Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT

Global Change Abstracts 

The Swiss Contribution 

O8.1

Global Change Abstracts 

The Swiss Contribution 

August 2007 – January 2008 

Published and distributed by: 

ProClim- 

Forum for Climate and Global Change 

Swiss Academy of Sciences 

Schwarztorstrasse 9 | CH-3007 Bern 

T (+41 31) 328 23 23 | F (+41 31) 328 23 20 

proclim@scnat.ch | www.proclim.ch 

Editor: 

Gabriele Müller-Ferch, ProClimmueller@scnat.ch 

Source: 

Science Citation Index® 

Social Science Citation Index® 

Institute for Scientific Information® 

Cover Pictures: 

Library: Image provided by H. Diaz 

Issue: GCA 08.1, May 2008, Bern, Switzerland

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Contents 3 

Contents 

Concept and Methods 4 

Short List of all Abstracts 5 

1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies 37 

1.1 Atmosphere 37 

1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 67 

1.3 Soil and Litosphere 113 

1.4 Cryosphere 121 

1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 126 

1.6 Energy Balance 149 

1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 151 

2 Past Global Changes 156 

3 Human Dimensions 184 

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 194 

5 General Topics 200 

Index of Authors 208 

Index of Disciplines 229

4 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Methods and Statistic 

Concept and Methods 

Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss Contribution 

(GCA) is a compendium of abstracts for papers on 

the topic of global environmental change. The 

abstracts are written or co-authored by Swiss scientists 

and other experts working in Switzer land. 

The papers are published in one of the 6000 journals 

covered by the data bases Science Citation 

Index® and Social Sciences Citation Index®, which 

are compiled by the Institute for Scientific 

Information®. 

A total of 447 papers that were published during 

the period August 2007 – January 2008 are included 

in this issue. These papers are classified according 

to the following categories, which are also 

used to order the abstracts in GCA (refer to the 

Table of Contents): 

1 Earth system process studies and 

methodologie 

1.1 Atmosphere 

1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 

1.3 Soil and Lithosphere 

1.4 Cryosphere 

1.5 Ocean/Fresh Water Systems 

1.6 Energy Balance 

1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 

2 Past Global Changes 

3 Human Dimensions 

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 

5 General Topics 

The papers are also referenced by an alphabetical 

list of authors and by scientific discipline 

(as preassigned by the Institute for Scientific 

Information®). 

We use three different searches to identify the 

papers in GCA, namely: (i) a search in both databases 

mentioned above for the names of the principal 

investigators and their coworkers contained in 

the ProClim- Infosystem (about 800 names) or for 

projects with Switzer land as a country of origin; 

(ii) a search for additional Swiss papers that have 

been published in a selection of journals chosen 

from the Science Citation Index® based on the 

themes they cover (using “journal catagory codes” 

assigned by the database producer); (iii) a search 

in the database Social Sciences Citation Index® for 

Swiss papers in the social sciences that contain 

one of over 50 keywords on the topic of global 

change. ProClim- staff then scan these selected 

papers to determine which are relevant for inclusion 

in GCA. 

GCA is available as PDF document only and is 

distributed by e-mail. Please send your request to 

proclim@scnat.ch. As a novelty, hyperlinks to the 

full text are included (in blue color, sources of 

the articles) whenever possible. So you can easily 

find the scientific article on the web by clicking 

on the corresponding link in the electronic GCA. 

Searching for keywords is also possible. 

You can also find all papers published in GCA on 

the ProClim- web site at www.proclim.ch/ 

Publications.html. On this site you will find a 

database including all Swiss articles of the GCAs. 

If you are interested in ordering a copy of a paper 

quoted in this issue, you can get further information 

in the ProClim- database, for example the 

address of the first author. A double click on the 

selected article will show you more detailed information 

not printed in the following document. 

If you think a paper should be published in an 

issue of GCA, you can send it to ProClim- and we 

will consider including it in a future issue. We 

hope that Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss 

Contribution will facilitate the exchange of 

information and with it the interdisciplinarity 

among the global change research community.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 5 

Short List of all Abstracts 

1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies 

Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions 

(08.1-1) 

Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J, Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M, Baltensperger U 

A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium model (UHAERO): organic systems (08.1-2) 

Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H 

Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals to fiber filters used for aerosol studies (08.1-3) 

Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U 

Interference of organic signals in highly time resolved nitrate measurements by low mass resolution 

aerosol mass spectrometry (08.1-4) 

Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O, Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D, Venkatachari P, Hopke P K 

Small-scale cloud processes and climate (08.1-5) 

Baker M B, Peter T 

Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols (08.1-6) 

Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H 

Entering into the “greenhouse century”: Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are comparable 

to the upper temperature quantiles in a greenhouse climate (08.1-7) 

Beniston M 

Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container: 

The new CARIBIC system (08.1-8) 

Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke H, Friess 

U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M, Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M, Martinsson B G, 

Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S, Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M, 

Randa B, Reichelt M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D, Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D, 

Stock P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A, Xueref Remy 

I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H 

Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century (08.1-9) 

Brönnimann S 

Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation back to the early 1900s (08.1-10) 

Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D 

Temporal and spatial temperature variability and change over Spain during 1850-2005 (08.1-11) 

Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E, Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A, Lopez D 

A concept for a satellite mission to measure cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and cloud altitude 

(08.1-12) 

Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann U, Emde C, John 

V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P 

Concentration profiles of particles settling in the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary layer 

(08.1-13) 

Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C, Parlange M B 

37

6 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 

The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds (08.1-14) 

Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly P, Targino 

A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M 

Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent satellite and surface observations (08.1-15) 

Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M, Kahn R, Ohmura A 

Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (08.1-16) 

Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J, Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U 

Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the NAO and PNA (08.1-17) 

Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport model (08.1-18) 

Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M 

Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880 (08.1-19) 

Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J, Wanner H 

Summer heat waves over western Europe 1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale forcings and 

predictability (08.1-20) 

Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H, Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H 

Effects of convective ice lofting on H 2O and HDO in the tropical tropopause layer (08.1-21) 

Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S 

Some factors in the design of a regional prediction model: an examination based upon two MAP 

events (08.1-22) 

Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C 

Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley geo 

metry (08.1-23) 

Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani B, Dabas A, 

Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann T, Häberli C, Häller 

Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S, Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G 

Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century (08.1-24) 

Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke P, Brühl C, 

Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R, Gettelman A, Giorgetta M 

A, Kinnison D E, Mancini E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S, 

Pitari G, Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B, Stolarski 

R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M 

Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical features in aircraft measurements and ECMWF 

analyses (08.1-25) 

Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N 

An improved low-flow thermodenuder (08.1-26) 

Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H 

Dynamics of orographically triggered banded convection in sheared moist orographic flows 

(08.1-27) 

Fuhrer O, Schär C


A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic region 

(08.1-28) 

Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 1: 

Model description and evaluations of air concentrations (08.1-29) 

Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T 

A global model study of ozone enhancement during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe (08.1-30) 

Guerova G, Jones N 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric 

surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods and some general results (08.1-31) 

Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, Tsinober A, Yorish S 


surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and related matters (08.1-32) 



surface layer. Part 3. Temperature and joint statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives 

(08.1-33) 


Comparison and synergy of stratospheric ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the 

ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA (08.1-34) 

Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y M, Polyakov 

A V, Kyrola E 

Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus cloud-resolving scales (08.1-35) 

Hohenegger C, Schär C 

Predictability and error growth dynamics in cloud-resolving models (08.1-36) 


Upper-tropospheric flow features and the Alps: An overview (08.1-37) 

Hoinka K P, Davies H C 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 2: 

Global transports and budgets of PCBs (08.1-38) 

Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A 

Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements 

(08.1-39) 

Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J, Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid I S, Godin 

Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F, 

Knosp B W, Perun V S, Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B, 

Bodeker G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H, Leme 

N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J, Parrondos M C, 

Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P, Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte P, Vomel H, von der Gathen 

P, Yela M, Zablocki G 

The impact of reducing the maximum speed limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km h(-1) on 

emissions and peak ozone (08.1-40) 

Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R, Prevot A S H

8 


The evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures and total ozone compared to observed Swiss time 

series (08.1-41) 

Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C 

Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation 

budget (08.1-42) 

Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U 

Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road transport 

emissions (08.1-43) 

Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J, Young D, Stemmler K 

A photochemical modeling study of ozone and formaldehyde generation and budget in the Po basin 

(08.1-44) 

Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C, Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S, Astorga Llorens 

C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A 

Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM 

(08.1-45) 

Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S, Röckner E, Zhang J 

A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative collection of atmospheric ultrafine particles 

for microscopic analysis (08.1-46) 

Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B, Burtscher H 

Evidence for a modest undercount bias in early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts (08.1-47) 

Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U 

Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation on surrogates of mineral dust (08.1-48) 

Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B 

Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in a coastal environment (08.1-49) 

Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P, Hayden K 

Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Climatological analyses 

of the orientation and the theoretical LC1/2 classification (08.1-50) 

Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

Comparison between backscatter lidar and radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and nocturnal 

stratification in the lower troposphere (08.1-51) 

Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H 

Counterflow virtual impact or based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the 

physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description and first case 

study (08.1-52) 

Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S, Baltensperger 

U, Weingartner E 

A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction (08.1-53) 

Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E 

Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and leaf gas exchange 

in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species (08.1-54) 

Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M


Perturbation of the European free troposphere aerosol by North American forest fire plumes during 

the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer 2004 (08.1-55) 

Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K, Roiger A, 

Schlager H, Weingartner E 

Long-term variability of daily North Atlantic-European pressure patterns since 1850 classified by 

simulated annealing clustering (08.1-56) 

Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R, Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H 

Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy 

assessment with ground-based AERONET measurements (08.1-57) 

Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S 

Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme: Findings from field experiments and 

simulations (08.1-58) 

Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B 

Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral dust particles (08.1-59) 

Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G 

A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method (08.1-60) 

Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J, Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia P K, 

Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J, Bodeker G E, Hansen 

G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude 

H, Andersen S B, Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi 

R, Calpini B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F, 

Morris G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E 

The impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on the air quality of Zürich airport (08.1-61) 

Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H, Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B 

Dewpoint and humidity measurements and trends at the summit of Mount Washington, New 

Hampshire, 1935-2004 (08.1-62) 

Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J 

Assessment of the performance of ECC-ozonesondes under quasi-flight conditions in the environmental 

simulation chamber: Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment 

(JOSIE) (08.1-63) 

Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin F J, Northam 

T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd I, Posny F 

Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into the environment (08.1-64) 

Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W 

Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate and aggregate - revised international measuring 

convention (08.1-65) 

Steinle P 

Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol 

(08.1-66) 

Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J, Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M 

Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial water exchange: Integrating land surface models 

and Rhone catchment observations (08.1-67) 

Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C

10 


Direct assessment of international consistency of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy and 

implementation toward metrological traceability network in Asia (08.1-68) 

Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y, Kim K R, Lee 

M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F, Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H, Zellwegern C, 

Klausenn J 

The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO (08.1-69) 

Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A, Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold M, Stocker T F, 

Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J 

Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations 

(08.1-70) 

Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews E, Sharma S, 

Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C, Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H, 

Virkkula A, Hillamo R, Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa 

M, Zielinski T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T 

Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial and the condensed phase in mixed-phase clouds 

(08.1-71) 

Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K, Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Choularton T, 

Baltensperger U 

Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, growth rates, 

and yield (08.1-72) 

Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G, Hoppel W, Sullivan W 

Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation and applications (08.1-73) 

Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M 

Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H-2) from a tunnel study (08.1-74) 

Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B 

The effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free 

atmosphere (08.1-75) 

Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W 

Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected hazardous air pollutants in Seattle (08.1-76) 

Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg H H, Liu L J S 

Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating environments using a suction thermocouple 

apparatus (08.1-77) 

Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A 

Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission 

inventories (08.1-78) 

Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van den Bergh H 

Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced 

Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (08.1-79) 

Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D, Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook A 67 

M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T, Miyoshi T, Shimono 

A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams 

P, Bower K, Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R



The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive 

success in nearby intensively managed farmland (08.1-80) 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B 

Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed 

meadows (08.1-81) 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B 

Sustaining agricultural production and food security in Southern Africa: an improved role for climate 

prediction? (08.1-82) 

Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K 

Importance of ecological compensation areas for small mammals in intensively farmed areas 

(08.1-83) 

Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L 

Effects of agri-environmental measures, site and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity of Swiss 

grassland (08.1-84) 

Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F 

Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic landscapes: The role of farming practices and 

landscape mosaic (08.1-85) 

Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F 

Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects productivity and community composition of subalpine 

grassland after 3 yr of treatment (08.1-86) 

Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J 

Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic rates 

in the surrounding forests (08.1-87) 

Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F 

Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the 

Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania) (08.1-88) 

Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur A, Erhardt A 

Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous lichen community of limestone cliffs in the northern 

Swiss Jura Mountains (08.1-89) 

Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W 

Evaluating macrolichens and environmental variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic 

microlichens (08.1-90) 

Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C 

Which species will succesfully track climate change? The influence of intraspecific competition and 

density dependent dispersal on range shifting dynamics (08.1-91) 

Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J 

Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains (08.1-92) 

Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T 

Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368 experiences of the WWF network (08.1-93) 

Biksham G 

67

12 


Restoration of montane fen meadows by mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of abandonment 

(08.1-94) 

Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M 

Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested cone - A case study using different dendroecological 

approaches (08.1-95) 

Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M 

Methanol exchange between grassland and the atmosphere (08.1-96) 

Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C 

A standardized procedure for surveillance and monitoring European habitats and provision of spatial 

data (08.1-97) 

Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada L, Hofer G, 

Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A, Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M, Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes 

H, Wrbka T 

Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests 

(08.1-98) 

Bürgi M, Gimmi U 

Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings under competition, in an open-top chamber 

experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis (08.1-99) 

Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R 

Comparative typology in six european low-intensity systems of grassland management (08.1-100) 

Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon A, Roeder N, 

Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A 

Identification of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar using Red List criteria: rare and 

threatened Pandanaceae indicate sites in need of protection (08.1-101) 

Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S, Raminosoa 

T, Consiglio T K 

Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its implications 

for revegetation (08.1-102) 

Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R 

Dynamics of metal tolerant plant communities’ development in mine tailings from the Cartagena- 

La Union Mining District (SE Spain) and their interest for further revegetation purposes (08.1-103) 

Conesa H M, Garcia G, Faz A, Arnaldos R 

Water-use strategies in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreen oaks: surviving the summer 

drought (08.1-104) 

David T S, Henriques M O, Kurz Besson C, Nunes J, Valente F, Vaz M, Pereira J S, Siegwolf R, Chaves M M, Gazarini 

L C, David J S 

Impact of Swiss agricultural policies on nitrate leaching from arable land (08.1-105) 

Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F 

Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a rare species: combining evidence from experiments 

and long-term monitoring (08.1-106) 

Denoth M, Myers J H


Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities 

(08.1-107) 

Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M, Hendrickx F, 

Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P, Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E, Zobel M 

Weak and variable relationships between environmental severity and small-scale co-occurrence in 

alpine plant communities (08.1-108) 

Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M, Brooker R, Nagy L, Theurillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze O, Benito J 

L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D, Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A, 

Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G 

Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal concentrations detected in a temperate deciduous 

forest a year after an experimental slash-and-burn (08.1-109) 

Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I 

Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn experiment 

in a temperate deciduous forest (08.1-110) 

Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I, Schier W, Gerlach R 

Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic vegetation (08.1-111) 

Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H 

Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming 

systems under identical crop rotations (08.1-112) 

Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M, Fliessbach A 

Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance measurements using quantum cascade laser 

spectrometery over a Swiss forest (08.1-113) 

Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A, Buchmann N, Emmenegger L 

Improving predictive mapping in Swiss mire ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator values 

(08.1-114) 

Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L 

Effects of an extended drought period on grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland (08.1-115) 

Feller U, Signarbieux C 

Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity following a grazing decrease in a wooded pasture 

of the central Swiss Alps (08.1-116) 

Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F 

Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought stress and 

during recovery (08.1-117) 

Galle A, Feller U 

Stochastic gene expression in switching environments (08.1-118) 

Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H 

Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss mountains: 

a spatial statistical model based on geophysical and socio-economic variables (08.1-119) 

Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E 

Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem service rationale for conservation (08.1-120) 

Ghazoul J 

What you see is where you go? Modeling dispersal in mountainous landscapes (08.1-121) 

Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V

14 


A predictive model of the density of airborne insects in agricultural environments (08.1-122) 

Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B 

Measured microwave radiative transfer properties of a deciduous forest canopy (08.1-123) 

Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H 

What matters for predicting the occurrences of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics? 

(08.1-124) 

Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H, Phillips S, Peterson A T 

Temporal changes in grazing intensity and herbage quality within a Swiss fen meadow (08.1-125) 

Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C 

Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling the results of experimental and observational 

studies (08.1-126) 

Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley White E, 

Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A, Leadley P W, Loreau 

M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D, Terry A C, Troumbis A Y 

The generality of habitat suitability models: A practical test with two insect groups (08.1-127) 

Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R, Settele J, Schroeder B 

Fragmented environment affects birch leaf endophytes (08.1-128) 

Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen K 

Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes (08.1-129) 

Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W 

Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow by pollen in a large continuous and a small isolated 

population of the scattered forest tree Sorbus torminalis (08.1-130) 

Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck S, Rotach P, Holderegger R 

Time series of landscape fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure and urban development: 

a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg, Germany (08.1-131) 

Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller M, Schmidt Lüttman M 

Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in the canopy of mature forest trees (08.1-132) 

Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C 

Identifying the early genetic consequences of habitat degradation in a highly threatened tropical 

conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels (08.1-133) 

Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B, Ennos R A 

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance the negative influence of the exotic tree species 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities in a 

sahelian soil (08.1-134) 

Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana A, Lepage M, 

Duponnois R 

Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9, pg 1128, 2006) 

(08.1-135) 

Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z 

Assessment of land use impacts on the natural environment - Part 2: Generic characterization factors 

for local species diversity in central Europe (08.1-136) 

Köllner T, Scholz R W


The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research (08.1-137) 

Körner C 

Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases: The Kazbegi research agenda of GMBA-DIVERSITAS 

(08.1-138) 

Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C, Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J, Speers L, Spehn E M, 

Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P, Zbinden N 

Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland soils (08.1-139) 

Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M 

Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures in a mature temperate forest (08.1-140) 

Leuzinger S, Körner C 

Water savings in mature deciduous forest trees under elevated CO 2 (08.1-141) 


Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning moment, root-soil plate geometry and root growth 

orientation (08.1-142) 

Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W 

Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment (08.1-143) 

Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T, Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H, Graf U, Velimirov 

A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U 

No difference in competitive ability between invasive North American and native European 

Lepidium draba populations (08.1-144) 

Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L, Schwarzlaender M 

Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid rain on growth and water use efficiency of a young 

model forest ecosystem (08.1-145) 

Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin R 

Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from 

Switzerland (08.1-146) 

Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L, Nägeli H 

Effects of experimental lead pollution on the microbial communities associated with Sphagnum 

fallax (Bryophyta) (08.1-147) 

Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P M, Bernard N 

High specificity but contrasting biodiversity of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant communities 

in bog ecosystems independent of the geographical region (08.1-148) 

Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G 

Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife 

(Canary Islands) (08.1-149) 

Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F 

Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP 

under drought stress and re- watering (08.1-150) 

Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J 

Integrating environmental and economic performance to assess modern silvoarable agroforestry in 

Europe (08.1-151) 

Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W, Herzog F

16 


The odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests relative 

to Amazonian rain forests? (08.1-152) 

Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J, Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers F, Chatelain C, 

Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D, Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka 

L A, Leal M E, Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S 

M, Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van Valkenburg 

J L C H, Wöll H 

Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns 

observed in natural ecosystems? (08.1-153) 

Pautasso M, Parmentier I 

Common species determine richness patterns in biodiversity indicator taxa (08.1-154) 

Pearman P B, Weber D 

Earthworm populations in two low-input cereal farming systems (08.1-155) 

Pfiffner L, Luka H 

Combining probabilistic land-use change and tree population dynamics modelling to simulate 

responses in mountain forests (08.1-156) 

Rickebusch S, Gellrich M, Lischke H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E 

Understanding the low-temperature limitations to forest growth through calibration of a forest 

dynamics model with tree-ring data (08.1-157) 

Rickebusch S, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E 

Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally heterogeneous 

grassland (08.1-158) 

Risch A C, Jurgensen M F, Frank D A 

Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant diversity and species composition in subalpine forest 

belt (08.1-159) 

Rixen C, Haag S, Kulakowski D, Bebi P 

The Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology (08.1-160) 

Roedenbeck I A, Fahrig L, Findlay C S, Houlahan J E, Jäger J, Klar N, Kramer Schadt S, van der Grift E A 

Detecting the role of individual species for overyielding in experimental grassland communities 

composed of potentially dominant species (08.1-161) 

Roscher C, Schumacher J, Weisser W W, Schmid B, Schulze E D 

A Bayesian state-space formulation of dynamic occupancy models (08.1-162) 

Royle J A, Kery M 

Microsatellite diversity of the agriculturally important alpine grass Poa alpina in relation to land 

use and natural environment (08.1-163) 

Rudmann Maurer K, Weyand A, Fischer M, Stöcklin J 

Recent decline in precipitation and tree growth in the eastern Mediterranean (08.1-164) 

Sarris D, Christodoulakis D, Körner C 

Modeling the forest transition: Forest scarcity and ecosystem service hypotheses (08.1-165) 

Satake A, Rudel T K


Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat species calls for a reassessment of their conservation 

status (08.1-166) 

Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel A H, Arlettaz R 

Use of integrated modeling to enhance estimates of population dynamics obtained from limited 

data (08.1-167) 

Schaub M, Gimenez O, Sierro A, Arlettaz R 

Tree species richness affects litter production and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity 

experiment (08.1-168) 

Scherer Lorenzen M, Bonilla J L, Potvin C 

Exploring the functional significance of forest diversity: A new long-term experiment with temperate 

tree species (BIOTREE) (08.1-169) 

Scherer Lorenzen M, Schulze E D, Don A, Schumacher J, Weller E 

Patterns of variation of a common fern (Athyrium filix-femina; Woodsiaceae): Population structure 

along and between altitudinal gradients (08.1-170) 

Schneller J, Liebst B 

Examining native and exotic species diversity in European riparian forests (08.1-171) 

Schnitzler A, Hale B W, Alsum E M 

Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics with hybridization in changing environments 

(08.1-172) 

Seehausen O, Takimoto G, Roy D, Jokela J 

Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundaries of open and closed forests in the Polar 

Urals in the 20th century (08.1-173) 

Shiyatov S G, Terentev M M, Fomin V V, Zimmermann N E 

Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric change: a review (08.1-174) 

Soussana J F, Lüscher A 

Conservation of grasshopper diversity in a changing environment (08.1-175) 

Steck C E, Bürgi M, Bolliger J, Kienast F, Lehmann A, Gonseth Y 

Hotspots and richness pattern of grasshopper species in cultural landscapes (08.1-176) 

Steck C E, Bürgi M, Coch T, Duelli P 

Floral free fall in the Swiss lowlands: environmental determinants of local plant extinction in a 

peri-urban landscape (08.1-177) 

Stehlik I, Caspersen J P, Wirth L, Holderegger R 

Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and their neighboring plants in two swiss upper 

montane meadows harbor distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities (08.1-178) 

Sykorova Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D 

An improved canopy integration scheme for a land surface model with prognostic canopy structure 

(08.1-179) 

Thornton P E, Zimmermann N E 

Fitness-related parameters improve presence-only distribution modelling for conservation practice: 

The case of the red-backed shrike (08.1-180) 

Titeux N, Dufrene M, Radoux J, Hirzel A H, Defourny P

18 


Response of Pinus leucodermis to climate and anthropogenic activity in the National Park of Pollino 

(Basilicata, Southern Italy) (08.1-181) 

Todaro L, Andreu L, D’alessandro C M, Gutirrez E, Cherubinic P, Saracino A 

Regional assessment of climate change impacts on maize productivity and associated production 

risk in Switzerland (08.1-182) 

Torriani D S, Calanca P, Lips M, Ammann H, Beniston M, Fuhrer J 

Potential effects of changes in mean climate and climate variability on the yield of winter and 

spring crops in Switzerland (08.1-183) 

Torriani D S, Calanca P, Schmid S, Beniston M, Fuhrer J 

Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane 

emission of dairy cows (08.1-184) 

van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H, Kreuzer M 

Invasion biology and conservation biology: time to join forces to explore the links between species 

traits and extinction risk and invasiveness (08.1-185) 

van Kleunen M, Richardson D M 

How patch configuration affects the impact of disturbances on metapopulation persistence 

(08.1-186) 

Vuilleumier S, Wilcox C, Cairns B J, Possingham H P 

Prediction of lichen diversity in an UNESCO biosphere reserve - correlation of high resolution 

remote sensing data with field samples (08.1-187) 

Waser L T, Küchler M, Schwarz M, Ivits E, Stofer S, Scheidegger C 

Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner-Alpine 

dry valley (08.1-188) 

Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A 

Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen (08.1-189) 

Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H, Csencsics D, Scheidegger C 

Rhizodeposition of C and N in peas and oats after C-13-N-15 double labelling under field conditions 

(08.1-190) 

Wichern F, Mayer J, Jörgensen R G, Müller T 

Genetic rescue persists beyond first-generation outbreeding in small populations of a rare plant 

(08.1-191) 

Willi Y, van Kleunen M, Dietrich S, Fischer M 

Vegetation effects on pedogenetic forms of Fe, Al and Si and on clay minerals in soils in southern 

Switzerland and northern Italy (08.1-192) 

Zanelli R, Egli M, Mirabella A, Giaccai D, Abdelmoula M 

Importance of dispersal for the expansion of a Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in a fragmented 

landscape (08.1-193) 

Zimmermann F, Breitenmoser Wursten C, Breitenmoser U 

Remote sensing-based predictors improve distribution models of rare, early successional and broadleaf 

tree species in Utah (08.1-194) 

Zimmermann N E, Edwards T C, Moisen G G, Frescino T S, Blackard J A


Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree water relations: interpreting ecophysiological field 

data with a hydraulic plant model (08.1-195) 

Zweifel R, Steppe K, Sterck F J 

1.3 Soil and Litosphere 

Quantification of soil erosion rates related to ancient Maya deforestation (08.1-196) 

Anselmetti F S, Hodell D A, Ariztegui D, Brenner M, Rosenmeier M F 

Soil biogeochemical processes within the Critical Zone (08.1-197) 

Chorover J, Kretzschmar R, Garcia Pichel F, Sparks D L 

Scale-dependent relationships between soil organic carbon and urease activity (08.1-198) 

Corstanje R, Schulin R, Lark R M 

Effect of climate and vegetation on soil organic carbon, humus fractions, allophanes, imogolite, 

kaolinite, and oxyhydroxides in volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily) (08.1-199) 

Egli M, Alioth L, Mirabella A, Raimondi S, Nater M, Verel R 

Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave (08.1-200) 

Fischer E M, Seneviratne S I, Vidale P L, Lüthi D, Schär C 

Numerical modelling of the hydrogeological and geomechanical behaviour of a large slope movement: 

the Triesenberg landslide (Liechtenstein) (08.1-201) 

Francois B, Tacher L, Bonnard Ch, Laloui L, Triguero V 

Formation of hydrozincite, Zn layered double hydroxide and Zn phyllosilicates in contaminated 

calcareous soils (08.1-202) 

Jacquat O, Vögelin A, Kretzschmar R 

The impact of Fe isotope fractionation by plants on the isotopic signature of soils (08.1-203) 

Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Krämer S M, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar R 

Sulphur behaviour in forest soils near the largest SO 2 emitter in northern Europe (08.1-204) 

Koptsik G, Alewell C 

Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments 

based on microcosm experiments with C-13-labeled contaminants (08.1-205) 

Morasch B, Höhener P, Hunkeler D 

Acidification and recovery of soil at a heavily impacted forest catchment (Lysina, Czech Republic) - 

SAFE modeling and field results (08.1-206) 

Navratil T, Kurz D, Kram P, Hofmeister J, Hruska J 

Elucidating differences in the sorption properties of 10 humic and fulvic acids for polar and nonpolar 

organic chemicals (08.1-207) 

Niederer C, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U 

Bioavailability of pollutants and soil remediation (08.1-208) 

Ortega Calvo J J, Ball W P, Schulin R, Semple K T, Wick L Y 

New method for in situ characterization of loose material for landslide mapping purpose 

(08.1-209) 

Pantet A, Parriaux A, Thelin P 

19 

113

20 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 

Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron contaminated sites (08.1-210) 

Robinson B H, Green S R, Chancerel B, Mills T M, Clothier B E 

Changes in the macro-pore structure of restored soil caused by compaction beneath heavy agricultural 

machinery: a morphometric study (08.1-211) 

Schäffer B, Stauber M, Müller R, Schulin R 

Reducing phosphorus losses from over-fertilized grassland soils proves difficult in the short term 

(08.1-212) 

Schärer M, Stamm C, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Oberson A, Flühler H, Sinaj S 

Heavy metal contamination along a soil transect in the vicinity of the iron smelter of Kremikovtzi 

(Bulgaria) (08.1-213) 

Schulin R, Curchod F, Mondeshka M, Daskalova A, Keller A 

Slip rates variability and sediment mobilization on a shallow landslide in the northern Swiss Alps 

(08.1-214) 

Schwab M, Läderach C, Rieke Zapp D, Schlunegger F 

Dry-end surface soil moisture variability during NAFE’06 (08.1-215) 

Teuling A J, Uijlenhoet R, Hurkmans R, Merlin O, Panciera R, Walker J P, Troch P A 

Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and soil respired CO 2 in a temperate grassland labelled 

with C-13 (08.1-216) 

Theis D E, Jäggi M, Aeschlimann D, Blum H, Frossard E, Siegwolf R T W 

Methanotrophic activity in a diffusive methane/oxygen counter- gradient in an unsaturated porous 

medium (08.1-217) 

Urmann K, Norina E S, Schroth M H, Zeyer J 

Release of C and N from roots of peas and oats and their availability to soil microorganisms 

(08.1-218) 

Wichern F, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T 

Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns 

(08.1-219) 

Zhao L Y L, Schulin R, Weng L, Nowack B 

1.4 Cryosphere 

ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products - Part II: Validation results using GLI and MODIS data (08.1-220) 

Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T J, Storvold R, Eide H A, Stamnes K, 

Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F 

Current status of Andean glaciers (08.1-221) 

Casassa G, Rivera A, Haeberli W, Jones G, Käser G, Ribstein P, Rivera A, Schneider C 

Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the alpine snowpack before snowmelt (08.1-222) 

Fain X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist D, Dommergue A, Ferrari C P, Cairns W, Ebinghaus R, Barbante 

C, Cescon P, Boutron C 

Validation of operational AVHRR subpixel snow retrievals over the European Alps based on ASTER 

data (08.1-223) 

Foppa N, Hauser A, Oesch D, Wunderle S, Meister R 

121


An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts (08.1-224) 

Grannas A M, Jones A E, Dibb J, Ammann M, Anastasio C, Beine H J, Bergin M, Bottenheim J, Boxe C S, Carver G, 

Chen G, Crawford J H, Domine F, Frey M M, Guzman M I, Heard D E, Helmig D, Hoffmann M R, Honrath R E, Huey 

L G, Hutterli M, Jacobi H W, Klan P, Lefer B, Mc Connell J, Plane J, Sander R, Savarino J, Shepson P B, Simpson W 

R, Sodeau J R, von Glasow R, Weller R, Wolff E W, Zhu T 

Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large areas using shallow water numerical methods and GIS 

(08.1-225) 

Gruber U, Bartelt P 

Retreat scenarios of Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, using a combined ice-flow mass-balance model 

(08.1-226) 

Huss M, Sugiyama S, Bauder A, Funk M 

Hazard assessment of potential periglacial debris flows based on GIS- based spatial modelling and 

geophysical field surveys: A case study in the Swiss Alps (08.1-227) 

Kneisel C, Rothenbühler C, Keller F, Haeberli W 

Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last 40 years 

(08.1-228) 

Niederer P, Bilenko V, Ershova N, Hurni H, Yerokhin S, Maselli D 

Validation of the SNOWPACK model in five different snow zones in Finland (08.1-229) 

Rasmus S, Gronholm T, Lehning M, Rasmus K, Kulmala M 

Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale: comparison of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric 

monitoring (08.1-230) 

Roer I, Nyenhuis M 

Influence of different digital terrain models (DTMs)on alpine permafrost modeling (08.1-231) 

Salzmann N, Gruber S, Hugentobler M, Hölzle M 

Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the global environmental fate and long-range transport 

potential of semivolatile organic compounds (08.1-232) 

Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler K 

Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures at Col du Dome (4250 m, Mont Blanc area) 

(08.1-233) 

Vincent C, Le Meur E, Six D, Possenti P, Lefebvre E, Funk M 

Introduction to special section: Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground under a changing climate 

(08.1-234) 

