N)-krN), r)t(rvij, AvBiv vg[r[.” 1 'Longman Dictionary of the English
Language"mi> s>AkZ(t miT[ a>g[\Jmi> vpriti 'culture" S¾dni n)c[ p\miN[ aYi[< aipvimi>
aiÄyi C[ :
{A} ''The pattern of human behaviour and its products that includes thought,
speech, action, institutions and artefacts and that is taught to or is adopted by
successive generations.""
325

{B} ''Typical behaviour, customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits
of a racial, religious or social group."" 2
s>AkZ(tn[ ci[kks S¾di[mi> Äyi²yib¹F krv&> m&Æk[l C[. aim Cti> s>AkZ(t a[Tl[ S&> a[n)
s)F) sid) smj miT[ kh) Skiy k[ s>AkZ(t a[Tl[ smijn&> Äy(ktRv. t[ ki[e smij k[ ji(tni[
Jvn p\Ry[ni[ W(OTki[N hi[y C[. j[ t[ minvsm&diyn) s>AkZ(t t[n) simi(jk Bivniai[,
mni[vZ(_iai[, pr>prigt miºytiai[, Äyvhir, r)(t-n)(t, s>g)t an[ kli-ki]Sln&> s>y&kt$p
C[.s>AkZ(tmi> ki[e d[S aYvi ji(tn) pr>priY) p\c(lt JvnS]l), FmAkZ(t j a[ni aicir-(vcirn[ GD[ C[. p\ic)n minv
v]Xi(nk a[DvD< Tielrni mt[ :
''s>AkZ(t pi[tini minvSiA#i)y aY a[v) p(rkÃpnin[ kh[ C[, j[mi> Xin, (vVis,
kLi, n](tkti, (v(F-(vFin, r)t-(rvij an[ aºy Äyvhir an[ sim¸y< sim[l C[. j[n[
minv) pi[tini smijmi>Y) g\hN kr[ C[."" 3
gi[ÃDn viezrn) Äyi²yi p\miN[ s>AkZ(tn[ rcti> t_vi[ a[Tl[ ''aipNi> vlNi[,
miºytiai[, (c>tni[, (nNAYiai[-rijk)y, ai(Y#ii[, (vXinSiKiai[, dS pN t_vi[ an[ Äy(ktai[, (nriLi> t[mj (v(vF s>b>Fi[mi> aiv[ C[."" 4
(vzlr s>AkZ(tn[ ki[epN minvsm&diyni> aiciri[ an[ (vciri[ni> srviLi krti> k>e
ai[C&> pN n(h an[ vFir[ pN n(h a[ r)t[ ai[LKiv[ C[. 5
ai pZ¸v) upr aiv[li dr[k p\d[Sn) Bi]gi[(lk p(r(AY(tn[ aiF)n Ryi>ni li[ki[n)
s>AkZ(t aikir pim[ C[. an[ t[Y) j p\d[S-p\d[Sn) (v(SOT p\kirn) s>AkZ(tai[ hi[y C[. j[m k[
326

phiD) p\d[Sni li[ki[n) s>AkZ(t m[din p\d[Sni li[ki[n) s>AkZ(tY) alg pDt) hi[y C[. ji[ k[
Kinpin, ph[rv[S, r)(t(rvij j[v) biH bibti[mi> rh[li>> tfivti[n[ bid krti l³np\Yi, Fm b[ (Bºn-(Bºn s>AkZ(tai[ vμc[ an[k
smintiai[ pN ji[vi mL[ C[. ti[ (Bºn-(Bºn s>AkZ(tn) p\ji a[kb)ji>ni s>pk aivti
s>AkZ(t x[#i[ aidin-p\dinn) p\(k\yi pN ji[vi mL[ C[. t[Y) j ki[e a[k s>AkZ(tn&> a[k (n(Vt
x[#i dSi m&Æk[l bn[ C[.aim Cti> kh) Skiy k[ s>AkZ(tni[ s)Fi[ s>b>F ki[e a[k p\d[Sn)
ji(t yi ki[e (v(SOT smij aYvi jnsm&diymi> p\c(lt Fi(mdr[ a[ jnsm&diyn) JvnS]l) siY[ hi[y C[.
s>AkZ(tni> vtZ Ryi>n) diS j[ t[ jnsm&diyn) AYLi>tr an[ smyi>tr[ bnt) rijk)y, ai]wi[(gk
k[ simi(jk GTnin[ an&$p bdlivi[ aivti rh[ C[. ai bibt[ Diƒ. d[vrij lK[ C[ :
''es p\kirk) s>AkZ(tk) upy&t Bigni nvlkYikir Yi[ms hiD)mi> Yyi[ hti[.19m) sd)ni m¹yBigmi> D[irs[Tmi> si]p\Ym r[Ãv[AT[Sn bi>Fvimi>
aiÄy&>. Ryi> s&F) e>³l[>Dni n]äRymi> aiv[li ai g\iÀy(vAtir biH d&(nyiY) td`n a(l¼t hti[
an[ Ryi>ni rh[vis) g\imjni[ pi[tin) a[k (v(SOT p\kirn) JvnS]l) Frivti hti. t[ai[ j[v&>
(vcirti, j[v&> an&Bvti t[v&> j bi[lti an[ vt C[ :
327

''The conduct of the upper classes is screened by conventions, and
thus the real character is not easily seen; and if it is seen, it must be
portrayed subjectively : whereas in the lower walks, conduct is a direct
expression of inner life; and thus charater can be directly portrayed through
the act."" 7
Yi[ms hiD)
'Wessex"nim[ amr kyi. a[mN[ 'Wessex"ni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[ni[ (vPy
bniÄyi[ an[ t[Y) a[mn) nvlkYiai[ni[ a¿yis krti Bivkn[ t[ p\d[Sn) p\jin)
smijÄyvAYi, r)t(rviji[, Fi(m si]riOT^ p\d[S
aiv[li[ C[. Yi[ms hiD)< miT[ j[m 'Wessex" C[, t[m m(Dyi miT[ 'si]riOT^" C[. g&jritni[ ai
p\d[S pi[tin) aigv) s>AkZ(t miT[ d&(nyiBrmi> jiN)ti[ C[.m(Dyin[ pi[tini vtnmi> (vtiv[li
p\ir>(Bk Jvn dr(myin Ryi>ni g\iÀysmijni (v(vF pisi>ai[ an[ lix(Nktiai[n&> avli[kn
krvin) tk si>pD). p(rNim[ a[ avli[kni[ a[mn) p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[ni (vPy bºyi.a[mn)
p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[ni k[ºWmi> si]riOT^n&> gimD&> C[.m(Dyi pi[tin) sbL l[KnS]l) vD[
si]riOT^ni g\iÀysmijn) Fi(mprin[ vLg) rh[vin) vZ(_i, m[Li, uRsvi[ vg[r[ si>AkZ(tk pisi>ai[n[ pi[tin)
nvlkYiai[mi> ail[K[ C[.t[Y) hv[ aipN[ hiD)< an[ m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> ail[Kiy[l
g\iÀyp(rv[Sni si>AkZ(tk pisi>ai[ upr p\kiS piDvini[ p\yRn kr)S&>.
328

1. Fm< : si>AkZ(tk p(rv[Sn&> mh_vn&> t_v
{a} Yi[ms hiD) Fm< :
Yi[ms hiD) (K\At) Fm rh[l) $(Qc&Attiai[ upr aikm\N
ky& C[. a[mN[ pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> aivti pidr)ai[ni r[Ki>knmi> a[mni[ uphis kyi[< C[.a[mN[
(K\At) Fmk&(ct (s¹Fi>ti[ prRv[ pi[tini[ ApOT Ø(OTki[N diKÄyi[ C[.
'T[s ai[f D'ab

lKiNn[ ‘hideous defacement" tr)k[ ai[LKiv[ C[. 8 ji[ k[ a[ S¾di[ j T[sni (c_imi>
g*ni(ht ligN) uRpºn krvimi> kirNB*t si(bt Yiy C[.
T[sn) d)kr) mrNpYir)a[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ T[s (vcir[ C[ k[ ji[ pi[tin) d)kr)n) mZRy&
ph[li (K\At) Fm< p\miN[n) nimkrN (v(F n krvimi> aiv[ ti[ t[n[ nk S[tinn[ hvil[
krvimi> aivS[.t[ pi[tin) d)kr)n[ nk S[tinn[ hiY[ yitni an&Bvt) kÃp[ C[. t[Y) T[s pi[t[
j pi[tin) d)kr)n) a[ Fi(mpºn kr[ C[.t[ dl)l kr[ C[ k[ ji[ p\B&n[ a[ni oiri
krvimi> aiv[l) (v(F nim>j*r hi[y ti[ t[n[ an[ t[n) d)kr)n[ a[vi aAYie p\B& oiri (nymn
Yt&> Avg< nim>j*r C[.pi[tin) d)kr)ni mZRy& bid T[s jyir[ m[lATi[kni pidr)n[ a[n) dfn(v(F
s>pºn krvi (vnv[ C[ Ryir[ t[ pidr) a[k v[pir)n) mifk T[s[ a[ pidr)ni Äyvsi(yk slih-
s*cn[i vgr pi[tin) d)kr)n) nimkrN-(v(F kr) hi[viY) a[n) (K\At) Fm< an&sir dfn(v(F
s>pºn krvi nkir[ C[.upri[kt tmim bibti[mi> (K\At) Fmti[mi> rh[l) pi[kLti p\gT
Yyi (vni rh[t) nY).an[ ai j piK>D an[ pi[kLtin[ l)F[ jyir[ a[ºjl kl[r a[mni
k&T&>bni[ pidr)ni[ Äyvsiy Av)kirvin[ s>mt Yti[ nY), Ryir[ t[ni (pti pi[tini d)krini (K\At)
Fm< a>g[ni (vciri[ jiN)n[ U>>>Di[ aiGit an&Bv[ C[. aiY) Fi(mkiS)l d)kri
vμc[ni a>trmi> vFiri[ Yiy C[.a[ºjlni (pti a[k c&At an[ umdi pidr) hi[y C[.t[ai[ a[l[k
j[vi Äy(ktai[ni n](tk Jvnmi> s&Firi[ livvini g>B)r an[ s>(nOq p\yRni[ pN kr[ C[.
a[mni Fm kiyi[< a>g[ jripN S>ki s[v) Skiy nh).aim Cti> t[ai[ pN (K\At) Fm
rh[l) s>k&(ctti an[ $(Qc&Attini> (Skir bºyi> C[.t[mn&> mins a[ bibt Av)kir) Skt&> nY)
k[ a[mn) miºytiai[ an[ (vciri[ni diyrin) bhir pN a[k aºy sip[x sRy Av)kZt hi[y
Sk[.19m) sd)mi> a[k bij&> pr>prigt Fi(m b[ (vri[FiBis) vlNi[
330

jºÀyi> hti.an[ mn&Oy a[ b[ vlNi[ vμc[ (ÜFi an&Bvti[ ji[vi mL[ C[. ai s>dB[< li[pi
sºyil n)c[ni avtrNi[ Ti>k[ C[ :
''Basil Willey, in Nineteenth Century Studies, states that the central
problem of the nineteenth century was the reconciling of destruction with
reconstruction, negation with affirmation, science with religion, the head
with the heart, the past with the present, order with progress."" 9
'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> pN a[k trf (K\At) Fmg[ni aiF&(nk (vciri[ Äykt Yiy C[. j[m k[ Ay& a[n[ ni[kr)a[ riKnir
m)s fi[ºTv[r siY[ a[ni mimini mkinmi> rh[ C[. Ay&n) milkNni[ d[Kiv a[k s>ºyi(sn) j[vi[
C[. t[ a[k pidr)n) p\i]Q d)kr) C[ j[ gLimi> mNkin) miLi an[ k\i[s ph[r[ C[. a[ni (ptini
mZRy& bid t[n[ virsimi> d[vLn) siFn-simg\)n) a[k d&kin mL[ C[ j[ni[ a[N[ q)k q)k (vkis
kyi[< hi[y C[. t[ c&AtpN[ (K\At)Fmt& Ay& a[Tl) Fi(m aºy Fm pqn kr[ C[ j[ a[n) milkNn[ kyir[ pN miºy hi[e Sk[ n(h.
aipN[ aigL ji[y&> t[ p\miN[ Ay& Avt>#i (vciri[ Frivt) a[k aiF&(nk y&vt) C[. a[ni (K\At)
Fm< a>g[ni (vcir[imi> a[k p\kirn) (vm&Kti rh[l) C[. t[ (K\At) Fm mint) nY) k[ l³n a[k p(v#i Fi(mprigt l³n(v(Fmi> Si
miT[ a[k A#i)a[ j aºy ki[en[ sm(p ji[ea[-S&> vrn[ kºyin) j$r nY) ? a[ a[v)
miºytin) (vri[F) C[ k[ A#i) p&$P krti ki[epN r)t[ utrt) kxin) C[. t[ min[ C[ k[ a[k
p&$Pn[ pi[tin) kºyi ps>d krvini[ j[Tli[ a(Fkir C[ a[Tli[ j a(Fkir a[k A#i)n[ pi[tini
331

JvnsiY) nkk) krvini[ C[. pr>t& pr>prigt l³n(v(Fmi> a[k A#i)n[ a[k gF[D) k[ bkr)n)
mifk p&$Pn[ si[>p) d[vimi> aiv[ C[. (vkTi[(ryn smijmi> ji[vi mLti pr>prigt an[ aiF&(nk
vlNi[ (vS[ j[ri[m a[c.bkl) jNiv[ C[ :
''Any cultural period suffers distortion from a generalized indictment,
however speciously formmulated. But the outlines of the Victorian era blur
beyond recognition in the confusion of contradictory charges.The
Victorians, we are told, were '' a poor, blind, complacent people" ; yet they
were torn by doubt, spiritually bewildered, lost in a troubled universe.They
were crass materialists, wholly absorbed in the present, quite unconcerned ''
with abstract verities and eternal values''; but they were also excessively
religious, lamentably idealistic, nostalgic for the past, and ready to forego
present delights for the vision of a world beyond."" 10
hiD)> a[ºjl kl[r an[ Ay& j[vi apvid$p pi#ii[ C[, j[ Fm< (vP[
pi[tini Avt>#i (vciri[ Friv[ C[ an[ t[ p\miN[ Jvn Jvvini[ ÄyY< p\yRn kr[ C[.ai (sviyni
mi[Ti>Bigni v[s[ksni g\imjni[ Fm< a>g[ kS) S>ki-k&S>ki kyi< (vni simiºy Jvn Jv[
C[.t[ai[ shjpN[ ccBigni g\imjni[ Fm ~¹Fi Friv[ C[.kyi>k kyi>k ~¹Fi C[ ti[ kyi>k kyi>k a>F~¹Fi pN ji[vi mL[
C[.j[m k[ T[sn) miti ji[n Db) ~¹Fi C[ k[ T[s D'abbni s>pk< Yk) ki[e uμc Kindinni nb)ri siY[ l³n krS[.Ti[lbi[Ys D[r)mi> jyir[ miKN
upr aivt&> nY) Ryir[ Ryi>ni li[ki[ a[v&> (vcir[ C[ k[ ki[ek[ jid&-Ti[Ni> kyi>< hi[vi> ji[ea[ aYvi
332