Zhang T, Nelson F E, Gruber S 

1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 

Impact of monsoonal rains on spatial scaling patterns in water chemistry of a semiarid river 

network (08.1-235) 

Acuna V, Dahm C N 

The tracing of riverine U in Arctic seawater with very precise U-234 /U-238 measurements 

(08.1-236) 

Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Porcelli D, Halliday A N, Andersson P S, Baskaran M 

21 

126


Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle transport and lacustrine sedimentation (08.1-237) 

Anselmetti F S, Bühler R, Finger D, Girardclos S, Lancini A, Rellstab C, Sturm M 

Flood events overrule fertiliser effects on biomass production and species richness in riverine grasslands 

(08.1-238) 

Beltman B, Willems J H, Güsewell S 

Large-scale climatic signatures in lakes across Europe: a meta- analysis (08.1-239) 

Blenckner T, Adrian R, Livingstone D M, Jennings E, Weyhenmeyer G A, George D G, Jankowski T, Jarvinen M, 

Aonghusa Caitriona N, Noges T, Straile D, Teubner K 

The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat 

(08.1-240) 

Cereghino R, Biggs J, Oertli B, Declerck S 

Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater invertebrates in farm ponds of a south-western 

French agricultural landscape (08.1-241) 

Cereghino R, Ruggiero A, Marty P, Angelibert S 

The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular natural ecosystem threatened by human activities 

(08.1-242) 

Conesa H M, Jimenez Carceles F J 

Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring (08.1-243) 

Davidson N C, Finlayson C M 

Biodegradation and environmental behavior of biodiesel mixtures in the sea: An initial study 

(08.1-244) 

Demello J A, Carmichael C A, Peacock E E, Nelson R K, Arey J S, Reddy C M 

Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component, light 

nonaqueous-phase liquid (08.1-245) 

Dobson R, Schroth M H, Zeyer J 

Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics along a large Alpine alluvial corridor (Tagliamento 

River, Northeast Italy) (08.1-246) 

Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer D R, Tockner K 

Field evidence of a dynamic leakage coefficient for modelling river- aquifer interactions (08.1-247) 

Doppler T, Franssen H J H, Kaiser H P, Kuhlman U, Stauffer F 

The GLOWA Jordan river project: Integrated research for sustainable water management (08.1-248) 

Drexler C, Tielbörger K 

Hydropower production and river rehabilitation: A case study on an alpine river (08.1-249) 

Fette M, Weber C, Peter A, Wehrli B 

Effects of alpine hydropower operations on primary production in a downstream lake (08.1-250) 

Finger D, Bossard P, Schmid M, Jaun L, Müller B, Steiner D, Schäffer E, Zeh M, Wüest A 

Comparing effects of oligotrophication and upstream hydropower dams on plankton and productivity 

in perialpine lakes (08.1-251) 

Finger D, Schmid M, Wüest A


Characterizing water circulation and contaminant transport in Lake Geneva using bacteriophage 

tracer experiments and limnological methods (08.1-252) 

Goldscheider N, Haller L, Pote J, Wildi W, Zopfi J 

Bubble gas-exchange in an artificially aerated lake traced using noble gases (08.1-253) 

Holzner C P, Graser N, Kipfer R 

Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public 

health: A review (08.1-254) 

Ibelings B W, Chorus I 

Effects of upstream hydropower operation and oligotrophication on the light regime of a turbid 

peri-alpine lake (08.1-255) 

Jaun L, Finger D, Zeh M, Schurter M, Wüest A 

Decadal water mass variations along 20 degrees W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (08.1-256) 

Johnson G C, Gruber N 

Relationships among recent Alpine Cladocera remains and their environment: Implications for climate-change 

studies (08.1-257) 

Kamenik C, Szeroczynska K, Schmidt R 

Implementation of a process-based catchment model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized 

Himalayan headwater (08.1-258) 

Konz M, Uhlenbrook S, Braun L, Shrestha A, Demuth S 

Effects of impoundment on nutrient availability and productivity in lakes (08.1-259) 

Matzinger A, Pieters R, Ashley K I, Lawrence G A, Wüest A 

Eutrophication: are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) good bioindicators for ponds? (08.1-260) 

Menetrey N, Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne J B 

Inorganic carbon fixation by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Black Sea water column (08.1-261) 

Neretin L N, Abed R M M, Schippers A, Schubert C J, Kohls K, Kuypers M M M 

Impacts of environmental change on water resources in the Mt. Kenya region (08.1-262) 

Notter B, Macmillan L, Viviroli D, Weingartner R, Liniger H P 

Influence of temperature and high acetate concentrations on methanogenensis in lake sediment 

slurries (08.1-263) 

Nozhevnikova A N, Nekrasova V, Ammann A, Zehnder A J B, Wehrli B, Holliger C 

Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine ponds of the Swiss National Park (Cirque of 

Macun) and relation to environmental variables (08.1-264) 

Oertli B, Indermühle N, Angelibert S, Hinden H, Stoll A 

Aquatic macroinvertebrate response along a gradient of lateral connectivity in river floodplain 

channels (08.1-265) 

Paillex A, Castella E, Carron G 

Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera (08.1-266) 

Pawlowski J, Fahrni J, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius N, Excoffier L, Cedhagen T, Gooday A J 

Earlier onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a warmer climate 

(08.1-267) 

Peeters F, Straile D, Lorke A, Livingstone D M 

23


Water level fluctuations and dynamics of amphibious plants at Lake Constance: Long-term study 

and simulation (08.1-268) 

Peintinger M, Prati D, Winkler E 

Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude, temporal 

patterns, and composition (08.1-269) 

Peloquin J A, Smith W O Jr 

One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium 

types in soritid foraminifera (08.1-270) 

Pochon X, Garcia Cuetos L, Baker A C, Castella E, Pawlowski J 

Continuous measurement of sediment transport in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric bedload 

impact sensors (08.1-271) 

Rickenmann D, Mcardell B W 

Cadmium isotope fractionation in seawater - A signature of biological activity (08.1-272) 

Ripperger S, Rehkamper M, Porcelli D, Halliday A N 

Density-dependent life history differences in a stream mayfly (Deleatidium) inhabiting permanent 

and intermittent stream reaches (08.1-273) 

Robinson C T, Buser T 

Macroinvertebrate assemblages of a high elevation stream/lake network with an emphasis on the 

Chironomidae (08.1-274) 

Robinson C T, Hieber M, Wenzelides V, Lods Crozet B 

Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine stream-lake network in Switzerland (08.1-275) 

Robinson C T, Matthaei S 

Sources and sinks of methane in Lake Baikal: A synthesis of measurements and modeling 

(08.1-276) 

Schmid M, de Batist M, Granin N G, Kapitanov V A, Mcginnis D F, Mizandrontsev I B, Obzhirov A I, Wüest A 

Towards a hydrological classification of European soils: preliminary test of its predictive power for 

the base flow index using river discharge data (08.1-277) 

Schneider M K, Brunner F, Hollis J M, Stamm C 

Selecting scenarios to assess exposure of surface waters to veterinary medicines in Europe 

(08.1-278) 

Schneider M K, Stamm C, Fenner K 

Assessing iron-mediated oxidation of toluene and reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants in 

anoxic environments using compound- specific isotope analysis (08.1-279) 

Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Schwarzenbach R P 

Iron-mediated microbial oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic contaminants under anoxic 

conditions (08.1-280) 

Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Straub K L, Fontana D, Schwarzenbach R P 

Probabilistic flood forecasting with a limited-area ensemble prediction system: Selected case studies 

(08.1-281) 

Verbunt M, Walser A, Gurtz J, Montani A, Schär C 

Where a springhead becomes a springbrook - a regional zonation of springs (08.1-282) 

von Fumetti S, Nagel P, Baltes B


Nitrate-depleted conditions on the increase in shallow northern European lakes (08.1-283) 

Weyhenmeyer G A, Jeppesen E, Adrian R, Arvola L, Blenckner T, Jankowski T, Jennings E, Noges P, Noges T, 

Straile D 

Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake 

Victoria (08.1-284) 

Witte F, Wanink J H, Kishe Machumu M, Mkumbo O C, Goudswaard P C, Seehausen O 

Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance of isotope 

exchange reactions with ambient water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP Site 1130) 

(08.1-285) 

Wortmann U G, Chernyavsky B, Bernasconi S M, Brunner B, Böttcher M E, Swart P K 

Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management (08.1-286) 

Yang H, Zehnder A 

Hydrological modelling of the chaohe basin in china: Statistical model formulation and Bayesian 

inference (08.1-287) 

Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C, Yang H 

Bayesian uncertainty analysis in distributed hydrologic modeling: A case study in the Thur River 

basin (Switzerland) (08.1-288) 

Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C 

Salinization of groundwater in the Nefzawa oases region, Tunisia: results of a regional-scale hydrogeologic 

approach (08.1-289) 

Zammouri M, Siegfried T, El Fahem T, Kriaa S, Kinzelbach W 

Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the Swiss Alps (08.1-290) 

Zappa M, Kan C 

Insights into the management of sea turtle internesting area through satellite telemetry (08.1-291) 

Zbinden J A, Aebischer A, Margaritoulis D, Arlettaz R 

1.6 Energy Balance 

Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes 

(08.1-292) 

Fusina F, Spichtinger P, Lohmann U 

Year-round observation of longwave radiative flux divergence in Greenland (08.1-293) 

Hoch S W, Calanca P, Philipona R, Ohmura A 

Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity at Earth, 1428-2005 (08.1-294) 

Mccracken K G, Beer J 

Modelling the ground heat flux of an urban area using remote sensing data (08.1-295) 

Rigo G, Parlow E 

25 

149


1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 

An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle (08.1-296) 

Gruber N, Galloway J N 

Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black /elemental) carbon in soils 

and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere (08.1-297) 

Hammes K, Schmidt M W I, Smernik R J, Currie L A, Ball W P, Nguyen T H, Louchouarn P, Houel S, Gustafsson O, 

Elmquist M, Cornelissen G, Skjemstad J O, Masiello C A, Song J, Peng P, Mitra S, Dunn J C, Hatcher P G, Hockaday 

W C, Smith Dwight M, Hartkopf Fröder C, Böhmer A, Lueer B, Huebert B J, Amelung W, Brodowski S, Huang L, 

Zhang W, Gschwend P M, Flores C D X, Largeau C, Rouzaud J N, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kaiser K, Rodionov A, 

Gonzalez Vila F J, Gonzalez Perez J A, de La Rosa J M, Manning D A C, Lopez Capel E, Ding L 

Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage variations in regional climate simulations over Europe 

(08.1-298) 

Hirschi M, Seneviratne S I, Hagemann S, Schär C 

Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model simulations of the land surface water budget and its 

components over the GEWEX-CEOP regions (08.1-299) 

Irannejad P, Henderson Sellers A 

Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes 

(08.1-300) 

Moffat A M, Papale D, Reichstein M, Hollinger D Y, Richardson A D, Barr A G, Beckstein C, Braswell B H, Churkina 

G, Desai A R, Falge E, Gove J H, Heimann M, Hui D, Jarvis A J, Kattge J, Noormets Asko, Stauch V J 

Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the 

ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2) 

(08.1-301) 

Najjar R G, Jin X, Louanchi F, Aumont O, Caldeira K, Doney S C, Dutay J C, Follows M, Gruber N, Joos F, Lindsay K, 

Maier Reimer E, Matear R J, Matsumoto K, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Orr J C, Plattner G K, Sarmiento J L, Schlitzer R, 

Slater R D, Weirig M F, Yamanaka Y, Yool A 

Experimental assessment of N 2O background fluxes in grassland systems (08.1-302) 

Neftel A, Flechard C, Ammann C, Conen F, Emmenegger L, Zeyer K 

Effects of increased soil water availability on grassland ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes (08.1-303) 

Risch A C, Frank D A 

Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of trace gases in the boundary layer over the tropical 

Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign (08.1-304) 

Stickler A, Fischer H, Bozem H, Gurk C, Schiller C, Martinez Harder M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Williams J, Eerdekens 

G, Yassaa N, Ganzeveld L, Sander R, Lelieveld J 

Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species (08.1-305) 

Sutton M A, Nemitz E, Erisman J W, Beier C, Butterbach Bahl K, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F, Skiba U, Di Marco 

C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana J F, Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher M W, Neftel A, Flechard 

C R, Herrmann B, Calanca P, Schjoerring J K, Daemmgen U, Horvath L, Tang Y S, Emmett B A, Tietema A, Penuelas 

J, Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T, Campbell C L, Olesen J E, Dragosits U, Theobald M R, Levy P, 

Mobbs D C, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N, Smith J U, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, Reis S 

Sensitivity of carbon cycling in the European Alps to changes of climate and land cover (08.1-306) 

Zierl B, Bugmann H 

151


2 Past Global Changes 

Pleistocene ice and paleo-strain rates at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica (08.1-307) 

Aciego S M, Cuffey K M, Kavanaugh J L, Morse D L, Severinghaus J P 

Sequencing events across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) (08.1-308) 

Algeo T J, Hannigan R, Rowe H, Brookfield M, Baud A, Krystyn L, Ellwood B B 

Sub-orbital sea-level change in early MIS 5e: New evidence from the Gulf of Corinth, Greece 

(08.1-309) 

Andrews J E, Portman C, Rowe P J, Leeder M R, Kramers J D 

Age and significance of former low-altitude corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands (08.1-310) 

Ballantyne C K, Hall A M, Phillips W, Binnie S, Kubik P W 

Vegetation history, fire history and lake development recorded for 6300 years by pollen, charcoal, 

loss on ignition and chironomids at a small lake in southern Kyrgyzstan (Alay Range, Central Asia) 

(08.1-311) 

Beer R, Heiri O, Tinner W 

Pollen representation in surface samples of the Juniperus, Picea and Juglans forest belts of 

Kyrgyzstan, central Asia (08.1-312) 

Beer R, Tinner W, Carraro G, Grisa E 

Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines that may have formed during the Younger Dryas, 

8.2cal ka, and Little Ice Age events (08.1-313) 

Benson L, Madole R, Kubik P W, Mcdonald R 

Palaeoclimate-induced range shifts may explain current patterns of spatial genetic variation in 

renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Asteraceae) (08.1-314) 

Bergh N G, Hedderson T A, Linder H P, Bond W J 

Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved sediments 

of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern Swiss Alps) (08.1-315) 

Blass A, Bigler C, Grosjean M, Sturm M 

Signature of explosive volcanic eruptions in the sediments of a high- altitude Swiss lake (08.1-316) 

Blass A, Grosjean M, Livingstone D M, Sturm M 

A European pattern climatology 1766-2000 (08.1-317) 

Casty C, Raible C C, Stocker T F, Wanner H, Luterbacher J 

Reconstructing recent environmental changes from proglacial lake sediments in the western Alps 

(Lake blanc huez, 2543 m a.s.l., grandes rousses massif, france) (08.1-318) 

Chapron E, Faien X, Magand O, Charlet L, Debret M, Melieres M A 

Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at Lago di 

Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy) (08.1-319) 

Colombaroli D, Marchetto A, Tinner W 

Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use: a case study of ‘brusada’ (burn) in southern Switzerland 

(08.1-320) 

Conedera M, Vassere S, Neff C, Meurer M, Krebs P 

27 

156


Multiproxy late quaternary stratigraphy of the Nile deep-sea turbidite system - Towards a chronology 

of deep-sea terrigeneous systems (08.1-321) 

Ducassou E, Capotondi L, Murat A, Bernasconi S M, Mulder T, Gonthier E, Migeon S, Duprat J, Giraudeau J, Mascle 

J 

Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal buildups in south Guizhou, China (08.1-322) 

Enpu G, Samankassou E, Changqing G, Yongli Z Baoliang S 

Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco (08.1-323) 

Esper J, Frank D, Buentgen U, Verstege A, Luterbacher J 

Modern pollen assemblages as climate indicators in southern Europe (08.1-324) 

Finsinger W, Heiri O, Valsecchi V, Tinner W, Lotter A F 

Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage 

using the deep EPICA ice cores from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica (08.1-325) 

Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Wegner A, Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Severi M, Wolff 

E, Littot G, Röthlisberger R, Mulvaney R, Hutterli M A, Kaufmann P, Federer U, Lambert F, Bigler M, Hansson M, 

Jonsell U, de Angelis M, Boutron C, Siggaard Andersen M L, Steffensen J P, Barbante C, Gaspari V, Gabrielli P, 

Wagenbach D 

Adjustment for proxy number and coherence in a large-scale temperature reconstruction 

(08.1-326) 

Frank D, Esper J, Cook E R 

Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation (08.1-327) 

Galbraith E D, Jaccard S L, Pedersen T F, Sigman D M, Haug G H, Cook M, Southon J R, Francois R 

Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence for global climatic change in the wake of the end- 

Permian biotic crisis (08.1-328) 

Galfetti T, Hochuli P A, Brayard A, Bucher H, Weissert H, Vigran J O 

Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost with Cl-36 (08.1-329) 

Gilichinsky D A, Nolte E, Basilyan A E, Beer J, Blinov A V, Lazarev V E, Kholodov A L, Meyer H, Nikolskiy P A, 

Schirrmeister L, Tumskoy V E 

Assimilation of the plutonic roots of the Andean arc: Evidence from CO 2-rich fluid inclusions in 

olivines (08.1-330) 

Ginibre C, Dungan M A 

Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous phylloid algae in southern Guizhou, SW China (08.1-331) 

Gong E, Mang Y, Guan C, Samankassou E, Sun B, Sun B L 

Late Quaternary river development in the southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment from the 

Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast Nigeria) (08.1-332) 

Gumnior M, Preusser F 

Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the southern Alps, Ticino Switzerland (08.1-333) 

Hajdas I, Schlumpf N, Minikus Stary N, Hagedorn F, Eckmeier E, Schoch W, Burga C, Bonani G, Schmidt M W I, 

Cherubini P 

Cosmogenic Be-10-ages from the Store Koldewey island, NE Greenland (08.1-334) 

Hakansson L, Graf A, Strasky S, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P W, Hjort C, Schlüchter C 

Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic oceanic circulation of the Tethys: The delta C-13 

record from marine sections in Iran (08.1-335) 

Horacek M, Richoz S, Brandner R, Krystyn L, Spoetl C


1. Flaje-Kiefern (Krusne Hory Mountains): Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation development 

(08.1-336) 

Jankovska V, Kunes P, van der Knaap W O 

Microgram level radiocarbon (C-14) determination on carbonaceous particles in ice (08.1-337) 

Jenk T M, Szidat S, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H W, Wacker L, Synal H A, Saurer M 

Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years (08.1-338) 

Jouzel J, Masson Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola J M, 

Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet J C, Johnsen S, Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Lüthi D, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Raisbeck 

G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B, Steffensen J P, Stenni B, Stocker T 

F, Tison J L, Werner M, Wolff E W 

Applying SAR-IRSL methodology for dating fine-grained sediments from lake El’gygytgyn, northeastern 

Siberia (08.1-339) 

Juschus O, Preusser F, Melles M, Radtke U 

Unfractionated excess air: The result of incomplete dissolution of entrapped air? (08.1-340) 

Klump S, Cirpka O A, Kipfer R 

Excess air as a potential tracer for paleohydrological conditions (08.1-341) 

Klump S, Grundl T, Purtschert R, Kipfer R 

Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel coupling: 

Evidence from inner gorges in the Swiss Alps (08.1-342) 

Korup O, Schlunegger F 

Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen over Marine Isotopic 

Stage 4 (08.1-343) 

Landais A, Masson Delmotte V, Combourieu Nebout N, Jouzel J, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Dahl Jensen D, Johnsen 

S 

Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications for deglaciation 

chronology (08.1-344) 

Lepper K, Fisher T G, Hajdas I, Lowell T V 

Variable Be-10 fluxes in lacustrine sediments from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: a solar record? 

(08.1-345) 

Ljung K, Bjorck S, Muscheler R, Beer J, Kubik P W 

Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in Sphagnum (08.1-346) 

Loader N J, Mccarroll D, van der Knaap W O, Robertson I, Gagen M 

Detailed record of the mid-Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) positive carbon- isotope excursion in two 

hemipelagic sections (France and Switzerland): A plate tectonic trigger? (08.1-347) 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Bernasconi S M, Pellenard P, Collin P Y, Weissert H 

Impact of methane seeps on the local carbon-isotope record: a case study from a Late Jurassic 

hemipelagic section (08.1-348) 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Logvinovich D, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H 

Plate tectonic trigger of changes in pCO(2) and climate in the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic): Carbon isotope 

and modeling evidence (08.1-349) 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Schäffer P, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H 

New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr (08.1-350) 

Loulergue L, Parrenin F, Blunier T, Barnola J M, Spahni R, Schilt A, Raisbeck G, Chappellaz J 

29


Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland 

(08.1-351) 

Luetscher M, Bolius D, Schwikowski M, Schotterer U, Smart P L 

Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from Cariaco Basin for terminations I and V: Local and 

global implications (08.1-352) 

Meckler N A , Haug G H, Sigman D M, Plessen B, Peterson L C, Thierstein H R 

Grape harvest dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August temperature reconstructions back to AD 

1480 (08.1-353) 

Meier N, Rutishauser T, Pfister C, Wanner H, Luterbacher J 

Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end 

moraine system (eastern Alps) (08.1-354) 

Monegato G, Ravazzi C, Donegana M, Pini R, Calderoni G, Wick L 

European ammonoid diversity questions the spreading of anoxia as primary cause for the 

Cenomanian/Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinction (08.1-355) 

Monnet C, Bucher H 

Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2 

(08.1-356) 

Mort H P, Adatte T, Föllmi K B, Keller G, Steinmann P, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D 

The Cenomanian/Turonian anoxic event at the Bonarelli level in Italy and Spain: enhanced productivity 

and/or better preservation? (08.1-357) 

Mort H, Jacquat O, Adatte T, Steinmann P, Föllmi K B, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D 

Glacial in situ survival in the Western Alps and polytopic autopolyploidy in Biscutella laevigata L. 

(Brassicaceae) (08.1-358) 

Parisod C, Besnard G 

The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA dome C ice core (08.1-359) 

Parrenin F, Barnola J M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S, Jouzel J, 

Kawamura K, Lemieux Dudon B, Loulergue L, Masson Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit J R, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Ruth 

U, Schwander J, Severi M, Spahni R, Steffensen J P, Svensson A, Udisti R, Waelbroeck C, Wolff E 

Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization around the Middle-Late Jurassic transition 

(08.1-360) 

Rais P, Louis Schmid B, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H 

Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium 10 

(08.1-361) 

Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, Jouzel J, Stocker T F 

Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino, Switzerland) 

(08.1-362) 

Reynolds Henne C E, Siegwolf R T W, Treydte K S, Esper J, Henne S, Saurer M 

Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic “snowball” glacial epoch (08.1-363) 

Rieu R, Allen P A, Ploetze M, Pettke T 

EDML1: a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the 

last 150 000 years (08.1-364) 

Ruth U, Barnola J M, Beer J, Bigler M, Blunier T, Castellano E, Fischer H, Fundel F, Huybrechts P, Kaufmann P, 

Kipfstuhl S, Lambrecht A, Morganti A, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Rybak O, Severi M, Udisti R, Wilhelms F, Wolff E


Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition in southern South America (Isla Navarino, Chile) 

(08.1-365) 

Sapkota A, Cheburkin A K, Bonani G, Shotyk W 

Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature inference and indicator pollen tracking ca. 4,000 years 

of climate/land use dependency in the southern Austrian Alps (08.1-366) 

Schmidt R, Kamenik C, Roth M 

Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature matching 

(08.1-367) 

Severi M, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Traversi R, Udisti R, Ruth U, Fischer H, Huybrechts P, Wolff E, 

Parrenin F, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Steffensen J P 

A high-resolution, absolute-dated deglacial speleothem record of Indian Ocean climate from Socotra 

Island, Yemen (08.1-368) 

Shakun J D, Burns S J, Fleitmann D, Kramers J D, Matter A, Al Subary A 

Climate changes and volcanic signals during the Bronze Age: A stalagmite record (08.1-369) 

Siklosy Z, Demeny A, Vennemann T W, Hegner E, Kramers J D, Leel Ossy Sz 

Hyalinea marmarica, a new species of benthic foraminifera from the sea of Marmara (Turkey) 

(08.1-370) 

Spezzaferri S, Yanko Hombach V 

Mesolithic agriculture in Switzerland? A critical review of the evidence (08.1-371) 

Tinner W, Nielsen E H, Lotter A F 

Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree-ring isotope network (08.1-372) 

Treydte K, Frank D, Esper J, Andreu L, Bednarz Z, Berninger F, Boettger T, Dalessandro C M, Etien N, Filot M, 

Grabner M, Guillemin M T, Gutierrez E, Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela Brundin M, Krapiec M, 

Leuenberger M, Loader N J, Masson Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S, Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds 

Henne C E, Rinne K T, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen E, Stievenard M, Switsur V R, Szczepanek M, Szychowska 

Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse J S, Weigl M, Schleser G H 

Oncoid growth and distribution controlled by sea-level fluctuations and climate (Late Oxfordian, 

Swiss Jura Mountains) (08.1-373) 

Vedrine S, Strasser A, Hug W 

Interactions between climate and vegetation during the Lateglacial period as recorded by lake and 

mire sediment archives in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland (08.1-374) 

Vescovi E, Ravazzi C, Arpenti E, Finsinger W, Pini R, Valsecchi V, Wick L, Ammann B, Tinner W 

Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as monitors of a paleohydrological regime in the Dead 

Sea basin (08.1-375) 

Waldmann N, Starinsky A, Stein M 

16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland) 

(08.1-376) 

Wehrli M, Tinner W, Ammann B 

Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep- drilling site, Antarctica 

(08.1-377) 

Wesche C, Eisen O, Oerter H, Schulte D, Steinhage D 

Leaf area index for northern and eastern North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a data-model 

comparison (08.1-378) 

Williams J W, Gonzales L M, Kaplan J O 

31


A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data 

(08.1-379) 

Wilson R, D’arrigo R, Buckley B, Büntgen U, Esper J, Frank D, Luckman B, Payette S, Vose R, Youngblut D 

Relation between rock uplift and denudation from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in the 

Central Alps of Switzerland (08.1-380) 

Wittmann H, von Blanckenburg F, Kruesmann T, Norton K P, Kubik P W 

The prelude of the end-Permian mass extinction predates a postulated bolide impact (08.1-381) 

Yin H, Feng Q, Baud A, Xie S, Benton M J, Lai X, Bottjer D J 

3 Human Dimensions 

Linking extreme climate events and economic impacts: Examples from the Swiss Alps 

(08.1-382) 

Beniston M 

Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function (08.1-383) 

Downs S H, Schindler C, Liu L J S, Keidel D, Bayer Oglesby L, Brutsche M H, Gerbase M W, Keller R, Kuenzli N, 

Leuenberger P, Probst Hensch N M, Tschopp J M, Zellweger J P, Rochat T, Schwartz J, Ackermann Liebrich U 

Climate change-related health impacts in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (08.1-384) 

Ebi K L, Woodruff R, von Hildebrand A, Corvalan C 

Lasting management of the countryside. The lessons that new regional natural parks must take 

from the experience of old communities (08.1-385) 

Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P 

The sustainable management of the landscape: the lessons the new regional nature parks must 

draw from the experience of the old corporations (08.1-386) 

Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P 

Recognising the complexities of ecosystem management and the ecosystem service concept 

(08.1-387) 

Ghazoul J 

Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development (08.1-388) 

Grey D, Sadoff C W 

Carbon constraints in the fourteenth and twenty-first centuries (08.1-389) 

Hoffmann V, Busch T 

Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory landscape planning (08.1-390) 

Höppner C, Frick J, Buchecker M 

Local learning-networks on energy efficiency in industry - Successful initiative in Germany 

(08.1-391) 

Jochem E, Gruber E 

Objectives of public participation: Which actors should be involved in the decision making for river 

restorations? (08.1-392) 

Junker B, Buchecker M, Müller Böker U 

184


Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development 

assistance (08.1-393) 

Klein R J T, Eriksen S E H, Naess L O, Hammill A, Tanner T M, Robledo C, O’brien K L 

A MERGE model with endogenous technological change and the cost of carbon stabilization 

(08.1-394) 

Kypreos S 

Characterization of source-specific air pollution exposure for a large population-based Swiss Cohort 

(SAPALDIA) (08.1-395) 

Liu L J S, Curjuric I, Keidel D, Heldstab J, Künzli N, Bayer Oglesby L, Ackermann Liebrich U, Schindler C 

Climate risks and peak oil: Challenge for the trans disciplinary research (08.1-396) 

Maibach M, Guyer M, Kläy A 

Does climate policy promote development? (08.1-397) 

Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K 

Climate or development: is ODA diverted from its original purpose? (08.1-398) 

Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K 

Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a North- and 

South-facing altitudinal gradient on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland (08.1-399) 

Moran Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair P F, Moret J, Gern L 

Integrated assessment of global climate change with learning-by-doing and energy-related research 

and development (08.1-400) 

Müller Fürstenberger G, Stephan G 

CDM potential of bagasse cogeneration in India (08.1-401) 

Purohita P, Michaelowa A 

The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia (08.1-402) 

Restuti D, Michaelowa A 

Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project 

(08.1-403) 

Samoli E, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, Anderson H R, Schindler C, Forsberg B, Vigotti M A, Vonk J, Kosnik M, Skorkovsky 

J, Katsouyanni K 

A synopsis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and 

Marrakech Accords (08.1-404) 

Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S, Canadell J, Ciccarese L, Dutschke M, Fiedler J, Fischlin A, Fearnside P, 

Forner C, Freibauer A, Frumhoff P, Hoehne N, Kirschbaum M U F, Labat A, Marland G, Michaelowa A, Montanarella 

L, Moutinho P, Murdiyarso D, Pena N, Pingoud K, Rakonczay Z, Rametsteiner E, Rock J, Sanz M J, Schneider U A, 

Shuidenko A, Skutsch M, Smith P, Somogyi Z, Trines E, Ward M, Yamagata Y 

How is climate change perceived in relation to other socioeconomic and environmental threats in 

Nairobi, Kenya? (08.1-405) 

Shisanya C A, Khayesi M 

The future of the Swiss Alps: A participatory sustainability assessment of agricultural and landscape 

scenarios (08.1-406) 

Soliva R 

33


Output and abatement effects of allocation readjustment in permit trade (08.1-407) 

Sterner T, Müller A 

Does the current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver its sustainable development claim? 