D[r)mi> ki[ek p\[mmi> pDy&> hi[v&> ji[ea[.t[ai[ a[ jid&-Ti[Ni>n[ (bnasrkirk bnivvi miT[ ki[ek
jid&grn) Si[Fn) viti[ kr[ C[ Ryir[ a[k Äy(kt (vFin kr[ C[ :''But there's no such
jenuine folk about nowdays.""jyir[ T[s an[ a[ºjl l³n bid D[r) Ci[D) hn)m*n miT[
upD[ C[ Ryir[ a[k k*kDi[ bi[l[ C[ t[ vKt[ Ryi> hijr rh[l Äy(ktai[mi>ni[ a[k kh[ C[ : ‘That's
bad." K&d T[s pN a[ smy[ k*kDini bi[lviY) Äy(Yt Yiy C[ an[ pi[tini p(tn[ kh[ C[ k[ a[
S&B p\s>g[ a[n[ k*kDi>n&> bi[lv&> ps>d pDy&> nY).k*kDi[ fr) bi[l[ C[ Ryir[ D[r)m[n (k\k kh[ C[ :
''Now, to think U' that just today! I've not heard his crow of an afternoon all
the year afore."" 11 T*>kmi> ksmy[ k*kDi>n&> bi[lv&> aS&B minvimi> aiv[ C[. 'F r)Tn< ai[f F
n[T)v"mi> pN aipNn[ v[s[ksni g\imjni[mi> p\vtF~¹Fini[ ²yil aiv[ C[. t[ai[ B*t
an[ DikN j[v) svy Bi[>k[ C[ an[ Ryirbid t[n&> m)Nn&> nin&> p*tL&> bniv) t[n) upr p)n
ci[>TiD) a[n[ aigmi> ai[giL[ C[ an[ b)J bij&> mnmi> p\iYT[ an[ s>ji[gvsit` Yi[Di> smy pC)
y&AT[s)yi Kr[Kr mZZRy& pim[ C[ an[ s&sinn) a>F~¹Fin[ aiFir mL[ C[. 'aºDr F g\)nv&D
T^)"mi> pN a[(lzib[Y a[ºDi[(fÃD nimn) kh[vit) c*D[l viti mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv[ C[.
jyi[f\[ oiri D)kni aAv)kirni m(hni bid f[ºs) y[lbr)v&DY) m[lATi[k piC) fr) hi[y C[.
mig vrsid pD[ C[ an[ vivizi[D&> f*>kiy C[.t[Y) a[k ki[T[jmi> aiSri[ l[ C[. t[ ki[T[jmi>
gimn) a[k c*D[l rh[t) hi[y C[. t[ c*D[l f[ºs)n[ t[ birNi> upr Tki[ri mir[ t[ ph[li> j a>dr
aivvi jNiv[ C[.f[ºs) a>dr p\v[S[ C[.a[(lzib[Y gimmi> a[k (v(SOT p\kirn&> pi#i C[. t[
a[kik) Jvn Jv[ C[ an[ t[ kyir[ pN ccgni[ li>bi[
z¿Bi[ an[ Ti[p) ph[r[ C[. li[ki[ min[ C[ k[ t[ c*D[l C[ an[ ki[e upr m[l) (vwi ajmiv) Sk[
333

C[. a[(lzib[Yn[ f[ºs) k>ek kh[ t[ ph[li> j a[ni mnn) m*>zvNni[ ²yil aiv) jiy C[ k[
a[ni (ptin[ miºy nY) k[ f[ºs) a[ni p\[m) D)k siY[ l³n kr[. f[ºs) a[(lzib[Yn[ a[n) a[
smAyini[ uk[l s*cvvi miT[ (vn>t) kr[ C[. c*D[l f[ºs)n[ kh[ C[ k[ t[ t[n[ a[ni (ptin&>
ãdyp(rvt aTkti f[ºs) c*D[ln) (vdiy l[ C[ an[ pi[tini mig
aigL vF[ C[.
f[ºs)n) ai c*D[l siY[n) m&likit viti mh_vni[ vLi>k liv[ C[. f[ºs) c*D[ln)
slih p\miN[ B*K hDtil upr utr[ C[.a[ni (ptin[ a[n) d)kr)n) (c>ti Yiy C[, a[n&>>>>
ãdyp(rvtdg)ni y&vinn[ prNvin) m>j*r) aip[ C[.aim
j[ nvlkYi k$Ni>(tkimi> p(rNm) hi[t, t[ a[(lzib[Yn) dr(mying)r)Y) s&Ki>tmi> p(rNm[
C[.'F v&Dl[ºDs

min) Av)kir) l[ C[.g\iÀyJvn upr ji[vi mLti Fmgi n
hi[. unki pi(rvi(rk J)vn, simi(jk J)vn a[vm ai(YF~¹Fin&> tiØS (c#iN
ky&

aiBiSin[ Ryi> k[d rh[vin>& a[n[ gmt&> nY). aiBiSin) (tji[r)mi> g*>gLit) lÈm)a[ (rKvn[
hiY[ mi[jSi[K, v]Bv (vlismi>-a[ni j a>gt Bi](tk s&K-upBi[gmi> vprivin&> ps>d
ky&.pr>t& a(tlÈm) anY< pN ai[Ci[ krt) nY).a[ v]Bv(vlisn[ j kirN[ (rKvn&> krp)N
K*n Yiy C[.aiBiSin[ a[n) pi[tin) sg) bh[n[ j af)N pien[ mir) ni²yi>. lÈm)n[
s>Grnir, n[ a[n[ v[Dfnir b[un) lÈm)a[ d&dFLi[ mi[h riK) kivtri
krnir) amrt a>t[ gi>D) Ye ge.li[(Byi[ an[ lilc& K*n) ctrBj a[ lÈm)ni mi[hmi> j
tirij Yyi[, a[ a>t[ B)K mi>gti[ Ye gyi[.a>t[ amrtni d)kri dl&n) udrtin[ kirN[
(rKvn) pRn) s&l[Ki a[ s>p(_in) Avi(mn) Ye. s&l[Kia[ pi[tini udi_i aicrN an[
Fmb>FY) jºm[li> ani]rs biLk Ci[T[ mh>tni hiY[ a[ s>p(_i
li[kb\M s&F) phi[>ciD) d)F). li[ki[ni p\Av[dmi>Y) udBv[l) lÈm) a>t[ li[ki[ni j kÃyiNiYc) Ryir[ j t[n[ j>p Yyi[.
aim, m(Dyini ai JvndSAkZ(t, up(nPd, p&riNi[
vg[r[ C[.pi#ii[ni viN)-vt ai JvndSY) Äy>(jt Yiy C[. Äyijni[
sici[ virs Äy(kt k[ sm(OT?- a[ snitn smAyini[ p\Ry&_ir ai nvlkYi aip[ C[.Birt)y
Fm< an[ s>AkZ(tmi> s>p(_ini Avim) n(h, s[vk pN n(h, s>g\h krnir pN n(h, v[Dfnir n(h,
lilsi riKnir n(h Yvini[ p\bi[F kyi[< C[.s>p(_ini BÄyi[di_i rK[viL bn) jns[vi a[ j
p\B&s[vini m>#in[ siY Yti[ aiÄyi[ C[.'Äyijni[ virs"
nvlkYimi> Birt)y s>AkZ(tn) ai s&g>F smiy[l) C[.
'aili FiFln&> (z>zivdr"mi> l[Kk[ j]nFm
(n$pN kr)n[ nvlkYin[ a[k (v(SOT p\kirni Fi(m p\At&t kr) C[.Sirdi e³n[zn[
p\[m kr[ C[. ai pi#i mi#i Sirdini mni[jgtmi> (vhr[ C[, pr>t& kyir[ pN nvlkYimi> sd[h[
336

p\Ryx p\At&t Yt&> nY).Sirdini p\[m) e³n[zn&> ai p\kirn&> am*t< pi#iil[Kn t[mj (>z>zivdr
gimni aºy p\[m)ai[ j[vi k[ d[viBiBi-c>piS[qN), ri[z[(ryi[-rim), hrs&r-sj&bin)
p\[mkYiai[n) k$Ni>(tki a[ bibt si(bt kr[ C[ k[ p\[m a[ zi>zvini jL smin C[-a[ mi#i
minv)y mnn) B\mNi C[-a[ kyir[ pN m*t< Av$p FirN kr) (c_in[ prmSi>(t k[ s>ti[P aip)
Sk[ n(h.miT[ a[n) piCL piCL BTkv&> (nrY(t ti[ Fm j rh[l) C[. ai (vcirY) j Sirdini (c_imi> a>t[ s>sir p\Ry[ (vrk(t jºm[
C[.aim Cti> um[dlil nimni y&vin siY[ Sirdia[ kmn[ l³n krvi pD[ C[. si>si(rk
miyijiLY) d*r rh[vi mi>gt) Sirdi, aid)Vrdidin[ viwi (vni pl>g upr siY[ n pi[Qvin)
pi[tin[ minti C[, a[v&> bhin&> kiQ[ C[ an[ a[ r)t[ p(t siY[ shSyn TiL[ C[.Ryirbid minti
p*r) krvi gy[l) Sirdi, aid)Vrdidin[ v>d)n[ (dxi a>g)kir kr[ C[ n[ 'Sirdi" mi>Y) 's&Xi~)
mhist)" bn[ C[.s>ºyis l)Fi bid p\Ym cit&mi

a[ni S*rip&rini pi(Ly[ C*T[ C[. pi(Lyi[ a[ B*tkiL nY) bn) gyi[, pN li[kJvnni
s>Akirmi> hJ a[ni[ p\iN-Fbkir bi[l) rHi[ C[."" 14
'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> pN l[Kk[ g\imjni[n) Fm aiAYi, a>F~¹Fi, miºyti an[
min(sktin&> (vp&l p\miNmi> viAt(vk (n$pN ky& C[. ai tmim bibti[ a[mni aicir-
(vcirmi> a[Tl) hd[ vNiy[l) C[ k[ t[ai[n&> aicrN a[mn) JvnS]l) bn) rh[vi pim[
C[.GN)vir a[ni aiGit-p\RyiGit a[mni Jvn upr pD[ C[.
(grnir prn) kiLki mitin) sitm) T*>k[Y) vP a[k j vir g&>disr gimmi> aivti
m[lD)ni upisk G*G(ryibivin&> aigmn Yiy C[.vrsid pDti[ nY) Ryir[ a[n&> kirN
G*G(ryi[bivi[ n)c[ p\miN[ aip[ C[ :''tmiri upr ti[ m[lD) ki[p) C[... an[ e m[lD)n&> mi[Q&>
g&>dihrn) ØÆyimi> C[...aiKi gim pr n(h, p*>C an[ m*>C .. upr Bir pDS[."" 15 ai upri>t
a[ j svir[ p>ckmi> j p>ciNBiBi[ mZRy& pimS[. ai smAyini[ uk[l s*cvti a[ kh[ C[ k[
Grn) dr[k mi[T) Äy(kt d)q svi svi pvil&> Gu>ni[ K)cDi[ ri>F) m[lD)min) d[r)a[ zirv) pDS[
an[ a[ni kh[vi p\miN[ g&>disrni g\imjni[ m[lD)ni[ ki[p d*r krvi si>j[ ni(Ly[r, c*>dD),
mi[(Dyi[ vg[r[ kiLkimitin[ Fr[ C[.jyir[ G*G(ryi[ bivi[ F*Nti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ gimni[ ai[GDB*vi[
a[n) bij&mi> b[s) Dikl&> vgiDti[ hi[y C[.ai ai[GDB*vi (vP[ l[Kk n)c[ p\miN[ mi(ht) aip[
C[.
''ai ai[GDBiBi[ g&>disrni[ siv ki[en[ zpT j[v&>>>>>> hi[y, ki[e
nvi[Qin[ a[n) aigl) Si[k nDt) hi[y, ki[en[ kimN$mN Yyi> hi[y, ki[en) srmi> (jnit-
K(vs aivti> hi[y, ki[eni (ptZai[ $qyi> hi[y, ki[eni Grmi> ri[j sip n)kLti hi[y Ryir[
rti>FLi[ ai[GDBiBi[ a[n&> cir diykin&> j*n&> Dikl&> vgiDti[ n[ F*Nnir miNsn[ svil-jvib
krti[."" 16
338

g&>disr gimni li[ki[mi> a[v) miºyti ht) k[ G*G(ryi bivini Sr)rmi> sixit m[lD)
aiv[ C[.gimli[ki[ vt) ai[GDB*vi[ F*Nti bivin[ m[lD)ni ki[pn&> kirN p*C[ C[, Ryir[ G*G(ryiLi[
GTAfi[T kr[ C[ k[ ''ai gim[ mn[ aBDiv) C[."" 17 p\Åni[_ir) aigL cil[ C[: mi ! ci[²K&f*l
nim piD) d)yi[.ki[N[ tmn[ aBDiÄyi> ? a[ p\Åni[_ir)ni a>t[ hidi pT[lni mZt p&#i gi[brn)
gBt& upr 'aji·yi> ai[Fin" rHi>ni[ an[ a[v) 'pipN)"a[ pi[tini Yinkn[
aBDiÄyi>ni[ aix[p Yiy C[. pi[tin) p(v#iti si(bt krvi miT[ s>t&a[ kkLti t[ln) kDiemi>
pi[tini hiY bi[Lvi pD[ C[.ai upri>t gimmi>Y) ki[e g*m Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ pN a[ni sgD
m[Lvvi ai[GDB*vini[ s>pk< krvimi> aiv[ C[.
hidi pT[lni K[trmi> a[k st)min) d[r) aiv) C[.hidi pT[l v>Spr>prigt ai
Yinkni 'gi[(qyi" C[. Jvnni tmim mh_vni (nNzvNn&> (nrikrN st)mi
smx diNi ji[[e liv[ C[.gimni li[ki[ simiºy r)t[ s>tin s&KiY[< st)min) minti riKti
an[ a[ eμCi p*N< Yti Yinkmi> pi[t[ min[l) minti m&jb C_ir cQivti.
s>tin(vyi[gmi> s>t& gi>D) Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ li[ki[ min[ C[ k[ t[n[ miY[ mitini rY fr)
gyi C[ ti[ ki[ek min[ C[ k[ a[ni v[r)a[ j njr ni>K) C[ an[ ki[en) zi[DzpTmi> aiv) ge
C[. hrK an[ ujmn[ ajviL) kik) upr vh[m jiy C[, kirNk[ ajviL)n) mi lK&
m[l)(vwi jiNt) ht) an[ t[Y) j t[ mi pis[ virsimi> m[l)(vwi S)K) hi[v) ji[ea[.jyir[
ai[GDB*vi[ pN gi>Di[ Ye jiy C[ Ryir[ pN gimli[ki[ aivi j tk bir vP< pC) pN d[vS) piCi[ n aivti t[ mr) prviyi[< C[ a[m min) a[ni
nimni aDdni p*tLi>n[ a(³ndih aipvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ t[n&> ~i¹F pN krvimi> aiv[
C[.aikiSmi> aPiQ) b)j Ug[ C[. a[ni dS pidrmi> umT[ C[.gimni
an&Bv) Di[si>Dgri> (jXisiY) 'b)jmivD)"ni dSWn&> Dib&> pi>(Ky&>
339

U>c& C[ k[ jmN>& pi>(Ky&>, a[n&> avli[kn krvimi> aiv[ C[ t[mj nx#ii[n) (AY(t siY[ a[ni[ m[L
m[Lv) jiNkir n)c[ p\miN[ aigih) kr[ C[.
''ai[N sil ti[ Cp(nyin[y ai>T[ a[vi[ kiL pDS[ !"" 18
gim aiK&> uGiD[ pg[ an[ uGiD[ miY[ m[Grijini mnimNi> krvi ai[zt ki>q[ a[kq&> Yiy
C[.p\iY aiv[ C[, rimF*n gij[ C[, an[ Bjni[ gviy C[.
'Äyijni[ virs"mi> minv>t)n[ GNi vPi[< bid s>tin avtrti Ú[P) an[ ePit)n) nN>d amrt vh[m s[v[ C[ :
''kiLm*ai[> JvNi[ Grmi> aDdni bikLi ti[ nY) v[rti[ jti[ n[?Grni birsiK upr
kyi>k m>tr[li di[riFigi>ti[ nY) bi>F) jti[ n[ ?"" 19 ti[ ti[ biLkn&> mZRy& n)pj[ ! t[Y) amrt
Dibl)mi>Y) c)>Yr) kiQ)n[ a[mi> C*piv[l sit gi>qviLi[ di[r[i len[ ai[sr)n) birsiKn[ Ti[Dl[
bi>F[ C[.j[Y) birsiK[ ki[ea[ m>tr[li di[ri>-Figi> bi>¹yi hi[y k[ Grmi> aDdni diNi> f[>kyi hi[y
ti[ pN t[n) kS) j (vpr)t asr n Yiy. aim pN amrt mint) ht) k[ minv>t) BiB)n)
k*K s)v) l[nir b)j&> ki[e n(h pN kiLm&K) JvNSin) vh& r(Lyit j ht). amrtn[ vF&mi>
Dr C[ k[ minv>t)n[ li>bi smy pC) p&#ijºm Yyi[ C[ t[Y) kdic a[ a(Bminmi> f&lie jiy
an[ a[ni ns)bmi> p&#i n smiy. t[Y) t[ 'jri hiAyiApd lig[ a[v) pN GN) Bivnis*ck
(v(F" kr[ C[.f(Lyin) gmiNn[ K*N[ jri ukrDi> j[v&> hi[y C[ Ryi> biLkn[ xN miT[ s*vDiv)n[
svi pvil&> j&vir Ryi> m*k)n[ bdlimi> biLkn[ piC&> upiD) l[ C[. ‘ai ti[ amn[ ukrD[Y) rtn
jDy&> C[ bie!’ 20 a[m bi[lt) amrt hiYmi> biLkn[ len[ minv>t)ni Ki[Limi> m*k[ C[.
m(Dyi a[mn) nvlkYia[imi> g\imjni[n) ~¹Fi, a>F~¹Fin&> (n$pN kr[ C[ ti[
'S[viLni Stdl" j[v) nvlkYimi> S(kt s>p\diy an[ mh>t ä(Pk[SJni ai~mi[mi> Fm aicrvimi> aivti Äy(Bcir an[ (vkZt vZ(_iai[n[ pN K&Ãl) piD[ C[.aivi s>p\diyi[mi>
340