An analysis of officially registered CDM projects (08.1-408) 

Sutter C, Parreno J C 

Technology in climate policy and climate models - Introduction (08.1-409) 

Thalmann P 

Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere reserves by local residents in Switzerland and Ukraine 

(08.1-410) 

Wallner A, Bauer N, Hunziker M 

The concept of sustainable development - consequences for social theory. Research desiderata and a 

proposal for a research strategy in social geography (08.1-411) 

Zierhofer W 

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 

Thermo-economic optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell, gas turbine hybrid system (08.1-412) 

Autissier N, Palazzi F, Marechal F, van Herle J, Favrat D 

Effect of pressure and fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions from industrial gas turbine burners 

(08.1-413) 

Biagioli F, Güthe F 

Consumption and efficiency of a passenger car with a hydrogen/oxygen PEFC based hybrid electric 

drivetrain (08.1-414) 

Büchi F N, Paganelli G, Dietrich P, Laurent D, Tsukada A, Varenne P, Delfino A, Koetz R, Freunberger S A, Magne P 

A, Walser D, Olsommer D 

Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 2. Catalytic behavior in the reduction of NO by H-2 under 

lean conditions (08.1-415) 

Chiarello G L, Ferri D, Grunwaldt J D, Forni L, Baiker A 

Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 1. Structure, thermal stability and reducibility (08.1-416) 

Chiarello G L, Grunwaldt J D, Ferri D, Krumeich R, Oliva C, Forni L, Baiker A 

Increase of passenger car engine efficiency with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-natural 

gas mixtures: A thermodynamic analysis (08.1-417) 

Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C, Boulouchos K 

Multi-regional long-term electricity supply scenarios with fusion (08.1-418) 

Gnansounou E, Bednyagin D 

Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical equilibrium calculations and experimental 

investigation (08.1-419) 

Halmann M, Frei A, Steinfeld A 

Secondarv effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper- induced formation of PCDD/Fs 

(08.1-420) 

Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Gujer E, Honegger P, Zeyer K, Gfeller U, Wichser A, Kohler M, Schmid P, Emmenegger L, Ulrich 

A, Wenger D, Petermann J L, Czerwinski J, Mosimann T, Kasper M, Mayer A 

194


Towards multi-source multi-product energy systems (08.1-421) 

Hemmes K, Zachariah Wolff J L, Geidl M, Andersson G 

An energy management method for the food industry (08.1-422) 

Müller D C A, Marechal F M A, Wolewinski T, Roux P J 

H 2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on ZnO/Zn-redox: Quenching the effluents from the ZnO 

dissociation (08.1-423) 

Müller R, Steinfeld A 

Towards an improved architectural quality of building integrated solar thermal systems (BIST) 

(08.1-424) 

Munari Probst M C , Roecker C 

Biofuels must deliver on their promise of sustainability (08.1-425) 

Opal C 

A methodology for thermo-economic modeling and optimization of solid oxide fuel cell systems 

(08.1-426) 

Palazzi F, Autissier N, Marechal F M A, Favrat D 

Dynamics of a solar thermochemical reactor for steam-reforming of methane (08.1-427) 

Petrasch J, Steinfeld A 

Development steps for parabolic trough solar power technologies with maximum impact on cost 

reduction (08.1-428) 

Pitz P R, Dersch J, Milow B, Tellez F, Ferriere A, Langnickel U, Steinfeld A, Karni J, Zarza E, Popel O 

Optimum battery size for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle - Part I (08.1-429) 

Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A 

Optimum Battery Size for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle With Transient Loading Consideration— 

Part II (08.1-430) 

Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A 

5 General Topics 

What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents 

(08.1-431) 

Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K 

Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on model microorganisms under improved and field SODIS 

conditions (08.1-432) 

Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L, Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, Fenandez W, Iriarte M, Birrer 

C, Stahel W A, Wegelin M 

Cumulative energy extraction from the natural environment (CEENE): a comprehensive life cycle 

impact assessment method for resource accounting (08.1-433) 

Dewulf J, Bosch M E, de Meester B, van der Vorst G, van Langenhove H, Hellweg S, Huijbregts M A J 

The environmental relevance of capital goods in life cycle assessments of products and services 

(08.1-434) 

Frischknecht R, Althaus H J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T 

35 

200


New concepts of Be-10 AMS at low energies (08.1-435) 

Grajcar M, Döbeli M, Kubik P W, Synal H A, Wacker L, Suter M 

Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of metals in life cycle assessment (LCA) (08.1-436) 

Haye S, Slaveykova V I, Payet J 

Challenges for forestry and forest research - How to promote effective cooperation between science 

and practice? (08.1-437) 

Jäger J, Pluess A, Klank C, Ghazoul J 

Environmental impacts of conventional and sustainable investment funds compared using inputoutput 

life-cycle assessment (08.1-438) 

Köllner T, Suh S, Weber O, Moser C, Scholz R W 

Problem-oriented environmental research: The view of geography and landscape ecology on science 

and application (08.1-439) 

Leser H 

Linking models of land use, resources, and economy to simulate the development of mountain 

regions (ALPSCAPE) (08.1-440) 

Lundstroem C, Kytzia S, Walz A, Gret Regamey A, Bebi P 

Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment (08.1-441) 

Nowack B, Bucheli T D 

Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication industry: A review (08.1-442) 

Scharnhorst W 

Agricultural decline, landscape change, and outmigration: Debating the sustainability of three scenarios 

for a Swiss mountain region (08.1-443) 

Soliva R 

Advances in particle identification in AMS at low energies (08.1-444) 

Suter M, Döbeli M, Grajcar M, Müller A, Stocker M, Sun G, Synal H A, Wacker L 

MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system (08.1-445) 

Synal H A, Stocker M, Suter M 

Restoring dense vegetation can slow mountain erosion to near natural benchmark levels (08.1-446) 

Vanacker V, von Blanckenburg F, Govers G, Molina A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Kubik P W 

Wooden building products in comparative LCA (08.1-447) 

Werner F, Richter K

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 37 

1.1 Atmosphere 

08.1-1 

Identification of the mass spectral signature of 

organic aerosols from wood burning emissions 

Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J, 

Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M, 

Baltensperger U 

Switzerland 

Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

Throughout the winter months, the village of Roveredo, 

Switzerland, frequently experiences strong 

temperature inversions that contribute to elevated 

levels of particulate matter. Wood is used as 

fuel for 75% of the domestic heating installations 

in Roveredo, which makes it a suitable location to 

study wood burning emissions in the atmosphere 

in winter. An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass 

spectrometer (Q-AMS) was used to characterize 

the composition of the submicrometer, non- refractory 

aerosol particles at this location during 

two field campaigns in March and December 2005. 

Wood burning was found to be a major source of 

aerosols at this location in winter. Organics dominated 

the composition of the aerosols from this 

source, contributing up to 85% of the total AMS 

measured mass during the afternoon and evening 

hours. Carbonaceous particle analysis showed 

that organic carbon composed up to 86% of the 

total carbon mass collected at evening times. Results 

from C-14 isotope determination revealed 

that up to 94% of the organic mass came from 

nonfossil sources, which can be attributed mostly 

to wood burning. The unique combination of offline 

C-14 isotope analysis and on-line aerosol mass 

spectrometry was used to identify periods during 

which organic mass was mainly from wood burning 

emissions and allowed for the identification 

of the AMS spectral signature of this source in the 

atmosphere. The identified ambient signature of 

wood burning was found to be very similar to the 

mass spectral signature obtained during the burning 

of chestnut wood samples in a small stove and 

also to the spectrum of levoglucosan. Particles 

from wood burning appeared to be composed of 

highly oxygenated organic compounds, and mass 

fragments 60, 73, and 137 have been suggested 

as marker fragments for wood burning aerosols. 

Mass fragment 44, which is used as a marker for 

oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA), contributed 

about 5% to the total organic signal from primary 

wood burning sources, The ratio of the organic 

mass emitted from wood burning to m/z 60 in 

Roveredo is 36. This ratio may be used to provide 

an estimate of the organic aerosol mass emitted 

from wood burning in other locations. 

Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41, 

N16, AUG 15, pp 5770-5777. 

08.1-2 

A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium 

model (UHAERO): organic systems 

Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko 

A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H 

USA, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling 

In atmospheric aerosols, water and volatile inorganic 

and organic species are distributed between 

the gas and aerosol phases in accordance with 

thermodynamic equilibrium. Within an atmospheric 

particle, liquid and solid phases can exist 

at equilibrium. Models exist for computation of 

phase equilibria for inorganic/water mixtures typical 

of atmospheric aerosols; when organic species 

are present, the phase equilibrium problem is 

complicated by organic /water interactions as well 

as the potentially large number of organic species. 

We present here an extension of the UHAERO inorganic 

thermodynamic model (Amundson et al., 

2006c) to organic/water systems. Phase diagrams 

for a number of model organic/water systems 

characteristic of both primary and secondary 

organic aerosols are computed. Also calculated 

are inorganic/organic/water phase diagrams that 

show the effect of organics on inorganic deliquescence 

behavior. The effect of the choice of activity 

coefficient model for organics on the computed 

phase equilibria is explored. 

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, 

N17, pp 4675-4698. 

08.1-3 

Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals 

to fiber filters used for aerosol studies 

Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Engineering 

Fiber filters commonly used to collect aerosols 

for various analyses also collect gaseous organic 

chemicals during sampling. These sorbed chemicals 

can lead to serious artifacts, particularly 

when analyzing aerosols for organic compounds 

and organic carbonaceous material. To date, this 

sorption process has only been looked at for a few 

types of filters and compound classes. This work 

presents a comprehensive study of this sorption 

process for various, widely used fiber filters and a 

broad variety of compound classes. Furthermore, 

important factors have been investigated, including 

relative humidity, temperature, baking and 

exposure to ambient air during sampling. From 

these data, poly-parameter linear-free energy relationships 

were derived that allow for estimations 

of sorption constants of gaseous organic 

compounds on different filter types. Based on the 

results, recommendations are provided to help

38 

predict, minimize and ensure reproducibility of 

artifacts caused by gaseous organic compounds 

sorbing to fiber filters.. 

Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC, 

pp 8241-8252. 

08.1-4 

Interference of organic signals in highly time 

resolved nitrate measurements by low mass 

resolution aerosol mass spectrometry 

Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O, 

Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D, 

Venkatachari P, Hopke P K 


Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , 

Urban Studies 

Highly time resolved measurements of nitrate in 

ambient aerosols were conducted by an Aerodyne 

Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS 

or simply AMS) and a particle-into-liquid sampler 

(PILS) coupled to ion chromatography from field 

intensives at two sites: an urban site in New York 

City (Queens College; QC) for wintertime (22 January 

to 5 February 2004) and a rural site in southwestern 

New York state (Pinnacle State Park; PSP) 

for summertime (18 July to 6 August 2004). In this 

study, we report that in rural atmospheres the 

inorganic nitrate signal from Q-AMS may contain 

significant interferences from organic signals. 

Analysis of the QC data indicates a good agreement 

between the PILS-nitrate and AMS-nitrate 

measurements (R-2 = 0.94; linear regression slope 

= 1.05). In addition, the m/z 30 and m/z 46 (two 

dominant ion fragments in nitrate mass spectrum) 

signals tightly correlate at QC (R-2 = 0.98) 

and have an average ratio similar to that determined 

in the laboratory for NH 4NO 3 (m/z 30/m/z 

46 = 2.4). In contrast, at the PSP site the correlation 

between PILS- and AMS- nitrate was poor 

(R-2 = 0.34), the AMS reported nitrate values were 

substantially higher, and the m/z 30 to m/z 46 ratios 

were generally much larger than 2.4. These 

observations, together with evaluations by aerosol 

phase ion balance, indicate that the AMS m/z 

30 signals at PSP have been strongly influenced 

by organic compounds that also produce signals 

at m/z 30, e. g., organic nitrates (NO+), oxygenated 

organics (CH 2O+), hydrocarbon-like organics 

(C2H6+), and nitrogen- containing organic compounds 

(CH 4N+). 

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 

2007, V112, ND22, NOV 24 ARTN: D22305. 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 

08.1-5 

Small-scale cloud processes and climate 

Baker M B, Peter T 


Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

Clouds constitute the largest single source of 

uncertainty in climate prediction. A better understanding 

of small- scale cloud processes could 

shed light on the role of clouds in the climate system. 

Nature, 2008, V451, N7176, JAN 17, pp 299-300. 

08.1-6 

Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols 

Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H 

Switzerland 


Urban Studies 

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2008, V390, 

N1, JAN, pp 277-280. 

08.1-7 

Entering into the “greenhouse century”: 

Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are 

comparable to the upper temperature quantiles 

in a greenhouse climate 

Beniston M 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

This paper investigates the recent spate of recordbreaking 

warm seasons that have affected Switzerland 

in less than a decade and compares the 

seasonal statistics to those simulated for a ‘’greenhouse-gas’’ 

climate by the end of the 21st century. 

The peaks of minimum and maximum temperatures 

observed during some the record seasons 

enter well into the 25%-75% temperature quantile 

range for the scenario climate simulated by a 

set of regional climate models. The anomalously 

warm seasons allow a ‘’preview’’ of conditions 

that may occur with greater frequency in the future. 

The use of current data as a form of proxy 

for the future enables an assessment of the possible 

impacts on the natural and socio-economic 

environments, and can help in considering possible 

adaptation strategies to reduce some of the 

associated risks of climatic change. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N16, 

AUG 30 ARTN: L16710.


08.1-8 

Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of 

the atmosphere based on an instrumented 

container: The new CARIBIC system 

Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer 

T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke 

H, Friess U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M, 

Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M, 

Martinsson B G, Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen 

H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S, 

Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M, Randa B, Reichelt 

M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D, 

Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D, Stock 

P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel 

A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A, 

Xueref Remy I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H 

Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden, England, 

Netherlands 


Instruments & Instrumentation 

An airfreight container with automated instruments 

for measurement of atmospheric gases and 

trace compounds was operated on a monthly basis 

onboard a Boeing 767-300 ER of LTU International 

Airways during long- distance flights from 1997 

to 2002 (CARIBIC, Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation 

of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument 

Container, http://www.caribic-atmospheric. 

com). Subsequently a more advanced system has 

been developed, using a larger capacity container 

with additional equipment and an improved inlet 

system. CARIBIC phase #2 was implemented on 

a new long-range aircraft type Airbus A340-600 

of the Lufthansa German Airlines (Star Alliance) 

in December 2004, creating a powerful flying 

observatory. The instrument package comprises 

detectors for the measurement of O-3, total and 

gaseous H 2O, NO and NOy, CO, CO 2, O-2, Hg, and 

number concentrations of submicrometer particles 

(>4 nm, >12 nm, and >18 nm diameter). Furthermore, 

an optical particle counter (OPC) and 

a proton transfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) are 

incorporated. Aerosol samples are collected for 

analysis of elemental composition and particle 

morphology after flight. Air samples are taken 

in glass containers for laboratory analyses of hydrocarbons, 

halocarbons and greenhouse gases 

(including isotopic composition of CO 2) in several 

laboratories. Absorption tubes collect oxygenated 

volatile organic compounds. Three differential optical 

absorption spectrometers (DOAS) with their 

telescopes mounted in the inlet system measure 

atmospheric trace gases such as BrO, HONO, and 

NO 2. A video camera mounted in the inlet provides 

information about clouds along the flight 

track. The flying observatory, its equipment and 

examples of measurement results are reported. 


N18, pp 4953-4976. 

08.1-9 

Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century 

Brönnimann S 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , History , 

Multidisciplinary Sciences 

Nature, 2007, V448, N7157, AUG 30, p 992. 

08.1-10 

Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation 

back to the early 1900s 

Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D 

Switzerland, England 


The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is important 

for understanding the dynamical and chemical 

variability of the global stratosphere. Currently 

available wind data from the equatorial stratosphere 

extend back to 1953. Here we present reconstructions 

of the QBO extending back to 1900 

that can be used to constrain climate model simulations. 

The reconstructions are based on historical 

pilot balloon data as well as hourly sea-level 

pressure (SLP) data from Jakarta, Indonesia. The 

latter were used to extract the signal of the solar 

semi-diurnal tide in the middle atmosphere, 

which is modulated by the QBO. The reconstructions 

are in good agreement with the QBO signal 

extracted from historical total ozone data extending 

back to 1924. Further analyses suggest that 

the maximum phases of the QBO are captured 

relatively well after about 1910. 


NOV 20 ARTN: L22805. 

08.1-11 

Temporal and spatial temperature variability 

and change over Spain during 1850-2005 

Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E, 

Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A, 

Lopez D 

Spain, England, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia 


(1) We analyze temporal and spatial patterns of 

temperature change over Spain during the period 

1850 - 2005, using daily maximum (T-max) , minimum 

(T-min), and mean (T-mean) temperatures 

from the 22 longest and most reliable Spanish records. 

Over mainland Spain, a significant (at 0.01 

level) warming of 0.10 degrees C/decade is found 

for the annual average of T-mean. Autumn and 

winter contributed slightly more than spring and

40 

summer to the annual warming over the 1850 - 

2005 period. The overall warming is also associated 

with higher rates of change for T-max than 

T-min (0.11 degrees versus 0.08 degrees C /decade 

for 1850 - 2005). This asymmetric diurnal warming 

increased in the twentieth century (0.17 degrees 

versus 0.09 degrees C/decade during 1901 

- 2005). Nevertheless, at many (few) individual stations, 

the difference between T-max and T-min is 

not statistically significant over 1850 - 2005 (1901 

- 2005). Principal Component Analysis has been 

carried out to identify spatial modes of Spanish 

long-term temperature variability (1901 - 2005). 

Three principal spatial patterns are found, Northern 

Spain, Southeastern and Eastern Spain, and 

Southwestern Spain. All three patterns show 

similar significant warming trends. The overall 

warming has been more associated with reductions 

in cold extremes, as opposed to increases in 

warm extremes. Estimated trends in the number 

of moderately extreme cold days (T-max < 10th 

percentile) and moderately extreme cold nights 

(T-min < 10th percentile) show significant reductions 

of 0.74 and 0.54 days/decade, respectively, 

over 1850 - 2005. Moderately extreme warm days 

and nights (T-max and T-min > 90th percentile) increased 

significantly but at lower rates of 0.53 and 

0.49 days /decade. 


2007, V112, ND12, JUN 30 ARTN: D12117. 

08.1-12 

A concept for a satellite mission to measure 

cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and 

cloud altitude 

Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg 

B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann 

U, Emde C, John V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P 

Sweden, USA, France, Switzerland, Germany, England, 

Scotland 


A passive satellite radiometer operating at submillimetre 

wavelengths can measure cloud ice 

water path (IWP), ice particle size, and cloud altitude. 

The paper first discusses the scientific background 

for such measurements. Formal scientific 

mission requirements are derived, based on this 

background and earlier assessments. The paper 

then presents a comprehensive prototype instrument 

and mission concept, and demonstrates 

that it meets the requirements. The instrument is 

a conically scanning 12-channel radiometer with 

channels between 183 and 664 GHz, proposed to 

fly in tandem with one of the Metop satellites. It 

can measure IWP with a relative accuracy of approximately 

20% and a detection threshold of ap- 


proximately 2 g m (-2). The median mass equivalent 

sphere diameter of the ice particles can be 

measured with an accuracy of approximately 30 

µm, and the median IWP cloud altitude can be 

measured with an accuracy of approximately 300 

m. All the above accuracies are median absolute 

error values; root mean square error values are approximately 

twice as high, due to rare outliers. 

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 

2007, V133, OCT, S2, pp 109-128. 

08.1-13 

Concentration profiles of particles settling in 

the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary 

layer 

Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C, 

Parlange M B 

USA, Israel, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant 

Sciences , Forestry 

An expression for the vertical equilibrium concentration 

profile of heavy particles, including the effects 

of canopy on the eddy diffusivity as well as 

corrections for atmospheric stability, is proposed. 

This expression is validated against measurements 

of vertical concentration profiles of corn 

pollen above a corn field. The fitted theoretical 

profiles show that particle settling is correctly 

accounted for. The sensitivity to variations in the 

turbulent Schmidt number, settling velocity and 

stability corrections are explicitly characterized. 

The importance of independent measurements of 

the surface flux of pollen in future experiments 

is noted. 

Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N1, 

OCT, pp 25-38. 

08.1-14 

The influence of small aerosol particles on the 

properties of water and ice clouds 

Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford 

I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly 

P, Targino A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, 

Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M 

England, Switzerland 


In this paper, results are presented of the in. uence 

of small organic- and soot- containing particles on 

the formation of water and ice clouds. There is 

strong evidence that these particles have grown 

from nano particle seeds produced by the combustion 

of oil products. Two series ofield experiments 

are selected to represent the observations made. 

The. first is the CLoud Aerosol Characterisation 

Experiment (CLACE) series of experiments performed 

at a high Alpine site (Jungfraujoch), where


cloud was in contact with the ground and the 

measuring station. Both water and ice clouds were 

examined at different times of the year. The second 

series of experiments is the CLOud Processing 

of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and 

sea (CLOPAP) series, where ageing pollution aerosol 

from UK cities was observed, from an airborne 

platform, to interact with warm stratocumulus 

cloud in a cloud- capped atmospheric boundary 

layer. Combining the results it is shown that aged 

pollution aerosol consists of an internal mixture 

of organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, the 

organic component is dominated by highly oxidized 

secondary material. The relative contributions 

and absolute loadings of the components 

vary with location and season. However, these 

aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) 

and much of the organic material, along with the 

other species, is incorporated into cloud droplets. 

In ice and mixed phase cloud, it is observed that 

very sharp transitions (extending over just a few 

metres) are present between highly glaciated regions 

and regions consisting of supercooled water. 

This is a unique. finding; however, aircraft 

observations in cumulus suggest that this kind of 

structure may be found in these cloud types too. It 

is suggested that this sharp transition is caused by 

ice nucleation initiated by oxidised organic aerosol 

coated with sulfate in more polluted regions 

of cloud, sometimes enhanced by secondary ice 

particle production in these regions. 

Faraday Discussions, 2008, V137, pp 205-222. 

08.1-15 

Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent 

satellite and surface observations 

Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M, 

Kahn R, Ohmura A 



An analysis of satellite and surface measurements 

of aerosol optical depth suggests that global average 

of aerosol optical depth has been recently 

decreasing at the rate of around 0.0014/a. This 

decrease is nonuniform with the fastest decrease 

observed over the United States and Europe. The 

observed rate of decreasing aerosol optical depth 

produces the top of the atmosphere radiative forcing 

that is comparable to forcing due to the current 

rate of increasing atmospheric concentration 

of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. 

Consequently, both increasing atmospheric concentration 

of greenhouse gases and decreasing 

loading of atmospheric aerosols are major contributors 

to the top-of-atmosphere radiative forc- 

ing. We find that the climate sensitivity is reduced 

by at least a factor of 2 when direct and indirect 

effects of decreasing aerosols are included, compared 

to the case where the radiative forcing is 

ascribed only to increases in atmospheric concentrations 

of carbon dioxide. We find the empirical 

climate sensitivity to be between 0.29 and 0.48 K/ 

Wm(-2) when aerosol direct and indirect radiative 

forcing is included. 


2007, V112, ND24, DEC 13 ARTN: D24S04. 

08.1-16 

Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables 

at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch 

Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J, 

Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U 

Switzerland 


This study reports the first long-term trend analysis 

of aerosol optical measurements at the highalpine 

site Jungfraujoch, which started 10.5 years 

ago. Since the aerosol variables are approximately 

lognormally distributed, the seasonal Kendall test 

and Sen’s slope estimator were applied as nonparametric 

methods to detect the long- term trends for 

each month. The yearly trend was estimated by a 

least-mean-square fit, and the number of years 

necessary to detect this trend was calculated. The 

most significant trend is the increase (4-7% yr(-1)) 

in light-scattering coefficients during the September 

to December period. The light absorption and 

backscattering coefficients and the aerosol number 

concentration also show a positive trend during 

this time of the year. The hemispheric backscattering 

fraction and the scattering exponent 

calculated with the smaller wavelengths (450 and 

550 nm), which relate to the small aerosol size 

fraction, decrease except during the summer, 

whereas the scattering exponent calculated with 

the larger wavelengths (550 and 700 nm) remains 

constant. Generally, the summer months at the 

Jungfraujoch, which are strongly influenced by 

planetary boundary layer air masses, do not show 

any long-term trend. The trends determined by 

least-mean-square fits of the scattering and backscattering 

coefficients, the hemispheric backscattering 

fractions, and the scattering exponent are 

significant, and the number of years necessary 

to detect them is shorter than 10 years. For these 

variables, the trends and the slopes estimated by 

the seasonal Kendall test are therefore confirmed 

by the least-mean- square fit results. 


2007, V112, ND13, JUL 13 ARTN: D13213.

42 

08.1-17 

Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the 

NAO and PNA 

Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

Switzerland 


Oceanography 

In the Northern hemisphere, regions characterized 

by an enhanced frequency of atmospheric 

blocking overlap significantly with those associated 

with the major extra-tropical patterns of largescale 

climate variability-namely the North Atlantic 

Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific North American 

(PNA) pattern. There is likewise an overlap in the 

temporal band-width of blocks and these-climate 

patterns. Here the nature of the linkage between 

blocks and the climate patterns is explored by using 

the ERA-40 re-analysis data set to examine (1) 

their temporal and spatial correlation and (2) the 

interrelationship between blocks and the NAO/ 

PNA. It is shown that a strong anti-correlation exists 

between blocking occurrence and the phase 

of the NAO (PNA) in the North Atlantic (western 

North Pacific), and that there are distinctive interbasin 

differences with a clear geographical (over 

North Atlantic) and quantitative (over North Pacific) 

separation of typical blocking genesis/lysis 

regions during the opposing phases of the climate 

patterns. An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) 

analysis points to a significant influence of blocking 

upon the NAO pattern (identifiable as the 

leading EOF in the Euro- Atlantic), and a temporal 

analysis indicates that long-lasting blocks are associated 

with the development of negative NAO/ 

PNA index values throughout their life-time. In 

addition an indication of a cause-and effect relationship 

is set-out for the North Atlantic linkage. 

Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N7-8, DEC, pp 

713-725. 

08.1-18 

FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport 

model 

Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M 

Finland, Switzerland 


In this paper we describe the development and 

performance of a three- dimensional global middle 

atmospheric chemistry transport model Fin 

ROSE. The FinROSE chemistry transport model 

includes a numerical scheme for stratospheric 

chemistry with parameterizations for heterogeneous 

processing on polar stratospheric clouds 

(PSC) and on liquid binary aerosols together with 

a parameterisation of large nitric acid trihydrate 


particles (i.e. NAT-rocks) and PSC sedimentation. 

The total number of trace species in the model is 

34 and the total number of gas-phase reactions, 

photodissociation processes and heterogeneous 

reactions is about 150. The model is forced by external 

wind and temperature fields. The simulations 

are normally performed in a 5 degrees x 10 

degrees (lat. x long.) grid from the surface up to 

around 0.1 hPa, with a vertical resolution of ca. 

1.5 km in the stratosphere. Long-term simulations 

(40 to 50 years) have been done using winds and 

temperatures from ECMWF ERA40 analyses. The 

performance of the model in describing the stratospheric 

composition and chemistry is shown and 

evaluated in this paper. In general, the FinROSE 

results show a good comparison with measured 

total ozone. Also the timing, the depth and the 

deepening of the Antarctic ozone hole, and the 

responsible processes are captured well in the 

model simulations. 

Boreal Environment Research, 2007, V12, N5, OCT 

24, pp 535-550. 

08.1-19 

Doubled length of western European summer 

heat waves since 1880 

Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J, 

Wanner H 

Switzerland, Australia, England 


(1) We analyzed a new data set of 54 high-quality 

homogenized daily maximum temperature series 

from western Europe (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, 

Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, 

Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, 

Switzerland, United Kingdom) to define more 

accurately the change in extreme warm Daily 

Summer Maximum Temperature (DSMT). Results 

from the daily temperature homogeneity analysis 

suggest that many instrumental measurements in 

the late 19th and early 20th centuries were warm- 

biased. Correcting for these biases, over the period 

1880 to 2005 the length of summer heat waves over 

western Europe has doubled and the frequency of 

hot days has almost tripled. The DSMT Probability 

Density Function (PDF) shows significant changes 

in the mean (+ 1.6 +/- 0.4 degrees C) and variance 

(+ 6 +/- 2%). These conclusions help further the evidence 

that western Europe’s climate has become 

more extreme than previously thought and that 

the hypothesized increase in variance of future 

summer temperature has indeed been a reality 

over the last 126 years. 


2007, V112, ND15, AUG 3 ARTN: D15103.


08.1-20 

Summer heat waves over western Europe 

1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale 

forcings and predictability 

Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H, 

Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H 

Switzerland, Australia, Spain 


We investigate the large-scale forcing and teleconnections 

between atmospheric circulation 

(sea level pressure, SLP), sea surface temperatures 

(SSTs), precipitation and heat wave events over 

western Europe using a new dataset of 54 daily 

maximum temperature time series. Forty four of 

these time series have been homogenised at the 

daily timescale to ensure that the presence of 

inhomogeneities has been minimised. The daily 

data have been used to create a seasonal index of 

the number of heat waves. Using canonical correlation 

analysis (CCA), heat waves over western 

Europe are shown to be related to anomalous high 

pressure over Scandinavia and central western Europe. 

Other forcing factors such as Atlantic SSTs 

and European precipitation, the later as a proxy 

for soil moisture, a known factor in strengthening 

land-atmosphere feedback processes, are also 

important. The strength of the relationship between 

summer SLP anomalies and heat waves is 

improved (from 35%) to account for around 46% 

of its variability when summer Atlantic and Mediterranean 

SSTs and summer European precipitation 

anomalies are included as predictors. This 

indicates that these predictors are not completely 

collinear rather that they each have some contribution 

to accounting for summer heat wave variability. 

However, the simplicity and scale of the 

statistical analysis masks this complex interaction 

between variables. There is some useful predictive 

skill of summer heat waves using multiple lagged 

predictors. A CCA using preceding winter North 

Atlantic SSTs and preceding January to May Mediterranean 

total precipitation results in significant 

hindcast (1972-2003) Spearman rank correlation 

skill scores up to 0.55 with an average skill score 

over the domain equal to 0.28 +/- 0.28. In agreement 

with previous studies focused on mean 

summer temperature, there appears to be some 

predictability of heat wave events on the decadal 

scale from the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 

(AMO), although the long-term global mean temperature 

is also well related to western European 

heat waves. Combining these results with the observed 

positive trends in summer continental European 

SLP, North Atlantic SSTs and indications of 

a decline in European summer precipitation then 

possibly these long-term changes are also related 

to increased heat wave occurrence and it is important 

that the physical processes controlling these 

changes be more fully understood. 

Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N2-3, AUG, pp 

251-275. 

08.1-21 

Effects of convective ice lofting on H 2O and 

HDO in the tropical tropopause layer 

Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S 

USA, Switzerland, England 


We have added convective ice lofting to a Lagrangian 

trajectory model of tropical tropopause layer 

(TTL) water vapor (H 2O) and its stable isotopologue, 

HDO. The Lagrangian model has been previously 

shown to accurately simulate H 2O in the TTL and 

lower stratosphere. We show here that the model 

does a poor job reproducing the observed HDO 

depletion (delta D) in the TTL. When convective 

ice lofting to altitudes below the cold point (the 

point where air experiences its lowest H 2O saturation 

mixing ratio) is added to the model, there is 

little change in H 2O in the lower stratosphere, but 

a large change in delta D throughout the TTL that 

brings the model into better agreement with measurements. 

Thus convective ice lofting has the capacity 

to improve the model’s delta D simulation 

while not significantly degrading the agreement 

between simulated and measured H 2O. Convective 

ice lofting to altitudes above the cold point, 

on the other hand, has a large effect on lower 

stratospheric H 2O, suggesting that changes in 

convection reaching these altitudes could drive 

changes in lower stratospheric H 2O. This suggests 

a mechanism by which lower stratospheric H 2O 

trends may be at least partially decoupled from 

tropopause temperature trends. Such a disconnection 

was suggested by previous observations of 

simultaneously increasing stratospheric H 2O and 

a cooling tropical tropopause. 


2007, V112, ND18, SEP 26 ARTN: D18309. 

08.1-22 

Some factors in the design of a regional 

prediction model: an examination based upon 

two MAP events 

Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C 

Switzerland 


Consideration is given to the impact of both 

synoptic-scale flow features and different model 

configurations upon the performance of an 

Alpine-encompassing regional NWP model. The 

so-called regional LM forecast model is used to

44 

simulate two events selected from the Mesoscale 

Alpine Programme (MAP), and simulations are 

undertaken with: different domain sizes (at 7 km 

resolution); lateral boundary data supplied from 

two data sets (the ECMWF’s operational and MAP 

Reanalysis fields); and an embedded domain (at 2 

km resolution). Quantitative evidence is provided 

showing (a) the specification of the incident and 

evolving synoptic-scale flow can exert a major 

impact upon the quality of the resulting simulations; 

(b) the simulation of the low-level meso-a 

scale features of the flow is helped considerably 

by the refined MAP Reanalysis data set; and (c) the 

simulated meso-beta scale precipitation distribution 

displays some skill but, at least for one of the 

two cases, major deficiencies are not offset by the 

use of Reanalysis data. 

Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N3, pp 

261-273. 

08.1-23 

Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review 

of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley 

geometry 

Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann 

Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani 

B, Dabas A, Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant 

C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann 

T, Häberli C, Häller Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser 

G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S, 

Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G 

France, Austria, Switzerland, Germany 


This paper summarizes the findings of seven years 

of research on fohn conducted within the project 

‘Fohn in the Rhine Valley during MAP’ (FORM) of 

the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). It starts 

with a brief historical review of fohn research in 

the Alps, reaching back to the middle of the 19th 

century. Afterwards, it provides an overview of the 

experimental and numerical challenges identified 

before the MAP field experiment and summarizes 

the key findings made during MAP in observation, 

simulation and theory. We specifically address 

the role of the upstream and cross-Alpine flow 

structure on fohn at a local scale and the processes 

driving fohn propagation in the Rhine Valley. 

The crucial importance of interactions between 

the fohn and cold-air pools frequently filling the 

lower Rhine Valley is highlighted. In addition, the 

dynamics of a low-level flow splitting occurring 

at a valley bifurcation between the Rhine Valley 

and the Seez Valley are examined. The advances 

in numerical modelling and forecasting of fohn 

events in the Rhine Valley are also underlined. 

Finally, we discuss the main differences between 


fohn dynamics in the Rhine Valley area and in the 

Wipp/Inn Valley region and point out some open 

research questions needing further investigation. 


2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 897-916. 

08.1-24 

Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone 

in the 21st century 

Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi 

H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke 

P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris 

M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R, 

Gettelman A, Giorgetta M A, Kinnison D E, Mancini 

E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima 

T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S, Pitari G, 

Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J 

F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B, 

Stolarski R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M 

Germany, USA, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, England, 

Italy, Switzerland 


Simulations from eleven coupled chemistry-climate 

models (CCMs) employing nearly identical 

forcings have been used to project the evolution of 

stratospheric ozone throughout the 21st century. 

The model-to-model agreement in projected temperature 

trends is good, and all CCMs predict continued, 

global mean cooling of the stratosphere 

over the next 5 decades, increasing from around 

0.25 K/decade at 50 h Pa to around 1 K/decade at 

1 hPa under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions 

Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. In general, the 

simulated ozone evolution is mainly determined 

by decreases in halogen concentrations and continued 

cooling of the global stratosphere due to 

increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Column 

ozone is projected to increase as stratospheric 

halogen concentrations return to 1980s levels. Because 

of ozone increases in the middle and upper 

stratosphere due to GHG-induced cooling, total 

ozone averaged over midlatitudes, outside the polar 

regions, and globally, is projected to increase 

to 1980 values between 2035 and 2050 and before 

lowerstratospheric halogen amounts decrease to 

1980 values. In the polar regions the CCMs simulate 

small temperature trends in the first and 

second half of the 21st century in midwinter. Differences 

in stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cl-y) 

among the CCMs are key to diagnosing the intermodel 

differences in simulated ozone recovery, in 

particular in the Antarctic. It is found that there 

are substantial quantitative differences in the 

simulated Cly, with the October mean Antarctic 

Cly peak value varying from less than 2 ppb to


over 3.5 ppb in the CCMs, and the date at which 

the Cly returns to 1980 values varying from before 

2030 to after 2050. There is a similar variation in 

the timing of recovery of Antarctic springtime column 

ozone back to 1980 values. As most models 

underestimate peak Cly near 2000, ozone recovery 

in the Antarctic could occur even later, between 

2060 and 2070. In the Arctic the column ozone increase 

in spring does not follow halogen decreases 

as closely as in the Antarctic, reaching 1980 values 

before Arctic halogen amounts decrease to 

1980 values and before the Antarctic. None of the 

CCMs predict future large decreases in the Arctic 

column ozone. By 2100, total column ozone is projected 

to be substantially above 1980 values in all 

regions except in the tropics. 


2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16303. 

08.1-25 

Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical 

features in aircraft measurements and 

ECMWF analyses 

Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N 

Switzerland, England, Germany 


The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather 

Forecasts (ECMWF) provides global analyses of atmospheric 

humidity from the ground to the lower mesosphere. 

Unlike in the troposphere, in the stratosphere 

no humidity observations are assimilated. 

Humidity analyses here are essentially the results of 

a free-running model constrained by the ECMWF’s 

analysed wind fields. So far only the broad-scale 

features of the resulting stratospheric water vapour 

distribution have been validated. This study provides 

the first in-depth comparison of stratospheric 

humidity from ECMWF with observations from an 

airborne microwave radiometer that has measured 

the distribution of stratospheric water vapour over 

an altitude range of roughly 15-60 km on several 

flight campaigns since 1998. The aircraft measurements 

provide a horizontal resolution that cannot 

be achieved by current satellite instruments. This 

study examines dynamical features in the moisture 

fields such as filamentation and the vortex edge, 

finding that features in the ERA-40 humidity analyses 

often do correspond to real atmospheric events 

that are seen in the aircraft measurements. However, 

the comparisons also show that in general the 

ECMWF model produces an unrealistically moist 

mesosphere. As a result it cannot replicate the descent 

of relatively dry mesospheric air into the polar 

vortex in winter and spring. 


N20, pp 5291-5307. 

08.1-26 

An improved low-flow thermodenuder 

Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H 

Switzerland 


Thermodenuders are used to remove the volatile 

fraction of an aerosol. All designs until now 

have a cooled adsorption section where the volatile 

material is trapped, but theoretical considerations 

suggest that the adsorption section should 

be heated. Therefore, we built a thermodenuder 

with a heated adsorption section. We tested its 

performance with respect to particle penetration 

and its ability to remove DEHS coated onto NaCl 

nuclei. The measured losses are lower than in previously 

published designs and the DEHS removal 

appears to be satisfactory. Additionally, the new 

thermodenuder is practical for field use thanks to 

its small size. It should therefore be a good alternative 

to previous designs. 

Journal of Aerosol Science, 2007, V38, N11, NOV, 

pp 1163-1168. 

08.1-27 

Dynamics of orographically triggered banded 

convection in sheared moist orographic flows 

Fuhrer O, Schär C 

Switzerland 


Shallow orographic convection embedded in an 

unstable cap cloud can organize into convective 

bands. Previous research has highlighted the 

important role of small-amplitude topographic 

variations in triggering and organizing banded 

convection. Here, the underlying dynamical 

mechanisms are systematically investigated by 

conducting three-dimensional simulations of 

moist flows past a two-dimensional mountain 

ridge using a cloud-resolving numerical model. 

Most simulations address a sheared environment 

to account for the observed wind profiles. Results 

confirm that small-amplitude topographic variations 

can enhance the development of embedded 

convection and anchor quasi-stationary convective 

bands to a fixed location in space. The resulting 

precipitation patterns exhibit tremendous 

spatial variability, since regions receiving heavy 

rainfall can be only kilometers away from regions 

receiving little or no rain. In addition, the presence 

of banded convection has important repercussions 

on the area-mean precipitation amounts. 

For the experimental setup here, the gravity wave 

response to small-amplitude topographic variations 

close to the upstream edge of the cap cloud 

(which is forced by the larger-scale topography) 

is found to be the dominant triggering mecha-

46 

nism. Small-scale variations in the underlying 

topography are found to force the location and 

spacing of convective bands over a wide range of 

scales. Further, a self- sufficient mode of unsteady 

banded convection is investigated that does not 

dependent on external perturbations and is able 

to propagate against the mean flow. Finally, the 

sensitivity of model simulations of banded convection 

with respect to horizontal computational 

resolution is investigated. Consistent with predictions 

from a linear stability analysis, convective 

bands of increasingly smaller scales are favored 

as the horizontal resolution is increased. However, 

small-amplitude topographic roughness is 

found to trigger banded convection and to control 

the spacing and location of the resulting bands. 

Thereby, the robustness of numerical simulations 

with respect to an increase in horizontal resolution 

is increased in the presence of topographic 

variations. 

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, V64, 

N10, OCT, pp 3542-3561. 

08.1-28 

A satellite- and model-based assessment of 

the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic 

region 

Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M 

Switzerland, France 


(1) In this paper, we address the issues of the representation 

of boreal fires in a global chemistry and 

transport model (GEOS-Chem) as well as their contribution 

to the Arctic aerosol optical thickness 

and black carbon (BC) deposition, with a focus on 

the 2003 Russian fires. We use satellite observations 

from the MOPITT, POLDER and MODIS sensors 

to evaluate the model performances in simulating 

the fire pollution export over the North 

Pacific. Our results show that aerosol and carbon 

monoxide (CO) outflow is best reproduced in our 

model when fire emissions are (1) increased to 72 

Tg for CO, 0.5 Tg C for BC, and 5.3 Tg C for organic 

carbon over the entire fire season; (2) prescribed 

on a daily basis; and (3) injected up to 4.5 km in 

July and August. The use of daily, rather than 

monthly, biomass burning emission inventories 

improves significantly the representation of the 

aerosol outflow, but has little impact on CO. The 

injection of fire emissions above the boundary 

layer influences both the CO and aerosol columns 

but only during the late fire season. The model improvements 

with respect to the standard configuration 

induce an increase of a factor up to 2 on 

the aerosol optical thickness and the mass of BC 

deposited in the Northern Hemisphere. Accord- 


ing to our improved simulation, the 2003 Russian 

fires contributed to 16-33% of the aerosol optical 

thickness and to 40-56% of the mass of BC deposited, 

north of 75 degrees N in spring and summer. 

They contribute to the aerosol optical thickness 

by more than 30% during the days of Arctic haze 

events in spring and summer. 


2007, V112, ND15, AUG 2 ARTN: D15302. 

08.1-29 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for 

semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - 

Part 1: Model description and evaluations of 

air concentrations 

Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L 

A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T 

Canada, Switzerland, Peoples R China 


GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport, 

deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile 

persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere 

within the framework of Canadian weather 

forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general 

processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water 

and atmosphere/soil exchanges, 

GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module 

to provide the aerosol surface areas for the 

semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous 

and particle phases and a mechanism for particlebound 

POPs to be removed. Simulation results 

of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for the year 2000 

indicate that the model captured the main features 

of global atmospheric PCBs when compared 

with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations. 

The annual averaged concentrations and 

the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function 

of latitudes agreed reasonably well with observations. 

The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the 

transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are 

reasonably simulated. The ratio of particulate to 

gaseous PCBs in the atmospheric column ranges 

from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for 

PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes 

to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/ 

POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets 

of various PCBs accompanies this paper. 


N15, pp 4001-4013. 

08.1-30 

A global model study of ozone enhancement 

during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe 

Guerova G, Jones N 

Australia, Switzerland 

Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences


The European summer of 2003 was characterised 

by intense heat, prolonged isolation and suppressed 

ventilation of the boundary layer which, 

combined with large anthropogenic emissions 

and strong fires, resulted in a build up of an unprecedentedly 

high and long-lasting photochemical 

smog over large parts of the continent. In this 

work, a global chemistry and transport model 

GEOS-Chern is compared with surface O-3 concentrations 

observed in 2003 in order to examine 

the extent to which the model is capable of reproducing 

such an extreme event. The GEOS-Chem 

reproduces the temporal variation of O-3 at the 

Jungfraujoch mountain site, Switzerland, including 

the enhanced concentrations associated with 

the August 2003 heat wave (r = 0.84). The spatial 

distribution of the enhanced surface O-3 over 

Spain, France, Germany and Italy is also captured 

to some extent (r = 0.63), although the largest concentrations 

appear to be located over the Italian 

Peninsula in the model rather than over Central 

Europe as suggested by the surface O-3 observations. 

In general, the observed differences between 

the European averaged O-3 concentrations 

in the summer of 2003 to those in 2004 are larger 

in the observations than in the model, as the 

model reproduces relatively well the enhanced 

levels in 2003 but overestimates those observed in 

2004. Preliminary contributions of various sources 

to the O-3 surface concentrations over Europe 

during the heat wave indicate that anthropogenic 

emissions from Europe contribute the most to the 

O-3 build up near the surface (40 to 50%, i.e. 30 

ppb). The contribution from anthropogenic emissions 

from the other major source regions of the 

northern hemisphere, in particular North America, 

tends to be smaller than those of other years. 

The model indicates that the large fires that occurred 

in that year contributed up to 5% (3 ppb) to 

surface O-3 in close proximity to the fire regions 

and less elsewhere in Europe. Biogenic volatile 

organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by grass and 

forest areas contributed up to 10% (5-6 ppb) of surface 

O-3 over France, Germany and northern Italy, 

which represents a contribution that is twice as 

large than that found in 2004. These results in 

terms of contributions from various sources, particularly 

biogenic emissions, should be seen as 

preliminary, as the response of vegetation to such 

extreme events may not be well represented in 

the model. 

Environmental Chemistry, 2007, V4, N5, pp 

285-292. 

08.1-31 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in high- 

Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric 

surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods 

and some general results 

Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, 

Tsinober A, Yorish S 

Israel, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography 

, Geochemistry & Geophysics 

This is a report on a field experiment in an atmospheric 

surface layer at heights between 0.8 and 

10m with the Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number 

in the range Re-lambda = 1.6 - 6.6 x 10(3). Explicit 

information is obtained on the full set of velocity 

and temperature derivatives both spatial and 

temporal, i.e. no use of Taylor hypothesis is made. 

The report consists of three parts. Part I is devoted 

to the description of facilities, methods and 

some general results. Certain results are similar 

to those reported before and give us confidence in 

both old and new data, since this is the first repetition 

of this kind of experiment at better data 

quality. Other results were not obtained before, 

the typical example being the so- called tear-drop 

R - Q plot and several others. Part 2 concerns accelerations 

and related matters. Part 3 is devoted to 

issues concerning temperature, with the emphasis 

on joint statistics of temperature and velocity 

derivatives. The results obtained in this work are 

similar to those obtained in experiments in laboratory 

turbulent grid flow and in direct numerical 

simulations of Navier- Stokes equations at much 

smaller Reynolds numbers Re-lambda similar to 

10(2), and this similarity is not only qualitative, 

but to a large extent quantitative. This is true of 

such basic processes as enstrophy and strain production, 

geometrical statistics, the role of concentrated 

vorticity and strain, reduction of nonlinearity 

and non- local effects. The present experiments 

went far beyond the previous ones in two main 

respects. (i) All the data were obtained without 

invoking the Taylor hypothesis, and therefore a 

variety of results on fluid particle accelerations 

became possible. (ii) Simultaneous measurements 

of temperature and its gradients with the emphasis 

on joint statistics of temperature and velocity 

derivatives. These are reported in Parts 2 and 3. 

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, V589, OCT 25, 

pp 57-81.

48 

08.1-32 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in high- 

Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric 

surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and 

related matters 




Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

We report the first results of an experiment, in 

which explicit information on all velocity derivatives 

(the nine spatial derivatives, partial derivative 

u(i)/partial derivative x(j), and the three temporal 

derivatives, partial derivative u(i)/partial derivative 

t) along with the three components of velocity 

fluctuations at a Reynolds number as high as Relambda 

similar to 10 (4) is obtained. No use of the 

Taylor hypothesis was made, and this allowed us 

to obtain a variety of results concerning acceleration 

and its different Eulerian components along 

with vorticity, strain and other small-scale quantities. 

The field experiments were performed at five 

heights between 0.8 and 10 in above the ground. 

The report consists of three parts. Part 1 is devoted 

to the description of facilities, methods and some 

general results. Part 2 concerns accelerations and 

related matters. Part 3 is devoted to the issues concerning 

temperature with the emphasis on joint 

statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives. 


pp 83-102. 

08.1-33 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in 

high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the 

atmospheric surface layer. Part 3. Temperature 

and joint statistics of temperature and velocity 

derivatives 




Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography 

, Geochemistry & Geophysics 

This is part 3 of our work describing experiments 

in which explicit information was obtained on 

all the derivatives, i.e. spatial derivatives, partial 

derivative/partial derivative x(j), and temporal 

derivatives, partial derivative/partial derivative 

t, of velocity and temperature fields (and all the 

components of velocity fluctuations and temperature) 

at the Reynolds number Re-lambda similar 

to 10(4). This part is devoted to the issues concerning 

temperature with the emphasis on joint statistics 

of temperature and velocity derivatives, based 

on preliminary results from a jet facility and the 


main results from a field experiment. Apart from 

a number of conventional results, these contain a 

variety of results concerning production of temperature 

gradients, such as role of vorticity and 

strain, eigen- contributions, geometrical statistics 

such as alignments of the temperature gradient 

and the eigenframe of the rate-of-strain tensor, 

tilting of the temperature gradient, comparison 

of the true production of the temperature gradient 

with its surrogate. Among the specific results 

of importance is the essential difference in the behaviour 

of the production of temperature gradients 

in regions dominated by vorticity and strain. 

Namely, the production of temperature gradients 

is much more intensive in regions dominated by 

strain, whereas production of temperature gradients 

is practically independent of the magnitude 

of vorticity. In contrast, vorticity and strain are 

contributing equally to the tilting of the vector of 

temperature gradients. The production of temperature 

gradients is mainly due to the fluctuative 

strain, the terms associated with mean fields are 

unimportant. It was checked directly (by looking 

at corresponding eigen-contributions and alignments), 

that the production of the temperature 

gradients is due to predominant compressing of 

fluid elements rather than stretching, which is 

true of other processes in turbulent flows, e.g. turbulent 

energy production in shear flows. Though 

the production of the temperature gradient and 

its surrogate possess similar univariate PDFs 

(which indicates the tendency to isotropy in small 

scales by this particular criterion), their joint PDF 

is not close to a bisector. This means that the true 

production of the temperature gradient is far 

from being fully represented by its surrogate. The 

main technical achievement is demonstrating the 

possibility of obtaining experimentally Joint statistics 

of velocity and temperature gradients. 


pp 103-123. 

08.1-34 

Comparison and synergy of stratospheric 

ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders 

and the ground-based microwave radiometer 

SOMORA 

Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish 

A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y 

M, Polyakov A V, Kyrola E 

Switzerland, USA, Germany, Russia, Finland 


Stratospheric O-3 profiles obtained by the satellite 

limb sounders Aura/MLS, ENVISAT/ MIPAS, 

ENVISAT/ GOMOS, SAGE-II, SAGE-III, UARS /HALOE 

are compared to coincident O-3 profiles of the


ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA in 

Switzerland. Data from the various measurement 

techniques are within 10% at altitudes below 45 

km. At altitudes 45-60 km, the relative O-3 differences 

are within a range of 50%. Larger deviations 

at upper altitudes are attributed to larger relative 

measurement errors caused by lower O-3 concentrations. 

The spatiotemporal characteristics of the 

O-3 differences (satellite ground station) are investigated 

by analyzing about 2300 coincident profile 

pairs of Aura/MLS (retrieval version 1.5) and SO- 

MORA. The probability density function of the O-3 

differences is represented by a Gaussian normal 

distribution. The dependence of the O-3 differences 

on the horizontal distance between the sounding 

volumes of Aura/MLS and SOMORA is derived. 

While the mean bias (Aura/MLS - SOMORA) is constant 

with increasing horizontal distance (up to 

800 km), the standard deviation of the O-3 differences 

increases from around 8 to 11% in the midstratosphere. 

Geographical maps yield azimuthal 

dependences and horizontal gradients of the O-3 

difference field around the SOMORA ground station. 

Coherent oscillations of O-3 are present in 

the time series of Aura/MLS and SOMORA (e. g., 

due to traveling planetary waves). Ground-and 

space-based measurements often complement 

one another. We discuss the double differencing 

technique which allows both the cross-validation 

of two satellites by means of a ground station and 

the cross-validation of distant ground stations 

by means of one satellite. Temporal atmospheric 

noise in the geographical ozone map over Payerne 

is significantly reduced by combination of the 

data from SOMORA and Aura/MLS. These analyses 

illustrate the synergy of ground-based and spacebased 

measurements. 


N15, pp 4117-4131. 

08.1-35 

Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus 

cloud-resolving scales 


Switzerland 


The limited atmospheric predictability has been 

addressed by the development of ensemble prediction 

systems (EPS) that are now routinely applied 

for medium-range synoptic-scale numerical 

weather prediction (NWP). With the increase of 

computational power, interest is growing in the 

design of high-resolution (cloud resolving) NWP 

models and their associated short-range EPS. 

This development raises a series of fundamental 

questions, espe cially concerning the type of er- 

ror growth and the validity of the tangent-linear 

approximation. To address these issues, a comparison 

between perturbed medium-range (10 

day) synoptic-scale integrations (taken from the 

operational ECMWF EPS with a horizontal resolution 

of about 80 km) and short-range (1 day) highresolution 

simulations (based on the Lokal Modell 

of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling with 

a grid spacing of 2.2 km) is conducted. The differences 

between the two systems are interpreted in 

a nondimensional sense and illustrated with the 

help of the Lorenz attractor. Typical asymptotic 

perturbation-doubling times of cloud-resolving 

and synoptic-scale simulations amount to about 

4 and 40 h, respectively, and are primarily related 

to convective and baro- clinic instability. Thus, 

in terms of growth rates, integrating a 1-day :1 

Cloud- re solving forecast may be seen as equivalent 

to performing a 10-day synoptic-scale simulation. 

However, analysis of the prevailing linearity 

reveals that the two systems are fundamentally 

different in the following sense: the tangentlinear 

approximation breaks down at 1. 5 h for 

cloud resolving against 54 h for synoptic-scale 

forecasts. In terms of nonlinearity, a 10-day synoptic-scale 

integration thus corresponds to a very 

short cloud-resolving simulation of merely; about 

7 h. The higher degree of nonlinearity raises questions 

concerning the direct application of standard 

synoptic-scale forecasting methodologies 

(e.g., optimal perturbations, 4D variational data 

assimilation, or targeted observations) to 1-day 

cloud-resolving forecasting. 

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 

2007, V88, N11, NOV, pp 1783-+. 

08.1-36 

Predictability and error growth dynamics in 

cloud-resolving models 


Switzerland 


While the benefits of ensemble techniques over 

deterministic numerical weather predictions 

(NWP) are now widely recognized, the prospects 

of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) at high computational 

resolution are still largely unclear. 

Difficulties arise due to the poor knowledge of 

the mechanisms promoting rapid perturbation 

growth and propagation, as well as the role of 

nonlinearities. In this study, the dynamics associated 

with the growth and propagation of initial 

uncertainties is investigated by means of real-case 

high- resolution (cloud resolving) NWP integrations. 

The considered case is taken from the Mesoscale 

Alpine Programme intensive observing

50 

period 3 (MAP IOP3) and involves convection of 

intermediate intensity. To assess the underlying 

mechanisms and the degree of linearity upon the 

predictability of the flow, vastly different initial 

perturbation methodologies are compared, while 

all simulations use identical lateral boundary 

conditions to mimic a perfectly predictable synoptic-scale 

flow. Comparison of the perturbation 

methodologies indicates that the ensuing patterns 

of ensemble spread converge within 11 h, 

irrespective of the initial perturbations employed. 

All methodologies pinpoint the same meso-betascale 

regions of the flow as suffering from predictability 

limitations. This result reveals the important 

role of nonlinearities. Analysis also shows 

that hot spots of error growth can quickly (1-2 h 

after initialization) develop far away from the initial 

perturbations. This rapid radiation of the initial 

uncertainties throughout the computational 

domain is due to both sound and gravity waves, 

followed by the triggering and/or growth of perturbations 

over regions of convective instability. 

The growth of the uncertainties is then limited by 

saturation effects, which in turn are controlled by 

the larger-scale atmospheric environment. From 

a practical point of view, it is suggested that the 

combined effects of rapid propagation, sizeable 

amplification, and inherent nonlinearities may 

pose severe difficulties for the design of EPS or 

data assimilation techniques related to high-resolution 

quantitative precipitation forecasting. 


N12, DEC, pp 4467-4478. 

08.1-37 

Upper-tropospheric flow features and the 

Alps: An overview 

Hoinka K P, Davies H C 

Germany, Switzerland 


One focus of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme 

(MAP) was the study of upper-tropospheric potential 

vorticity (PV) anomalies that take the form of 

narrow meridionally elongated troughs termed 

‘PV streamers’. A systematic effort was undertaken 

within the MAP framework to: establish a streamer 

climatology, develop appropriate instrumentation 

and undertake a measurement programme 

to better ascertain their structure, study both 

their intrinsic dynamics and their modification 

by the Alps, and perform model experiments to 

examine their significance for numerical weather 

prediction. Here an overview is given of the progress 

made toward achieving these objectives. In 

particular it is shown that PV streamers translating 

toward the Alpine region are dynamically 


distinctive and constitute an identifiable precursor 

of and contribute seminally to heavy precipitation 

events on the south side of the Alps and 

possess rich mesoscale sub-structures that can be 

examined with novel water vapour absorption 

lidar instrumentation. It is also shown that the 

accurate representation of a streamer might well 

be a critical prerequisite for accurate quantitative 

prediction of mesoscale precipitation. 


2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 847-865. 

08.1-38 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for 

semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - 

Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs 

Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A 

Canada, Switzerland 


Global transports and budgets of three PCBs were 

investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semivolatile 

persistent organic pollutants - GEM/POPs. 

Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports 

in the atmosphere with a transport flux peaking 

below 8 km for gaseous and 14 km for particulate 

PCB28, and peaking below 4 km for gaseous 

and 6 km for particulate PCB180. The inter-continental 

transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere 

(NH) are dominated in the zonal direction 

with their route changes regulated seasonally by 

the variation of westerly jet. The transport pathways 

from Europe and North Atlantic contributed 

the most PCBs to the Arctic. Inter-hemispheric 

transports of PCBs originated from the regions of 

Europe, Asia and North America in three different 

flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian 

monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the 

Southern Hemisphere (SH) could also be exported 

into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of 

year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the 

three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing 

to the global background concentrations in 

the atmosphere, soil and water. Globally, PCB28 in 

soil and water has become a comparable source to 

the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs 

such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into 

soil and water. For all three congeners, particulate 

PCBs are concentrated in the higher levels than 

gaseous PCBs. More than half of the particulate 

PCB28 could reach up to the stratosphere, while 

most of the heavier counter-parts (PCB153 and 

PCB180) are stored in the troposphere including 

boundary layer with more than 99% gaseous 

PCB180 below 6 km. 


N15, pp 4015-4025.


08.1-39 

Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder 

Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements 

Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J, 

Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid 

I S, Godin Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood 

R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R 

E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F, Knosp B W, Perun V S, 

Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R 

P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B, Bodeker 

G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de 

Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H, 

Leme N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook 

L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J, 

Parrondos M C, Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P, 

Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte 

P, Vomel H, von der Gathen P, Yela M, Zablocki G 

USA, France, Scotland, Netherlands, Denmark, 

New Zealand, Switzerland, Germany, South Africa, 

Canada, Belgium, Japan, Brazil, Finland, Italy, Malaysia, 

Spain, Czech Republic, Poland 


(1) We present validation studies of MLS version 

2.2 upper tropospheric and stratospheric ozone 

profiles using ozonesonde and lidar data as well 

as climatological data. Ozone measurements 

from over 60 ozonesonde stations worldwide and 

three lidar stations are compared with coincident 

MLS data. The MLS ozone stratospheric data between 

150 and 3 hPa agree well with ozonesonde 

measurements, within 8% for the global average. 

MLS values at 215 hPa are biased high compared 

to ozonesondes by similar to 20% at middle to 

high latitude, although there is a lot of variability 

in this altitude region. Comparisons between 

MLS and ground-based lidar measurements from 

Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from the Table Mountain 

Facility, California, and from the Observatoire 

de Haute-Provence, France, give very good agreement, 

within similar to 5%, for the stratospheric 

values. The comparisons between MLS and the 

Table Mountain Facility tropospheric ozone lidar 

show that MLS data are biased high by similar to 

30% at 215 hPa, consistent with that indicated by 

the ozonesonde data. We obtain better global average 

agreement between MLS and ozonesonde partial 

column values down to 215 hPa, although the 

average MLS values at low to middle latitudes are 

higher than the ozonesonde values by up to a few 

percent. MLS v2.2 ozone data agree better than 

the MLS v1.5 data with ozonesonde and lidar measurements. 

MLS tropical data show the wave one 

longitudinal pattern in the upper troposphere, 

with similarities to the average distribution from 

ozonesondes. High upper tropospheric ozone val- 

ues are also observed by MLS in the tropical Pacific 

from June to November. 


2007, V112, ND24, DEC 15 ARTN: D24S34. 

08.1-40 

The impact of reducing the maximum speed 

limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km 

h(-1) on emissions and peak ozone 

Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming 

J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R, 

Prevot A S H 


Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Modelling 

Hot and dry conditions in summer 2003 led to 

ozone levels that substantially exceeded the Swiss 

ambient air quality standard. We investigated how 

emissions and ozone levels would have changed 

in this period if the maximum speed limit on 

Swiss motorways were decreased from 120 to 80 

km h(-1). The air quality model package MM5 / 

CAMx was applied to two nested domains, both 

including Switzerland. Anthropogenic emissions 

were based on various European and Swiss data 

sources. The simulations for the reference case 

were based on current driving behaviour. In the 

reduction case, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions 

from road traffic were lower by about 4% with 

respect to the current total NOx release. Emissions 

of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were 

not significantly affected. The peak ozone levels 

decreased by less than 1%. 

Environmental Modelling Software, 2008, V23, N3, 

MAR, pp 322-332. 

08.1-41 

The evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures 

and total ozone compared to observed Swiss 

time series 

Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C 

Switzerland, USA 


The aim of this paper is to compare long term 

changes derived from ERA-40 reanalysis with the 

corresponding changes found in carefully homogenized 

observational data. Focus is given on two 

climate key parameter, daily surface temperature 

(T2) and total ozone in the Alpine region for the 

period 1961-2000. Overall the two temperature 

data sets agree well. The reanalysed temperature 

trend (0.3 degrees C /decade) is similar to the trend 

in raw data but underestimates the trend derived 

from homogenized data by 0.1 degrees C/decade. 

Differences between ERA-40 and the observations 

decrease with time. The bias is reduced from +/- 2

52 

degrees in the 1960s to +/- 1 degrees in the 1990s. 

Differences show a distinct annual cycle. On average 

ERA-40 overestimates T2 in summer by 1.0 

degrees C and underestimates it by 0.4 degrees 

C in winter. A simple downscaling procedure is 

applied to compare the temperature values of 

single Swiss station series with ERA-40 data. The 

technique makes use of a topographic lapse rate 

derived from observations. It is shown that the 

lapse rate has a distinct seasonal cycle in the Alpine 

region. The use of this seasonal varying lapse 

rate reduces considerably the seasonal bias found 

between ERA-40 and the observed series. In contrast 

to the temperature data the two ozone data 

sets show strong differences between time periods 

satellite data has been assimilated or not. In the 

episodes where ozone measurements from satellites 

are used, basically after 1979, the total ozone 

values agree well with ERA-40. The reanalysis data 

slightly overestimates the observations by 10 DU 

(Dobson Units). Before 1973 the error is a little bit 

larger with 12 DU, but the lack of satellite data 

assimilation in ERA-40 results in an enhanced seasonal 

bias with maximum errors in winter (about 

20 DU) . The strongest differences are found in the 

1970s, when radiance from satellite data was assimilated, 

but ozone was not. There is a mean bias 

of 38 DU with maximum errors in winter of about 

70 DU. 

Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N2, pp 

171-181. 

08.1-42 

Global model simulations of the impact of 

ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the 

radiation budget 

Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U 



International shipping contributes significantly 

to the fuel consumption of all transport related 

activities. Specific emissions of pollutants such 

as sulfur dioxide (SO 2) per kg of fuel emitted are 

higher than for road transport or aviation. Besides 

gaseous pollutants, ships also emit various 

types of particulate matter. The aerosol impacts 

the Earth’s radiation budget directly by scattering 

and absorbing the solar and thermal radiation 

and indirectly by changing cloud properties. Here 

we use ECHAM5/MESSy1-MADE, a global climate 

model with detailed aerosol and cloud microphysics 

to study the climate impacts of international 

shipping. The simulations show that emissions 

from ships significantly increase the cloud droplet 

number concentration of low marine water clouds 

by up to 5% to 30% depending on the ship emis- 


sion inventory and the geographic region. Whereas 

the cloud liquid water content remains nearly 

unchanged in these simulations, effective radii of 

cloud droplets decrease, leading to cloud optical 

thickness increase of up to 5 - 10%. The sensitivity 

of the results is estimated by using three different 

emission inventories for present-day conditions. 

The sensitivity analysis reveals that shipping contributes 

to 2.3% to 3.6% of the total sulfate burden 

and 0.4% to 1.4% to the total black carbon burden 

in the year 2000 on the global mean. In addition 

to changes in aerosol chemical composition, shipping 

increases the aerosol number concentration, 

e. g. up to 25% in the size range of the accumulation 

mode (typically > 0.1 µm) over the Atlantic. 

The total aerosol optical thickness over the Indian 

Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Northeastern 

Pacific increases by up to 8 - 10% depending on 

the emission inventory. Changes in aerosol optical 

thickness caused by shipping induced modification 

of aerosol particle number concentration 

and chemical composition lead to a change in the 

shortwave radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere 

(ToA) under clear-sky condition of about - 

0.014 W/m(2) to - 0.038 W/m(2) for a global annual 

average. The corresponding all-sky direct aerosol 

forcing ranges between - 0.011 W/m(2) and - 0.013 

W/m(2). The indirect aerosol effect of ships on climate 

is found to be far larger than previously estimated. 

An indirect radiative effect of - 0.19 W/m 

(2) to - 0.60 W/m(2) (a change in the atmospheric 

shortwave radiative flux at ToA) is calculated here, 

contributing 17% to 39% of the total indirect effect 

of anthropogenic aerosols. This contribution 

is high because ship emissions are released in regions 

with frequent low marine clouds in an otherwise 

clean environment. In addition, the potential 

impact of particulate matter on the radiation 

budget is larger over the dark ocean surface than 

over polluted regions over land. 


N19, pp 5061-5079. 

08.1-43 

Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a 

swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road 

transport emissions 

Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J, 

Young D, Stemmler K 



Eighteen oxygenated volatile organic compounds 

(OVOCs) and eight nonmethane hydrocarbons 

(NMHCs) were measured continuously during a 

two-week campaign in 2004 in the Gubrist highway 

tunnel (Switzerland) . The study aimed to es-


timate selected OVOC and NMHC emissions of the 

current vehicle fleet under highway conditions. 

For the measured OVOCs the highest EFs were 

found for ethanol (9.7 mg/km), isopropanol (3.2 

mg/km), and acetaldehyde (2.5 mg/km), followed 

by acetone, benzaldehyde, and acrolein. Formaldehyde, 

the most abundant OVOC measured in 

other studies, was not measured by the method applied. 