g\imjni[ (vS[P ti[ ~mJv) ki[mi[ a>F~¹FiB[r ji[Diy C[ an[ mh>ti[n) mni[(vkZ(tai[ni[ Bi[g
bn[ C[.Birtni Fi(m ai pN a[k kd$p&> pis&> C[ j[ni upr m(Dyi p\kiS piDyi
(vni rh[ti nY).
{2} m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[
{a} Yi[ms hiD) m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ :
hiD) ujviti
uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[ (nhiÇyi hti>.a[ uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[a[ a[mni biLmins upr a[k
r>g)n an[ kiÃp(nk d&(nyin) Bit t]yir kr) ht) an[ a[ a(vAmrN)y Bit a[mn)
nvlkYiai[mi> v[s[ksni g\iÀyJvnni a[k piV mhil[ C[, an[ ain>dp\mi[d kr[ C[.
g\iÀy(vAtiri[mi> ujviti ai p\kirni m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ a[mn[ a[mni kqi[r an[ sKt
p(r~mY) Br[li Jvnmi> riht an[ tijg) p*ri> piD[ C[. mni[r>jn upri>t ai p\kirni
m[Liai[mi> F>Fik)y l[vDd[vD, ri[jgir), Kr)d-v[ciN j[vi aºy h[t&ai[ pN (s¹F krvimi>
aiv[ C[.aqvi(Dyini a[k (dvs[ ki[e gimmi> Briti ai p\kirni m[Liai[ a>g\[Jmi> ‘weekly
fair" tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[. jyir[ g&jrit)mi> a[n[ miT[ 'hiT" S¾d p\yi[jiy C[.
a[s.p).p&nil[kr g\iÀy(vAtiri[mi> Briti hiTni ud`Bv (vS[ (vS[P mi(ht) aipti jNiv[ C[ :
''v[pir)ai[ upri>t k[Tli>k kir)gri[ pN ai(dvis)ai[ni gimDi>ai[mi> jti.a>drni
Bigmi> aiv[li ai (vAtiri[mi> t[ai[ bLdgiDi>mi> aYvi pg[ cil)n[ jti. ai jniriai[
nini Sh[rni aYvi (vk(st gimDi>ni rh)Si[ hti.m)q&>. msili>, kipD an[ Fit&ni> Gr[Ni>
j[v) vAt&ai[ t[ai[ ai(dvis) p\d[Smi> F>Fi[ krvi le jti.Ryi> jen[ ai v[pir)ai[ ai
vAt&ai[ni[ si[di[ anij, fLi[, vºy p[diSi[ tYi k[Tl)k vir px)ai[ni bdlimi> krti. a>drni
341

p\d[Sni ai(dvis)ai[ t[mj ai v[pir)ai[ vμc[ niNi>ni[ Äyvhir n hti[.ai Ye lgBg
150-200 vP< ph[li>n) vit.
j[m j[m vPi[< v)tti gyi t[m t[m ai f[r) frniri v[pir)ai[ an[ kir)gri[ upr vFir[
n[ vFir[ aiFir riKti Yyi.pi[tin) K[tp[diSi[ an[ vºyp[diSi[ Kr)d[ a[vi ki[ekn) ai
ai(dvis)ai[n[ pN j$r ht) j.jyir[ ai avl>bn v¹y&>, jyir[ ai v[pir)ai[n[ li³y&> k[
pi[tini ri[kiNn&> an[ p\yRni[n&> sir&> vLtr mL[ C[ Ryir[ ai v[pir)ai[ an[ ai(dvis)ai[n)
prAprn) j$(ryitn[ s>ti[Pniri hiT a(AtRvmi> aiÄyi. ai f[r) krniri v[pir)ai[ a>dr a>dr
B[gi> Yyi an[ ki[e a[k ci[kks gimmi> aqvi(Dyini ki[e a[k ci[Ês (dvs[ mLvin&> nkk)
ky&."" 21
k[ATrb\)jmi> aqvi(Dyini dr S(nvir[ hiT Briy C[.aispisni g\iÀy(vAtirni
tmim K[D*ti[ ai hiTmi> B[gi> Yiy C[.ai hiTmi> t[ai[ F>Fik)y ccin[ btiv[ C[, Kr)d-v[ciNmi> rkzk kr[ C[.kZ(P-(vPyk mi(ht) an[
smicirn) aipl[ miT[ ai hiTmi> hijr) aipv) a(nviy< bn[ C[. biYS[bi an[ bi[ÃDv&D
pN dr S(nvir[ ai hiTmi> ac*kpN[ hijr rh[ C[.ai j kZ(tmi> aºy a[k (v(SOT p\kirni
m[Lini[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ j[ vP a[k j vir k[ATrb\)jmi> Briy C[.ai m[Li[
'hiring fair" tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.j[mi> tmim p\kirni mj*ri[ an[ kir)gri[ pi[tpi[tini kiy<
an[ kiy Yiy C[. g\)nh)l Kit[ a[k 'sheepfair"
tr)k[ ai[LKiti[ aºy a[k vi(P G[Ti>a[in&> Kr)d-v[ciN Yiy C[.
ai m[Limi> d*r d*rni a>tr[Y) BrviDi[ pi[tini G[Ti>ai[ni Ti[Li> siY[ umT) pD[ C[.ai m[Limi>
(S>gDiviLi, (S>gDi vgrni, lil, k¸Ye a[m tmim p\kirn) nslni G[Ti>ai[ mL) rh[ C[.
(Bºn(Bºn p\kirni $pr>g Frivti G[>Tia[i B[gi> Yti a[ m[Limi> a[k r>g)n an[ ad`B*t ØÆy
342

KD&> Yiy C[. m[Lia[i upri>t kZPki[ni uRsvi[ an[ r)t-(rviji[n&> vN
kr[ C[. j[mk[ G[Ti>ai[n&> Un utiyi< bid K[trni mi(lk oiri mj*ri[ni mni[r>jn miT[ a[k
(mjbin)n&> aiyi[jn krvimi> aiv[ C[. a[ j p\miN[ kipN) p*r) Yyi bid pN nZRyni[ kiy aiv[ C[ an[ (mjbin) gi[qvvimi> aiv[ C[. '(k\sms piT) 'giy fi[ks D["
nimni th[virni[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. a[ th[virn) r)t[ a[³Dn h)Yni li[ki[ ziD)zi>Krin)
Y¼p)ai[ gi[qv) a[n[ sLgiv[ C[. ai p\kirn) hi[L) a[³Dn h)Yni aºy (vAtir[imi>
pN sLgt) ji[vi mL[ C[. a[ hi[L)ni aiFir[ a[ kyi (vAtirmi> sLg[ C[ a[ pN nÊ) kr)
Skiy C[.'Gun powder plot" n) AmZ(tmi> ai p\kirn) hi[L) sLgivvini[ a[³Dn h)Y upr
(rvij C[.pr>t& ai (rvij DZeD an[ s[ksn aicir-(vcir siY[ pN s>b>F Friv[ C[. t[mj
d&:K an[ mZRy&ni d*t smi (SyiLi sim[ minv)ni (vri[F an[ vi>Fini p\(tk tr)k[ pN ai
hi[L) sLgivvimi> aiv[ C[.'T[s ai[f D'ab smg\ ngrni li[ki[ uRsihB[r Big l[vini hi[y C[.h[ºciD< ai
uRsvn) ujvN) piCL p&OkL p]si Kc[< C[ an[ a[n) tDimir t]yir) S$ kr[ C[ :
''He advertised about the town, in long posters of a pink colour, that
games of all sorts would take place here; and set to work a little battalion of
343

men under his own eye. They erected greasy-poles for climbing, with
smoked hams and local cheese at the top.They placed hurdles in rows for
jumping over; across the river they laid a slippery pole, with a live pig of the
neighbourhood tied at the other hand, to become the property of the man
who could walk over and get it.There were also provided wheelbarrows for
racing, donkeys for the same, a stage for boxing, wrestling, and drawing
blood generally; sacks for jumping in. Moreover, not forgetting his
principles, Henchard provided a mammoth tea, of which everybody who
lived in the borough was invited to partake without payment.The tables were
laid parallel with the inner slope of the rampart, and awnings were stretched
overhead."" 22
hiD) aivti m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ simiºy g\imjni[ni sm*h miT[
mi#i mn[ir>jnn&> mi¹ym p*$> piD[ C[.pr>t& ai m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[mi> bnt) GTniai[
nvlkYin) viti an[ m&²y pi#ii[ni Jvnmi> mh_vni vLi>ki[ liv[ C[.j[m k[ c[sbri[mi>
T[sn) bh[npN)ai[ a[mni (m#i siY[ nZRymi> ri[kiti an[ mi[D) ri#i[ aºy y&vt) siY[ T[sni[
g>B)r zGDi[ Yti> a[N[ a[l[k siY[ Gr[ piCi frv&> pD[ C[.an[ mig a[l[k a[kltini[ liB
le T[s upr bLiRkir kr[ C[. v[Dn-p\iyrni m[Limi> h[ºciD< rmn&> s[vn kr[ C[ an[ nSimi>
F*t bn) ºy&snn[ pi[tin) pRn) s&sin v[c) d[ C[.k[ATrb\)jn) hiTmi> biYS[bi p\Ymvir
bi[ÃDv&Dn[ j&a[ C[ an[ bi[ÃDv&D[ a[n) hijr)n) ni[>F n l[ti a[ni[ ahm Gviy C[.'g\)nh)l"
Kit[ Briy[li 'sheep- fair" ni a[k srksmi> mZt mniti[ T^i[y piCi[ fr[ C[. srksmi> jyir[
a[ C*piv[S[ K[l krti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ p[n)v[z a[n[ ai[LK) jiy C[. (k\sms piT) bi[ÃDv&D
T^i[yn[ qir mir[ C[.a[k uRsvn) ujvN)mi> Big l[vi y&AT[(syi eAT a[³Dn jiy C[ jyi>
a[n) m&likit (vÃD)v siY[ Yiy C[.t[ y&AT[(syin[ p[r)s le jvin) eμCi Äykt kr[ C[ an[ a[
344

lilc[ y&AT[(syi (vÃD)v siY[ fr) s>Di[viy C[.r)Dlm[n y&AT[(syin[ (vÃD)vn) s>giY[ Gr[ piC)
frti ji[e jiy C[. hiD) m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ a[ r)t[ rj* Yiy C[ k[ j[n[
miT[ g\imjni[ adÀy aikPB)r akAmiti[ sj[< C[. vF&mi> m[Liai[
an[ uRsvi[ mi#i r>g)n piVAkZ(tni[ p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy a[ ti[ Kr&> j.
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ :
m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ len[ g&jrit K*b jiN)t&> C[.g&jritn) dr[k uRsvi[, th[viri[n[
ujvvin) r)t pN (nriL) C[. vP Yi[Di> Yi[Di> smyni ai>tr[ aivti uRsvi[ an[ a[n)
siY[ s>kLiy[li m[Liai[ jnJvnn[ Fbkt&> riK[ C[.simiºy r)t[ j[ uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[
ujvvimi> aiv[ C[ a[n) piCL ki[en[ ki[e Fi(m(dr j[vi Fm mi[T) jnm[dn) umT) pDt) hi[y C[. a[k p\kirn) b)bi>QiL J>dg)mi>
aivi m[Liai[ li[ki[ miT[ uRsih an[ um>g Br) d[niri hi[y C[. g&jritmi> g\imjni[ miT[
m[Lin&> mh_v dSi q[rq[r vPi[ aij[ C[
a[vi mni[r>jnni siFni[ shj-p\i¼y n hti>. vihn-Äyvhirni> siFni[ n hti. li[ki[n[
Jvn-j$(ryitn) vAt&ai[ni[ li>bi[ smy s>g\h krvini> siFni[ pN n hti> a[Tl[ virth[vir[
yi[jiti aivi li[km[Liai[ a[mn[ mni[r>jn upri>t hTiN&> krvini> AYL, siFn tr)k[
pN K**b mh_vni hti. li[km[Lin&> ai mh_v j*ni jminimi> j[Tl&> ht&> a[Tl&> hJ pN rH&>
345

C[.aRyir[ vihn-Äyvhirni> siFni[-sgvDi[ v¹yi C[ Cti> g\imp\d[Sni li[ksm&diy miT[
m[Liai[a[ a[n&> asl aikOi C[."" 23
(v(vF th[viri[ni (dvsi[mi> j&d)-j&d) j³yia[ m[Lia[i Briy C[.(vS[P kr)n[ si]riOT^mi>
ti[ m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ ujvvin) aigv) pr>priai[ cil) aiv[ C[.aivi li[km[Liai[ an[
uRsvi[mi> Ryi>n) p\jin) s>AkZ(t, JvnS]l) Äykt Yt) ji[vi mL[ C[.uRsvi[n&> si>AkZ(tk m*Ãy
dSigi lK[ C[ :
''g\imJvn siY[ uRsvi[ giQ r)t[ s>kLiy[li C[. t[ni ail[Kn oiri g\imsmijn)
Bi]gi[(lk, si>AkZ(tk an[ simi(jk (vS[Ptiai[ p\gT Yiy C[."" 24
a[ a[k a[v) B*(m C[ jyi> ki[epN jitni B[dBiv vgr bFi> B[gi> mL[ C[.ris,
Bjn-(ktti[ni[ smigm an[ sRs>g Yiy, Ryi> p\[m)jni[ni (mln
Yiy, ji[bn (hli[L[ cD[, li[kJvnn) an[k kliai[ Ryi> ji[vi mL[ C[.j&di> j&di> (vAtirni an[
(v(vF ki[mni li[ki[ B[gi> mL) uRsvn) mji l[ C[. t[mi> p\At&t Yti> risDi>, Bjni[ an[ d&hi
si]riOT^n) smZ¹F li[kS(ktni[ p(rcy kriv[ C[. p\jin) kliS(kt an[ li[ks>Akiri[n&> p\gT)krN
aivi m[Liai[mi> Yiy C[.p\jini[ (mjij, rh[N)-krN), klin) s*z vg[r[ni[ aiC[ri[ p(rcy
aipNn[ aivi m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[mi>Y) mL) aiv[ C[.m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi>
hi[L), B)m a(gyirs, gi[k&L aiqmni[ m[Li[, vrs) tpni pirNi>, vivN), urs vg[r[ m[Liai[
an[ uRsvi[n&> ail[Kn ky& C[.
'Äyijni[ virs" mi> l[Kk m)>gi[Li gimn) Frt) upr nd)n[ ki>q[ kb\Atin nJk
aiv[l) drgihni mi]l&Si p)rni ursni (dvs[ Briti m[Lini[ Jv>t (ctir aip[ C[.nd)n[
bºn[ ki>q[ GTiTi[p t>b&ai[ an[ rivT)ai[ Ug) n)kL[ C[. d[Sd[Sivrni v[pir)ai[ ah)> m[Limi>
d&kini[ ni>K[ C[.(Bºn-(Bºn p\i>tni kir)gri[ pi[tpi[tini ksbn) c)ji[ a(h> v[cvi aiv[ C[.
346

amdivid) r>gr[ji[ C[, s&rt) jr) Brtni ksb)ai[ C[, lKni[]ni Fit&kimni kr)gri[ C[, likDi>
an[ pRYrmi>Y) ki[trkim krnir (SÃp)ai[ pN C[. piTNni pTi[Li>, kμCn) ajrK, ngrn)
bi>FN), (Shi[rni> visNi[, Fi[riJni Qi[(lyi md&Fni rmkDi> bF&> j a(h> v[civi aiv[
C[.p)rni[ urs hi[vi Cti> (hºd& v[pir)ai[ an[ kir)gri[ pN aimi> hrKB[r Big l[
C[.hiYcilik) an[ jid&m>trni K[l kr) jiNnir gi[r bji(Nyi[ C[, a>g ksrtni p\yi[g
krnir K[liD)ai[ C[, ti[ px)ai[ vg[r[n) bi[l)n) nkl kr) jiNnir uAtidi[ pN C[.m[Limi>
a[k K**N[ aQ) f*T U>ci[ pcis vrsni[ (BKir) C[, aib[h*b miNs j[vi mi[Qi>viLi[ a[k vi>dri[
C[, an[ a[k C[D[ di[Q miYiviLi[ bLd pN C[. j[ni pgmi> liKi[n) (mlkt aiLi[T[ C[ a[vi
lÈm)n>dni[ pN ai m[Limi> pFir[ C[, ti[ b)J bij& T*kDi[ ri[T) miT[ kliki[ s&F) kÄvil)ai[ni
briDi K[>cnir a>F fk)ri[ pN aiv[ C[.nd)n[ bºn[ ki>q[ UBi kriy[li t>b&ai[mi> gi(ykiai[ni
tviyf utr[ C[.(dÃh) j[Tl[ d*r d*rn[ AYL[Y) ²yitnim gi(ykiai[ a(h> aiv[ C[.simTi>
t>b&ai[mi>Y) s>BLiti sir>g)ni Avri[ a[krs Yen[ vitivrNn[ aih`lidk bniv[ C[. nd)ni
KLK(Lyi p\vihni[ hLvi[ klkl avij pN ai sir>g)-s*ri[ siY[ m]#i) siF) rh[
C[.'S[viLni Stdl" mi> jºmiOTm)ni migniYni m[Lin&> vN< C[ :
''ai[ztn[ uprvis migniYn&> m>(dr ht&>. ai AYL rmN)y ht&> a[Tli miT[ j n(h,
pN Ryi> #iN p>Ykni[ (#iB[Ti[ hti[ t[Y) ai j³yia[ prip*vYkni v[pir)ai[, kir)gri[, ksb)ai[, gi[D bji(Nyiai[, nT-nTvi, biviai[, siF&ai[,
migN-(BKir) tYi at)t-a¿yisgt sh&n[ ai AYL[ a[kqi> Yvimi> s&gmti rh[t) an[ t[Y)
j, aiTaiTli p>Ykmi> sick an[ hjrihj&r gNiti migniY mhid[vn) C#iCiyi tL[ ai
m[Li[ Brit[i."" 25
347