Relative emissions of the measured OVOCs 

were estimated to contribute approximately 6 and 

4% to the total road traffic VOC emissions from 

Switzerland and Europe, respectively. Results are 

compared with those from previous studies from 

the same tunnel performed in 1993 and 2002, and 

from campaigns in other tunnels. A continuous 

reduction in the emission factors (EFs) was determined 

for all measured compounds from 1993 until 

2004. The relative contributions of light-duty 

vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) to the 

total emissions indicated that OVOCs were mainly 

produced by the HDVs, whereas LDVs dominated 

the production of the NMHCs. 


N20, OCT 15, pp 7060-7066. 

08.1-44 

A photochemical modeling study of ozone and 

formaldehyde generation and budget in the 

Po basin 

Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C, 

Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S, 

Astorga Llorens C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A 

Norway, Switzerland, France, Germany, Sweden, 

Italy 


In this work, a photochemical dispersion model, 

CAMx (Comprehensive Air quality Model with 

eXtensions) was used to simulate a high ozone 

episode observed in the Po basin during the 2003 

FORMAT (Formaldehyde as a Tracer of Oxidation 

in the Troposphere) campaign. The study focuses 

on formaldehyde and ozone, and a budget analysis 

was set up for interpreting the importance 

of different processes, namely emission, chemistry, 

transport and deposition, for three different 

areas (urban, downwind, suburban) around the 

Milan metropolitan region. In addition, a sensitivity 

study was carried out based on 11 different 

VOC emission scenarios. The results of the budget 

study show that the strongest O-3 production 

rate (4 ppbv/hour) occurs in the downwind area 

of the city of Milan, and that accumulated O 3 is 

transported back to Milan city during nighttime. 

More than 80% of the HCHO concentration over 

the Milan metropolitan region is secondary, i. 

e., photochemically produced from other VOCs. 

The sensitivity study shows that the emissions 

of isoprene are not, on average, a controlling factor 

for the peak concentrations of O 3 and HCHO 

over the model domain because of very few oak 

trees in this region. Although the paraffinic (PAR) 

emissions are fairly large, a 20% reduction of PAR 

yields only 1.7% of HCHO reduction and 2.7% reduction 

of the O 3 peak. The largest reduction of 

O 3 levels can be obtained by reduced xylene (XYL) 

emissions. A 20% reduction of the total anthropogenic 

VOC emissions leads to 15.5% (20.3 ppbv) 

reduction of O 3 peak levels over the Milan metropolitan 

region. 


2007, V112, ND22, NOV 20 ARTN: D22303. 

08.1-45 

Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects 

in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM 

Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S, 

Röckner E, Zhang J 

Switzerland, USA, Italy, Germany, Canada 


The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme 

from ECHAM4 that predicts both the mass mixing 

ratios and number concentrations of cloud 

droplets and ice crystals has been coupled to 

the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5-HAM. 

ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass, number 

concentrations and mixing state. The simulated 

liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud 

droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as 

a function of temperature in stratiform mixedphase 

clouds between 0 and -35 degrees C agree 

much better with aircraft observations in the 

ECHAM5 simulations. ECHAM5 performs better 

because more realistic aerosol concentrations are 

available for cloud droplet nucleation and because 

the Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized 

as being more efficient. The total anthropogenic 

aerosol effect includes the direct, semi- direct 

and indirect effects and is defined as the difference 

in the top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation 

between present-day and pre- industrial times. 

It amounts to & minus; 1.9 W m(-2) in ECHAM5, 

when a relative humidity dependent cloud cover 

scheme and aerosol emissions representative for 

the years 1750 and 2000 from the AeroCom emission 

inventory are used. The contribution of the 

cloud albedo effect amounts to -0.7 W m(-2). The 

total anthropogenic aerosol effect is larger when 

either a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different 

aerosol emission inventory are employed because 

the cloud lifetime effect increases. 


N13, pp 3425-3446.

54 

08.1-46 

A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative 

collection of atmospheric ultrafine 

particles for microscopic analysis 

Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B, 

Burtscher H 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments 

& Instrumentation 

In this article, the potential of a thermophoretic 

sampling device to derive quantitative particle 

size distributions and number concentrations of 

aerosols based on microscopic single particle analysis 

is explored. For that purpose a plate-to-plate 

thermophoretic precipitator to collect ultrafine 

atmospheric particles for TEM (transmission electron 

microscopy) analysis has been calibrated and 

characterized. The representativeness of the samples 

has been verified in a series of experiments. 

Results show that, for particles with diameters of 

15 nm to 300 nm, the precipitator’s collection efficiency 

is independent of size, shape, and composition 

of the particles. Hence, its samples accurately 

represent the original aerosol. A numerical model 

of thermophoretic deposition within the device 

has been developed and tailored to the specifications 

of the precipitator. The model has been used 

to derive the particle number density and size 

distribution of several calibration aerosols using 

the TEM analysis of the samples taken with the 

thermophoretic precipitator as input parameters. 

The results agree very well with the on-line measurements 

of the calibration aerosols. This work 

demonstrates that our thermophoretic sampling 

device can be used to derive quantitative particle 

size distributions and number concentrations of 

ultrafine particles based on microscopic single 

particle analysis. 

Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N10, 

pp 934-943. 

08.1-47 

Evidence for a modest undercount bias in 

early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts 

Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U 


Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

We obtain new insights into the reliability of 

long-term historical Atlantic tropical cyclone 

(‘TC’) counts through the use of a statistical 

model that relates variations in annual Atlantic 

TC counts to climate state variables. We find 

that the existence of a substantial undercount 

bias in late 19th through mid 20th century TC 

counts is inconsistent with the statistical rela- 


tionship between TC counts and climate. 


NOV 24 ARTN: L22707. 

08.1-48 

Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation 

on surrogates of mineral dust 

Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B 

Switzerland 



A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was 

used to explore heterogeneous ice nucleation of 

emulsified aqueous suspensions of two Arizona 

test dust (ATD) samples with particle diameters of 

nominally 0 - 3 and 0 - 7 µm, respectively. Aqueous 

suspensions with ATD concentrations of 0.01 

- 20 wt% have been investigated. The DSC thermograms 

exhibit a homogeneous and a heterogeneous 

freezing peak whose intensity ratios vary 

with the ATD concentration in the aqueous suspensions. 

Homogeneous freezing temperatures 

are in good agreement with recent measurements 

by other techniques. Depending on ATD concentration, 

heterogeneous ice nucleation occurred 

at temperatures as high as 256K or down to the 

onset of homogeneous ice nucleation (237 K). For 

ATD-induced ice formation Classical Nucleation 

Theory (CNT) offers a suitable framework to parameterize 

nucleation rates as a function of temperature, 

experimentally determined ATD size, 

and emulsion droplet volume distributions. The 

latter two quantities serve to estimate the total 

heterogeneous surface area present in a droplet, 

whereas the suitability of an individual heterogeneous 

site to trigger nucleation is described 

by the compatibility function (or contact angle) 

in CNT. The intensity ratio of homogeneous to 

heterogeneous freezing peaks is in good agreement 

with the assumption that the ATD particles 

are randomly distributed amongst the emulsion 

droplets. The observed dependence of the heterogeneous 

freezing temperatures on ATD concentrations 

cannot be described by assuming a constant 

contact angle for all ATD particles, but requires 

the ice nucleation efficiency of ATD particles to be 

(log) normally distributed amongst the particles. 

Best quantitative agreement is reached when explicitly 

assuming that high-compatibility sites are 

rare and that therefore larger particles have on 

average more and better active sites than smaller 

ones. This analysis suggests that a particle has to 

have a diameter of at least 0.1 µm to exhibit on 

average one active site. 


N19, pp 5081-5091.


08.1-49 

Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in 

a coastal environment 

Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P, 

Hayden K 

Canada, Switzerland 


(1) An optical closure study was carried out on 

the basis of measurements taken during five research 

flights in October 2003 over the waters surrounding 

Nova Scotia. Measurements of aerosol 

size spectra were made using a variety of instruments, 

and the size- segregated chemical signature 

was determined with an Aerodyne Aerosol 

Mass Spectrometer. The aerosol scattering and 

backscattering coefficients were determined 

with an integrating nephelometer at three visible 

wavelengths. At a wavelength of 550 nm and 

at altitudes less than 1000 m, the mean total scattering 

coefficient of the dry in-cabin aerosol is 26 

Mm(-1), with a standard deviation of 10 Mm(-1) , 

while the mean backscattering coefficient is 1.7 

Mm(-1) with a standard deviation of 0.8 Mm(-1). 

On the basis of data from instruments within 

the cabin, closure between the directly measured 

and calculated total scattering coefficients is attained 

for more than 70% of cases, but is not attained 

for the backscattering coefficients. Coarse 

particles are found to account for roughly half 

of the total scattering and 70% of the backscattering 

for altitudes up to similar to 1000 m. The 

scattering contribution from coarse particles is 

found to account for approximately 65% of the 

total scattering and 88% of the backscattering 

when calculated on the basis of measurements 

taken outside of the aircraft, which are not subject 

to inlet losses for larger particles. 


2007, V112, ND14, JUL 21 ARTN: D14203. 

08.1-50 

Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime 

Northern Hemisphere: Climatological 

analyses of the orientation and the theoretical 

LC1/2 classification 

Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

Switzerland 


Breaking waves on the tropopause are viewed as 

potential vorticity (PV) streamers on middle-world 

isentropic levels. A Northern Hemisphere winter 

climatology of the streamers’ spatial distribution 

and meridional orientation is derived from 

the 40-yr ECMWF Re- Analysis (ERA-40) dataset, 

and used to assess the nature and frequency of 

occurrence of breaking synoptic-scale waves. The 

streamers are grouped into two classes related to 

the so-called cyclonic (LC2) and anticyclonic (LC1) 

patterns, and the ambient wind strength and wind 

shear is also noted. It is shown that the occurrence 

of cyclonic and anticyclonic PV streamers exhibits 

a distinct spatial variability in the horizontal and 

the vertical. The majority of cyclonic PV streamers 

are found on lower isentropic levels that intersect 

the tropopause at more poleward latitudes, 

whereas anticyclonic streamers predominate at 

higher elevations in the subtropics. An analysis of 

the streamer patterns for the two phases of the 

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) reveals significant 

differences in the location and frequency of 

both cyclonic and anticyclonic streamers in the 

Euro-Atlantic region on the 310-K isentropic level. 

Likewise, for the two phases of the ENSO and the 

Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, there are 

marked differences in the frequency pattern of 

cyclonic streamers. An examination of the tropopause-level 

hemispheric flow pattern at the time 

of and prior to a streamer’s formation indicates 

a linkage to the presence or absence of double jet 

structures. 


N7, JUL, pp 2576-2592. 

08.1-51 

Comparison between backscatter lidar and 

radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and 

nocturnal stratification in the lower troposphere 

Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H 

Switzerland 



A collection of boundary layer heights has been 

derived from measurements performed by a 

ground-based backscatter lidar in Neuch tel, Switzerland 

(47.000 N, 6.967 E, 485 m ASL). A dataset 

of 98 cases have been collected during 2 yr. From 

these data, 61 are noon and 37 are midnight cases. 

The following two different schemes were used to 

retrieve the mixed layer depth and the height of 

the residual layer from the measurements: the 

gradient and variance methods. The obtained values 

were compared with those derived from the 

potential temperature profiles as computed from 

radiosonde data. For nocturnal cases, the height 

of the first aerosol layer above the residual layer 

was also compared to the corresponding potential 

temperature value. Correlation coefficients 

between lidar and radiosonde in both convective 

and stable conditions are between 0.88 and 0.97. 

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 

2007, V24, N7, JUL, pp 1231-1244.

56 

08.1-52 

Counterflow virtual impact or based collection 

of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds 

for the physico-chemical characterization of 

tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description 

and first case study 

Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert 

M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S, 

Baltensperger U, Weingartner E 

Germany, Switzerland, England 


A ground-based sampling system named Ice-CVI 

is introduced that is able to extract small ice 

particles with sizes between 5 and 20 µm out of 

mixed-phase clouds. The instrument is based on 

a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) removing interstitial 

particles and is supplemented by additional 

modules that pre-segregate other constituents 

of mixed-phase clouds. Ice particles of 20 µm 

and smaller are expected to grow only by water 

vapor diffusion and there is a negligible probability 

that they scavenge aerosol particles by impaction 

and riming. Thus, their residuals which are 

released by the Ice-CVI can be interpreted as the 

original ice nuclei (IN). In a first field test within 

the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 

(CLACE-3) at the high alpine research station 

Jungfraujoch, the collection behavior of the 

single components and the complete system was 

evaluated under atmospheric sampling conditions. 

By comparing parameters measured by the 

Ice-CVI with corresponding results obtained from 

other inlets or with in-situ instrumentation it is 

verified that the small ice particles are representatively 

collected whereas all other mixed phase 

cloud constituents are effectively suppressed. In 

a case study it is observed that supermicrometer 

particles preferentially serve as IN although in absolute 

terms the IN concentration is dominated by 

submicrometer particles. Mineral dust (Si), nonvolatile 

organic matter and black carbon could be 

identified as IN components by means of different 

chemical analyses. The latter suggests an anthropogenic 

influence on the heterogeneous ice nucleation 

in supercooled, tropospheric clouds. 

Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N9, pp 

848-864. 

08.1-53 

A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation 

system for fog prediction 

Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E 

Switzerland 


A probabilistic fog forecast system was designed 

based on two high resolution numerical 1-D mod- 


els called COBEL and PAFOG. The 1-D models are 

coupled to several 3-D numerical weather prediction 

models and thus are able to consider the effects 

of advection. To deal with the large uncertainty 

inherent to fog forecasts, a whole ensemble 

of 1-D runs is computed using the two different 

numerical models and a set of different initial 

conditions in combination with distinct boundary 

conditions. Initial conditions are obtained 

from variational data assimilation, which optimally 

combines observations with a first guess 

taken from operational 3-D models. The design 

of the ensemble scheme computes members that 

should fairly well represent the uncertainty of 

the current meteorological regime. Verification 

for an entire fog season reveals the importance of 

advection in complex terrain. The skill of 1-D fog 

forecasts is significantly improved if advection is 

considered. Thus the probabilistic forecast system 

has the potential to support the forecaster and 

therefore to provide more accurate fog forecasts. 

Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2007, V164, N6-7, 

JUN, pp 1241-1264. 

08.1-54 

Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring 

growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and 

leaf gas exchange in three ozone-sensitive 

woody plant species 

Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J 

M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M 


Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant 

Sciences , Forestry 

We assessed the effects of ambient tropospheric 

ozone on annual tree- ring growth, delta C-13 in 

the rings, leaf gas exchange and visible injury 

in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species in 

southern Switzerland. Seedlings of Populus nigra 

L., Viburnum lantana L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. 

were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and nonfiltered 

air (NF) in open-top chambers, and to ambient 

air (AA) in open plots during the 2001 and 

2002 growing seasons. Ambient ozone exposures 

in the region were sufficient to cause visible foliar 

injury, early leaf senescence and premature leaf 

loss in all species. Ozone had significant negative 

effects on net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance 

in all species in 2002 and in V. lantana 

and F. excelsior in 2001. Water-use efficiency decreased 

and intercellular CO 2 concentrations increased 

in all species in response to ozone in 2002 

only. The width and delta C-13 of the 2001 and 

2002 growth rings were measured for all species 

at the end of the 2002 growing season. Compared 

with CF seedlings, mean ring width in the AA and


NF P. nigra seedlings was reduced by 52 and 46%, 

respectively, in 2002, whereas in V lantana and F. 

excelsior ring width showed no significant reductions 

in either year. Although delta C-13 was usually 

more negative in CF seedlings than in AA and 

NF seedlings, with the exception of F. excelsior in 

2001, ozone effects on delta C-13 were significant 

only for V lantana and P nigra in 2001. Among 

species, P. nigra exhibited the greatest response to 

ozone for the measured parameters as well as the 

most severe foliar injury and was the only species 

to show a significant reduction in ring width in response 

to ozone exposure, despite significant negative 

ozone effects on leaf gas exchange and the 

development of visible foliar injury in V lantana 

and F. excelsior. Thus, significant ozone-induced 

effects at the leaf level did not correspond to reduced 

tree-ring growth or increased delta C-13 in 

all species, indicating that the timing of ozone exposure 

and severity of leaf-level responses may be 

important in determining the sensitivity of tree 

productivity to ozone exposure. 

Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N7, JUL, pp 941-949. 

08.1-55 

Perturbation of the European free troposphere 

aerosol by North American forest fire plumes 

during the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer 

2004 

Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real 

E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K, 

Roiger A, Schlager H, Weingartner E 

Germany, Norway, France, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , 

Forestry , Plant Sciences 

During the ICARTT-ITOP Experiment in summer 

2004 plumes from large wildfires in North America 

were transported to Central Europe at 3 - 8 km 

altitude above sea level (a.s.l.). These plumes were 

studied with the DLR (Deutsches Zentrum fuer 

Luft- und Raumfahrt) research aircraft Falcon 

which was equipped with an extensive set of in 

situ aerosol and trace gas instruments. Analyses 

by the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART 

provided source regions, transport times and 

horizontal extent of the fire plumes. Results from 

the general circulation model ECHAM/MADE and 

data from previous aerosol studies over Central 

Europe provided reference vertical profiles of 

black carbon (BC) mass concentrations for year 

2000 conditions with forest fire activities below 

the long-term average. Smoke plume observations 

yielded a BC mass fraction of total aerosol mass 

with respect to PM 2.5 of 2 - 8%. The ratio of BC 

mass to excess CO was 3 - 7.5 mg BC (g CO)(-1). Even 

after up to 10 days of atmospheric transport, both 

characteristic properties were of the same order 

as for fresh emissions. This suggests an efficient 

lifting of BC from forest fires to higher altitudes 

with only minor scavenging removal of particulate 

matter. Maximum aerosol absorption coefficient 

values were 7 - 8Mm (-1) which is about two 

orders of magnitude above the average European 

free tropospheric background value. Forest fire 

aerosol size distributions were characterised by a 

strong internally mixed accumulation mode centred 

at modal diameters of 0.25 - 0.30 µm with an 

average distribution width of 1.30. Nucleation and 

small Aitken mode particles were almost completely 

depleted. 


N19, pp 5105-5127. 

08.1-56 

Long-term variability of daily North Atlantic- 

European pressure patterns since 1850 classified 

by simulated annealing clustering 

Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R, 

Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H 

Germany, Switzerland, England, Sweden 


Reconstructed daily mean sea level pressure patterns 

of the North Atlantic - European region are 

classified for the period 1850 to 2003 to explore 

long- term changes of the atmospheric circulation 

and its impact on long- term temperature variability 

in the central European region. Commonly 

used k- means clustering algorithms resulted in 

classifications of low quality because of methodological 

deficiencies leading to local optima by 

chance for complex datasets. In contrast, a newly 

implemented clustering scheme combining the 

concepts of simulated annealing and diversified 

randomization (SANDRA) is able to reduce substantially 

the influence of chance in the cluster 

assignment, leading to partitions that are noticeably 

nearer to the global optimum and more stable. 

The differences between conventional cluster 

analysis and the SANDRA scheme are significant 

for subsequent analyses of single clusters - in particular, 

for trend analysis. Conventional indices 

used to determine the appropriate number of 

clusters failed to provide clear guidance, indicating 

that no distinct separation between clusters of 

circulation types exists in the dataset. Therefore, 

the number of clusters is determined by an external 

indicator, the so- called dominance criteria for 

t- mode principal component analysis. Nevertheless, 

the resulting partitions are stable for certain 

numbers of clusters and provide meaningful and 

reproducible clusters. The resulting types of pressure 

patterns reveal pronounced long- term vari-

58 

ability and various significant trends of the time 

series of seasonal cluster frequency. Tentative estimations 

of central European temperature changes 

based solely on seasonal cluster frequencies can 

explain between 33.9% (summer) and 59.0% (winter) 

of temperature variance on the seasonal time 

scale. However, the signs of long- term changes 

in temperature are correctly reproduced even on 

multidecadal - centennial time scales. Moreover, 

linear warming trends are reproduced, implying 

from one- third up to one- half of the observed 

temperature increase between 1851/ 52 and 2003 

(except for summer, but with significant trends 

for spring and autumn), indicating that changes 

in daily circulation patterns contribute to the observed 

overall long- term warming in the central 

European region. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N16, AUG 17, pp 

4065-4095. 

08.1-57 

Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over 

central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy 

assessment with ground-based AERO- 

NET measurements 

Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S 

Switzerland, Germany 

Remote Sensing , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

In this study, the remote sensing of aerosol optical 

depth (tau(a)) from the geostationary Meteosat 

Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible 

and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) is demonstrated. 

The proposed method is based on the analysis of 

a time series of SEVIRI’s 0.6 µm channel images. 

Top-of-atmosphere reflectance is precorrected for 

the effect of atmospheric gases and a background 

aerosol amount. Subsequently, surface reflectance 

for each pixel is estimated by determining its lowest 

precorrected reflectance within the observed 

time period for each satellite observation time of 

the day. The resulting diurnal surface reflectance 

curve in combination with the radiative transfer 

code SMAC are finally used to derive ta. This approach 

is applied to SEVIRI subscenes of central 

Europe (40.8 - 51.3 degrees N, 0.3 degrees W - 19.9 

degrees E) from August 2004, daily acquired between 

0612 and 1712 UTC in intervals of 15 min. 

SEVIRI tau(a) are related to Aerosol Robotic Network 

(AERONET) Sun photometer measurements 

from nine sites. About 3200 instantaneous SEVIRI 

and Sun photometer tau(a) are compared. An 

overall correlation of 0.9 and a root mean square 

error of 0.08 are obtained. Further, the spatial distribution 

of SEVIRI tau(a) maps for August 2004 

represent expectable features like higher concen- 


trations in industrialized regions or lower loading 

in higher altitudes. It is concluded that the 

described method is able to provide an estimate of 

tau(a) from MSG-SEVIRI data. Such aerosol maps 

of high temporal frequency could be of interest to 

atmospheric related sciences, e. g., to track aerosol 

particle transport. 


2007, V112, ND24, NOV 9 ARTN: D24S11. 

08.1-58 

Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine 

Programme: Findings from field experiments 

and simulations 

Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B 


Modelling , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

The Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) was a 

unique initiative to improve the understanding 

of processes involved in orographically influenced 

precipitation events and in the related emergence 

and mitigation of floods in the Alps. This study 

presents a summary of the results from investigations 

of hydrological relevance in areas to 

the south (Lago Maggiore watershed) and north 

(Ammer watershed) of the Alps. A special focus 

is given to the 1999 Special Observing Period 

(SOP) experiment. MAP has been an important 

dialogue platform between the hydrological and 

meteorological communities. A common goal 

has been the verification and the assessment of 

errors and sources of uncertainty of new coupled 

techniques for flood forecasting in mountainous 

environments. The ensemble multi-model 

error in the hydrometeorological forecast, two 

days in advance, was 30% of the observed peaks 

and 15% of the observed runoff volumes, on average. 

To provide some insight on the relative importance 

and priority of observation strategies 

of hydrological factors such as soil moisture and 

reservoir volume in contributing to the flood intensity, 

the MAP project ‘Hydrology’ focused also 

on the role and magnitude of water storage in reservoirs. 

The presented analyses indicate that for 

the investigated basins and flood events, the storage 

reservoirs may retain, on average, up to 10% 

of the event runoff volume and are key elements 

contributing to the mitigation of peak runoff. 

The observed variability of soil moisture is large 

and therefore it has been confirmed that severe 

difficulties remain in instrumental monitoring of 

soil moisture in mountainous environments. The 

sensitivity of floods to soil moisture in the physiogeographic 

context analysed here seems, however, 

to be minor, due to the shallow soil layer covering


the underlying rocks and the relatively high permeability 

of soils which reduce the ‘hydrological 

memory’ of the soil cover in the mountain basins 

investigated. 


2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 867-880. 

08.1-59 

Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite 

mineral dust particles 

Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G 

Canada, Bangladesh, Switzerland 


The ice nucleation characteristics of montmorillonite 

mineral dust aerosols with and without 

exposure to ammonia gas were measured at different 

atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities 

with a continuous flow diffusion chamber. 

The montmorillonite particles were exposed 

to pure (100%) and diluted ammonia gas (25 ppm) 

at room temperature in a stainless steel chamber. 

There was no significant change in the mineral 

dust particle size distribution due to the ammonia 

gas exposure. 100% pure ammonia gas exposure 

enhanced the ice nucleating fraction of montmorillonite 

mineral dust particles 3 to 8 times at 

90% relative humidity with respect to water (RHw) 

and 5 to 8 times at 100% RHw for 120 min exposure 

time compared to unexposed montmorillonite 

within our experimental conditions. The 

percentages of active ice nuclei were 2 to 8 times 

higher at 90% RHw and 2 to 7 times higher at 100% 

RHw in 25 ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite 

compared to unexposed montmorillonite. All 

montmorillonite particles are more efficient as ice 

nuclei with increasing relative humidities and decreasing 

temperatures. The activation temperature 

of montmorillonite exposed to 100% pure ammonia 

was 15 degrees C higher than for unexposed 

montmorillonite particles at 90% RHw. In the 25 

ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite experiments, 

the activation temperature was 10 degrees 

C warmer than unexposed montmorillonite at 90% 

RHw. Degassing does not reverse the ice nucleating 

ability of ammonia exposed montmorillonite 

mineral dust particles suggesting that the ammonia 

is chemically bound to the montmorillonite 

particle. This is the first experimental evidence 

that ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral 

dust particles can enhance its activation as ice 

nuclei and that the activation can occur at temperatures 

warmer than -degrees C where natural 

atmospheric ice nuclei are very scarce. 


N14, pp 3923-3931. 

08.1-60 

A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric 

ozone column using the residual method 

Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J, 

Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia 

P K, Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A 

M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J, 

Bodeker G E, Hansen G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, 

Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin 

Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude H, Andersen S B, 

Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore 

D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi R, Calpini 

B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin 

F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F, Morris 

G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E 

USA, Netherlands, Spain, Canada, New Zealand, 

Norway, France, Denmark, Finland, Poland, England, 

Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Russia, 

Belgium, South Africa, Japan, Malaysia 


We estimate the tropospheric column ozone using 

a forward trajectory model to increase the 

horizontal resolution of the Aura Microwave 

Limb Sounder (MLS) derived stratospheric column 

ozone. Subtracting the MLS stratospheric column 

from Ozone Monitoring Instrument total column 

measurements gives the trajectory enhanced tropospheric 

ozone residual (TTOR). Because of different 

tropopause definitions, we validate the basic 

residual technique by computing the 200-hPato- 

surface column and comparing it to the same 

product from ozonesondes and Tropospheric 

Emission Spectrometer measurements. Comparisons 

show good agreement in the tropics and reasonable 

agreement at middle latitudes, but there 

is a persistent low bias in the TTOR that may be 

due to a slight high bias in MLS stratospheric column. 

With the improved stratospheric column 

resolution, we note a strong correlation of extratropical 

tropospheric ozone column anomalies 

with probable troposphere-stratosphere exchange 

events or folds. The folds can be identified by their 

colocation with strong horizontal tropopause gradients. 

TTOR anomalies due to folds may be mistaken 

for pollution events since folds often occur 

in the Atlantic and Pacific pollution corridors. 

We also compare the 200-hPa-to-surface column 

with Global Modeling Initiative chemical model 

estimates of the same quantity. While the tropical 

comparisons are good, we note that chemical 

model variations in 200hPa-to-surface column at 

middle latitudes are much smaller than seen in 

the TTOR. 


2007, V112, ND24, DEC 19 ARTN: D24S49.

60 

08.1-61 

The impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on 

the air quality of Zürich airport 

Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H, 

Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B 

Germany, Switzerland, USA 


Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N26, AUG, 

pp 5553-5554. 

08.1-62 

Dewpoint and humidity measurements and 

trends at the summit of Mount Washington, 

New Hampshire, 1935-2004 

Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J 



Meteorological conditions have been recorded at 

the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 

(44 degrees 16 ‘ N, 71 degrees 18 ‘ W, 1914 

m ASL) since November 1932. Use of consistent 

instrumentation allows analysis of humidity 

measurements as calculated from error- checked 

dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and 

pressure during the period 1935-2004. This paper 

presents seasonally and annually averaged dewpoint 

temperature, mixing ratio, and relative humidity 

means and trends, including clear-air and 

fog subsets and, beginning in 1939, day and night 

subsets. The majority of linear trends are negative 

over the full study period, although these decreases 

are not constant, with relatively large (small) 

values in the mid-1950s (late 1970s). Annual mean 

dewpoint (water vapor mixing ratio) over the 70-yr 

period has decreased by 0.06 degrees C decade(-1) 

(0.01 g kg(-1) decade(-1)). During this period the annual 

frequency of fog increased by 0.5% decade(-1). 

Dewpoint and mixing ratio trends, both generally 

decreasing, differ by season; they are smallest in 

spring and greatest in fall. Relative humidity has 

decreased most in winter. The clear-air subset 

shows significant decreases in both dewpoint and 

mixing ratio for all seasons except spring. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N22, NOV 15, pp 

5629-5641. 

08.1-63 

Assessment of the performance of ECCozonesondes 

under quasi-flight conditions 

in the environmental simulation chamber: 

Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison 

Experiment (JOSIE) 

Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, 

Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin 

F J, Northam T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd 

I, Posny F 


Germany, USA, Switzerland, Reunion 


(1) Since 1996, quality assurance experiments 

of electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) 

ozonesondes of two different model types (SPC-6A 

and ENSCI-Z) have been conducted in the environmental 

simulation facility at the Research Centre 

Juelich within the framework of the Juelich Ozone 

Sonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE). The 

experiments have shown that the performance 

characteristics of the two ECC-sonde types can be 

significantly different, even when operated under 

the same conditions. Particularly above 20 km 

the ENSCI-Z sonde tends to measure 5-10% more 

ozone than the SPC-6A sonde. Below 20 km the differences 

are 5% or less, but appear to show some 

differences with year of manufacture. There is a 

significant difference in the ozone readings when 

sondes of the same type are operated with different 

cathode sensing solutions. Testing the most 

commonly used sensing solutions showed that for 

each ECC- manufacturer type the use of 1.0% KI 

and full buffer gives 5% larger ozone values compared 

with the use of 0.5% KI and half buffer, and 

as much as 10% larger values compared with 2.0% 

KI and no buffer. For ozone sounding stations 

performing long term measurements this means 

that changing the sensing solution type or ECCsonde 

type can easily introduce a change of +/- 5% 

or more in their records, affecting determination 

of ozone trends. Standardization of operating procedures 

for ECC-sondes yields a precision better 

than +/-(3-5)% and an accuracy of about +/-(5-10)% 

up to 30 km altitude. 


2007, V112, ND19, OCT 11 ARTN: D19306. 

08.1-64 

Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into 

the environment 

Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W 

Switzerland 


A new method is presented which allows emissions 

of traffic into the environment to be described 

as a function of road distance. The method 

distinguishes different types of emissions (runoff, 

spray and drift), which are determined by measurements 

and mass balances of a specified road 

section. The measurement of two-dimensional 

pollutant concentrations in the road shoulder is 

an important part of the method. In a case study 

performed at Burgdorf, Switzerland, the method 

was applied to the determination of the spatial 

distribution of heavy metal emissions. The results 

show that between 36 and 65% of the heavy met-


als Cd, Cr, Cu, Ph and Zn are present in runoff and 

spray and between 35 and 64% are dispersed diffusely 

in the environment (defined as drift). The 

runoff infiltrates into the vegetated road shoulder 

up to a distance of approx. 1 m from the road. 

The distribution of spray shows a maximum at 

1 m and decreases steadily up to a distance of 5 

m. This information can serve as a basis for the 

quantitative evaluation of road-runoff treatment 

scenarios. Although the results of the Burgdorf 

study are case- specific, several general guidelines 

for the reduction of traffic- related emissions can 

be derived from it. 

Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9, 

N8, AUG, pp 847-854. 

08.1-65 

Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate 

and aggregate - revised international 

measuring convention 

Steinle P 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International 

Relations 

Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft, 2007, V67, N6, 

JUN, pp 243-245. 

08.1-66 

Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide 

into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid 

aerosol 

Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J, 

Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M 

Switzerland, France, Germany, Egypt 

Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

The interactions of aerosols consisting of humic 

acids with gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) were 

investigated under different light conditions in 

aerosol flow tube experiments at ambient pressure 

and temperature. The results show that 

NO 2 is converted on the humic acid aerosol into 

nitrous acid (HONO), which is released from the 

aerosol and can be detected in the gas phase at 

the reactor exit. The formation of HONO on the 

humic acid aerosol is strongly activated by light: 

In the dark, the HONO-formation was below the 

detection limit, but it was increasing with the 

intensity of the irradiation with visible light. 

Under simulated atmospheric conditions with 

respect to the actinic flux, relative humidity and 

NO 2-concentration, reactive uptake coefficients 

gamma(rxn) for the NO 2 -> HONO conversion on 

the aerosol between gamma(rxn) < 10(-7) (in the 

dark) and gamma(rxn)=6x 10(-6) were observed. 

The observed uptake coefficients decreased with 

increasing NO 2-concentration in the range from 

2.7 to 280 ppb and were dependent on the relative 

humidity (RH) with slightly reduced values at low 

humidity (< 20% RH) and high humidity (> 60% 

RH). The measured uptake coefficients for the NO 2 

-> HONO conversion are too low to explain the 

HONO-formation rates observed near the ground 

in rural and urban environments by the conversion 

of NO 2 -> HONO on organic aerosol surfaces, 

even if one would assume that all aerosols consist 

of humic acid only. It is concluded that the processes 

leading to HONO formation on the Earth 

surface will have a much larger impact on the 

HONO-formation in the lowermost layer of the 

troposphere than humic materials potentially occurring 

in airborne particles. 


N16, pp 4237-4248. 

08.1-67 

Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial 

water exchange: Integrating land surface 

models and Rhone catchment observations 

Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C 

Switzerland, USA, England, France 

Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , 

Hydrology 

Land surface models (LSMs) used in climate modeling 

include detailed above- ground biophysics 

but usually lack a good representation of runoff. 

Both processes are closely linked through soil 

moisture. Soil moisture however has a high spatial 

variability that is unresolved at climate model 

grid scales. Physically based vertical and horizontal 

aggregation methods exist to account for this 

scaling problem. Effects of scaling and aggregation 

have been evaluated in this study by performing 

catchment- scale LSM simulations for the Rh 

ne catchment. It is found that evapotranspiration 

is not sensitive to soil moisture over the Rhone 

but it largely controls total runoff as a residual of 

the terrestrial water balance. Runoff magnitude is 

better simulated when the vertical soil moisture 

fluxes are resolved at a finer vertical resolution. 

The use of subgrid-scale topography significantly 

improves both the timing of runoff on the daily 

time scale (response to rainfall events) and the 

magnitude of summer baseflow (from seasonal 

groundwater recharge). Explicitly accounting for 

soil moisture as a subgrid- scale process in LSMs 

allows one to better resolve the seasonal course 

of the terrestrial water storage and makes runoff 

insensitive to the used grid scale. However, scale 

dependency of runoff to above-ground hydrology 

cannot be ignored: snowmelt runoff from the Alpine 

part of the Rh ne is sensitive to the spatial

62 

resolution of the snow scheme, and autumnal 

runoff from the Mediterranean part of the Rh ne 

is sensitive to the spatial resolution of precipitation. 

Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N5, OCT, 

pp 1002-1015. 

08.1-68 

Direct assessment of international consistency 

of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy 

and implementation toward metrological 

traceability network in Asia 

Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura 

S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y, 

Kim K R, Lee M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F, 

Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H, 

Zellwegern C, Klausenn J 

Japan, Peoples R China, South Korea, Taiwan, 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International 

Relations 

An international exercise to directly assess consistency 

of standards for ground-level ozone in 

East Asia was conducted as part of the East Asian 

Regional Experiment 2005 (EAREX 2005) in the 

framework of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds 

(ABC) project. Ten organizations collaboratively 

participated in the intercomparison. Four groups 

representing Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan 

made comparisons at the Gosan super observatory, 

Jeju Island, Korea, in March 2005, with 

ozone instruments calibrated to their national 

standards, and four Japanese groups made off-site 

comparisons with laboratory-level standards. All 

comparisons generally indicated good agreement 

with the standard reference photometer (SRP) 35, 

built by the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (USA) and maintained by the National 

Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan). The 

assessment was expanded to measurement networks 

contributing to the World Meteorological 

Organization’s Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO/ 

GAW) program as part of off-site comparisons, 

and excellent agreement was achieved. These efforts 

contribute to propagating traceability of the 

national metrology standards among the atmospheric 

science community, to ensuring comparability 

of the existing ozone measurements, and to 

establishing an integrated network of air quality 

monitoring in Asia. 

Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9, 

N11, pp 1183-1193. 


08.1-69 

The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic 

meridional overturning circulation on ENSO 

Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A, 

Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold 

M, Stocker T F, Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J 

USA, South Korea, England, France, Germany, 

Switzerland 

Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

, Modelling 

The influences of a substantial weakening of 

the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 

(AMOC) on the tropical Pacific climate mean state, 

the annual cycle, and ENSO variability are studied 

using five different coupled general circulation 

models (CGCMs). In the CGCMs, a substantial 

weakening of the AMOC is induced by adding 

freshwater flux forcing in the northern North 

Atlantic. In response, the well- known surface 

temperature dipole in the low- latitude Atlantic 

is established, which reorganizes the large- scale 

tropical atmospheric circulation by increasing 

the northeasterly trade winds. This leads to a 

southward shift of the intertropical convergence 

zone (ITCZ) in the tropical Atlantic and also the 

eastern tropical Pacific. Because of evaporative 

fluxes, mixing, and changes in Ekman divergence, 

a meridional temperature anomaly is generated 

in the northeastern tropical Pacific, which leads 

to the development of a meridionally symmetric 

thermal background state. In four out of five CGC- 

Ms this leads to a substantial weakening of the 

annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific and 

a subsequent intensification of ENSO variability 

due to nonlinear interactions. In one of the CGCM 

simulations, an ENSO intensification occurs as 

a result of a zonal mean thermocline shoaling. 

Analysis suggests that the atmospheric circulation 

changes forced by tropical Atlantic SSTs can 

easily influence the large- scale atmospheric circulation 

and hence tropical eastern Pacific climate. 

Furthermore, it is concluded that the existence of 

the present- day tropical Pacific cold tongue complex 

and the annual cycle in the eastern equatorial 

Pacific are partly controlled by the strength of 

the AMOC. The results may have important implications 

for the interpretation of global multidecadal 

variability and paleo- proxy data. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N19, OCT, pp 

4899-4919.


08.1-70 

Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview 

based on optical depth and in situ observations 

Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli 

M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews 

E, Sharma S, Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene 

W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C, 

Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H, Virkkula A, Hillamo R, 

Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos 

A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa M, Zielinski 

T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T 

Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Russia, Norway, Switzerland, 

Finland, Sweden, Spain, Poland, Japan 


Large sets of filtered actinometer, filtered pyrheliometer 

and Sun photometer measurements have 

been carried out over the past 30 years by various 

groups at different Arctic and Antarctic sites and 

for different time periods. They were examined 

to estimate ensemble average, long-term trends 

of the summer background aerosol optical depth 

AOD(500 nm) in the polar regions (omitting the 

data influenced by Arctic haze and volcanic eruptions). 

The trend for the Arctic was estimated to 

be between -1.6% and -2.0% per year over 30 years, 

depending on location. No significant trend was 

observed for Antarctica. The time patterns of 

AOD(500 nm) and angstrom ngstrom’s parameters 

a and beta measured with Sun photometers during 

the last 20 years at various Arctic and Antarctic 

sites are also presented. They give a measure 

of the large variations of these parameters due to 

El Chichon, Pinatubo, and Cerro Hudson volcanic 

particles, Arctic haze episodes most frequent in 

winter and spring, and the transport of Asian dust 

and boreal smokes to the Arctic region. Evidence 

is also shown of marked differences between the 

aerosol optical parameters measured at coastal 

and high-altitude sites in Antarctica. In situ optical 

and chemical composition parameters of aerosol 

particles measured at Arctic and Antarctic 

sites are also examined to achieve more complete 

information on the multimodal size distribution 

shape parameters and their radiative properties. 

A characterization of aerosol radiative parameters 

is also defined by plotting the daily mean values 

of a as a function of AOD(500 nm), separately for 

the two polar regions, allowing the identification 

of different clusters related to fifteen aerosol 

classes, for which the spectral values of complex 

refractive index and single scattering albedo were 

evaluated. 


2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16205. 

08.1-71 

Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial 

and the condensed phase in mixed-phase 

clouds 

Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K, 

Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, 

Choularton T, Baltensperger U 

Germany, England, Switzerland 


(1) The partitioning of aerosol particles between 

the cloud and the interstitial phase (i.e., unactivated 

aerosol) has been investigated during several 

Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments 

(CLACE-3, CLACE-3 1/2 and CLACE-4) conducted in 

winter and summer 2004 and winter 2005 at the 

high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 

m altitude, Switzerland). Ambient air was sampled 

using different inlets in order to determine 

the activated fraction of aerosol particles, F-N, defined 

as the fraction of the total aerosol number 

concentration (with particle diameter d(p) > 100 

nm) that has been incorporated into cloud particles. 

The liquid and ice water content of mixedphase 

clouds were characterized by analyzing 

multiple cloud probes. The dependence of the activated 

fraction on several environmental factors 

is discussed on the basis of more than 900 h of incloud 

observations and parameterizations for key 

variables are given. FN is found to increase with 

increasing liquid water content and to decrease 

with increasing particle number concentration in 

liquid clouds. FN also decreases with increasing 

cloud ice mass fraction and with decreasing temperature 

from 0 to -25 degrees C. The Wegener- 

Bergeron-Findeisen process probably contributed 

to this trend, since the presence of ice crystals 

causes liquid droplets to evaporate, thus releasing 

the formerly activated particles back into the 

interstitial phase. Ice nucleation could also have 

prevented additional cloud condensation nuclei 

from activating. The observed activation behavior 

has significant implications for our understanding 

of the indirect effect of aerosols on climate. 


2007, V112, ND23, DEC 13 ARTN: D23202. 

08.1-72 

Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of 

seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, 

growth rates, and yield 

Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G, 

Hoppel W, Sullivan W 

Canada, Switzerland, USA 


A recently developed inverse-modeling procedure 

has been applied to a case study of particle nucle-

64 

ation and growth following alpha-pinene and SO 2 

oxidation in a smog chamber. With the use of only 

the measured aerosol size distributions as input, 

the condensational growth rate is obtained by 

regression analysis of the general dynamic equation, 

taking into account coagulation and wall 

losses. The growth rate provides an indirect measure 

of the concentration of the condensing species, 

offset by their vapor pressures. Assuming a 

particle density of 1.0 g cm(-3), an aerosol yield of 

7 +/- 1% is obtained for an initial alpha-pinene concentration 

of 14 ppbv and a final organic aerosol 

mass of 4 µg m(3). Using the estimated vapor concentration, 

we show that the time-dependence of 

the yield is at least partly due to the time needed 

for condensation. Such a kinetic limitation to secondary 

organic aerosol formation may have implications 

for our understanding of gas-particle 

partitioning. The measured size distributions are 

also used to determine the empirical nucleation 

rate; it appears to be enhanced by the presence of 

organics. 


N17, SEP 1, pp 6046-6051. 

08.1-73 

Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation 

and applications 

Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M 

Switzerland, Canada 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Studies 

We have reevaluated the original total ozone measurements 

made in Oxford between 1924 and 1957, 

with a view to extending backward in time the existing 

total ozone series from 1957 to 1975. The Oxford 

measurements are the oldest Dobson observations 

in the world. Their prime importance, when coupled 

with the series from Arosa (since 1926) and Tromso 

(since 1935), is for increasing basic understanding 

of stratospheric ozone and dynamics, while in relation 

to studies of the recent ozone depletion they 

constitute a baseline of considerable (and unique) 

significance and value. However, the reevaluation 

was made difficult on account of changes to the instruments 

and wavelengths as the early data collection 

methods evolved, while unknowns due to the 

influence of aerosols and the possible presence of 

dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen created additional 

problems. Our reevaluation was based on statistical 

procedures (comparisons with meteorological upper 

air data and ozone series from Arosa) and also 

on corrections suggested by Dobson himself. The 

comparisons demonstrate that the data are internally 

consistent and of good quality. Nevertheless, 

as post-1957 data were not assessed in this study, the 


series cannot be recommended at present for trend 

analysis, though the series can be used for climatological 

studies. By supplementing the Oxford data 

with other existing series, we present a European total 

ozone climatology for 1924-1939, 1950-1965, and 

1988-2000 and analyze the data with respect to variables 

measuring the strength and the temperature 

of the polar vortex. 


2007, V112, ND20, OCT 26 ARTN: D20116. 

08.1-74 

Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen 

(H-2) from a tunnel study 

Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann 

S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B 



Motor vehicle combustion emissions of molecular 

hydrogen (HA carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon 

dioxide (CO 2) were measured during a 6-week period 

from November 2004 to January 2005 in Gubrist 

Tunnel, Switzerland, to determine vehicle emission 

factors for these trace gases and the ratios of 

the concentration growths Delta H-2/Delta CO and 

Delta H-2/Delta CO 2 in the tunnel under real-world 

highway driving conditions. For H-2, molar mixing 

ratios at the tunnel exit were found to be 7-10ppm 

(parts-per-million, 10-6) during rush hours. Mean 

emission factors of E-H2=49.7(+/- 16.5)mg km(-1), 

E-CO = 1.46(+ /-.54) g km(-1), and E-CO 2, = 266(69) 

g km(-1) were calculated. E-H2 was largest during 

weekday rush-hour traffic, a consequence of the 

more frequent accelerations in congested traffic 

when fuel combustion is not optimal. EH, was 

smaller for heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) compared to 

light-duty vehicles (LDV), a finding which was attributed 

to the diesel vs. gasoline engine technology. 

The mean Delta H-2 /Delta CO molecular ratio 

was 0.48 A 0.12. This ratio increased to similar to 

0.6 during rush hours, suggesting that H-2 yield is 

favored relative to CO under fuel-rich conditions, 

presumably a consequence of an increasing contribution 

of the water-gas-shift reaction. The mean 

Delta H-2/Delta CO 2 molecular ratio was 4.4 x 10 

(-3) but reduced to 2.5 x 10-3 when the relative HDV 

abundance was at maximum. Using three different 

approaches, road traffic H 2 emissions were estimated 

for 2004 for Switzerland at 5.0-6.6 Gg and 

globally at 4.2-8.1 Tg. Despite projections of increasing 

traffic, Swiss H 2 emissions are not expected to 

change significantly in the near future, and global 

emissions are likely to decrease due to improved 

exhaust gas clean-up technologies. 

Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC, 

pp 8355-8369.


08.1-75 

The effect of mountainous topography on 

moisture exchange between the “surface” and 

the free atmosphere 

Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W 



Typical numerical weather and climate prediction 

models apply parameterizations to describe 

the subgrid-scale exchange of moisture, heat and 

momentum between the surface and the free 

atmosphere. To a large degree, the underlying 

assumptions are based on empirical knowledge 

obtained from measurements in the atmospheric 

boundary layer over flat and homogeneous topography. 

It is, however, still unclear what happens if 

the topography is complex and steep. Not only is 

the applicability of classical turbulence schemes 

questionable in principle over such terrain, but 

mountains additionally induce vertical fluxes on 

the meso-gamma scale. Examples are thermally 

or mechanically driven valley winds, which are 

neither resolved nor parameterized by climate 

models but nevertheless contribute to vertical exchange. 

Attempts to quantify these processes and 

to evaluate their impact on climate simulations 

have so far been scarce. Here, results from a case 

study in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland 

are presented. In previous work, measurements 

from the MAP-Riviera field campaign have been 

used to evaluate and configure a high-resolution 

large-eddy simulation code (ARPS). This model is 

here applied with a horizontal grid spacing of 350 

m to detect and quantify the relevant exchange 

processes between the valley atmosphere (i.e. the 

ground “surface” in a coarse model) and the free 

atmosphere aloft. As an example, vertical export 

of moisture is evaluated for three fair-weather 

summer days. The simulations show that moisture 

exchange with the free atmosphere is indeed 

no longer governed by turbulent motions alone. 

Other mechanisms become important, such as 

mass export due to topographic narrowing or the 

interaction of thermally driven cross-valley circulations. 

Under certain atmospheric conditions, 

these topographical-related mechanisms exceed 

the “classical” turbulent contributions a coarse 

model would see by several times. The study 

shows that conventional subgrid-scale parameterizations 

can indeed be far off from reality if 

applied over complex topography, and that largeeddy 

simulations could provide a helpful tool for 

their improvement. 

Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N2, 

NOV, pp 227-244. 

08.1-76 

Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected 

hazardous air pollutants in Seattle 

Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg 

H H, Liu L J S 

Taiwan, USA, Switzerland 


, Modelling 

The potential benefits of combining the speciated 

PM2.5 and VOCs data in source apportionment 

analysis for identification of additional sources 

remain unclear. We analyzed the speciated PM2.5 

and VOCs data collected at the Beacon Hill in Seattle, 

WA between 2000 and 2004 with the Multilinear 

Engine (ME-2) to quantify source contributions 

to the mixture of hazardous air pollutants 

(HAPs). We used the ‘missing mass’, defined as 

the concentration of the measured total particle 

mass minus the sum of all analyzed species, as 

an additional variable and implemented an auxiliary 

equation to constrain the sum of all species 

mass fractions to be 100%. Regardless of whether 

the above constraint was implemented and/ 

or the additional VOCs data were included with 

the PM2.5 data, the models identified that wood 

burning (24%-31%), secondary sulfate (20%-24%) 

and secondary nitrate (15%-20%) were the main 

contributors to PM2.5. Using only PM2.5 data, the 

model distinguished two diesel features with the 

100% constraint, but identified only one diesel 

feature without the constraint. When both PM2.5 

and VOCs data were used, one additional feature 

was identified as the major contributor (26%) to 

total VOC mass. Adding VOCs data to the speciated 

PM2.5 data in source apportionment modeling 

resulted in more accurate source contribution 

estimates for combustion related sources as evidenced 

by the less ‘missing mass’ percentage in 

PM2.5. Using the source contribution estimates, 

we evaluated the validity of using black carbon 

(BC) as a surrogate for diesel exhaust. We found 

that BC measured with an aethalometer at 370 

nm and 880 nm had reasonable correlations with 

the estimated concentrations of diesel particulate 

matters (r > 0.7), as well as with the estimated concentrations 

of wood burning particles during the 

heating seasons (r=0.56-0.66). This indicates that 

the BC is not a unique tracer for either source. The 

difference in BC between 370 and 880 nm, however, 

correlated well exclusively with the estimated 

wood smoke source (r=0.59) and may be used to 

separate wood smoke from diesel exhaust. Thus, 

when multiple BC related sources exist in the 

same monitoring environment, additional data 

processing or modeling of the BC measurements

66 

is needed before these measurements could be 

used to represent the diesel exhaust. 

Science of the Total Environment, 2007, V386, 

N1-3, NOV 1, pp 42-52. 

08.1-77 

Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating 

environments using a suction thermocouple 

apparatus 

Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A 

Switzerland 

Engineering , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology 

& Atmospheric Sciences 

An experimental methodology is developed for 

gas temperature measurements in highly radiating 

environments. It consists of a suction thermocouple 

apparatus and associated heat transfer 

model for determining the gas temperature from 

shielded thermocouple readings by radiation, 

convection and conduction dimensionless correlations. 

The apparatus and methodology are calibrated 

and applied to measure gas flow temperatures 

in a tubular furnace with wall temperatures 

up to 1223 K. Results are compared with predictions 

by CFD simulations. 

Measurement Science Technology, 2007, V18, N11, 

NOV, pp 3329-3334. 

08.1-78 

Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: 

Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate 

emission inventories 

Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van 

den Bergh H 

Switzerland, Colombia 


, Modelling 

Two versions of the Emission Inventory (EI) are 

generated for the city of Bogota, Colombia. In the 

first version (EI-1), CORINAIR traffic emission factors 

(EFs) are used. In the second (EI-2), bulk traffic 

EF’s calculated for the city, using in situ measurements 

and inverse modelling techniques at street 

level, are used. EI-2 traffic emissions are 5, 4 and 

3 times bigger than the corresponding values in 

EI-1, for CO, PM10 and NMVOCs, respectively. The 

main goal of this study consists in evaluating the 

two versions of the El when introduced into a mesoscale 

air quality model. The AOT (accumulated 

exposure over a threshold) index is calculated for 

comparison between observed and simulated concentrations 

of primary pollutants. Simulated concentrations 

using EI-2 are closer to the observed 

values. This comparison allows us to extract some 

conclusions of the methodology used to calculate 

the EFs. Local factors like the driving behavior, 


the altitude, vehicle technology and an aged fleet 

cannot be totally included and corrected in the 

standard methodologies, and seem to be more 

important than obtaining very detailed and precise 

information on the classification of the fleet 

or driving speeds. Under financially limited and 

fast changing situations, as in the case of many 

developing countries, a simple methodology to estimate 

bulk traffic Ef’s and to evaluate the Ell, is 

of utmost importance. The use of combined techniques 

such as in situ measurements to estimate 

bulk traffic EFs, and further evaluation of the inventories 

with numerical models, proved to be a 

useful too) for this purpose. 

Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N29, SEP, pp 

6302-6318. 

08.1-79 

Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species 

in organic aerosols in anthropogenicallyinfluenced 

Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes 

Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D, 

Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook 

A M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty 

K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T, 

Miyoshi T, Shimono A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa 

N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann 

S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams P, Bower K, 

Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J 

Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R 

USA, Switzerland, England, Germany, Japan, Finland, 

Mexico, Peoples R China 


(1) Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol 

Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns 

were deconvolved into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) 

and several types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components. 

HOA has been linked to primary combustion 

emissions (mainly from fossil fuel) and other 

primary sources such as meat cooking. OOA is 

ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments, 

on average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of 

the total OA in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote 

sites, respectively. A case study analysis 

of a rural site shows that the OOA concentration is 

much greater than the advected HOA, indicating 

that HOA oxidation is not an important source of 

OOA, and that OOA increases are mainly due to 

SOA. Most global models lack an explicit representation 

of SOA which may lead to significant biases 

in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions 

of OA, and in aerosol hygroscopic properties. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N13, JUL 

7 ARTN: L13801.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Terrestrial Ecosystems 67 


08.1-80 

The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances 

pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success 

in nearby intensively managed farmland 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B 

Switzerland, Netherlands 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , Biodiversity , 

Zoology , Ecology , Plant Sciences 

1. Agri-environment schemes attempt to counteract 

the loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem 

services such as pollination and natural 

pest control in agro-ecosystems. However, only 

a few studies have evaluated whether these attempts 

are successful. 2. We studied the effects 

of managing meadows according to the prescriptions 

of ecological compensation areas (ECA), the 

most widely adopted agri-environment scheme in 

Switzerland, on both pollinator species richness 

and abundance, and the reproductive success of 

plants in nearby intensively managed meadows 

(IM). 3. We established arrays of four pots, each 

containing individuals of three insect-pollinated, 

non-autogamous ‘phytometer’ species (Raphanus 

sativus, Hypochaeris radicata and Campanula 

glomerata), in ECA and adjacent IM at increasing 

distances from the ECA at 13 sites. 4. Species richness 

and abundance of hoverflies, solitary bees 

and large-sized pollinators (mainly social bees 

and butterflies) were significantly higher in ECA 

than in adjacent IM. Species richness and abundance 

of small-sized pollinators in IM declined 

significantly with increasing distance from ECA, 

whereas large-sized pollinators were not significantly 

affected by distance. Plant species richness 

and flower abundance were the major drivers of 

pollinator species richness and abundance; the 

area of an ECA had no significant influence. 5. 

Individual plants of R. sativus and C. glomerata 

produced more and heavier seeds in ECA than in 

IM. Furthermore, the number of seeds of these 

two phytometer species was positively correlated 

with species richness and abundance of bees. No 

such effects were observed for individual plants 

of H. radicata. The number of fruits and seeds per 

plant of R. sativus in IM decreased with increasing 

distance from ECA. 6. Synthesis and applications. 

We conclude that establishing ECA is an effective 

method of enhancing both pollinator species 

richness and abundance and pollination services 

to nearby intensely managed farmland. Our 

study emphasizes the importance of connectivity 

between ECA in maintaining diverse pollinator 

communities and thereby providing pollination 

services in agricultural landscapes. 

Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N4, AUG, 

pp 813-822. 

08.1-81 

Interaction diversity within quantified insect 

food webs in restored and adjacent intensively 

managed meadows 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , 

Zoology 

1. We studied the community and food-web structure 

of trap-nesting insects in restored meadows 

and at increasing distances within intensively 

managed grassland at 13 sites in Switzerland to 

test if declining species diversity correlates with 

declining interaction diversity and changes in 

food-web structure. 2. We analysed 49 quantitative 

food webs consisting of a total of 1382 trophic 

interactions involving 39 host/prey insect species 

and 14 parasitoid/predator insect species. Species 

richness and abundance of three functional 

groups, bees and wasps as the lower trophic level 

and natural enemies as the higher trophic level, 

were significantly higher in restored than in adjacent 

intensively managed meadows. Diversity and 

abundance of specific trophic interactions also 

declined from restored to intensively managed 

meadows. 3. The proportion of attacked brood 

cells and the mortality of bees and wasps due to 

natural enemies were significantly higher in restored 

than in intensively managed meadows. Bee 

abundance and the rate of attacked brood cells of 

bees declined with increasing distance from restored 

meadows. These findings indicate that interaction 

diversity declines more rapidly than species 

diversity in our study system. 4. Quantitative 

measures of food-web structure (linkage density, 

interaction diversity, interaction evenness and 

compartment diversity) were higher in restored 

than in intensively managed meadows. This was 

reflected in a higher mean number of host/prey 

species per consumer species (degree of generalism) 

in restored than in intensively managed 

meadows. 5. The higher insect species and interaction 

diversity was related to higher plant species 

richness in restored than in intensively managed 

meadows. In particular, bees and natural enemies 

reacted positively to increased plant diversity. 6. 

Our findings provide empirical evidence for the 

theoretical prediction that decreasing species 

richness at lower trophic levels should reduce 

species richness at higher trophic levels, and in 

addition lead to even stronger reductions in interaction 

diversity at these higher levels. Species at 

higher trophic levels may thus benefit relatively 

more than species at lower trophic levels from 

habitat restoration in the grassland ecosystems 

studied. We also demonstrate enhanced compart-

68 

ment diversity and lower interaction evenness in 

restored than in intensively managed meadows, 

both of which are theoretically positively associated 

with increased ecosystem stability in restored 

meadows. 

Journal of Animal Ecology, 2007, V76, N5, SEP, pp 

1015-1025. 

08.1-82 

Sustaining agricultural production and food 

security in Southern Africa: an improved role 

for climate prediction? 

Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K 

South Africa, Botswana, Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Ecology , Social Sciences 

Livelihoods and household food security in the 

Southern African region can be extremely vulnerable 

to the negative effects of climate stress 

as shown by the 2002-2004 ‘complex emergency.’ 

Climate prediction may prove a valuable resource 

in mitigating these effects. If climate prediction is 

applied successfully, it may be able to help guide 

responses in populations at risk to reduce vulnerability 

to climate stress. The study presented here 

seeks to understand what would constitute an improved 

role for climate prediction in contributing 

to sustaining agricultural production and food 

security in Southern Africa. Investigation undertaken 

during the 2002/2003 rainy season under regional 

conditions of elevated disaster risk shows, 

however, that a number of weaknesses and gaps 

persistently characterize climate information 

systems in the Southern African region, and constrain 

such systems’ ability to benefit key sectors, 

particularly agriculture. The stakeholder identification 

of such gaps forms the basis for distilling 

concrete recommendations to improve process 

and organizational efficiency. Such recommendations, 

while developmental, should better enable 

institutions and stakeholders involved in climate 

prediction to fulfill their potential in supporting 

development of successful adaptation strategies 

in populations and sectors at risk. 

Climatic Change, 2007, V83, N3, AUG, pp 

287-300. 

08.1-83 

Importance of ecological compensation areas 

for small mammals in intensively farmed areas 

Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Zoology 

Small mammals make up an important link in the 

food chain as many predator species feed on them. 

There are indications that small mammal popula- 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Terrestrial Ecosystems 

tions in Europe are declining due to the intensification 

of agriculture. According to national legislation, 

farmers in Switzerland have to cultivate at 

least 7% of their land as ecological compensation 

areas and, thus, some alternative habitats that are 

possibly beneficial for small mammals have been 

created. In this study, we estimated the diversity 

and density of small mammals on two types of 

conventional farmland field types (artificial grassland 

and autumn-sown wheat) and three types of 

ecological compensation areas (wild-flower strips, 

herbaceous strips and low-intensity meadows) by 

use of capture-recapture in March, May and July 

2003. The common vole Microtus arvalis was the 

most abundant and predominant species in all 

habitat types except in herbaceous strips, which 

harboured the highest diversity with six species 

caught. In March the density of small mammals 

was generally very low, but significantly higher 

in wild-flower (mainly due to common vole) and 

herbaceous strips than in the other habitat types. 

In wild-flower and herbaceous strips, densities increased 

strongly from March to May and in July. 

On autumn-sown wheat fields, a strong increase 

occurred only from May to July and was caused 

by common vole. On artificial grassland and lowintensity 

meadows, densities of small mammals 

(mainly common vole) increased only marginally 

with low-intensity meadows supporting slightly 

higher densities. Thus, habitats that were not 

mown each year supported the highest densities 

of small mammals. This demonstrates that ecological 

compensation areas, such as wild-flower 

and herbaceous strips, make up an important refuge 

for small mammals. They probably also have 

positive effects on populations of many predator 

species that depend on small mammals, particularly 

if a mosaic with mown surfaces is created. 

Wildlife Biology, 2007, V13, N2, JUN, pp 150-158. 

08.1-84 

Effects of agri-environmental measures, site 

and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity 

of Swiss grassland 

Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity 

Agri-environment schemes (AES) were introduced 

in Europe to mitigate the loss of biodiversity in 

cultivated landscapes. In Switzerland, farmers 

have to convert 7% of the arable land into ecological 

compensation areas (ECA) in order to enhance 

biodiversity, low-input grassland making up the 

major part of ECA. This study investigated during 

6 years the effect of ECA grassland on butterfly diversity 

at the field and the landscape scales in two


farming landscape units of the Swiss Plateau. Butterfly 

diversity was compared between low-input 

and conventional grasslands, controlling for potential 

influence of local site conditions and landscape 

context of grasslands. Low-input management 

of ECA grasslands had a significant impact 

on butterfly communities, but ECA and conventional 

grasslands differed more in the composition 

of species assemblages than in the number of 

butterfly species. The typical butterfly assemblages 

on ECA grassland might be linked to the slightly 

higher plant species richness due to management 

restrictions. However, the effectiveness of ECA 

grassland for promoting butterfly diversity varied 

according to local site conditions (field slope and 

orientation) and to the amount of ECA and seminatural 

elements in the surrounding landscape. 

Thus, the present study underlines the necessity 

to account for such environmental variation at 

multiple scales to be able to detect and interpret 

effects of AES. Nevertheless, our results suggest 

that additional restoration measures should be 

adopted. Especially, the ECA scheme should promote 

a connected network of ECA grasslands and 

semi-natural habitats at the landscape scale. 

Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2007, V122, 

N3, NOV, pp 295-304. 

08.1-85 

Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic 

landscapes: The role of farming practices 

and landscape mosaic 

Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F 

Switzerland, France, Czech Republic 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity , 

Modelling , Zoology 

In a dynamic landscape the rate of change in landscape 

structure can be even more important than 

the degree of patch isolation in determining population 

survival and abundance. If the changes in 

landscape structure occur at an “extremely” high 

rate (as in some anthropogenic changes), dispersal 

may not be able to keep up with the high rates of 

local extinction. Understanding impacts of such 

changes is thus crucial for determination of the 

driving factors for species survival in agricultural 

landscapes and for elaboration of conservation 

plans. Here we studied the effects of landscape 

dynamics under local farming practices on movements 

and population dynamics of a diurnal butterfly 

Maniola jurtina L. (Satyridae), specifically 

the impacts of regular yearly mowing on butterfly 

movements, distribution and abundance 

over many years. We used an existing simulation 

model, extended it by the effect of the intensity of 

disturbance (amount of mown habitat) and tim- 

ing of disturbance within the reproductive season 

on the butterfly population dynamics, and validated 

on our data from a field experiment using 

a mark-release method. Increase in the amount of 

disturbed habitats in the landscape led to an increasing 

isolation of the remnant habitat patches 

for butterflies. This resulted in decreasing movements 

between habitat patches and ultimately to 

population decline, especially in less accessible 

patches. In the past, influence of landscape dynamics 

on species survival was usually considered at 

the long-term scale. our results demonstrate that 

the short time scale landscape dynamics induced 

by farming practices should not be neglected. The 

novelty of this paper stems in the combination 

of inclusion of landscape dynamics, of realistic 

dispersal strategies of individuals, and of considering 

real landscapes. The effect of man-induced 

landscape changes on population persistence of a 

real species in a real landscape has not been possible 

to be studied by any of the previously developed 

models. 