''m[Li[ q)kq)kni[ jiÀyi[ hti[.m[Li miT[ nd)ni[ pT mi[kLi[ kr) aipvi j jiN[ k[
mdmit) ai[ztn&> vh[N kmrmi>Y) lckt) s&>dr)n) j[m aiC[ri[ vLi>k le gy&> ht&> an[
ckckti v[kriviL) hi[¾b[S j³yi fijl piD) aip) ht).ah)> tr[htr[hn) c)jvAt&ai[n)
d&kini[ pD) ht). a[k bij& KiN)p)N)n) hi[Tli[ nKie ht), b)J bij&a[ (v(vF mni[r>jn
p)rsit&> ht&>, a[mi> (v(vF gimi[n) Bjn m>DL)ai[Y) mi>D)n[ avi hJ p\iY(mk
avAYini (sn[min) pN ji[gvie ht)."" 26
'l)l&D) Frt)" mi> l[Kk hi[L)ni (dvsi[mi> rmit) ni(Ly[rn) (v(vF rmti[n&> (n$pN kr[
C[. Dibi hiYn) m*q) vD[ ni(Ly[r Bi>gv&>, pgni fNi upr ni(Ly[r m*k)n[ p>dr Gi a[
g&>disrni zi>p[Y) ai[ztni BÀm(ryi F*nimi> niK) aivv&>. ni(Ly[r pr C vir ki[N) mir)n[
ki[pr&> kiQv&>, ti[ a[n[ a¹Fr uliL)n[ 'a[ni[ gi[Li[ r[Dv) d[vin)" Cti> a[mi>Y) C*Ti> piDnir
ki[pri>ni[ gi[Ti[ siv akb>F riKvi[ t[mj gimni zi>p[Y) q[q (grnir upr aiv[l) a>biJn)
#i)J $k s&F) cir hjir Gia[ ni(Ly[r phi[>ciD) d[v&> vg[r[ Srti[ an[ rmti[ g&>disr gimni
li[ki[ rm[ C[. kZPki[ miT[ B)m a(gyirsn&> pv< Kis mh_v Friv[ C[.aiKi g&>disr gimmi> ai
uRsvni[ uRsih vti ki[S mi>Dti nY), kir)gr vg< ai (dvs[
d&kini[ uGiDti[ nY) kirNk[ aPiQ mismi> aivti ai uRsvn[ K[D*ti[ vrsidni a[>FiN$p gN[
C[ an[ t[Y) a[ (dvs[ li[ki[ K[trmi> nv) vivN) miT[ni vrsidn) rih ji[ti> b[s) rh[ C[. mi#i
vir-th[vir[ G)ni[ Avid ciK) Sknir li[ki[ a[ (dvs[ piS[r-di[Q piS[r G) (gFin) hiTD)a[Y)
ji[Kiv) jiy C[ an[ aiK&> vP< j&vir- bijri upr j g&jiri[ krniri gr)bi[ aij[ m)q&> Fin
ri>Fvi pil)- b[pil) Gu> Kr)d[ C[.
m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> pN m[Liai[ an[ uRsvi[ dr(myin k[Tl)k mh_vn) GTniai[
bn[ C[.j[m k[ 'Äyijni[ virs"mi> ursmi>Y) piCi> frti mFrit[ (rKvn) hRyi Yiy
348

C[.migniYni m[Limi> k>k& d&rb)nviL&> (sn[mi j&a[ C[.''a[ r)t[ k>k&ni (c_in&> minsSiA#i)y
p(rvtdB ail[²y&> C[. k>k&n) aiv) (c_iivAYin[ kirN[ d[vS) siY[ni
t[ni d[h s>b>Fn) B*(mki b>Fiy C[.ai m[Lini p\s>g siY[ d[vS) pN s>kLiy[li[ C[. t[n)
nitriÇy p*nm ai m[Limi>Y) lig ji[en[ drdig)ni n[ ri[kD siY[ nis) jiy C[.aiY) d[vS)
G*vD j[vi[ g*ms*m Ye jiy C[.aim, migniYni[ m[Li[ d[vS) an[ k>k&ni Bi(v Jvnn)
GTniai[ miT[ p)(qki$p bn[ C[."" 27 ai upri>t ni(Ly[rn) rmt dr(myin mi>DNni[ hiY kpiy
C[ an[ B)m a(gyirsni (dvs[ hidi pT[lni[ prbt mZRy& pim[ C[. aim, uRsvi[ an[ m[Liai[
kZ(tni a[k a(nviy< a>g tr)k[ kYi (vkismi> pi[tini[ fiLi[ aip[ C[; an[ kYimi> tiNi>
viNi>n) j[m g*>Yie jiy C[..
{3} li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t :
dr[k d[S-p\d[Sn&> pi[tin&> aigv&> li[kg)t an[ s>g)t hi[y C[.k>qAY si(hRymi> pr>priY)
utr) aiv[li li[kg)tmi> j[ t[ p\d[Sn) s>AkZ(tn) si[Dm p\gT Yt) hi[y C[. g)tni[ Biv an[
s>g)tni[ s*r a[km[kni pi[Pk an[ p*rk hi[y C[. Avr an[ S¾di[ni s>yi[gY) uRpºn Yt)
s>v[dni a[kb)ji> vμc[ BiviRmk a[kti an[ rigiRmkti AYi(pt kr[ C[.dr[k p\d[Sni
li[kg)ti[mi> t[ p\d[Sn) s>AkZ(t p\miN[ v](v¹y ji[vi mL[ C[. li[ks>g)tmi> kiÄy p\miN[ j[
li[kQiL nÊ) Yyi hi[y C[ t[ kyir[ pN li[kãdy bdlvi t]yir hi[t&> nY). g)ti[ pN Bivp*N<
an[ li[ks>g)tn) mF&rti jLviy t[vi j hi[y C[. g)ti[ni (vPyvAt&mi> li[ks>AkZ(t an[
s>sirni[ smg\ (ctir rj* Yti[ hi[y C[.diÀpRy an[ p\Ny, ki]T&>(bk s&K-d&:K, aiSi-aiki>xi,
B*tkiLn) a](thi(sk GTniai[, si>si(rk k$N r(sk t[mj hiAyr(sk bnivi[n) s>v[dny&kt
kYia[i, ät&ai[, th[viri[, pvi[ prik\mi[, S*rv)ri[ni sihsi[, p\kZ(t bF&> j li[kg)ti[mi> BiviRmk Av$p[ Äykt
349

Yt&> hi[y C[.dr[k p\d[Sni li[kg)ti[mi> t[ p\d[Sn) dr[k Xi(tni> li[kbi[l)ni> p\ikZ(tk a[vi> ci[Ês
lh[ki an[ ci[Ês hlkdir vLi[T hi[y C[.p\Ry[k p\d[Sn&> AvrB>gn&> pN (nriL&>, ani[K&>
li(lRy hi[y C[.p\Ry[k g)tn[ (n(Vt til an[ ki[en[ ki[e rign) ApOT Ciyi ApSv[dnn) Bivmyti a[ li[kg)t an[
li[ks>g)tn) mi[T) (s(¹F C[.
{a} Yi[ms hiD) li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t
a[k nvlkYikirmi> rh[l) k(vãdyn) s>v[dni (vS[ kml[S kÃri kh[ C[ :
''Every successful novelist must be more or less a poet, even though
he may never have written a line in verse. The quality of imagination is
absolutely indispensable to him : his accurate power of examining and
embodying human character and human passion as well as the external face
of nature, is not less essential, and the talent of describing well what he feels
with acuteness, add to the above requisites, goes to complete the poetic
character."" 28
hiD) k(vãdyn) s>v[dni jgiDvimi> Jvnpyt a[mN[ si>BL[li g)t-s>g)tni[
(vS[P fiLi[ rh[vi piÀyi[ C[. hiD)b an[ smijmi> Yyi[ hti[ j[ni
upr g)t-s>g)tni[ (v(SOT p\Biv hti[.cc< hi[y k[ di$n&> p)q&> bF[ j s>g)t Cviy[l&>
rh[t&>.a[mni k&T&>bni s¿yi[ pN sk\)y s>g)tkir hti>. a[mni (pti an[ didi AYi(nk ccg)tm>DL)mi> viw vgiDti> hti, a[mni kiki a[k siri> viyi[l)n vidk hti>.a[mn) miti
p\s>gi[pit pr>prigt 'b[liD" giti rh[ti.hiD)< pi[t[ pN s>g)tn) s*z Frivti hti t[mj
viyi[l)n vgiD) jiNti hti.hiD)< pis[ g)t-s>g)tni[ (vp&l Kjini[ hi[vi Cti>, a[mN[ (vS[P
kr)n[ aºy g\imjni[n[ an&srti li[kg)ti[n) pr>pri upr j pi[tin&> ¹yin k[(ºWt ky&. hiD)<
350

viyi[l)n upr s[>kDi[ g)ti[ vgiD) Skti hti>.a[ upri>t pi[tini k&T&>b, gim an[ cc
Briti simi(jk m[LivDiai[mi> as>²y g)ti[ si>BLvini[ a[mn[ mi[ki[ mÇyi[.ai g\iÀy g)ts>g)tn)
pr>prini piyi upr j hiD).
pi[tini si(hRymi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t vN) len[ hiD)< a[mni g\iÀyp(rv[Sni[
s>g)tni[ virsi[ jiLvvini[ g>B)r p\yRn kr[ C[. a[mn) nvlkYia[ini pi#ii[ g)t-s>g)tni
mi¹ym Yk) pi[tini ãdyn) s>v[dniai[n) a(BÄy(kt kr[ C[, ti[ kyir[k ki[ek (v(SOT
s>v[dniai[n) an&B*(t pN kr[ C[. j[m k[ j*nn) a[k si>j[ T[s D[r)n) nJk aiv[li a[k
bg)cimi> lTir mirvi n)kL[ C[.Ryir[ a[ rsiL, Brivdir an[ l)li>Cm bg)cini pVidB*mi>
a[n[ hip s&mF&r s>g)t s>BLiy C[. a[n[ trt ²yil aiv) jiy C[ k[ a[ s*r C[Dnir aºy
ki[e n(h, pr>t& a[ºjl C[.T[sn[ ph[l[Y) j g)t-s>g)t p\Ry[ an[ri[ lgiv hi[y C[. t[Y) t[
trt j a[ºjl j[ j³yia[ hip< vgiDti[ hi[y C[ a[ trf K[>ciN an&Bv[ C[. a[ºjl oiri
C[Diy[li s>g)tni s*ri[ a[n[ Sir)(rk an[ min(sk r)t[ u_i[Jt kr[ C[ an[ T[s a[ºjl p\Ry[
aikP

firf\[ a[k k&SL v[pir) hi[vin) siY[ siY[ a[k siri[ giyk pN C[. k[ATrb\)jmi> t[ a[k
aji·yi> prd[S) tr)k[ p\v[S[ C[ an[ a[k AYi(nk hi[Tlmi> utr[ C[.a[n[ pi[tin&> Gr an[
pi[tini[ d[S yid aiv[ C[.Ryir[ t[ a[k g)t giy C[ :
''It's hame, and it's hame, hame fain would I be,
Oh hame, hame, hame to my ain countree!
There's an eye that ever weeps, and a fair face will be fain,
As I pass through Annan Water with my bonnie bands again;
When the flower is in the bud, and the leaf upon the tree
The lark shall sing me hame to my ain countree.!"" 30
bij&ni $mmi> ri[kiy[l) a[l)zib[Yn[ pN ai g)t K*b gm[ C[ an[ siY[ siY[ a[n[
firf\[n) g>B)r an[ BiviRmk p\kZ(tni[ pN p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy C[.
K[tri[mi> kipN)n&> kiy< p*N< Yyi bid biYS[bini Gr[ a[k (mjbin)n&> aiyi[jn Yiy
C[. bi[ÃDv&D pN a[ kiy hijr) aip[ C[.KiN)-p)N) pt) gyi bid ki[gn a[k g)t
givin) S$ait kr[ C[ :
''I' ve lost my love, and I care not,
I've lost my love and I care not;
I shall soon have another
That's better than t'other ;
I've lost my love, and I care not."" 31
ji[s[f p&arg\is pN a[k g)t giy C[.Ryirbid a[ kiy up(AYt bFi> j
biYS[bin[ a[k g)t givini[ aig\h kr[ C[.biYS[bi g)t giy C[ an[ ai[k vi>sL) vgiD[ C[.
''For his bride a soldier sought her,
And a winning tongue had he :
352

On the banks of Allan Water
None was gay as she."" 32
biYS[bini ai g)tmi> a[n) sij s*cn rh[l&> C[,
kirNk[ (mjbin)n) a[ rit[ j biYS[bi s*ti> ph[li> Qi[r-Qi>Kr, K[t)viD)n&> x[m-k&SL
tpisvi a[ni Grn) frt[ ai>Ti[ mirvi n)kL[ C[ Ryir[ a[n) T^i[y siY[ a(t aik(Amk an[
niTyiRmk m&likit Yiy C[.T^i[y siY[n) a[ m&likit biYS[bini Bi(vmi> mh_vni[ vLi>k
si(bt Yiy C[.
'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)"mi> hiD)< cc gvit) '(hÀs"n) pr>pri aigL vFirvini[
p\yRn kr[ C[.t[ smyni g\iÀysmijmi> cc gvit) p\iYpri p\c(lt ht) an[
g\imjni[ni Jvn upr a[ pr>prini[ U>Di[ p\Biv ji[vi mLti[ hti[.ai kZ(tmi> m[lATi[kn)
s>g)tm>DL) nitiln&> s>g)t vgiDvi gimmi> f[r) fr[ C[, a[n&> vN p\c(lt g)t-s>g)tn) p\Yi an[ pr>prini[ p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy C[.
$b[nni Gr[ s>g)tm>DL)ni s¿yi[ B[gi> Yiy C[.Yi[D) vitc)t kyi< bid t[ai[ f[r) frvi
miT[ t]yir Yiy C[.m>DL)ni vD)l s¿yi[a[ G[ri> r>gni Dgli> ph[yi hi[y C[ jyir[
j&vin)yiai[a[ V[t r>gni Dgli> ph[yi hi[y C[.t[ai[ gLimi> r>g)n $mil bi>F[ C[.s>g)tn)
Vr(l(pni p&Atki[n) gi[qvN) krvimi> aiv[ C[, an[ ke F*ni[ vgiDv) a[n) ps>dg) krvimi>
aiv[ C[.Ryirbid t[ai[ n)kL) pD[ C[. t[ai[ Gr[ Gr[ fr) s>g)t vgiD[ C[.Yi[Di> gimi[ fyi bid
t[ai[ m&²y gim trf aigL vF[ C[. rAtimi> s>g)tm>DL)ni s¿yi[ j[ vitc)t kr[ C[ a[ni
uprY) aipNn[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ a[mni a[ s>g)tn) pr>pri F)m[ F)m[ l&¼t Ye rh) C[.
kirN k[ a[mni g\iÀy(vAtirmi> 'm[lATi[kkviyr"a[ C[Ãl) s>g)tm>DL) rh) jvi pim)
C[.t>t&viwi[n) j³yi himi[t& a[ s>g)tm>DL) pi[tin&>
353

pr>prigt s>g)t cil& riKvin&> nÊ) kr[ C[.aim, frti> frti> t[ai[ a[k SiLini mkin pis[
aiv[ C[.Ryi> t[ai[ a[k F*n vgiD[ C[. a[ F*n (vS[ hiD)< lK[ C[ :
''Then passed forth into quiet night an ancient and timeworn hymn,
embodying a quaint Christianity in words orally transmitted from father to
son through several generations down to the present characters, who sang
them out right earnestly :
''Remeber Adam's fall ,
O thou Man :
Remember Adam's fall
From Heaven to Hell
Remeber Adam's fall;
How he hath condemn'd all
In Hell perpetual
There for to dwell.
Remember God's goodness.
O thou Man:
Remember God's goodness,
His promise made.
Remember God's goodness;
He sent His son sinless
Our ails for to redress;
Be not afraid!
In Bethlehem He was born,
354