Ecological Modelling, 2007, V205, N1-2, JUL 10, 

pp 135-145. 

08.1-86 

Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects 

productivity and community composition of 

subalpine grassland after 3 yr of treatment 

Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Plant Sciences 

A field experiment was established at 2000 m above 

sea level (asl) in the central Swiss Alps with the aim 

of investigating the effects of elevated ozone (O-3) 

and nitrogen deposition (N), and of their combination, 

on above-ground productivity and species 

composition of subalpine grassland. One hundred 

and eighty monoliths were extracted from a 

species-rich Geo-Montani-Nardetum pasture and 

exposed in a free-air O-3-fumigation system to one 

of three concentrations of O-3 (ambient, 1.2 x ambient, 

1.6 x ambient) and five concentrations of 

additional N. Above-ground biomass, proportion 

of functional groups and normalized difference 

vegetation index (NDVI) were measured annually. 

After 3 yr of treatment, the vegetation responded 

to the N input with an increase in above-ground 

productivity and altered species composition, but 

without changes resulting from elevated O-3. N 

input > 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) was sufficient to affect 

the composition of functional groups, with 

sedges benefiting over-proportionally. No interaction 

of O-3 x N was observed, except for NDVI; 

positive effects of N addition on canopy greenness

70 

were counteracted by accelerated leaf senescence 

in the highest O-3 treatment. The results suggest 

that effects of elevated O-3 on the productivity 

and floristic composition of subalpine grassland 

may develop slowly, regardless of the sensitive response 

to increasing N. 

New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 523-534. 

08.1-87 

Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio 

decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic 

rates in the surrounding forests 

Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T 

W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F 

Switzerland, Italy 

Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Volcanic eruptions impact the global and the 

hemispheric climate, but it is still unknown how 

and to what degree they force the climate system 

and in particular the global carbon cycle. In this 

paper, the relationships between individual eruptions 

(reconstructed for the past using written records), 

tree primary productivity (estimated using 

ring widths), photosynthetic rate and stomatal 

conductance (assessed by carbon and oxygen isotope 

data) are investigated, to understand the impact 

of volcanic eruptions on net primary production. 

Data from a mixed stand of Fagus sylvatica 

L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L. located in the area 

of the Vesuvio volcanic complex (Southern Italy) 

showed a significant decrease in ring width following 

each eruption. Isotope analyses indicate a 

change in climatic conditions after such events. 

Specifically, the lower oxygen isotope ratio in the 

tree-ring cellulose strongly suggests an increase in 

relative humidity and a decrease in temperature, 

with the latter resulting in a strong limitation 

to tree-ring growth. The carbon isotope ratio was 

only moderately but not significantly reduced in 

the years of volcanic eruption, suggesting no major 

changes in C fixation rates. This work is a case 

study on the effects of volcanic eruptions resulting 

in strong climatic changes on the local scale. 

This is an opportunity to explore the process and 

causal relationships between climatic changes 

and the response of the vegetation. Thus, we propose 

here a realistic model scenario, from which 

we can extrapolate to global scales and improve 

our interpretations of results of global studies. 

Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N6, JUN, pp 

1122-1137. 


08.1-88 

Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and 

gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the 

Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania) 

Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur 

A, Erhardt A 

Switzerland, Romania, Russia 

Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology 

Alpine grasslands in the Southern Carpathian 

Mts, Romania, harbour an extraordinarily high 

diversity of plants and invertebrates, including 

Carpathic endemics. In the past decades, intensive 

sheep grazing has caused a dramatic decrease 

in biodiversity and even led to eroded soils at 

many places in the Carpathians. Because of limited 

food resources, sheep are increasingly forced 

to graze on steep slopes, which were formerly not 

grazed by livestock and are considered as local 

biodiversity hotspots. We examined species richness, 

abundance and number of endemic vascular 

plants and terrestrial gastropods on steep slopes 

that were either grazed by sheep or ungrazed by 

livestock in two areas of the Southern Carpathians. 

On calcareous soils in the Bucegi Mts, a total 

of 177 vascular plant and 19 gastropod species 

were recorded. Twelve plant species (6.8%) and 

three gastropod species (15.8%) were endemic to 

the Carpathians. Grazed sites had lower plant and 

gastropod species richness than ungrazed sites. 

Furthermore, grazed sites harboured fewer gastropod 

species endemic to the Carpathians than 

ungrazed sites. On acid soils in the Fagaras Mts, a 

total of 96 vascular plant and nine gastropod species 

were found. In this mountain area, however, 

grazed and ungrazed sites did not differ in species 

richness, abundance and number of endemic 

plant and gastropod species. Our findings confirm 

the high biodiversity of grasslands on steep slopes 

in the Southern Carpathian Mts and caution 

against increasing grazing pressure in these refuges 

for relic plants and gastropods as well as for 

other invertebrates. 

Biologia, 2007, V62, N4, AUG, pp 438-445. 

08.1-89 

Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous 

lichen community of limestone cliffs in the 

northern Swiss Jura Mountains 

Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W 

Switzerland, Sweden 

Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Exposed limestone cliffs in the Swiss Jura Mountains 

harbour a diverse lichen community with 

some rare species. Sport climbing has recently 

increased in popularity on these cliffs. We examined 

the effect of sport climbing on calcicolous


lichens by assessing species diversity and cover 

of lichens in climbed and unclimbed areas of 10 

isolated cliffs in the northern Swiss Jura Mountains. 

We also investigated possible associations 

between lichens and lichen-feeding land snails on 

these cliffs. A total of 38 calcicolous lichen species, 

three bryophytes and one alga were found on 

the rock faces of 10 cliffs. Twenty lichen species 

(52.6%) were epilithic, 16(42.1%) endolithic and 

two (5.3%) foliose. Overall, the epilithic lichen species 

covered 8.3% of the rock surface, endolithic 

species 10.2%, and foliose species 0.03%. Climbed 

and unclimbed rock areas did not differ in total 

number of lichen species, species density (number 

of species per 100 cm(2)) or total lichen cover. However, 

the frequency of occurrence of epilithic lichens 

was lower along climbing routes than in unclimbed 

areas. A multi-response permutation test 

showed that the lichen community composition 

of climbed areas differed from that of unclimbed 

areas. The dissimilarity of lichen communities 

between climbed and unclimbed areas increased 

with increasing climbing intensity on the focal 

route in climbed areas, but not with the age of the 

climbing route. Five of the 11 snail species recorded 

on the cliff faces were specialized lichen feeders. 

Plots along climbing routes harboured fewer 

snail species than plots in unclimbed areas. Total 

snail abundance was positively correlated with lichen 

species richness, but no correlation between 

snail species richness and lichen species richness 

was found. Our results indicate that frequent rock 

climbing can change the lichen community and 

reduce the snail community of limestone cliffs. 

A climbing-related reduction of snail abundance 

may also alter the lichen-herbivore interaction 

and indirectly change competitive interactions 

among lichen species. 

Nova Hedwigia, 2007, V85, N3-4, NOV, pp 

429-444. 

08.1-90 

Evaluating macrolichens and environmental 

variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic 

microlichens 

Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Forestry , Plant Sciences 

In contrast to the frequently assessed macrolichens, 

microlichens are rarely considered in biodiversity 

assessments despite their high species 

richness. Microlichens require generally a higher 

species identification effort than macrolichens. 

Thus, microlichens are more expensive to assess. 

Here we evaluate if macrolichen richness can be 

used as an indicator of total and threatened mi- 

crolichen richness. Furthermore, we tested if different 

sets of environmental variables (modelled 

climatic variables, forest structure, altitude, etc.) 

improve the regression models based on macrolichens 

only or even replace the macrolichens as 

predictors. Multiple linear regressions were used 

to model species richness of microlichens, and 

Poisson regressions for threatened microlichens. 

On 237 forest plots (200 m(2)) distributed randomly 

across Switzerland, 77 macrolichens and 219 

microlichens occurred. Macrolichen richness was 

positively related to the richness of microlichens.d. 

= 0-27) and, in combination with threatened macrolichens 

as an additional predictor, also to the 

number of threatened microlichens (R-dev(2) = 

0.14). Environmental variables alone and in different 

combinations explained between 0.20 and 

0.41 (R-adj.(2)) of the total variation of microlichen 

richness, and between 0.09 and 0.29 (R-dev.(2)) of 

the total variation of threatened microlichen 

richness. All models based on environmental variables 

were considerably improved when macrolichens 

were included. Furthermore, macrolichen 

richness turned out to be the most important variable 

in explaining species richness of all, as well 

as threatened microlichens. The best models for 

total microlichen richness reached a R-2 of 0.56. 

Threatened microlichens were more difficult to 

model with the best model reaching a R-dev.(2) of 

0.29. We conclude that in biodiversity assessments 

with scarce resources, lichen sampling could be 

focused on the better known macrolichens, at 

least in many temperate lowland and mountain 

forests. In combination with environmental variables, 

reliable predictions of microlichen richness 

can be expected. If the focus is on threatened microlichens, 

however, models were not reliable and 

specialized taxonomists are necessary to assess 

these species in the field. 

Lichenologist, 2007, V39, 5, pp 475-489. 

08.1-91 

Which species will succesfully track climate 

change? The influence of intraspecific competition 

and density dependent dispersal on 

range shifting dynamics 

Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J 

Germany, Switzerland, Scotland 


Ecology , Biodiversity 

Understanding the ability of species to shift their 

geographic range is of considerable importance 

given the current period of rapid climate change. 

Furthermore, a greater understanding of the spatial 

population dynamics underlying range shifting 

is required to complement the advances made

72 

in climate niche modelling. A simulation model is 

developed which incorporates three key features 

that have been largely overlooked in studies of 

range shifting dynamics: the form of intraspecific 

competition, density dependent dispersal and 

the transient dynamics of habitat patches. The 

results show that the exact shape of the response 

depends critically on both local and patch dynamics. 

Species whose intraspecific competition 

is contest based are more vulnerable than those 

whose competition is scramble based. Contesters 

are especially sensitive when combined with 

density dependent dispersal. Species living in 

patches whose carrying capacity grows slowly are 

also susceptible to rapid shifts of environmental 

conditions. A complementary analytic approach 

further highlights the importance of intraspecific 

competition. 

Oikos, 2007, V116, N9, SEP, pp 1531-1539. 

08.1-92 

Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a 

subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains 

Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T 


Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology 

Extreme climatic events are key factors in initiating 

gradual or sudden changes in forest ecosystems 

through the promotion of severe, treekilling 

disturbances such as fire, blowdown, and 

widespread insect outbreaks. In contrast to these 

climatically-incited disturbances, little is known 

about the more direct effect of drought on tree 

mortality, especially in high-elevation forests. 

Therefore projections of drought-induced mortality 

under future climatic conditions remain 

uncertain. For a subalpine forest landscape in the 

Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado (USA), we 

quantified lag effects of drought on mortality of 

Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii, subalpine 

fir Abies lasiocarpa, and lodgepole pine Pinus contorta. 

For the period 1910-2004, we related death 

dates of 164 crossdated dead trees to early-season 

and late-season droughts. Following early- season 

droughts, spruce mortality increased over five 

years and fir mortality increased sharply over 

11 years. Following late-season droughts, spruce 

showed a small increase in mortality within one 

year, whereas fir showed a consistent period of 

increased mortality over two years. Pine mortality 

was not affected by drought. Low pre- drought 

radial growth rates predisposed spruce and fir to 

drought- related mortality. Spruce and fir trees 

that died during a recent drought (2000-2004) had 

significantly lower pre-drought growth rates than 

live neighbour trees. Overall, we found large inter- 


specific differences in drought-related mortality 

with fir showing the strongest effect followed by 

spruce and pine. This direct influence of climatic 

variability on differential tree mortality has the 

potential for driving large-scale changes in subalpine 

forests of the Rocky Mountains. 

Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 1983-1994. 

08.1-93 

Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368 

experiences of the WWF network 

Biksham G 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology 

Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27, 

N4, NOV, pp 368-371. 

08.1-94 

Restoration of montane fen meadows by 

mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of 

abandonment 

Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , 

Plant Sciences 

The abandonment of management in Swiss fen 

meadows has reduced their plant species diversity 

and the fitness of some typical fen species. We examined 

whether the resumption of mowing can 

reverse these effects, and if so, which mechanisms 

are responsible for community change; we also 

tested whether restoration success depends on the 

duration since abandonment. Experimental mowing 

was applied to 15 montane fen meadows of 

NE Switzerland that had been abandoned for 4-35 

years. After two years of mowing, plant species 

richness was 11 % higher in mown plots (2 m(2)) 

than in fallow plots, approaching levels of neighbouring 

continuously managed fen meadows. In 

particular, experimental mowing significantly increased 

the number of fen indicator species (+15 

%) as well as herbs and woody species (seedlings 

and saplings), while grass, sedge and rush species 

richness was not affected. Mowing had little 

effect on aboveground biomass, but strongly reduced 

litter mass (-50%) and canopy height (-20%). 

Seedling densities of two common species showed 

opposite responses to mowing: they increased in 

Carex davalliana and decreased in Succisa pratensis, 

approaching values of continuously mown 

fen meadows. Duration since abandonment had 

no significant effect on any of the variables. Our 

results demonstrate a rapid recovery of montane 

fen plant communities irrespective of the duration 

since abandonment (up to 35 years). We 

conclude that the restoration of pre-fallow plant


community composition is likely to be successful 

if site conditions (hydrology, nutrient status) remain 

intact and if common habitat specialists are 

still present in the vegetation and/or seed bank. 

Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp 1-13. 

08.1-95 

Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested 

cone - A case study using different dendroecological 

approaches 

Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Geomorphology 

Dendrogeomorpho logical analyses of trees affected 

by debris flows have regularly been used to 

date past events. However, this method has always 

been limited to forested cones where trees registered 

the impact of previous events. The minimum 

age dating of trees growing in the debris 

deposits can, in contrast, provide information on 

the latest possible moment of past activity. In this 

paper, we report on results obtained from a combination 

of these two approaches on a forested 

cone in the Valais Alps (Switzerland). A detailed 

geomorphic map in a scale of 1: 1000 served as a 

basis for the sampling strategy. Disturbed Larix 

decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees growing 

in the deposits allowed reconstruction of 49 

events between AD 1782 and 2005 as well as the 

determination of the spatial extent of events. In 

the debris-flow channels where survivor trees are 

missing, we selected the oldest post-event trees 

and assessed their age by counting their growth 

rings. Missing rings due to lack of center as well 

as to sampling height were added so as to determine 

real tree age. The combination of the dendrogeomorphological 

event reconstruction with 

the assessment of germination dates of successor 

trees allowed realistic approximation of the 

minimum time elapsed since the last debris-flow 

activity in 23 of the 29 channels present on the 

current-day cone surface. In general, channels in 

the northern part of the cone and those close to 

the currently active channel generally show signs 

of (sub-) recent activity with one last overbank sedimentation 

event in the 1980s, whereas signs of 

debris-flow activity are absent from the channels 

in the outermost part since the late 19th century. 

As a consequence of the deeply incised channel 

and the stabilization measures undertaken along 

the banks, signs of debris flows are missing in the 

tree-ring record for the past two decades. 

Catena, 2008, V72, N1, JAN 1, pp 67-78. 

08.1-96 

Methanol exchange between grassland and 

the atmosphere 

Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences , Meteorology 

& Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology 

Concentrations and fluxes of methanol were measured 

above two differently managed grassland 

fields (intensive and extensive) in central Switzerland 

during summer 2004. The measurements 

were performed with a proton-transfer-reaction 

mass-spectrometer and fluxes were determined by 

the eddy covariance method. The observed methanol 

emission showed a distinct diurnal cycle and 

was strongly correlated with global radiation and 

water vapour flux. Mean and maximum daily 

emissions were found to depend on grassland species 

composition and, for the intensive field, also 

on the growing state. The extensive field with a 

more complex species composition had higher 

emissions than the graminoid-dominated intensive 

field, both on an area and on a biomass basis. 

A simple parameterisation depending on the water 

vapour flux and the leaf area index allowed a 

satisfying simulation of the temporal variation of 

methanol emissions over the growing phase. Accumulated 

carbon losses due to methanol emissions 

accounted for 0.024 and 0.048% of net primary 

productivity for the intensive and extensive field, 

respectively. The integral methanol emissions over 

the growing periods were more than one order of 

magnitude higher than the emissions related to 

cut and drying events. 

Biogeosciences, 2007, V4, N3, pp 395-410. 

08.1-97 

A standardized procedure for surveillance and 

monitoring European habitats and provision 

of spatial data 

Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt 

J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada 

L, Hofer G, Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A, 

Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M, 

Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes H, Wrbka T 

Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Slovakia, 

Switzerland, England, Czech Republic, Italy, Estonia, 

Portugal 

Ecology , Biodiversity 

Both science and policy require a practical, transmissible, 

and reproducible procedure for surveillance 

and monitoring of European habitats, which 

can produce statistics integrated at the landscape 

level. Over the last 30 years, landscape ecology has 

developed rapidly, and many studies now require 

spatial data on habitats. Without rigorous rules,

74 

changes from baseline records cannot be separated 

reliably from background noise. A procedure 

is described that satisfies these requirements and 

can provide consistent data for Europe, to support 

a range of policy initiatives and scientific projects. 

The methodology is based on classical plant life 

forms, used in biogeography since the nineteenth 

century, and on their statistical correlation with 

the primary environmental gradient. Further categories 

can therefore be identified for other continents 

to assist large scale comparisons and modelling. 

The model has been validated statistically 

and the recording procedure tested in the field 

throughout Europe. A total of 130 General Habitat 

Categories (GHCs) is defined. These are enhanced 

by recording environmental, site and management 

qualifiers to enable flexible database interrogation. 

The same categories are applied to areal, 

linear and point features to assist recording and 

subsequent interpretation at the landscape level. 

The distribution and change of landscape ecological 

parameters, such as connectivity and fragmentation, 

can then be derived and their significance 

interpreted. 

Landscape Ecology, 2008, V23, N1, JAN, pp 11-25. 

08.1-98 

Three objectives of historical ecology: the case 

of litter collecting in Central European forests 

Bürgi M, Gimmi U 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry , History 

Most ecosystems and landscapes worldwide are 

dominated or influenced by human impacts. Consequently, 

studies of pattern and processes of and 

within anthropogenic ecosystems and cultural 

landscapes have to consider human impacts and 

their historical development adequately. Three 

major objectives of historical ecology, i.e., the 

study of human impacts on ecosystems and landscapes 

over time, can be distinguished: (a) preserving 

cultural heritage in ecosystems and landscapes, 

(b) understanding historical trajectories 

of pattern and processes in ecosystems and landscapes, 

and (c) informing ecosystem and landscape 

management. In this paper, the application 

of these three major objectives of historical 

ecology is illustrated with a case study on litter 

collecting-a largely forgotten traditional forest 

use in Central Europe. Historical analyses do not 

allow-and should not be misused- to directly deduct 

management goals, as goals need to be set 

based on present needs and demands. Still, information 

on reference condition is relevant in 

the process of defining goals. Once specific goals 

are set, historical ecology may advise on how to 


best achieve and maintain desirable pattern and 

processes in ecosystems or landscape. 

Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, S1, pp 77-87. 

08.1-99 

Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica 

L.) seedlings under competition, in an opentop 

chamber experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence 

analysis 

Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R 


Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology 

Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEB- 

MAR, p 319. 

08.1-100 

Comparative typology in six european lowintensity 

systems of grassland management 

Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial 

W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon 

A, Roeder N, Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho 

Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A 

Spain, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Germany, 

Portugal 


Zoology 

Advances in Agronomy Vol 96, 2007, V96, pp 

351-420. 

08.1-101 

Identification of priority areas for plant conservation 

in Madagascar using Red List criteria: 

rare and threatened Pandanaceae indicate 

sites in need of protection 

Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao 

M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S, 

Raminosoa T, Consiglio T K 

USA, Switzerland, Madagascar, France 

Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry 

A major problem in establishing effective protocols 

for conserving Madagascar’s biodiversity 

is the lack of reliable information for the identification 

of priority sites in need of protection. 

Analyses of field data and information from herbarium 

collections for members of the Plant family 

Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of 

Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction 

assessments can inform conservation planning. 

Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria 

showed that 91% of the species are threatened. 

Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness 

and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar’s existing 

protected area network. Protection of 10 additional 

sites would be required to encompass the 

19 species currently lacking representation in the 

reserve network, within which east coast littoral


forests are particularly under represented and 

important. The effect of scale on assessments of 

risk of extinction was explored by applying different 

grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy. 

Using a grid cell size within the range suggested 

by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based 

solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried 

countries such as Madagascar measures of range 

size based on such data should be complemented 

with field observations to determine population 

size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific 

threats to habitat and therefore potential population 

decline. The analysis of such data can make 

an important contribution to the conservation 

planning process by identifying threatened species 

and revealing the highest priority sites for 

their conservation. 

Oryx, 2007, V41, N2, APR, pp 168-176. 

08.1-102 

Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid 

area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its 

implications for revegetation 

Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R 

Spain, Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology 

, Geochemistry & Geophysics , Ecology 

In this study a mine tailing located near La Union 

town (SE Spain) was investigated in order to establish 

lines for further phytostabilization works. A 

plot sampling design was carried out in order to 

characterize the soil properties and natural occurring 

vegetation. The tailing is strongly eroded 

and vegetation on its surface is scarce. Total heavy 

metal concentrations were 1800 mg kg (-1) for Pb 

and Zn, and 180 mg kg(-1) for Cu. The pH was less 

than 4 and consequently, water extractable metals 

(14% of the total Zn) and electrical conductivity 

(>15 dS m(-1)) were high. Nutrient properties 

were poor (

76 

The daily fluctuations in soil water content suggest 

that some root uptake of groundwater was mediated 

through the upper soil layers by hydraulic lift. 

During the dry season, Q. ilex maintained higher 

predawn leaf water potentials, canopy conductances 

and transpiration rates than Q. sober: The higher 

water status of Q. ilex was likely associated with 

their deeper root systems compared with Q. sober. 

Whole-tree hydraulic conductance and minimum 

midday leaf water potential were lower in Q. ilex, 

indicating that Q. ilex was more tolerant to drought 

than Q. suber. Overall, Q. ilex seemed to have more 

effective drought avoidance and drought tolerance 

mechanisms than Q. suber. 

Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N6, JUN, pp 793-803. 

08.1-105 

Impact of Swiss agricultural policies on nitrate 

leaching from arable land 

Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Water Resources 

, Toxicology 

From 1993 onwards, various policy measures aiming 

at reducing nitrogen (N) losses were introduced 

in Swiss agriculture. We studied the impact of these 

measures on nitrate leaching under arable land in 

the Fehraltorf catchment near Zürich. Because of 

the well- drained soils, the shallow water table and 

the intensive agricultural activity, the groundwater 

in this catchment is highly vulnerable to nitrate 

pollution. N fluxes and transformations on the 

field scale were simulated using the deterministic 

model LEACHMN. Following the calibration of the 

model with a dataset from a long- term lysimeter 

experiment, simulations were run for the period 

1998 - 2003. As far as possible, field- specific management 

data from farmers’ control sheets were 

used as input. Average nitrate leaching in the period 

1998 - 2003 was estimated to amount to 39 kg 

N ha(-1) year(-1). The conditions before the introduction 

of the policy measures were simulated in 

three scenarios with a higher use of both mineral 

N fertiliser and animal manure and 50% less or no 

catch crops. We found that lowering mineral N fertiliser 

and manure application by about 25% led to 

an average decrease in nitrate leaching of 10 kg N 

ha(-1) year(-1). Doubling the catch crop area yielded 

a further decrease of 6 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) on average. 

Altogether, the implementation of reduced N 

fertiliser inputs and increased use of catch crops 

proved to be effective and led to a mean reduction 

in N leaching of 29% (16 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) for the 

arable land in the Fehraltorf catchment. 

Agronomy For Sustainable Development, 2007, 

V27, N3, JUL-SEP, pp 243-253. 


08.1-106 

Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a 

rare species: combining evidence from experiments 

and long-term monitoring 

Denoth M, Myers J H 

Switzerland, Canada 

Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

The rare endemic plant Sidalcea hendersonii (Henderson’s 

checker- mallow) occurs in tidal marshes 

of the Pacific Northwest and may be threatened 

by Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), a European 

invader plant. We compared the abundances 

of Lythrum and Sidalcea in a wetland in British 

Columbia (Canada) in 1999 to those measured in 

1979 to track changes in both species. Although 

the frequency of Sidalcea decreased by more than 

50%, and that of Lythrum increased by almost 20%, 

there was no significant relationship between the 

changes of the two species. We assessed the potential 

effects of competition by Lythrum on Sidalcea 

in field and patio experiments. In the field, we 

measured the response of Sidalcea to the removal 

of Lythrum over a two-year period and compared 

this to the response of Sidalcea to the removal 

of native species and in unmanipulated control 

plots. Removal of Lythrum significantly improved 

the vegetative performance of Sidalcea compared 

to the removal of randomly selected native plants 

and the control treatment in the first year. In the 

second year, the performance of Sidealcea did not 

differ significantly with treatment. Removals did 

not influence the reproductive performance of 

Sidalcea in either year. A one-year additive experiment, 

carried out in pots, compared the competitive 

effect of Lythrum on Sidalcea with that of two 

native species. Lythrum’s impact on Sidalcea was 

not consistently stronger than that of the native 

species. Collectively, these results do not indicate 

a strong impact of Lythrum on the reproduction 

or abundance of Sidalcea. 

Plant Ecology, 2007, V191, N2, AUG, pp 153-161. 

08.1-107 

Effects of landscape structure and land-use 

intensity on similarity of plant and animal 

communities 

Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey 

D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M, 

Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P, 

Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E, 

Zobel M 

Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, 

Estonia 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Zoology 

Aim Species richness in itself is not always sufficient 

to evaluate land management strategies


for nature conservation. The exchange of species 

between local communities may be affected by 

landscape structure and land-use intensity. Thus, 

species turnover, and its inverse, community 

similarity, may be useful measures of landscape 

integrity from a diversity perspective. Location A 

European transect from France to Estonia. Methods 

We measured the similarity of plant, bird, 

wild bee, true bug, carabid beetle, hoverfly and 

spider communities sampled along gradients in 

landscape composition (e.g. total availability of 

seminatural habitat), landscape configuration 

(e.g. fragmentation) and land-use intensity (e.g. 

pesticide loads). Results Total availability of seminatural 

habitats had little effect on community 

similarity, except for bird communities, which 

were more homogeneous in more natural landscapes. 

Bee communities, in contrast, were less 

similar in landscapes with higher percentages 

of seminatural habitats. Increased landscape 

fragmentation decreased similarity of true bug 

communities, while plant communities showed a 

nonlinear, U-shaped response. More intense land 

use, specifically increased pesticide burden, led 

to a homogenization of bee, bug and spider communities 

within sites. In these cases, habitat fragmentation 

interacted with pesticide load. Hoverfly 

and carabid beetle community similarity was 

differentially affected by higher pesticide levels: 

for carabid beetles similarity decreased, while for 

hoverflies we observed a U-shaped relationship. 

Main conclusions Our study demonstrates the effects 

of landscape composition, configuration and 

land-use intensity on the similarity of communities. 

It indicates reduced exchange of species between 

communities in landscapes dominated by 

agricultural activities. Taxonomic groups differed 

in their responses to environmental drivers and 

using but one group as an indicator for ‘biodiversity’ 

as such would thus not be advisable. 

Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2007, V16, N6, 

NOV, pp 774-787. 

08.1-108 

Weak and variable relationships between 

environmental severity and small-scale cooccurrence 

in alpine plant communities 

Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M, 

Brooker R, Nagy L, Theurillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze 

O, Benito J L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D, 

Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau 

U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A, Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer 

P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G 

Austria, Scotland, Switzerland, Norway, Rep Of 

Georgia, France, Romania, Greece, Slovakia, Spain, 

Russia, Sweden, Italy 

Plant Sciences , Modelling , Ecology 

1. The stress gradient hypothesis suggests a shift 

from predominant competition to facilitation 

along gradients of increasing environmental 

severity. This shift is proposed to cause parallel 

changes from prevailing spatial segregation to aggregation 

among the species within a community. 

2. We used 904 1-m(2) plots, each subdivided into 

100 10 x 10 cm, or 25 20 x 20 cm cells, respectively, 

from 67 European mountain summits grouped 

into 18 regional altitudinal transects, to test this 

hypothesized correlation between fine-scale spatial 

patterns and environmental severity. 3. The 

data were analysed by first calculating standardized 

differences between observed and simulated 

random co-occurrence patterns for each plot. 

These standardized effect sizes were correlated to 

indicators of environmental severity by means of 

linear mixed models. In a factorial design, separate 

analyses were made for four different indicators 

of environmental severity (the mean temperature 

of the coldest month, the temperature sum 

of the growing season, the altitude above tree 

line, and the percentage cover of vascular plants 

in the whole plot), four different species groups 

(all species, graminoids, herbs, and all growth 

forms considered as pseudospecies) and at the 10 

x 10 cm and 20 x 20 cm grain sizes. 4. The hypothesized 

trends were generally weak and could only 

be detected by using the mean temperature of the 

coldest month or the percentage cover of vascular 

plants as the indicator of environmental severity. 

The spatial arrangement of the full species 

set proved more responsive to changes in severity 

than that of herbs or graminoids. The expected 

trends were more pronounced at a grain size of 10 

x 10 cm than at 20 x 20 cm. 5. Synthesis. In European 

alpine plant communities the relationships 

between small-scale co-occurrence patterns of vascular 

plants and environmental severity are weak 

and variable. This variation indicates that shifts 

in net interactions with environmental severity 

may differ among indicators of severity, growth 

forms and scales. Recognition of such variation 

may help to resolve some of the current debate 

surrounding the stress gradient hypothesis. 

Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N6, NOV, pp 

1284-1295. 

08.1-109 

Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal 

concentrations detected in a temperate 

deciduous forest a year after an experimental 

slash-and-burn 

Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O, 

Schmidt M W I

78 

Switzerland, Germany, Australia 

Forestry, Plant Sciences, Agriculture, Soil Sciences , 

Ecology 

Anthropogenic fires affected the temperate deciduous 

forests of Central Europe over millennia. 

Biomass burning releases carbon to the atmosphere 

and produces charcoal, which potentially 

contributes to the stable soil carbon pools and is 

an important archive of environmental history. 

The fate of charcoal in soils of temperate deciduous 

forests, i.e. the processes of charcoal incorporation 

and transportation and the effects on soil 

organic matter are still not clear. We investigated 

the effects of slash-and-burn at a longterm experimental 

burning site and determined soil organic 

carbon and charcoal carbon concentrations as 

well as the soil lightness of colour (L*) in the topmost 

soil material (0-1, 1-2.5 and 2.5-5 cm depths) 

before, immediately after the fire and one year 

later. The main results are that (i) only a few of the 

charcoal particles from the forest floor were incorporated 

into the soil matrix, presumably by soil 

mixing animals. In the 0-1 cm layer, during one 

year, the charcoal C concentration increased only 

by 0.4 g kg(-1) and the proportion of charcoal C 

to SOC concentration increased from 2.8 to 3.4%; 

(ii) the SOC concentrations did not show any significant 

differences; (iii) soil lightness decreased 

significantly in the topmost soil layer and correlated 

well with the concentrations of charcoal C 

(r=-0.87**) and SOC (r=-0.94**) in the samples from 

the 0-5 cm layer. We concluded that Holocene biomass 

burning could have influenced soil charcoal 

concentrations and soil colour. 


08.1-110 

Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the 

carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn 

experiment in a temperate deciduous forest 

Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I, 

Schier W, Gerlach R 


Forestry , Plant Sciences , History 

Anthropogenic burning, including slash-andburn, 

was deliberately used in (pre)historic Central 

Europe. Biomass burning has affected the 

global carbon cycle since, presumably, the early 

Holocene. The understanding of processes and 

rates of charcoal formation in temperate deciduous 

forests is limited, as is the extent of prehistoric 

human impact on the environment. We took 

advantage of an experimental burning to simulate 

Neolithic slash-and-burn, and we quantified 

the biomass fuel and charcoal produced, determined 

the resulting distribution of the charcoal 


size fractions and calculated the carbon mass balance. 

Two-thirds of the charcoal particles (6.71 t / 

ha) were larger than 2000 Rm and the spatial distribution 

of charcoal was highly variable (15-90% 

per m(2)). The conversion rate of the biomass fuel 

to charcoal mass was 4.8%, or 8.1% for the conversion 

of biomass carbon to charcoal. 

Holocene, 2007, V17, N4, MAY, pp 539-542. 

08.1-111 

Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic 

vegetation 

Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H 



Ecology 

The Arctic is a sensitive system undergoing dramatic 

changes related to recent warming trends. 