O thou Man:
In Bethlehem He was born,
For mankind's sake.
In Bethlehem He was born,
Christmas-day i' the morn:
Our Saviour thought no scorn
Our faults to take.
Give thanks to God alway,
O thou Man:
Give thanks to God always
With heart-most joy.
Give thanks to God always
On this our joyful day :
Let all men sing and say,
Holy, Holy ! "" 33
a[ (hm p*N< Yyi bid pN SiLini mkinmi>Y) ki[e p\(tBiv si>pDti[ nY). t[Y) t[ai[
a[k aºy F*n vgiD[ C[. a>t[ t[ai[ mi[Ti avij[ (k\smsn) S&B[μCi piqv[ C[ Ryir[ SiLini
mkinn) a[k bir)mi> p\kiS d[Kiy C[. a[k y&vin Ci[kr) bir) Ki[l[ C[.t[N[ V[t r>gni[ z¿Bi[
ph[yi[< hi[y C[. t[ni s>&dr viL a[ni KBi upr f[liy[li hi[y C[. a[ Ci[kr)n&> nim f[ºs) hi[y
C[ j[n) s&>drtiY) kYiniyk D)k a>jie jiy C[ an[ p\Ym Ø(OTa[ j a[ni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.
aim hiD) g)t-s>g)t p\Nyn) ligN)ai[n) an&B*(t
an[ a(BÄy(kt siY[ s>kLiy[l&> C[.a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> g)t-s>g)tni t_vi[n&> (m~N S&Ok
g\iÀyp(rv[Sni (n$pNn[ ri[ck, rsp\d an[ ri[m[(ºTk bniv[ C[.ai upri>t a[ s>g)t hiD)

klikir an[ k(v tr)k[n) s>v[dnin[ pN h>m[S miT[ akb>F an[ slimt riK[ C[.aiY) j a[k
(vv[ck[ kH&> C[ k[ :
''this sensitiveness to melody ..... though he was no skilled musician,
remained with him through life...Hardy's 'sensitiveness' has been
immortalized through his cosistent use of music in his collection of poetry
and prose ."" 34
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t :
GNi> si(hRykiri[ gwni> j&di>j&di> si(hRyp\kiri[mi>-vitiF, c(r#i, nvlkYi
vg[r[mi> pwni[ p\yi[g krti hi[y C[ Ryir[, shj j p\Ån Yiy C[ k[ gwni vihnmi> pw k[Tl&>
sm&(ct C[? k[Tl&> Äyijb) C[? pN si(hRykirn) a(BÄy(ktn) j$(ryiti[mi>Y) kyir[k
vAt&p\s>g k[ p(r(AY(tni (n$pN miT[ t[ pwni[ pN aiSri[ l[ti[ hi[y C[. kyir[k j[ t[ pi#in)
ligN)ai[n) a(BÄy(kt miT[ pN pwni[ aiSri[ l[ti[ hi[y C[. l[Kk pi[tini v>icn, an&Bv,
avli[knmi>Y) pwn) simg\) le aivti[ hi[y C[.li[kg)t an[ li[ks>g)t si[rq) li[ki[n)
S)riai[mi> vh[ C[.ah)> Diƒ. hs&tib[n s[diN) lK[ C[ :
''a[m kh[viy C[ k[ si]riOT^mi> li[ks>g)tni[ j[Tli[ (vkis Yyi[ C[ a[Tli[ Birtni
aºy p\d[Si[mi> Bi³y[ j Yyi[ hS[."" 35
aipNi p\id[(Sk nvlkYikir c&n)lil m(Dyia[ pN pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> pN
li[kg)ti[ an[ Bjni[ni[ p\yi[g kyi[< C[.m(Dyia[ pi[tin) p\id[(Sk nvlkYia[imi> gimDi>ni
vitivrNn[ ail[²y&> C[-g\iÀyJvnn&> aib[h*b (c#i a>(kt ky& C[. g\iÀy s>AkZ(tn[ li[kg)ti[ni[
pis lig[li[ hi[y C[.li[ki[ni k>q[ li[kg)ti[ scviy[li hi[y C[. Kis kr)n[ Grni kimkij krt)
vKt[, K[tri[mi> kZ(Ps>b>F) kim krt) vKt[ li[ki[ li[kg)t llkirti hi[y C[.m(Dyia[ pi[tin)
nvlkYiai[mi> pi#ii[n) s>v[dni Äykt krvi miT[ li[kg)ti[ni[ p\yi[g kyi[< C[. a[mni pi#ii[ j[
356

vitivrNmi>Y) aiv[ C[ t[ vitivrNmi> li[kg)ti[ni[ p\vih shjpN[ vh[ti[ hti[.m(Dyia[ a[mn)
kZ(tmi> li[kg)ti[ p\yi[Jn[ nvlkYini vitivrNn[ Jv>tti bx) C[ a[m kh) Skiy. j[ Frt)n)
kYi liÄyi C[ a[mi> li[kg)ti[ni[ (v(nyi[g shjpN[ ji[e Skiy C[. g\iÀys>AkZ(tn) s>v[dni
Äykt Yt) hi[y a[ r)t[ m(Dyia[ pi#ii[n) s>v[dnin[ Äykt krvi li[kg)ti[n[ kYiviti vN)
l)Fi> C[. a[ni k[Tli>k udihrNi[ ah)> p\At&t C[ :
'Äyijni[ virs"ni g&l& p\krNmi> a[m)n) jspr gim siY[n) AmZ(t tiJ Yiy
C[.jsprn) AmZ(t siY[ pi[tini biLsKi (rKv S[qn) AmZ(t s>kLiy[l) C[. jyi> kpDi> F&a[ C[
a[ rAti pr j a[k AmSin aiv[l&> C[. $KDi>n&> ziD sim[ ki>q[ UB&> C[. pi[tin) nN>dn) siY[
kipDi> Fi[ti> (rKv S[q yid aiv[ C[-a[m) an[ri[ ri[mi>c an&Bv[ C[, nN>dn) njr pDti
Srmiy jiy C[.Ryi> gimni[ gi[viL Bjn llkir[ C[.
nd) ki>qin[ $KDi>,
piN) (vni s*kiy...
Jv t&> (Svn[ s>BiLj[... 36
aigL g)tn) kD)ai[mi> a[v&> smjivvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ mir>& mir&> bh&> ky&, a>t[ tn[ mir&>
mir&> k>e kim n aiÄy&>, t&> (Svn[ yid krj[-ti[ri[ Bv s&Firj[. aigL AmSin C[ a[Tl[ shj
Biv[ j gi[viLn[ v]ri³yp\[(rt rcni yid aiv[ C[. m(Dyi pi[tin) nvlkYimi> GTnip\s>gn&>
ai](cRy jiLv[ C[.ah)> a[m)n) min(sk avAYin&> (c#iN k[v&> tiØ`S Yy&> C[ :
“c*>Yi t[ Jv[ l*gDi> Fi[vin&> kim ptiÄy&> pC) Ci[kri>n[ nvrivvini[ hti[.a[m) Yi[D)
xNi[ miT[ mZRy&ni (vcirY) gmg)n bn) jiy C[.a[m)n[ am>gL kÃpniai[ Yvi mi>D[ C[, mZRy&
Jvnn&> a[k a[v&> sRy C[ j[ ki[e TiL) n Sk[.” 37 ah)> m(Dyia[ upri[kt li[kg)t p\yi[Jn[
357

a[m)ni mnn) s>v[dnin[ Äykt kr) C[, ti[ b)J bij& B(vOymi> bnnir) am>gL GTnini[
s>k[t pN kyi[< C[.a[Tl[ k[ (rKv S[qn&> K*n.
si]riOT^ a[n) Bjn pr>prin[ l)F[ pN BirtBrmi> p\²yit C[.m(Dyia[ pi[tin)
nvlkYiai[mi> kyi>k kyi>k p\s>gi[(ct Bjni[ Ti>kyi C[.'l)l&D) Frt)-2"ni> 'aiÄyi[ aPiQi["
p\krNmi> hidi pT[ln) ai(Y (c#i rj* kyi< bid gimli[ki[n) vrsid
miT[n) ait&rti m(Dyia[ dSiW ji[en[ a[ sil k[vi[ vrsid pDS[ a[n) aTkLi[
kr[ C[.a[k bij&> vPi< p*v[ vitivrN sji siF&ai[n) jmit
aiv[ C[.hidi pT[ln[ a[k sm*hgin ai[(c>t&> s>BLiy C[ :
'mit kh)a[ r[ j[N) pirvt)
n[ (pti S>kr d[vi... "" 38
gNp(t BjnY) S$ait Yiy C[.Bj(nk pr>primi> si]p\Ym gNp(tn&> AmrN krvimi>
aiv[ C[.siF&ai[ni sm*hginmi> hidi pT[ln[ ke>k j&di> j vitivrNni[ an&Bv Yiy C[.t[ai[
(vcir[ C[ :
''a[ airiF, ai ly, ai lh[ki[, n[ ai (mqiS ti[ GNi> vPi[y si>BLvi nY)
mÇyi."" 39
a[ Bjnn) (BniS s>t&ni d&:K) ãdyn[ pN ApS)< jiy C[.Bjnn) (BniSn)
siYi[siY vrsid pN p\ikZ(tk vitivrNn[ B)>jv) d[ C[ an[ ki[r) Fiki[r Frt) mh[>k) Uq[
C[.Bjnn) rcni aigL vF[ C[ :
''tm[ k&D kiyi ni kiQi[ r[...
v)ri aiÄyi[ aiPiQi[,
(v(Kyini d&:K viQi[.."" 40
358

mn&Oymi> rh[l) visniai[n[ d*r krvin&> kh[vimi> aiv[ C[.aPiQ aiÄyi[ a[ p\ikZ(tk
GTni ti[ C[ j siYi[ siY Bjnni[ s*r kh[ C[ ai tir) kiyi$p) aPiQ pN aiÄyi[ C[, ji[ t&>
a[n[ ai[LK) n leS ti[ fr) ai tk mLS[ n(h a[Tl[ st vAt&n[ ci[r) l[, tir) kiyin[ amr
kr) d[. Bjnni ai Biv hidi pT[l, s>t& an[ ujmn[ ali](kk ain>dn) an&B*(t kriv[
C[.vrsid[ pN p*r[p&r) mh[r kr) C[, bir[ m[G Ki>gi Ye jiy C[. bhir an[ a>dr (BniS
Äyip) jiy C[.
'aiÄyi[ aPiQi["mi> aPiQ ti[ k[ºWmi> C[ j, siYi[ siY hidi pT[lni[ d)kri[ siF& Yen[
ciÃyi[ gyi[ C[ a[ni[ (vyi[g pN k[ºWmi> C[. ujmn[ aiv[l Av¼nmi> a[ni[ s>k[t mL[ C[.'l)l&D)
Frt)"mi> Frt) ti[ k[ºWAYin[ C[ j, pr>t& siYi[siY gimDi>ni p\jijni[n) c[tni, a[mn&> tnmn,
a[mn) BivivAYi, a[mni[ Frt) siY[ni[ niti[, a[mn) aigv) JvnS]l), a[mn&> li[ks>g)t,
Bjn pr>prini[ pN nvlkYini g\iÀyp(rv[Smi> (v(nyi[g Yy[li[ ji[vi mL[ C[. AY*L krti>
(vS[P ti[ s*Èmn[ sj

m(Dyi vg[r[n) nvlkYiai[mi> AYL mh_vni[ Big Bjv[ C[. hiD)< an[ m(Dyin)
nvlkYiai[ni k[ºWmi> gimD&> C[.a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> aivti gimDi>ni vNt g\iÀy
vitivrN KD&> krvimi> asiFirN B*(mki p*r) piD[ C[. p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> a[k gimD&> an[
a[ni vitivrNn) (vS[Ptiai[ upr Bir m*kti Diƒ. n(vnc>W (#iv[d) lK[ C[ :
''p\id[(Sk nvlkYin&> vitivrN simiºy nvlkYi krti> (nriL&> hi[y C[.a[mi> kÃpnini[
ai~y hi[vi Cti> j[n[ p\d[S-(vS[Pn) lix(Nktini[ s>ApS< BLti[ hi[viY) aiv) kZ(tmi>
vitivrN vF& viAt(vk, rsp\d an[ mnBr bnt&> hi[y C[. dr[k S(ktSiL) sj a[v&> ti[ Jv>t ail[Kn kr[ C[ k[ t[niY) a[ a[k aigv&> (vV KD&> kr) d[ C[. ai
vitivrNmi> bnti p\s>gi[ an[ Jvti> pi#ii[ a[ (vVn) aibi[hvimi> viAt(vk ligti hi[y
C[."" 41
ai gimDi>ni vNt g\iÀyp(rv[Smi> p\v[S[ C[ an[
'Omniscient and Omnipresent God"n) mifk dr[k pi#ii[n) g(t-(v(F, rh[N)-krN),
aicir-(vcir vg[r[ni[ m*k six) bn[ C[. t[Y) hv[ aipN[ hiD)< an[ m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi>
aivti gimDi>ai[n&> (vh>givli[kn kr)S&>.
{a} Yi[ms hiD) gimD>& :
C[ :
g\[ni kiÄy 'Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"mi> n)c[n) p>k(tai[ aiv[
'Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife,
Their sober wishes never learn'd to etray ;
Along the cool sequester'd vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way."
360

g\[ a[ ai kiÄyp>k(tmi> gimDi>ni Si>t an[ (AYr Jvn Jvti li[ki[ni s>dB lK)
C[. hiD)Y) 'far from the madding crowd" ni[ S¾dp\yi[g pi[tin)
nvlkYini (SP 'madding crowd’ S¾d Sh[r)Jvnn) g)cti an[
g*>gNimNni[ s*ck C[. hiD) GTniAYL e>³l[>Dn) n]äRy (dSimi>
aiv[li[ g\iÀy(vAtir C[ j[n[ hiD)
m(Ãlkij&g k\iuD" n&> GTniAYL m&²yRv[ 'v[Frbr)" nimni[ g\iÀy(vAtir j
C[.ai oiri hiD)< kh[vi mi>g[ C[ k[ gimDi>mi> vsviT krti li[ki[n&> ri[J>d& Jvn a[kd>r[
Sh[r)Jvnmi> an&Bviti ki[lihl, FmickD) an[ tNivY) m&kt shj, Si>t an[ srL hi[y
C[.g\iÀy(vAtirni li[ki[ td`n simiºy an[ (bºdis Jvn Jv[ C[. a[ li[ki[ mi[TiBigni[ smy
pi[tini ri[J>di kZPk kiy, simiºy vitc)ti[mi> an[ si>j[ di$ni p)qimi> Äyt)t kr[ C[.a[
li[ki[n) ki[e mi[T) aiSi k[ aiki>xi hi[t) nY). aiY) j t[ai[n[ ki[epN p\kirn) (c>ti k[
361

[c[n) m*>zvti nY). smyni vh[N sim[ ki[e vi>Fi[ k[ (vri[F nY) j[ a(vrtpN[ vHi j kr[
C[.a[vi ki[e m[iTi rijk)y kividivi k[ uhipi[, k[ F>Fik)y (vvidi[ k[ vmLi[ a[mni Jvnn[
ApS pi[tini aliydi a(AtRvn[ lgti ki[e p\Åni[ uqti
nY).Bi³ya[ a[mn[ j[ p(r(AY(t an[ s>ji[gmi> m*kyi C[ a[n) siY[ shj smiFin siF) l[
C[.t[ai[n[ Sh[r) JvnS]l) k[v) hi[y C[ a[ni[ ²yil s&¹Fi> hi[ti[ nY). ki[e g\imjnn) Sh[rn)
m&likit a[mn[ miT[ k*t&hlni[ (vPy C[ an[ a[ g\imjn jyir[ pi[tini (vAtirmi> piCi[ fr[ C[
Ryir[ Sh[rmi> a[N[ S&> ji[y&> a[ jiNvi aºy Ti[L[ vL[ C[.
'T[s ai[f D'ab mL)a[ C)a[ j[
eSin K*Nimi> aiv[li ¾l[km&rni U>cin)ci K)Np\d[Smi> aiv[l&> a[k r(LyimN&>>> gimD&> C[.a[
K)Np\d[Smi> an[k vLi>ki[ aiv[li C[ j[ni[ (c#iiRmk p(rcy p\i¼t krvi[ hi[y ti[ a[n[ a[
p\d[Sn) frt[ aiv[l) T[kr)ai[n) Ti[c uprY) n)hiLvi pD[.a[ g\iÀy(vAtirni[ K*b fLW&p
pÍi[ C[ jyi> mi[TiBigni li[ki[ a[ vsviT ky[ K*b Jv>t an[ s*Èm (c#i rj* kr[ C[. T[s jyir[ Ti[lbi[Y[ jiy C[ Ryir[ Ryi>n&>
ØÆy bdliy C[[. ai gim g\[eT D[r)zni K)Np\d[Smi> aiv[l&> C[ j[ ¾l[km&rY) alg C[, a[vi[
aNsir aip[ C[. hiD)< lK[ C[ :
''It was intrinsically different from Blackmoor Vale ....The river itself,
which nourished the grass and cows of the renowned dairies, flowed not like
the streams in Blackmoor. The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of
Life shown to the Evangelist."" 43
362

T[sn&> hv[ pC)n&> gimD&> 'fl)ºTki[Àb-a[S" C[ j[ 'the valley of her birth"
{¾l[km&r} an[ 'the valley of her love"{ g\[eT D[r)z}n) vμc[ kpri> uμcp\d[Smi> aiv[l&>
C[.a(h>n&> hvimin s*k&> an[ q>D& C[. vZxi[ n(hvt` C[. jm)n sKt C[.a(h>n) (SyiLi j[v)
ät&ni aigmnn&> S¾d(c#i hiD)< a[ r)t[ ail[K[ C[ k[ jiN[ a[ pi[t[ ki[e k&SL (c#ikir h[iy :
''Then one day a peculiar quality invaded the air of this open country.
There came a moisture which was not of rain and a cold which was not of
frost.’’ 44 mr)an fl)ºTki[Àb-a[Sn[‘starve-acre place" tr)k[ vN hiD)< tiØS (c#i rj* kr[ C[ :''Keeping the vale on her
right, she steered steadily westward ; passing above the Hintocks, crossing at
right angles the highroadfrom sherton-Abbas to Casterbridge and striking
Dogbury Hill and Highstoy, with the dell between them called the Devil's
kitchen.....The second half of her journey was through a more gentle
country, by way of Benvill Lane."" 46
a>t[ jyir[ T[s myi rh[ C[ Ryir[ aipNn[ pN
'ºy&fi[r[AT"ni u>DiNmi> le jvimi> aiv[ C[ :
''The changes of the weather were their only events, the birds of the
New Forest their only company ."" 47
T[sn[ K*b j Yi[Di> smy miT[ a[ni p(t a[ºjlni shvismi> rh[vin&> mL[ C[, pr>t&
Jvnni a[ a>(tm (dvsi[n[ p(t-pRn) a[k aidS< a[ki>t AYL[ miN[ C[. BTkti>-BTkti> t[ai[
363

ATi[nh[ºj aiv[ C[. ATi[nh[ºj a[ sd)ai[ j*n&> jj t[ai[ a[k rit (vtiv[
C[.Ryirbid T[sn) FrpkD Yiy C[.
'aºDr F g\)nv&D T^)" mi> hiD) si]Y) s&>dr 'setting" aiv[ C[.a(h>
AT)ºsfi[D gim 'm[lATi[k" an[ a[ gimmi> aiv[li
C*Ti>Cviyi> mkini[ni[ GTniAYL tr)k[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.ai kZ(tmi> hiD)< gimn&> a[k
smg\ (c#i rj* krti nY), pr>t& a[ gimmi> aiv[li mkini[ an[ a[ni 'li[k[Sn" ni a[mN[
kr[li s>(x¼t, s*Èm an[ s&r[K vN k&T&>b j[ mkinmi> rh[ C[
a[n[ ag\ti aipvimi> aiv) C[ kirNk[ a[ mkin nvlkYini m&²y pi#ii[n&>> rh[qiN C[.ai
upri>t a[ mkin a[ (vAtirmi> aiv[li aºy gimq) mkini[ni p\(t(nF) tr)k[ kiy< kr[ C[ :
''The window-shutters were not yet closed,and the fire-and candle-
light within radiated from upon the thick bushes of box and laurestinus
grwing in clumps outside, and upon the bare boughs of several codlin-trees
hanging about in various distorted shapes, the result of early training as
espaliers combined with careless climbing into their boughs in later
years.The walls of the dwelling were for the most part covered with
creepers, though these were rather beaten back from the doorway- a feature
which was worn and scratched by much passing in and out, giving it by day
the appearance of an old keyhole.Light streamed through the cracks and
joints of outbuildings a little way from the cottage, a sight which nourished
the fancy that the purpose of the erection must be rather to neil bright
attractions than to shelter unsightly necessaries.The noise of a beetle and
wedges and the splintering of wood was periodically heard from this
direction; and at some little distance further a steady regular munching and
364

the occasional scurr of a rope betokened a stable, and horses feeding within
it."" 48
Dy&kni mkinni hiD) rh[l) h&>f an[
hLviS an&Bv) Sk)a[ C)a[.a[ mkin, a[n) frt[ aiv[li[ bg)ci[, a[ mkinmi>Y) bhir
aivti[ p\kiS an[ avij bF&> j a[kb)ji> siY[ mL)n[ a[k gimq) Grn&> s&>dr (c#i t]yir kr[
C[.t[mj vsviT an[ Äyvsi(yk kiy vN hiD)< a[ Grn&> f(n, kp, D)S, ¼l[T vg[r[ j[v) z)N)
z)N) mi(ht) p*r) piD[ C[.mkini[ni ai p\kirni mi(ht)sBr vN rh[niri
Äy(ktai[ni Äy(ktRvni[ p(rcy p\i¼t Yiy C[.a[ mkini[n) a>drn) ÄyvAYi a[mni Äy(ktRv
p\miN[ aikir pim[ C[.j[m k[ Dy&kni k&T&>bn) simi(jk s(k\yti an[ s>pk

''Farmer's Shiner's was a queer lump of a house, standing at the corner
of a lane that ran into the principal through fare.The upper windows were
much wider than they were high, and this feature, togather with a broad
bay-window where the door might have been expected, gave it by day the
aspect of a human countenance turned askance, and wearing a sly and
wicked leer."" 50
Ryi> kim krti mi[c) j[vi kir)gri[ni mkin k[vi hi[y a[ jiNv&> hi[y ti[ m).p[n)ni
Grn&> vNcv&> pD[ :
''Mr. Penny's was the last house in that part of the parish, and stood in
a hollow by the roadside; so that cartwheels and horses' legs were about
level with the sill of his shop-window.This was low and wide, and was open
from morning till evening, Mr. Penny himself being invariably seen working
inside like a framed portrait of a shoemaker by some modern Moroni.He sat
facing the road, with a boot on his knees and the awl in his hand, only
looking up for a moment as he stretched out his arms and bent forward at the
pull, when his spectacles flashed in the passer's facewith a shine of flat
whiteness, and then returned again to the boot usual.Rows of lasts, small and
large, stout and slender, covered the wall which formed the background, in
the extreme shadow of which a kind of dummy was seen sitting, in the shape
of an apprentice with a string tied round his hair...Outside the upper-leather
of a Wellington - boot was usually hung, pegged to a board as if to dry."" 51
upri[kt mkinn&> vN aiÄy&> C[ k[ miNs an[ mkin a[k m[kn)
ai[LK an[ a(AtRvni a(Bºn Big bn) jiy C[.mkinn) a>dr bir) pis[ b[q[li[ (m. p[n),
a[ni siFni[ mkinn) (dvil bF&> j jiN[ k[ ki[e AmZ(t(c#i hi[y a[ r)t[ rj* Yiy C[. ai vN

a[Tl&> tiØS C[ k[ Bivk jiN[ (m.p[n)ni mkinn) bhirni rAti uprY) psir Yti a[ni
mkin upr W(OT krti[ hiy a[v&> an&Bv[ C[.aim, ai kZ(tmi> aivti g\imjni[ni mkinni
viAt(vk vNni vitivrN an[ a[n) ai>t(rk ÄyvAYini[ aib[h*b (ctir aip[
C[.
'F v&Dl[ºDsmi> an[
t[n) aispis aiv[li j>gl(vAtirmi> bn[ C[.p[rki[Àb hjim jyir[ miT) vN>>>> sjgli[mi>Y) psir Yti[ K*b j p&riNi[ mig< C[. a[ mig[< (b\ATi[lY) e>³l[ºD,
d(xN (knir[ je Skiy C[. pr>t& t[ Kis vpriti[ nY).Gi[DigiD) (sviy aºy ki[e vihn a[
rAt[Y) je Skt&> nY). sfrjnn) viD)ai[, T)Àbrni vZxi[ an[ b)ji> k[Tli>y j&d)j&d) jitni
fLi[viLi> vZxi[ ah)> GNi> C[. k[Tli>k vZxi[ ti[ a[vi z*k) gyi> C[ k[ a[km[k siY[ B[gi> Ye gyi
C[.a[ rAt[ aigL vFti ¾l[km&r v[l nimn) j³yi aiv[ C[. Ryi>Y) b[-#iN mieln[ a>tr[
hieATi[e h)l nimn) j³yi aiv) C[. Ryi> s*ki> pi>dDi>Y) rAti[ Q>kie gyi[ C[. ai j³yi
kb\Atinn) j[m siv s*msim C[.ki[e rDyiKDyi p\vis)n[ a[kli, aT*li-minvjnsm&diyY)
td`n (Bºn a[ki>tn) an&B*(t Yiy t[v&> a[ AYin C[.p[rki[Àb hjimn) Gi[DigiD) aigL vF[
C[.aDFi[ miel j[Tl&> a>tr ki¼yi bid bg)ci[ an[ viD)ai[ d[Kiy C[.j>gln) vμc[n)
K)Nmi>Y) t[ bFi> jiN[ a[kia[k f*T) n)kL[ C[. kyi>k kyi>k F*miDin) s[ri[ U>c[ aikiSmi> jt)
ji[e Skiy C[.kyi>k tipN)mi>Y) k[ c*limi>Y) j F*miDi[ n)kL) rHi[ C[. a[ p\d[S jiN[ bhirn)
d&(nyiY) j&di[ pD) ah)> Si>t a[ki>tmi> (n(Ok\y bn) smi(F lgiv), a[k(c_i[ b[qi[ hi[y a[v&>
lig[ C[.nini, si>kDi ai[Tli upr gimDi>ni li[ki[ Ti[L[ vL) b[qi> C[.a>Fir&> Ye gy&> C[. kyi>k
kyi>k pi>dDi> (vnini vZxi[mi>Y) gimDi>ni Gri[ni d)vini[ aiCi[ aiCi[ p\kiS d[Kiy C[. kyi>k
367

ki[e DiL) upr airim krt&> p>K) pN ji[e Skiy C[. ki[ek Grni piCLni viDimi>Y)
sfrjnni[ di$ bnti[ hi[y t[v) vis aiv[ C[. di$ ukLti[ hi[y t[vi[ di$ni KdKdvini[
avij pN aiv[ C[. a[k Grmi> fiyr-¼l[smi> likDi> bL[ C[, t[ni[ p\kiS bhir s&F) d[Kiy
C[.an[ t[ Grn) c)mn)mi>Y) F&miDi[ bhir n)kL[ C[.b)ji> Gri[ krti a[ mkin Yi[D&> mi[T&>
C[.b[qk$mn&> birN&> K&Ãl&> C[ an[ t[ rAti pr j C[.t[ uGiDi> birNi>mi>Y) p\kiS bhir rAti
upr pD[ C[. t[ p\kiSmi> a[k f*>d&> UD)n[ aim t[m pi>Ki[ ffDiv[ C[. t[ Grmi> a[k Ci[kr) n[trn)
K&rS)mi> b[s)n[ kim kr) rh) C[. t[ a[k hiYmi> mi[Ti> cimDi>ni[ mi[ji[ ph[r)n[ Cipri>
bnivvini kimmi> upyi[gmi> l[viti likDi>ni Bilin) aN)ai[ Ci[l) rh) C[. t[N[ cimDi>n&>
a[p\n ph[y& C[. t[n) a[k bij&mi> Bili bnivvin) likD)ai[ pD) C[, a[k trf Ci[lni[ Qgli[
C[.ai Ci[lY) an[ likDi>Y) j tipN) sLg) rh) C[. b)J bij& t]yir Yy[l) aN)viL)
likD)ai[ pD) C[. a[k T[bl upr m)Nb_i) sLg[ C[.aim, a(h> vn, vZxi[, Äy(kt, vsviT,
Äyvsiy. p\iN), p>K), p\kiS bF&> j a[k$p Ye p&Atkni pini> u[pr a[k gimDi>n[ sJvn kr[
C[.
'jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r" ni ph[li> p\krNni a>t[ hiD)< 'm[r)g\)n" gimn&> tiØS vN

the green.Abobe all the original church, hump-backed, wood-turreted, and
quintly hipped, had been taken down and either cracked up into heaps of
road-metal in the lane, or utilized as pig-sty walls, garden seats, guard-stones
to fences, and rockeries in the flowe-beds of the neighbourhood.In place of it
a tall new building of modern Gothic design, unfamiliar to English eyes, had
been erected on a new piece of ground by a certain obliterator of historic
records who had run downfrom London and back in a day.The site whereon
so long had stood the ancient temple to the Christian divinities was not even
recorded on the green and level grass-plot that had immemorially been the
churchyard, the obliterated graves being commemorated by eighteen penny
cast-iron crosses warranted to last five years."" 52
hiD) (vV C[ j[ a[ni p\b&¹F minsmi> aikir piÀy&> C[. hiD)< 'v[s[ks"n) Bi]gi(lk
rcnini sÈ*m vN
aipN) AmZ(tmi> 'v[s[ks"mi#i hiD) 's[T)>g" n rh[ti h>m[Si smg\ minvJvnni
D^imin&> 's[T)>g" bn[ C[.v[s[ksn) AYi(nk lix(Nktia[i an[ ØÆyi[ minvJvnni snitn
sRyi[ an[ Ø(OTki[N siY[ an&s>Fin siF[ C[.ai bibt j 'v[s[ks"n[ a[k j smy[ Äy(ktgt
an[ v](Vk a[m bºn[ Av$p aip[ C[.e>³l[ºDni a[ g\iÀy(vAtirmi> smyni p\vihmi> GNi>
p(rvtt& hiD)

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> gimD&> :
c&n)lil m(Dyi si]riOT^ni Fi[riJ gimni vtn) hti.Birtni p(Vm (knir[ g&jrit
rijymi> si]riOT^ p\d[S aiv[li[ C[. Yi[ms hiD)< miT[ j[m 'v[s[ks" C[, t[m c&n)lil m(Dyi miT[
'si]riOT^"C[. m(Dyia[ pi[tini Jvnni[ p\ir>(Bk tbkki[ pi[tini vtn Fi[riJmi> j psir kyi[<
hti[. ai smygiLi dr(myin pi[tini vtnni g\iÀy(vAtirni[ a[mn[ p\Ryx p(rcy p\i¼t
Yyi[.ai smy dr(myin j a[mn[ gimDi>ni (v(vF pisi>ai[ an[ a[n) lix(Nktiai[n&> s*Èm
avli[kn krvini[ mi[ki[ mÇyi[.a[ avli[kni[n[ aiFir[ j si]riOT^ni gimDi>ai[ a[mn)
nvlkYiai[mi> ApOT an[ s&r[K aikir FirN kr[ C[.a[mn) p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[ni k[ºWmi>
si]riOT^n&> gimD&> C[.m(Dyi pi[tin) sbL l[KnS]l) vD[ si]riOT^ni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ pi[tin)
kZ(tai[mi> ail[K[ C[. ai[zt nd)ni[ pT, (grnirni[ D&>gr, Ki[rDi, K[trviD), viv-k*vi. ziD)zi>Kri>
vμc[Y) psir Yti> rAtiai[, m>(dri[, f(Lyi> sv[< m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> Jv>t Av$p
FirN kr[ C[.'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> a[mN[ aip[li g&>disrni vN si]riOT^ni gimDi>n) lix(Nk
tsv)r an[ tis)r ApOTpN[ upr ups) aiv[ C[.
t[ai[ kh[ C[ g&>disr gim ki[e ejn[rni nkSin) n)pj n ht); a[ ti[ vZxn) j[m,
kSini aiyi[jn (vni, Av]rpN[ vAy&> C[ an[ (vkAy&> C[.B*tkiLmi> g&>disrn[ Ti[Dl[ ph[l&>-vh[l&>
ti[rN aih)ri[a[ b>iF[l&> k[ gri(syiai[[a[ a[ bibtmi> a[ bºn[ ki[mi[ni biri[T vμc[ni[ zGDi[
hJ pRyi[ nY).pr>t& vt a[m kh) Skiy k[ K[D*ti[a[ j ai hi>Di j[v&> gim
vsiÄy&> C[ an[ (vksiÄy&> C[.
giDi> mirg[ g&>disrn) s)mmi> p\v[Snirn[ p\Ym dSBÎ
Cipri>ni Yiy C[.gim aiKini girmiT)ni> Ki[rDi> upr Svi k&>Bir[ gimn[ j (nBiD[ pkv[li>
d[S) n(Lyi> pYriyi C[. a[mi> a[ AmSinni 'ki[r&g[T[D ptri>" bh&> kQ>gi lig[ C[. m&>beni a[k
370

v[pir)a[ pi[tin) p(Rnni AmrNiY[< C[k m&>beY) siFnsr>jim m>giv)n[ g&>disrni AmSinni
K&Ãli> ai[Tli upr a[ Cipr) b>Fiv[l). vPi[t& j$r) p]sini aBiv[ a[ni[ JNi[& j a[k b)j&> AYipRy B*t[Vrni (Svilyn&> C[.nd)n[
ai[vir[ UB[li (Svilyn[ aD)n[ Yi[D) jm)n pN aiv[l) C[.a[n[ li[ki[ B*t[Vrn) viD)ni nim[
ai[LK[ C[.ai AYink tYi viD)n) jm)n upr eVr(g(r nimni a[k at)t virsi hk
Bi[gvti> aiÄyi> C[.(Svilymi> cQivvimi> aivti ci[Ki-si[pir) upr a[mni[ a(Fkir rh[li[
C[. diykiai[Y) jj(drni JNi[t&
hj& s&F) a[vi[ ki[e Bkt pN g&>disrn[ si>pDyi[ nY).viD)mi> #iN-cir a[kQi(Lyi ai[rDi>
C[.a[ bivi-siF&ai[ miT[n) FrmSiLi tr)k[ vpriy C[.ah)> dr p*nm[ an[ amisn) rit[
Bjnn) rmzT jim[ C[.(SvilyY) jri aigL vFti> hn&minn) d[r) aiv[ C[.d[r)n) bij&mi>
gimni rxk K[trpiLn&> Yink an[ K[trpiLn) ji[D[ S*ri[p&ri[ d[Kiy C[.S*rip&rin) pDK[ Yi[Di>
(s>d*rr>³yi pi(Lyi UBi C[; vμc[ m[lD)n&> AYin C[.ah)>Y) j gimn) S$ait Yiy C[, kirNk[
pi(Lyiai[n) nJkmi> j 'd[riN)-j[qiN)n) viv"ni[ (pyivi[ C[. a[ viv upr v)s v)s j[Tl)
gr[D)ai[ gi[qvvimi> aiv) C[ j[ni upr gimn) vh&vir&ai[ piN) Br[ C[.
(pyiv[ UBiUBi sim[ gimni JN< (kÃlini[ ki[qi[ d[Kiy C[.ai ki[qin) bij&mi> j
gimzi>pi[ C[.'ai[trih[ zi>pi[" an[ 'dKNihizi>pi"n[ ji[Dti[ g&>disrni[ m&²y rAti[ aiv[li[
C[.gimn) vsihtn) S$ait ai(hri[ni Ki[rDi>Y) Yiy C[.pC) vi(Nyi-v[pir)ai[n) piki
pRYrn) bi>F[l) #iN-cir m[D)ai[ d[Kiy, pC) K[D*ti[ni> girmiT) l)>p[li> Ki[rDi> an[ a[ pC)
gri(syiai[ni drbirgQn) pCviD[ k(Dyi-k&>Bir, Gi>c)-mi[c) vsviyi>ai[ vg[r[n) vsiht
aiv[ C[. ninkDi> gimni ninkDi> aY#imi> aivÆyk gNiy a[ aQir[y vN

a(h> avÆy ji[vi mL[ C[. d(xNni zi>pin) bhir h(rjnvis, a[niY) jri d*r cmirk*>D an[
C[k C[D[ kb\Atin s&F) phi[>c[ a[Tl[ aiK&>y[ g&>disr gim pgtL[Y) n)kL) gy&> a[m kh)
Skiy. m(Dyia[ rj* kr[li gimDi>ni ai S¾d(c#imi> g&>disr gimn) Bi]gi[(lk, simi(jk,
Fi(mAkZ(tk vg[r[ tmim lix(Nktiai[ p\gT Ye jiy C[.
'z)>zivdr" gim v[k&rD) nd)n[ ki>q[ vAy&> C[.K[tS)adin) D[l) 'd[viN)n) S[r)"mi>
aiv[l) C[.ai S[r)mi> aiv[l) tmim D[l)ni mi(lk a[k smy[ adini p*vt& c>cL gNit) lÈm) #i)J p[Q) pC) a[ Grmi>Y) pg kr) ge ht).hv[ adi pis[
mi#i a[k j D[l) bik) rh) C[. RyirpC)ni Ki[rDi> rN&Bi gri(syin) mi(lk)ni YE gyi C[.t[
pC)n&> Ki[rD&> JvN m[rien&> Ye gy&> C[.sim[ aiv[li f(Lyini bFi> Gri[ G)ni Äyipirmi> smZ¹F
bn[li l&hiNiai[a[ Kr)d) l)Fi C[.Ryi> vμc[ (vSiL f(Ly&> n[ aij&bij& mkini[n&> z*mK&>
aiv[l&> C[.gimn) a[ j³yi mi[T&> f(Ly&> kh[viy C[.ai mi[T&> f(Ly&> aiKi z)zivdrn&>
'Xint>t&k[ºW" an[ 'mi(ht)k[ºW" tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.gimni pidr[ a[k a](thi(sk ai>bl)n&>
ziD aiv[l&> C[. a[v) miºyti C[ k[ j[Tli vPi[< z)>zivdrn[ Yyi a[Tli vPi[< a[ ai>bl)ni
ziDn[ Yyi.''a[ viyki sic) hi[y k[ Ki[T), pr>t& a[ vZxmi> a[k as(lytni[ ApS< hti[.a[kvir
Jviy gy[li Jvnn), at)tn) g>F, ah)> Uqt) ht).a[ (s>d*rr>³yi pi(Lyi, Ki>B),
K[trpiL ai(d p[li at)t ji[D[n) siÀp\tn) SZ>Kli rc) rh[ti hti. a(h> q[r q[r Bi>g[li
ni(Ly[rn) kicl)ai[, miT)ni ki[(Dyi>, ni(Ly[rni> Ci[Di>-Ci[tri> rzLti> hti>.
v[k&rD)ni[ simi[ ki>q[[i r&W an[ rÀy a[m bºn[ p\kirni t_vi[ an[ d[Kiv FirN kr[ C[.a[
r&W d[Kiy C[ kirN k[ Ryi> gimn&> kb\Atin aiv[l&> C[.a[ kb\Atinmi> si>j pD[ li[binn) vis
aiv[ C[. C*T)Cvie kbri[n) aispis mrvi[ ugiDvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. ki[e a[kldi[kl fk)r
(sviy a[ j³yi h>m[Si (nj gimn&> msiN pN aiv[l&> C[. an[k mDdi>ni
372

a(³ndihni[ F&miDi[ KieKien[ a[n) ptri>n) Cipr) kiL)BÎ YE ge C[. a[ msiNmi> ki[e
(cti sLgt) n hi[y Ryir[ z)>Y(ryi gi>Di[ ah)> airim frmiv[ C[.msiNni piCLni Bigmi>
cmir viD aiv[l) C[. ah)> mr[li> Qi[rni> cimDi> cmirk*>Dmi> Fi[viy C[.an[ pC) giDi> Br)
Br)n[ v[civi jiy C[.jnivri[ni> hiDki>ni ah)> Qgli> ji[vi mL[ C[.cmirviDn[ aD)n[ j a[k
Kribi[ C[.Ryi> a[k $KDi>n&> ziD pN C[. a[ ziDmi> ki[e B*t k[ Jnni[ vis hi[vin) gimmi>
miºyti C[.ai Kribimi> z)>zivdrn[ mig[> aivti-jti> BTk&> li[ki[ pDiv niK[ C[.t[Y) ah)>
kiL) m[S jim[li m>giLini pRYri[ ji[vi mL[ C[. hv[ z)>zivdrni p\d[Sni[ rÀy Big S$ Yiy
C[.a[ Kribin) piCLni Big[ v[k&rD)n[ ki>q[ ki>q[ gimni K[trviD)ai[ aiv[li C[.v[k&rD)n)
srviN)ai[ an[ vivk*viai[n) (s>cie vD[ l)l)zm bn[l) a[ viD)ai[ z)>zivdrn) Si[Bi
C[.a[ bhi[L) vnriJn[ kirN[ z)>zivdrn) aibi[hvi smS)ti[ON rh[ C[.gimmi> uniLini[
ukLiT hi[y an[ a[kia[k q>Di[ pvn viy Ryir[ kh[viy C[ k[ viD)a[Y) TiQ&> lh[rK&> aiÄy&>.
'v[Liv[Lin) Ci>yD)"mi> l[Kk viG(Nyi gimni bjirn) zlk aip[ C[.bpi[rni smy[
viG(Nyin) vi>k)c*>k) bjirmi> jri pN Grik) n hi[viY) hiTD)diri[ nvri> b[qi> zi[ki> Kiy
C[.Fi[L[ (dvs[ si[pi[ pD) gyi[ hi[y a[vi s*msim vitivrNmi> amrgQY) aivti[ Tpil)
viG(Nyini zi>pimi> p\v[S kr[ C[.drvijin) diQ)mi> psiyti[ pN KiTlimi> pDyi[ pDyi[ Gi[r[
C[.zi>pin) nJkn) a[k b[ S[r)mi> b[-#iN kigLi[ vh[>c)n[ Tpil) s)Fi[ bjir trf vL[ C[.b[
giDi> simsim) (dSia[Y) aiv) cD[ ti[ a[kn[ piC&> vLv&> pD[ a[v) si>kD) bjirmi> ah)> th)>
hriyi> Qi[r s*ti> hi[y C[.Tpil)ni[ pgrv si>BL)n[ an[ a[ni[ KiK) gNv[S ji[en[ S[r)ni
k*tr>iai[ a[n) piCL piCL ji[en[ Bs[ C[.bpi[rni smy[ k*tri>ni Bsvini[ avij viG(Nyi
gimni li[ki[ miT[ Tpil)ni aigmnn) (nSin) C[.gimli[ki[n) j[m Tpil) pN ai
373

vitivrNY) T[vie gyi[ C[.k*tri>ni Bsvini avij prY) gimli[ki[ an&min kr) Sk[ C[ k[
ki[n[ ki[n[ Gr[ a[ ri[j Tpil aiv).
'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi"ni prbD)mi> si]riOT^ni gimDi>n) a[k alg j tis)r j[vi mL[
C[.ai nvlkYimi> l[Kk Birtn) Avit>#ys>g\imn) lDt dr(myin si]riOT^n&> prbD) j[v&> gimD&>
pN k[v&> (vAfi[Tk Av$p FriN kr) Sk[ C[ a[ni[ ²yil aip[ C[.ai kZ(tmi> l[Kk a[ gimn[
k\i>(tkir) p\vZ(_ini k[ºW tr)k[ ail[K[ C[. B*ptn) Sh)d)ni smicir aipvi aiv[li n(lnBie
an[ k)(t< prbD)n[ Avit>#yn) lDtn&> vD&> mYk bniv[ C[.ah)> Tpilp[T)n) Bi>gfi[D krv),
bi[Àb bnivvi k[ r[Ãv[ni piTi> uG[D) niKvi j[v) u_i[jk an[ (h>sk p\vZ(_iai[ aidrvimi> aiv[
C[.a[n) siY[ siY[ p(#ikiai[ vh[>c)n[ li[kjigZ(tn&> kiy< pN krvimi> aiv[ C[.riOT^vid)
p\vZ(_iai[ krt) Äy(ktai[n[ prbD)mi> aiSri[ aipvimi> aiv[ C[.riOT^vid) (vcirFirin[ u_i[jn
aipvimi> aiv[ C[.ai nvlkYini[ a¿yis krti aipNn[ riOT^vidn) Äyipkti an[ vh[Nni[
²yil aiv[ C[ j[niY) prbD) j[v&> si]riOT^n&> nin&> amY&> gimD&> pN a(l¼t nY).
pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> m(Dyiai[ kr[li gimDi>ni aib[h*b vNc) a[ s>dB[<
amZtlil yi(Xk n)c[ p\miN[ ni[>F[ C[:''~) m(Dyin) (nr)xNS(kt a[mn) viti mh_vn&>
AYin Friv[ C[.gimDi>n&> an[ g\im)NJvnn&> a[mN[ U>D& an[ rsBr (nr)xN ky& C[.t[Y) j
t[mn) viti gimDi>n&> viAt(vk an[ p\iNvin (c#i di[riy C[.g&>disr, viG(Nyi, eV(ryi an[
m[>gN)ni g\imsmij oiri si]riOT^ni t[ smyni g\im)N smijn&> aib[h*b (c#i di[riy&> C[."" 53
m(Dyini gimDi>ni vN tLB*(mni li[ki[ an[ tLpd) s>AkZ(t Jv>t$p FirN
krt) ji[e Skiy C[.a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> gimDi>n) aibi[hvimi> viti< (vks[ C[ an[ pi#ii[n)
tLpd) mni[B*(mki a(NS&¹F scviy[l) ji[vi mL[ C[.'l)l&D) Frt)"n) S$aitmi> j gimDi>n)
pr>prigt Cb) k>Dirti m(Dyi lK[ C[:
374

''j[v) m)qiS ai[ztni piN)mi> ht) a[v) j m)qiS ah)>ni miNsi[mi> ht). Frt)mi>
rsks hti[.t[Y) a[ni> Ci[r&>ai[ni mn pN miyi-mmtiY) hyi."" 54
pr>t& Diƒ. r(N>gin[ mt[ a[mN[ kr[li gimDi> a>g[ni (nv[dni[ an[ ail[Kn vμc[
s&s>gtti nY).m(Dyia[ p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> c)tr[l&> gimD&> k&DkpT an[ kividiviY) Br[l&>
C[.a[mni mt[ m(Dyin[ pN ai bibtni[ ²yil C[.t[Y) j m(Dyi pN kh[ C[ :
''gimD&> a[Tl[ ti[ nr) k(vti j. a[v) bils&lB aYvi k[vL k(vs&lB- m&³F
miºytin[ ti[ air>BY) j prhr) d)F) ht). p\yRn hti[, nh) viAt(vktin[ sμciep*vn&> G[r&>, viAt(vk an[ tTAY
(c#i di[rvini a[mni[ ud`[Æy pir piDvimi> Fir[l) sfLti mL) C[.
{5} tLpd) s>AkZ(tn[ Äykt krt) BiPi an[ bi[l) :
{a} Yi[ms hiD) BiPi an[ bi[l) :
Yi[ms hiD)< a[mn) asiFirN BiPiS]l) miT[ jiN)ti C[.a[mn) BiPiS]l)n) (vS[Pti
a[ C[ k[ a[mni S¾dp\yi[gi[ uD)n[ ai>K[ vLg[ a[vi hi[y C[. aiY) j D[(vD s[s)l hiD)b>F[ ni[>F[ C[ k[ :
''His style is capable of greater effects than those of far more
competent writers... You could never mastake a paragraph of Hardy by
anybody else...He has discovered the ' mist juste', the single word which can
alone express the shade of meaning he has in mind.His words do more than
clothe his conception they are its embodiment."" 56
hiD) rh[l) (vPyn) v](Vkti an[ siY[ siY[ 'v[s[ks"n) p\id[(Skti a[m bºn[ (vri[FiBis)
375

Bisti t_vi[ a[ksiY[ p\gT kr[ C[.t[ai[ 'v[s[ks"ni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ pi[tin) nvlkYimi> ail[K[
C[.t[Y) t[ p(rv[Sn[ an&$p a[mn) BiPiS]l) aRy>t (c#iiRmk pN C[.BiPini p\yi[g oiri,
t[ai[ aipN) smx gimDi>n&> a[k Jv>t (c#i KD&> krvin&> sim¸y< Friv[ C[.t[ai[ g\iÀyp(rv[S
an[ p\kZ(tn&> sci[T ail[Kn krti hi[viY) j a[mn) BiPi (c#iiRmk hi[vi upri>t a[Tl) j
kiÄyiRmk pN C[.aiY) j kh) Skiy k[ : poetry is the constant attendant of Hardy's
tragic characters.It is not an intellectual poetry, it is much more primitive
and magical.
hiD) kiÄyt_v aigL pDt&> ji[vi mL[ C[.a[n&> aºy kirN a[ C[ k[ t[ai[
pi[tin[ m*LB*t r)t[ k(v min[ C[ an[ t[ai[ k(vãdyn) s>v[dni Friv[ C[.a[mn) BiPiS]l)ni
m&²y b[ pisi> C[ : gwiRmk an[ pwiRmk. gwiRmk S]l) oiri t[ai[ pi[tin&> t_vXin, (vciri[
an[ b]i(¹Fk mni[m>Yn p\gT kr[ C[.a[mn) pwiRmk S]l) oiri g\iÀyp(rv[Sni (c#iiRmk vN

''She went stealthily as a cat through this profusion of growth,
gathering cuckoo-spittle on skirts, cracking shails that underfoot, staining
her handswith thistle-milk and slug-slime, and rubbing off upon her naked
arms sticky blights which, tough snow-white on the apple-tree, trunks made
madder stains on her skin."" 58
upmiY) vikyn) S$ait Yiy C[. T[sn) srKimN) a[k (bliD) siY[ krvimi> aiv)
C[.Ryirbid t[n) dbit)-C*pit) g(t(v(Fai[ vN aiv) C[.a[ni pgtL[ gi[kLgiy
kcDiy C[, t[ni[ avij jiN[ k[ s>BLiy C[ an[ t[n&> tmim hlncln jiN[ k[ d[Kiy C[.aim,
hiD) l[vini[ s>k[t kr[ C[.'feminine" S¾d a[k A#i)n) licir) an[ (nb s*cn pN
kr[ C[.vF&mi> hiD)Finmi> upyi[g kyi[< C[.T[smi> hiD)

p\yi[j[li mi[TiBigni p\(tki[ g\iÀyp(rv[S siY[ s>kLiy[li C[. vF&mi> hiD) aiÄyi[ C[ an[
a[n&> s>ciln krnir ejn[rn[ pN a[k minv) tr)k[ n(h, pr>t& a[ y>#ini j a[k Big tr)k[
rj* krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.a(h> pN a[ y>#i jm)n upr shj vsviT krnir Jvi[ni[ niS kr[
C[.a(>h hiD) ai]wi[(gkrN p\Ry[n&> S>kiS)l vlN p\gT Yiy C[.
'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb\)j"mi> pN ai j p\kirni kZPky>#ini[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[,
an[ ah)> pN a[ni[ p\(tkiRmk p\yi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.nvlkYini dr[k pi#ii[ a[ y>#i p\Ry[
(Bºn-(Bºn a(Bgm diKv[ C[. Ãy&s[Ti miT[ a[ y>#i jiN[ k[ kZPk-(pyini[ C[, h[ºciD< a[n[
a[k filt&> kZPk siFn tr)k[ j&a[ C[. jyir[ firf\[ j[vi aiF&(nk (vcirFiri Frivti y&vin miT[
t[ ai(Y a[ y>#i nv) p[Q) an[ j*n) p[Q) vμc[ni a>tr
an[ asmintini p\(tk tr)k[ p\yi[jiy C[.
'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\iuD"mi> pN an[k p\(tki[ a[vi C[ j[ g\iÀyp(rv[Smi>Y) j p\gT
Yiy C[. j[m k[ a[ kZ(tmi> v)jL) an[ vivizi[D&> ai[kn) mÊmti an[ xmti dSi n&kSin T^i[yn) b[drkir) an[ b[jvibdir)ni[ s>k[t kr[
378

C[.vF&mi> a[ ti[fin biYS[bini ãdymi> f*>kivi je rh[li ligN)ai[ni ti[finni[ pN
p\(tkiRmk s>k[t aip[ C[.vF&mi> ai kZ(tmi> a[k anij Brvini ki[qirni[ uÃl[K krvimi>
aiÄyi[ C[.a[ ki[qirn) mjb*t bi>FN), a[n) p\i(cnti, a[ni[ d[Kiv, a[mi> sd)ai[Y)
a(vrtpN[ cil) aivt) kZPk p\vZ(_iai[ni piV minv)n&> a(AtRv xNB>g&r lig[ C[ an[
aiki>xiai[ (nrY

v[s[ksn) viN) uμcir[ C[, ti[ aºy #iN m(hli (m#ii[ pN a[ j p\miN[ p\id[(Sk BiPimi>
pi[tini (vciri[ Äykt kr[ C[. aim, hiD) v[s[ksn) bi[l)ni[ pi#ii[
an[ p(r(AY(tni an&s>Finmi> p\miNsr p\yi[g kyi[< C[.v[s[ksn) bi[l)ni k[Tli>k udihrNi[
n)c[ p\miN[ C[ :
'gold" miT[ 'wold", 'yes" miT[ 'ess", 'home" miT[ 'hwome",'shadow" miT[
'shadder", 'project " miT[ 'projc".
{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> BiPi an[ bi[l) :
m(Dyia[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> li[kbi[l)ni[ j[ sm*(ct p\yi[g kyi[< C[ a[ a[mni sj ujL&> pis&> C[.si]riOT^n) li[kbi[l)ni p\yi[gmi> m[GiN) bid m(Dyin&> j nim le
Skiy, j[ a[mni sj (vS[P bniv[ C[.li[kbi[l) m(Dyini
Visi[μCvismi> smiy[l) C[, a[v&> aipN[ a[mn) nvlkYini a¿yis bid kh) Sk)a[.
m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> li[kbi[l)a[-a[mN[ p\yi[j[l) BiPia[ sjdB[< umiS>kr ji[S) lK[ C[ :
''si]riOT^n) BiPin) tmim g&>jiyS, BiPixmtin&> smg\ s¼tk m[GiN) pC) m(Dyimi>
p\gT Yiy C[. m[GiN)a[ a[ BiPi k[Lv), li[kbi[l)mi> K[D), p\At&t kr), pC) pi[tini sj
yi[J. m(Dyi a[ len[ j l[Kk tr)k[ jºÀyi> C[."" 61
m(Dyia[ s_ira[k vPki giLimi> li[kbi[l)n[-tLbi[l)n[ j[ r)t[ aiRmsit` kr)n[
pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> j&di> j&di> (c#ii[ a>(kt kyi< C[ a[ aipN) g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi si(hRy
x[#i[ (crAmrN)y rh[S[. bh& ai[Ci> si(hRykiri[a[ li[kbi[l)n[ ai r)t[ bLkTtiY), p*r[p*ri>
sim¸y< siY[ si(hRymi> p\yi[J C[.m(Dyi a[ r)t[ sdibhir bn) rHi C[. biLpNni[ a[k nini[
smyni[ (hAsi[ ai r)t[ aiTli[ smZÜ an[ ri[mi>ck bn) rh[S[ a[ aiVy

m[GiN) pC) si[rq) bi[l)ni[ si(hRy Atr[ upyi[gmi> m(Dyi p\Ym AYin[ C[.m(Dyin)
nvlkYiai[mi> si[rq p\d[Sn) li[kbi[l) a[mn) tmim (vS[Ptiai[ s(ht, a[mni tmim r>gi[
len[ aiv[ C[.ai bi[l)ni (v(SOT lxNi[ a[mni aigvi> lh[ki, a[mni vLi>k, kik&ai[ vg[r[
m(Dyin) kZ(tai[mi> Jv>t bºyi C[.m(Dyia[ 'Äyijni[ virs" nvlkYimi> kr[li li[kbi[l)ni
p\yi[gni s>dB[< ySv>t S&kl lK[ C[ :
''gw lQNni[ aivi[ u_im kib*, tLpd) bi[l)n&> aiTl&> bF&> ji[m, kiÄyn) ki[(Ta[
phi[>ct&> aiv&> s&>dr r[Ki>kn an[ pi#i minsn) aiTl) s*z t[ S) r)t[ diKv) Skyi
hS[?m(Dyin) sGL) nvlkYiai[mi> gwni> kiÄyRvn) Ø(OTa[ an[ nvlkYini smg\
aiyi[jnn) Ø(OTa[ mir[ mt[ ai t[mn) sv kh[vti[ an[ $(Qp\yi[gi[ni[ Brp*r p\yi[g Yy[li[
ji[vi mL[ C[. a[mN[ si[rq) tLpd) BiPin) g&>jieSn[ kZ(tai[mi> sjciD)n[
nvlkYikir tr)k[n) pi[tin) a[k a(mT Cip UB) kr) Skyi C[.a[mni $(Qp\yi[gi[ ni[>Fpi#i
bn[ a[vi C[ :
di[Ni> fi[D hi[v&>, mi[T&> Ki[rD&> hi[v&>, bie d&:Kiy[l hi[v), Bi[piL&> Ct&> Yv&>, Gi>Gi Ye jv&>,
T*>bi Kivi, v[n Bi>gv&>, k>k&ni krvi, viti[ni s[liri mirvi vg[r[ $(Qp\yi[gi[ m(Dyia[
asrkirktiY) p\yi[jyi C[. sj m(Dyin) mh_vn) K*b) a[ C[ k[
tLpd)n) bi[l)n) bLkTtin[ p\At&t krvi miT[ kh[vti[ an[ $(Qp\yi[gi[ni[ sm&(cttiY) p\yi[g
kr)n[ sj p*ri>
piDyi C[.a[mN[ k[Tl)k vir $(Qp\yi[gi[ni (v(SOT upyi[gY) kYnr)(tni avnvi> Av$pi[
p\gTiÄyi C[.ti[ kyir[k kh[vti[n[ vμc[Y) ti[D)n[ vikymi> kliRmktiY) p\yi[Jn[ pi[tin) (v(SOT
381

sj an[ kYn vN Kis upyi[g kyi[< C[.a[ r)t[ m(Dyia[ pi[tin) (v(SOT
a(BÄy(ktni[ p(rcy kriÄyi[ C[. ai s>dB[< k[Tli>k udihrNi[ p\At&t C[ : 'n[ m)yi> - b)b) b[y
jNi> riJ j C[ ti[ pC) vcmi> kiJ S&> krvini[ C[ ?", 'miri upr aTiN[ ti[ aiB fiTy&>
C[.a[mi> tm j[vi k[Tli>k Y)>gDi de SkSi[", 't[Jn[ ti[ aiTli[ Tki[ri[ bs C[", ' ....Sh[rmi>
jen[ D[l[ hiY de aiÄyi[", 'Ci[kri>a[ CiS p)vi j[v&> ky& C[",'g)Fi miT[ ai siTipiTini
F>Fimi> bir hjirni liKn) piN pD[ a[m ht)".
m(Dyia[ p\yi[j[l) ai BiPimi> a[ p\d[Sn&> Jvn Fbk[ C[.pi#iin&$p S]l) p\yi[Jn[
nvlkYini vitivrNn[ m(Dyia[ Jv>tti bx) C[.ai kYia[imi> (n$piy[li pi#ii[ an[ a[mn)
bi[l) a[ p\d[Sni g\iÀyp(rv[Sn[ Fbkti[ riK[ C[.m(Dyin) BiPi ks viL) C[.m(Dyia[
g\iÀyJvnn&> kr[l&> aiRmsit`pN&> k[v&> nrv&> C[, k[v&> gi]rvv>t& C[ t[ a[mn) kYia[in) tLpd)
BiPiS]l) ji[ti> jNiy C[.gimD&> a[n&> viAt(vk Av$p len[ aiv[ C[ Ryir[ aipNn[ gm[ C[,
a[n[ aipN[ aivkir)a[ C)a[.aim, m(Dyia[ p\yi[j[l) a[mni p\d[Sn) li[kbi[l)n[ l)F[ a[mn)
nvlkYiai[ aiAvidn)y bn) rh[ C[.
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382

pidT)p
1. ‘Bgvd`gi[m>DL’:kti< : Bgvt(s>hJ, p\kiSk: p\v)N p\kiSn rijki[T, b)J aivZ(_i-
1986, pZ.8675
2. ‘Longman Dictionary of the English Language’ : Longman Group
Limited, England, 1984, p.356
3. dv[, rij[ºW : ‘Bit)gL si]riOT^’: p\v)N p\kiSn : rijki[T, p\Ym aivZ(_i : 2003, pZ.8
prY) ud`FZt
4. a[ j
5. a[ j
6. (ov[d), Dic(lk upºyis’, (c>tn p\kiSn : kinp&r, s>AkrN:
p\Ym, 2007 pZ. 137
7. Cross, Wilbur L.: ‘The Development of the English Novel’: Atlantic
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2001 p.273
8. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles ’: Penguin Books, 1988, p. 128-
129
9. Sanyal, Lopa : ‘English Literature in Nineteenth Century’: Sonali
Publication, New Delhi, 2006, p.3
10.Bucklei, Jerome H.: Ed.Shiv K. Kumar: ‘British Victorian Literature’:
Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2002, p.3
11. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles’: p.282
12. pT[l, Di

13. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs" : nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, dsm) aivZ(_i ,
2002, pZ.125
14. prmir, jyml : ‘at)tni aiynimi> si]riOT^’: p\v)N p\kiSn p\i.(l., rijki[T, p\Ym
aivZ(_i , 2002, pZ. 39
15. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, #i)J
aivZ(_i , 2007, pZ. 67
16. a[ j pZ. 70
17. a[ j pZ.73
18. a[ j pZ. 244
19. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs": pZ. 11
20. a[ j
21. p*nil[kr, a[s.p).: an&vidk : Si>(tBie m[rie : ‘ai(dvis) (vAtirmi> hiT’: p\kiSk :
s[ºTr fi[r si[Æyl ATD)z, s&rt, p\Ym aivZ(_i , 1983, pZ. 9
22. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’: Rohan Book Company,
Delhi, 2003, p.97
23. s[diN), Diƒ. hs&tib[n : ‘g&jritn) li[ks>AkZ(t’: y&(nv(sY(nmi Stdl": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, 1991, pZ.156
26. a[ j pZ.157-158
384

27. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": pZ. 107
28. Kalra, Kamlesh : ‘The Poetic Elements in Hardy’s Major Novels’:
Shalabh Publishing House , Meerut, 2005, p. 3
29. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles ’: p.272
30. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’: p.49
31. Hardy, Thomas : 'Far From The Madding Crowd' : Oxford University
Press, Delhi, 1984, p.177
32. Ibid., p.180
33. Hardy, Thomas :‘Under The Greenwood Tree’: Rohan Book Company,
Delhi 2004. p.31-32
34. w.w.w.okartical.com
35. s[diN), Diƒ. hs&tib[n : ‘g&jritn) li[ks>AkZ(t’: pZ.107
36. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs": pZ.96
37. a[ j 97
38. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": pZ. 241
39. a[ j
40. a[ j 242
41. (#iv[d), Diƒ.nv)nc>W :‘m(Dyin&> axrkiy

45. Ibid., p.360
46. Ibid., p.373
47. Ibid., p.480
48. Hardy, Thomas : ‘ Under The Greenwood Tree’: p.13
49. Ibid., p.95-96
50. Ibid., p. 34
51. Ibid., p. 70
52. Hardy, Thomas : 'Jude The Obscure': Oxford University Press, 1985 p.6
53. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : 'nvlkYikir m(Dyi": pZ.101 prY) ud`FZt
54. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : ' l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ. 2
55. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2": pZ.263
56. Cecil, David : 'Hardy The Novelist': Constable & Company Ltd.,
London, 1969 p.138-139
57. Ibid., p. 109
58. Hardy, Thomas : ‘Tess of D'Urbervilles’: p. 178-179
59. Ibid., p. 138
60. Cecil, David : ' Hardy The Novelist': p.60
61. ji[P), umiS>kr: s>pidki[ : umiS>kr ji[P), viD)lil Dgl) vg[r[ : 'm(Dyin&> mni[rijy":
m(Dyi Amirk s(m(t, amdivid, p\Ym aivZ(_i, 1970 pZ.7
62. S&kl, ySv>t : 'm(Dyin&> mni[rijy": pZ. 1
386