Vegetation dynamics-increases in the quantity of 

green vegetation and a northward migration of 

trees into the arctic tundra-are a component of 

this change. Although field studies over long time 

periods can be logistically problematic, simulation 

modeling provides a means for projecting 

changes in arctic and subarctic vegetation caused 

by environmental variations. 

Computing in Science Engineering, 2007, V9, N4, 

JUL-AUG, pp 12-23. 

08.1-112 

Response of soil microbial biomass and community 

structures to conventional and organic 

farming systems under identical crop rotations 

Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M, 

Fliessbach A 


Microbiology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences 

, Biodiversity , Ecology 

In this study the influence of different farming systems 

on microbial community structure was analyzed 

using soil samples from the DOK long-term 

field experiment in Switzerland, which comprises 

organic (BIODYN and BIOORG) and conventional 

(CONFYM and CONMIN) farming systems as well 

as an unfertilized control (NOFERT). We examined 

microbial communities in winter wheat plots at 

two different points in the crop rotation (after 

potatoes and after maize). Employing extended 

polar lipid analysis up to 244 different phospholipid 

fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids 

(PLEL) were detected. Higher concentrations of 

PLFA and PLEL in BIODYN and BIOORG indicated 

a significant influence of organic agriculture on 

microbial biomass. Farmyard manure (FYM) application 

consistently revealed the strongest, and the 

preceding crop the weakest, influence on domain-


specific biomass, diversity indices and microbial 

community structures. Esterlinked PLFA from 

slowly growing bacteria (k- strategists) showed the 

strongest responses to long-term organic fertilization. 

Although the highest fungal biomass was 

found in the two organic systems of the DOK field 

trial, their contribution to the differentiation of 

community structures according to the management 

regime was relatively low. Prokaryotic communities 

responded most strongly to either conventional 

or organic farming management. 

Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V61, N1, JUL, pp 

26-37. 

08.1-113 

Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance 

measurements using quantum cascade 

laser spectrometery over a Swiss forest 

Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A, 

Buchmann N, Emmenegger L 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at the Lageren 

CarboEurope IP flux site over the multi-species 

mixed forest dominated by European beech and 

Norway spruce. Measurements were carried out 

during a four-week period in October-November 

2005 during leaf senescence. Fluxes were measured 

with a standard ultrasonic anemometer in 

combination with a quantum cascade laser absorption 

spectrometer that measured N 2O, CO 2, 

and H 2O mixing ratios simultaneously at 5 Hz 

time resolution. To distinguish insignificant fluxes 

from significant ones it is proposed to use a new 

approach based on the significance of the correlation 

coefficient between vertical wind speed and 

mixing ratio fluctuations. This procedure eliminated 

roughly 56% of our half- hourly fluxes. Based 

on the remaining, quality checked N 2O fluxes we 

quantified the mean efflux at 0.8 +/- 0.4 µmol m(-2) 

h(-1) (mean + /- standard error). Most of the contribution 

to the N 2O flux occurred during a 6.5-h period 

starting 4.5 h before each precipitation event. 

No relation with precipitation amount could be 

found. Visibility data representing fog density 

and duration at the site indicate that wetting of 

the canopy may have as strong an effect on N 2O 

effluxes as does below-ground microbial activity. 

It is speculated that above- ground N 2O production 

from the senescing leaves at high moisture 

(fog, drizzle, onset of precipitation event) may be 

responsible for part of the measured flux. 


08.1-114 

Improving predictive mapping in Swiss mire 

ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator 

values 

Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Forestry 

Question: How may Landolt indicator values be recalibrated 

to improve the performance of predictive 

models? Location: Mires Gross Moos Schwandital 

(1250 m a.s.l.) in the Prealps, Burgymoos (465 

m. a.s.l.) on the Central Plateau and La Burtigniere 

(1000 m a.s.l.) in the Jura, Switzerland. Methods: 

Habitat distribution models based on high resolution 

remotely sensed data and vegetation field data 

are applied to monitor 130 mires. Instead of plant 

species or communities we used mean indicator 

values of vegetation records as response variables. 

To improve the differential power of indicator values 

for wetland habitat conditions, we calibrated 

these values using field data. Different methods 

were tested with our predictive models in three 

mires to see which calibration method is best in 

enhancing model performance. To assess the effect 

of the uneven distribution of vegetation records 

along environmental gradients. calibrations 

based on random and evenly distributed samples 

were compared. As a test of the predictive power 

of the models we used r(2) between ground truth 

and model prediction. This approach is illustrated 

through an application with nutrient indicator 

values in the mire La Burtigniere. Results: Model 

performances were not the same for the three 

mires. The predictive power was better for the nutrient 

values, soil reaction and humus values than 

for light and moisture values. 2000 records were 

sufficient as basis for re-calibration. Models based 

on original Landolt indicator values were overall 

the weakest compared with re-calibrated values. By 

comparing the predictive power of Models based 

on randomly or evenly selected records were about 

equally predictive. Conclusions: 1. A habitat-specific 

re-calibration of the Landolt indicator values 

enhances the predictive mapping of the Swiss mire 

ecosystems. 2. The re-calibration based on weighted 

averaging gives a better performance than the 

one based on Gaussian logistic regression. 3. The 

uneven distribution of indicator values due to the 

over-representation of mire habitats does not hamper 

model performance. 4. 2000 vegetation records 

are a sufficient basis for an optimal re-calibration 

of the vegetation types. An illustration of the method 

is given by using the soil fertility pattern of the 

mire La Burtigniere. 

Applied Vegetation Science, 2007, V10, N2, AUG, 

pp 183-192.

80 

08.1-115 

Effects of an extended drought period on 

grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland 

Feller U, Signarbieux C 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

, Ecology 

Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEB- 

MAR, p 294. 

08.1-116 

Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity 

following a grazing decrease in a wooded 

pasture of the central Swiss Alps 

Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity 

, Ecology 

Reduced cattle grazing pressure in the Alps has 

caused the reforestation of many subalpine pastures 

during the last decades. To understand the 

dynamics of natural reforestation and to evaluate 

how this change affects plant species diversity, we 

described the vegetation of a wooded pasture in 

the central Swiss Alps (Sembrancher, Valais) using 

the integrated synusial method. Based on stratified 

vegetation releves in 27 plots, we defined 11 

community types at the synusial level (two tree-layer, 

five shrub-layer, and four herb-layer synusiae), 

and four community types at the phytocoenosis 

level (pasture, tall forbs and scrub, wooded pasture 

and forest). The spatial distribution of these 

four phytocoenoses suggests that they represent 

successional stages after abandonment, and that 

the pathway of vegetation succession depends on 

the aspect. We suppose that on northern oriented, 

cool and shady locations, abandoned pastures 

first develop towards tall-forb meadows and scrub 

with Alnus viridis, and then to a preforested stage 

with Picea abies and Larix decidua. In contrast, on 

western oriented, warm and sunny location, Larix 

decidua (mainly) and Picea abies directly colonize 

the abandoned pastures, but further succession 

finally leads to the same pre-forested stage as on 

northern slopes. Plant species richness was highest 

in open areas and decreased by 25 % as tree 

cover increased from 6 % to 65 %. According to our 

successional model, plant species diversity is lost 

more rapidly on northern slopes (with speciespoor 

green alder scrub) than on western slopes 

(with species- rich young larch forests), suggesting 

that northern slopes most urgently need an appropriate 

grazing management. 

Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp 

37-56. 


08.1-117 

Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings 

(Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought 

stress and during recovery 

Galle A, Feller U 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Forestry 

In the context of an increased risk of extreme 

drought events across Europe during the next 

decades, the capacity of trees to recover and survive 

drought periods awaits further attention. In 

summer 2005, 4- year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) 

saplings were watered regularly or were kept for 4 

weeks without irrigation in the field and then re- 

watered again. Changes of plant water status, leaf 

gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence parameters, 

as well as alterations in leaf pigment composition 

were followed. During the drought period, stomatal 

conductance (g(s)) and net photosynthesis 

(P-n) decreased in parallel with increased water 

deficit. After 14 days without irrigation, stomata 

remained closed and P-n was almost completely 

inhibited. Reversible downregulation of PSII photochemistry 

(the maximum quantum efficiency 

of PSII (F-v/F-m)), enhanced thermal dissipation 

of excess excitation energy and an increased ratio 

of xanthophyll cycle pigments to chlorophylls 

(because of a loss of chlorophylls) contributed to 

an enhanced photo-protection in severely stressed 

plants. Leaf water potential was restored immediately 

after re- watering, while g(s), P-n and F-v/F-m 

recovered only partially during the initial phase, 

even when high external CO 2 concentrations were 

applied during the measurements, indicating 

lasting non-stomatal limitations. Thereafter, P-n 

recovered completely within 4 weeks, meanwhile 

g(s) remained permanently lower in stressed than 

in control plants, leading to an increased ‘intrinsic 

water use efficiency’ (P-n /g(s)). In conclusion, 

although severe drought stress adversely affected 

photosynthetic performance of F. sylvatica (a rather 

drought-sensitive species), P-n was completely 

restored after re- watering, presumably because 

of physiological and morphological adjustments 

(e.g. stomatal occlusions). 

Physiologia Plantarum, 2007, V131, N3, NOV, pp 

412-421. 

08.1-118 

Stochastic gene expression in switching environments 

Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H 

Switzerland 

Microbiology , Ecology 

Organisms are known to adapt to regularly varying 

environments. However, in most cases, the


fluctuations of the environment are irregular 

and stochastic, alternating between favorable 

and unfavorable regimes, so that cells must cope 

with an uncertain future. A possible response is 

population diversification. We assume here that 

the cell population is divided into two groups, 

corresponding to two phenotypes, having distinct 

growth rates, and that cells can switch randomly 

their phenotypes. In static environments, the net 

growth rate is maximized when the population is 

homogeneously composed of cells having the largest 

growth rate. In random environments, growth 

rates fluctuate and observations reveal that sometimes 

heterogeneous populations have a larger 

net growth rate than homogeneous ones, a fact 

illustrated recently through Monte-Carlo simulations 

based on a birth and migration process in 

a random environment. We study this process 

mathematically by focusing on the proportion f 

(t) of cells having the largest growth rate at time 

t, and give explicitly the related steady state distribution 

pi. We also prove the convergence of 

empirical averages along trajectories to the first 

moment Epsilon pi (f), and provide efficient numerical 

methods for computing Epsilon pi (f). 

Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2007, V55, N2, 

AUG, pp 249-269. 

08.1-119 

Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for 

agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss 

mountains: a spatial statistical model based on 

geophysical and socio-economic variables 

Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences 

Modelling 

In many European mountain regions, natural forest 

regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and 

the related consequences for the environment are 

issues of increasing concern. We developed a spatial 

statistical model based on multiple geophysical 

and socio-economic variables to investigate 

the pattern of natural forest regrowth in the Swiss 

mountain area between the 1980s and 1990s. Results 

show that forest regrowth occurred primarily 

in areas with low temperature sum, intermediate 

steepness and soil stoniness as well as close to 

forest edges and relatively close to roads. Model 

results suggest that regions with weak labor markets 

are favored in terms of land abandonment 

and forest regrowth. We could not find an effect 

of population change on land abandonment and 

forest regrowth. Therefore, we conclude that decision 

makers should consider non-linearities in 

the pattern of forest regrowth and the fact that la- 

bor markets have an effect on land abandonment 

and forest regrowth when designing measures to 

prevent agricultural land abandonment and natural 

forest regrowth in the Swiss mountains. 

Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12, 

N4, NOV, pp 269-278. 

08.1-120 

Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem 

service rationale for conservation 

Ghazoul J 

Switzerland 


Conservation Biology, 2007, V21, N6, DEC, pp 

1651-1652. 

08.1-121 

What you see is where you go? Modeling 

dispersal in mountainous landscapes 

Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V 

Germany, Switzerland, Spain 

Modelling , Ecology 

Inter-patch connectivity can be strongly influenced 

by topography and matrix heterogeneity, 

particularly when dealing with species with high 

cognitive abilities. To estimate dispersal in such 

systems, simulation models need to incorporate a 

behavioral component of matrix effects to result 

in more realistic connectivity measures. Interpatch 

dispersal is important for the persistence of 

capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in central Europe, 

where this endangered grouse species lives in 

patchy populations embedded in a mountainous 

landscape. We simulated capercaillie movements 

with an individual-based, spatially explicit dispersal 

model (IBM) and compared the resulting connectivity 

measure with distance and an expert 

estimation. We used a landscape comprising discrete 

habitat patches, temporary habitat, non-habitat 

forests, and non-habitat open land. First, we 

assumed that dispersing individuals have perfect 

knowledge of habitat cells within the perceptual 

range (null model). Then, we included constraints 

to perception and accessibility, i.e., mountain 

chains, open area and valleys (three sub-models). 

In a full model, all sub-models were included at 

once. Correlations between the different connectivity 

measures were high (Spearman’s rho > 0.7) 

and connectivity based on the full IBM was closer 

to expert estimation than distance. For selected 

cases, simple distance differed strongly from the 

full IBM measure and the expert estimation. Connectivity 

based on the IBM was strongly sensitive 

to the size of perceptual range with higher sensitivity 

for the null model compared to the full 

model that included context dependent perceptu-

82 

al ranges. Our heuristic approach is adequate for 

simulating movements of species with high cognitive 

abilities in strongly structured landscapes 

that influence perception and permeability. 

Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, N6, JUL, pp 

853-866. 

08.1-122 

A predictive model of the density of airborne 

insects in agricultural environments 

Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Zoology , 

Ecology 

This paper presents a model to predict the daily 

spatio-temporal variation in the abundance of 

airborne insects in agricultural landscapes on the 

basis of publicly available environmental data. 

Data on the abundance of insects flying near 

ground level were collected by a robust and effective 

point-count method. The validation of the 

model using extra data revealed a high correspondence 

between predicted and observed insect density. 

The final model showed that the abundance 

of airborne insects depended largely on the daily 

weather conditions. Agricultural habitats differed 

in the abundance of airborne insects, with peak 

insect numbers found along hedgerows and trees. 

This accumulation pattern was most pronounced 

at low temperatures and in windy conditions. Efforts 

to enhance insect abundance in agricultural 

landscapes therefore need to increase the number 

of structural elements such as hedgerows, single 

trees and orchards. This study highlights how 

weather conditions and agricultural land-use 

affect aerial food webs in agri-environments, including 

the dynamics of food patches for all kinds 

of aerial foragers. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights 

reserved. 

Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2008, V123, 

N1-3, JAN, pp 75-80. 

08.1-123 

Measured microwave radiative transfer properties 

of a deciduous forest canopy 

Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster 

C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H 


Remote Sensing , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Modelling 

A field experiment was performed with an L- and 

X-band radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz and 11.4 

GHz in a deciduous forest in Julich (Germany) 

from September to November 2004. The radiometers 

were installed on the ground being directed 

upwards through the canopy. In this position 


downwelling microwave radiation was measured 

during the defoliation of the forest with a time 

resolution of 4 h. Simultaneously we measured 

the air and soil temperatures. Based on these data, 

the transmissivities of the forest canopy were estimated 

at different foliation states. Typical L-band 

transmissivities determined for the foliated and 

the defoliated states were 0.41 and 0.46, confirming 

the semi-transparency of the canopy at low 

microwave frequencies. Due to the anisotropic 

crown structure the L-band brightness temperatures 

were slightly horizontally polarized to the 

same degree for any state of the vegetation. From 

this we conclude that branches are the prevailing 

emitters of the canopy whereas leaves and trunks 

are less relevant for L-band observations. In the Xband, 

the canopy was opaque in the foliated state 

and became semi-transparent in the course of defoliation 

indicating that leaves are an important 

radiation source at this wavelength. Our results 

provide the experimental evidence to quantify 

the radiation properties of a deciduous forest canopy. 

This is crucial for interpreting the microwave 

radiation emitted from forested areas measured 

from space-borne microwave sensing platforrns. 

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, V109, N4, 

AUG 30, pp 523-532. 

08.1-124 

What matters for predicting the occurrences 

of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics? 

Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H, 

Phillips S, Peterson A T 

Switzerland, Australia, USA 

Forestry , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Data characteristics and species traits are expected 

to influence the accuracy with which species’ 

distributions can be modeled and predicted. We 

compare 10 modeling techniques in terms of predictive 

power and sensitivity to location error, 

change in map resolution, and sample size, and 

assess whether some species traits can explain 

variation in model performance. We focused on 

30 native tree species in Switzerland and used 

presence-only data to model current distribution, 

which we evaluated against independent presence 

absence data. While there are important differences 

between the predictive performance of 

modeling methods, the variance in model performance 

is greater among species than among techniques. 

Within the range of data perturbations 

in this study, some extrinsic parameters of data 

affect model performance more than others: location 

error and sample size reduced performance 

of many techniques, whereas grain had little ef-


fect on most techniques. No technique can rescue 

species that are difficult to predict. The predictive 

power of species-distribution models can partly 

be predicted from a series of species characteristics 

and traits based on growth rate, elevational 

distribution range, and maximum elevation. 

Slow-growing species or species with narrow and 

specialized niches tend to be better modeled. The 

Swiss presence-only tree data produce models 

that are reliable enough to be useful in planning 

and management applications. 

Ecological Monographs, 2007, V77, N4, NOV, pp 

615-630. 

08.1-125 

Temporal changes in grazing intensity and 

herbage quality within a Swiss fen meadow 

Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences, Plant Sciences , Ecology , 

Biodiversity 

Grazing is a possible tool for conservation management 

in wetlands, but a frequent problem is 

spatial variation in grazing intensity, which may 

promote the degradation of the vegetation. Temporal 

changes in grazing patterns may reduce 

this problem by leading to a more homogeneous 

overall use of the area. In a lakeshore wetland 

(2.8 ha) grazed by Scottish Highland cattle from 

May till September, we studied how the grazing 

of nine vegetation types changes seasonally and 

between years, and how this is related to the 

quantity and quality of the herbage. We observed 

cattle activity weekly throughout two grazing 

periods, determined the biomass and nutrient 

concentrations of the vegetation, analysed dung 

samples, and carried out clipping experiments to 

assess shoot regeneration after grazing. The annual 

grazing intensity varied seven-fold among 

vegetation types, and this pattern was closely 

similar in both years. In several vegetation types, 

however, grazing intensity changed seasonally. 

Cattle first grazed tall grass-dominated vegetation 

(Phragmition, Phalaridion), which had the 

most digestible and nutrient-rich herbage, but 

the poor regeneration of dominant species forced 

the cattle to then graze small-sedge dominated, 

nutrient-poor fen vegetation (Caricion davallianae). 

These temporal changes in grazing patterns 

slightly reduced the spatial variation in grazing 

intensity. To take advantage of this effect, 

relatively long grazing seasons are preferable to 

shorter ones. Four years of grazing reduced the 

above- ground biomass production and nutrient 

concentrations of several vegetation types. 

Therefore, years without grazing may be needed 

to prevent a degradation of palatable plant communities 

with low grazing tolerance. 

Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp 

57-73. 

08.1-126 

Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling 

the results of experimental and observational 

studies 

Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, 

Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley 

White E, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos 

P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A, 

Leadley P W, Loreau M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever 

C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D, 

Terry A C, Troumbis A Y 

Switzerland, Germany, England, Portugal, Greece, 

Ireland, Sweden, France, Canada 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences 

Functional Ecology, 2007, V21, N5, OCT, pp 

998-1002. 

08.1-127 

The generality of habitat suitability models: A 

practical test with two insect groups 

Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R, 

Settele J, Schroeder B 


Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling , Zoology 

For the design and declaration of conservation areas 

as well as for planning habitat management 

it is important to quantitatively know the habitat 

preferences of the focal species. To take into account 

the requirements of as many species as possible, 

it would be of great advantage if one would 

either (i) find one or several species whose habitat 

requirements cover those of a large number of 

other species or if one could (ii) identify a common 

set of habitat parameters that is important 

for the occurrence of many species. Ideally such 

common habitat parameters should be easy to 

measure. Only then they may be of practical value 

in applied conservation biology. In this study, we 

compared the habitat preferences of different insect 

species (grasshoppers, bush crickets, butterflies, 

moths) in the same region by applying identical 

methods. To identify common explanatory 

variables that predict the occurrence probability 

of these species, we first tested the transferability 

of the specific ‘species models’ to other species 

within the same insect group. We tested how well 

the incidence of one species can be predicted by 

the occurrence probability of another species. The 

‘best’ models within each group were then tested 

for transferability between the different groups. 

Additionally, we tested the predictive power of the

84 

predictor variable ‘habitat type’ as an easy and often 

available measure for conservation practice. 

Although in the different ‘species models’ different 

key factors determine habitat suitability, 

some models were successfully transferred and 

were able to reasonably predict the distribution 

of other species. The habitat preferences of the 

burnet moth Zygaena carniolica were particularly 

well suited for the prediction of suitable habitats 

for all other species. In addition, the predictor 

variable ‘habitat type’ played a dominant role in 

all models. Models using this aggregated predictor 

variable may well predict suitable habitat for 

all species. 

Basic and Applied Ecology, 2007, V8, N4, pp 

310-320. 

08.1-128 

Fragmented environment affects birch leaf 

endophytes 

Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen 

K 

Finland, Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Microbiology , 

Biodiversity 

The effect of environmental fragmentation on 

the species distribution and frequency of horizontally 

transmitted endophytic fungi in Betula 

pubescens and Betula pendula leaves was studied 

in an archipelago in southwestern Finland. The 

study system consisted of 14 islands, ranging in 

size and distance to the mainland, and five mainland 

sites. Endophytic fungi were grown out from 

surface-leaves. The frequency of endophytic fungi 

mainly depended on the size of the island, explaining 

32-35% of the variation, and the distance 

to the mainland explaining 29-35% of the variation. 

The birch trees on the largest islands near 

the mainland had the highest endophyte frequencies. 

Fusicladium betulae, Gnomonia setacea and 

Melanconium betulinum were the most commonly 

isolated fungi. Foliar endophytes of birch trees 

are able to disperse to fairly fragmented areas, but 

their frequencies seem to depend on environmental 

isolation and size of the island. 

New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 547-553. 

08.1-129 

Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous 

landscapes 

Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W 


Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling 

This paper explores the effect of spatial processes 

in a heterogeneous environment on the dynamics 

of a host-parasitoid interaction. The environment 


consists of a lattice of favourable (habitat) and 

hostile (matrix) hexagonal cells, whose spatial distribution 

is measured by habitat proportion and 

spatial autocorrelation (inverse of fragmentation). 

At each time step, a fixed fraction of both populations 

disperses to the adjacent cells where it reproduces 

following the Nicholson-Bailey model. 

Aspects of the dynamics analysed include extinction, 

stability, cycle period and amplitude, and the 

spatial patterns emerging from the dynamics. We 

find that, depending primarily on the fraction of 

the host population that disperses in each generation 

and on the landscape geometry, five classes 

of spatio-temporal dynamics can be objectively 

distinguished: spatial chaos, spirals, metapopulation, 

mainland- island and spiral fragments. The 

first two are commonly found in theoretical studies 

of homogeneous landscapes. The other three 

are direct consequences of the heterogeneity and 

have strong similarities to dynamic patterns observed 

in real systems (e.g. extinction- recolonisation, 

source-sink, outbreaks, spreading waves). We 

discuss the processes that generate these patterns 

and allow the system to persist. The importance of 

these results is threefold: first, our model merges 

into a same theoretical framework dynamics commonly 

observed in the field that are usually modelled 

independently. Second, these dynamics and 

patterns are explained by dispersal rate and common 

landscape statistics, thus linking in a practical 

way population ecology to landscape ecology. 

Third, we show that the landscape geometry has a 

qualitative effect on the length of the cycles and, 

in particular, we demonstrate how very long periods 

can be produced by spatial processes. 

Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 2082-2096. 

08.1-130 

Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow 

by pollen in a large continuous and a small 

isolated population of the scattered forest tree 

Sorbus torminalis 

Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck 

S, Rotach P, Holderegger R 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Forestry , Microbiology , Ecology , 

Biodiversity 

The influence of population size and spatial isolation 

on contemporary gene flow by pollen and 

mating patterns in temperate forest trees are 

not well documented, although they are crucial 

factors in the life history of plant species. We 

analysed a small, isolated population and a large, 

continuous population of the insect- pollinated 

tree species Sorbus torminalis in two consecutive 

years. The species recently experienced increased


habitat fragmentation due to altered forest management 

leading to forests with closed canopies. 

We estimated individual plant size, percentage of 

flowering trees, intensity of flowering, degree of 

fruiting and seed set per fruit, and we determined 

mating patterns, pollen flow distances and external 

gene flow in a genetic paternity analysis based 

on microsatellite markers. We found clear effects 

of small population size and spatial isolation in 

S. torminalis. Compared with the large, continuous 

population, the small and isolated population 

harboured a lower percentage of flowering trees, 

showed less intense flowering, lower fruiting, 

less developed seeds per fruit, increased selfing 

and received less immigrant pollen. However, the 

negative inbreeding coefficients (F-IS) of offspring 

indicated that this did not result in inbred seed at 

the population level. We also show that flowering, 

fruiting and pollen flow patterns varied among 

years, the latter being affected by the size of individuals. 

Though our study was unreplicated at 

the factor level (i.e. isolated vs non-isolated populations), 

it shows that small and spatially isolated 

populations of S. torminalis may also be genetically 

isolated, but that their progeny is not necessarily 

more inbred. 

Heredity, 2007, V99, N1, JUL, pp 47-55. 

08.1-131 

Time series of landscape fragmentation caused 

by transportation infrastructure and urban 

development: a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg, 

Germany 

Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller 

M, Schmidt Lüttman M 


Urban Studies , Biodiversity , Ecology 

Landscape fragmentation is increasingly considered 

an important environmental indicator in 

the fields of sustainable land use and biodiversity. 

To set goals for future development and to plan 

appropriate measures, suitable empirical data on 

the degree of landscape fragmentation are needed 

to identify trends and compare different regions. 

However, there is still a significant lack of data on 

landscape fragmentation as an indicator, despite 

the substantial scientific literature on this topic, 

likely because of confusion over the definition of 

“fragmentation, “ questions associated with scale 

and data issues, and lack of general agreement on 

a fragmentation measure. This study presents a 

state-wide quantitative analysis of landscape fragmentation 

in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, by 

means of the “ effective mesh size” (m(eff)), which 

characterizes the anthropogenic penetration of 

landscapes from a geometric point of view and is 

based on the probability that two randomly chosen 

points in a landscape are connected, i.e., not 

separated by barriers such as roads, railroads, or 

urban areas. Baden-Wurttemberg is fragmented 

to a far greater extent than indicated by previous 

studies. The m(eff) has decreased by 40% since 

1930. This development is strongly related to the 

growing number of inhabitants, the increased 

use of motorized vehicles, and the hierarchical regional 

planning system based on the central place 

theory. To illustrate the suitability of the meff 

method for environmental monitoring, as a planning 

instrument and as an assessment instrument 

for impact assessment studies, we explored several 

variations of applying the method with regard to 

choice of fragmenting elements, consideration of 

noise bands, spatial differentiation (e. g., administrative 

districts vs. ecoregions), and way of dealing 

with patches at the boundaries of the reporting 

units. Depending on the objectives of the investigation 

(e. g., recreational quality vs. suitability for 

wildlife habitat), different variations may be most 

appropriate. The insights and quantitative results 

from Baden-Wurttemberg provide a yardstick for 

analyzing and assessing landscape fragmentation 

in other countries. 

Ecology and Society, 2007, V12, N1, JUN ARTN: 22. 

08.1-132 

Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in 

the canopy of mature forest trees 

Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Stable C isotope signals in plant tissues became a 

key tool in explaining growth responses to the environment. 

The technique is based on the fundamental 

assumption that the isotopic composition 

of a given unit of tissue (e.g. a tree ring) reflects 

the specific C uptake conditions in the leaf at a 

given time. Beyond the methodological implications 

of any deviation from this assumption, it is 

of physiological interest whether new C is transferred 

directly from sources (a photosynthesizing 

leaf) to structural sinks (e.g. adjacent stem tissue), 

or inherently passes through existing (mobile) C 

pools, which may be of variable (older) age. Here, 

we explore the fate of C-13-labelled photosynthates 

in the crowns of a 30-35 m tall, mixed forest using 

a canopy crane. In all nine study species labelled 

C reached woody tissue within 2-9 h after labelling. 

Four months later, very small signals were 

left in branch wood of Tilia suggesting that low 

mixing of new, labelled C with old C had taken 

place. In contrast, signals in Fagus and Quercus

86 

had increased, indicating more intense mixing. 

This species-specific mixing of new with old C 

pools is likely to mask year- or season-specific linkages 

between tree ring formation and climate and 

has considerable implications for climate reconstruction 

using stable isotopes as proxies for past 

climatic conditions. 

Plant Cell and Environment, 2007, V30, N8, AUG, 

pp 963-972. 

08.1-133 

Identifying the early genetic consequences of 

habitat degradation in a highly threatened 

tropical conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels 

Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B, 

Ennos R A 

Switzerland, Scotland, New Caledonia 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Forestry 

The early genetic effects of habitat degradation 

were investigated in the critically endangered 

conifer Araucaria nemorosa. This species occurs 

in New Caledonia, a global biodiversity hotspot 

where the world’s greatest concentration of endemic 

conifer species coincides with an extremely 

high level of habitat destruction due to fire and 

mining. Using seven microsatellite loci, estimates 

were made of genetic marker variation, inbreeding 

coefficients and population differentiation of 

adult and seedling cohorts of A. nemorosa. These 

were contrasted with equivalent estimates, made 

over similar spatial scales and with the same 

marker loci, in the locally common and more 

widespread sister species Araucaria columnaris. 

There were no significant differences in population 

genetic parameters between adult populations 

of the two species, despite their different 

abundances. However, in A. nemorosa, the juvenile 

cohort showed a loss of rare alleles and elevated 

levels of inbreeding when compared to the 

adult cohort. These genetic differences between 

the cohorts were not observed in the locally common 

A. columnaris. This suggests that recent environmental 

degradation is influencing the genetic 

structure of A. nemorosa populations. Although 

this is not detectable among predisturbance adult 

populations, an early warning of these impacts 

is evident in more recently established seedling 

cohorts. The conservation implications of these 

results are discussed. 

Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N17, SEP, pp 

3581-3591. 


08.1-134 

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance 

the negative influence of the exotic 

tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the 

structure and functioning of soil microbial 

communities in a sahelian soil 

Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla 

S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana 

A, Lepage M, Duponnois R 

Senegal, France, Switzerland, Burkina Faso 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

, Microbiology 

The hypothesis of the present study was that bacterial 

communities would differentiate under Eucalyptus 

camaldulensis and that an enhancement 

of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) density would 

minimize this exotic plant species effect. Treatments 

consisted of control plants, preplanting 

fertilizer application and AM inoculation. After 4 

months of culture in autoclaved soil, E. camaldulensis 

seedlings were either harvested for growth 

measurement or transferred into containers filled 

with the same soil but not sterilized. Other containers 

were kept without E. camaldulensis seedlings. 

After 12 months, effects of fertilizer amendment 

and AM inoculation were measured on the 

growth of Eucalyptus seedlings and on soil microbial 

communities. The results clearly show that 

this plant species significantly modified the soil 

bacterial community. Both community structure 

(assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 

profiles) and function (assessed by substrateinduced 

respiration responses including soil catabolic 

evenness) were significantly affected. Such 

changes in the bacterial structure and function 

were accompanied by disturbances in the composition 

of the herbaceous plant species layer. 

These results highlight the role of AM symbiosis 

in the processes involved in soil bio-functioning 

and plant coexistence and in afforestation programmes 

with exotic tree species that target preservation 

of native plant diversity. 

Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V62, N1, OCT, 

pp 32-44. 

08.1-135 

Response of net ecosystem productivity of 

three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9, 

pg 1128, 2006) 

Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont 

Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z 

Canada, USA, Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

In 2000-03, continuous eddy covariance measurements 

of carbon dioxide (CO 2) flux were made 

above mature boreal aspen, black spruce, and jack


pine forests in Saskatchewan, Canada, prior to and 

during a 3- year drought. During the 1st drought 

year, ecosystem respiration (R) was reduced at the 

aspen site due to the drying of surface soil layers. 

Gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) increased 

as a result of a warm spring and a slow decrease 

of deep soil moisture. These conditions resulted 

in the highest annual net ecosystem productivity 

(NEP) in the 9 years of flux measurements at 

this site. During 2002 and 2003, a reduction of 6% 

and 34% in NEP, respectively, compared to 2000 

was observed as the result of reductions in both 

R and GEP, indicating a conservative response to 

the drought. Although the drought affected most 

of western Canada, there was considerable spatial 

variability in summer rainfall over the 100-km extent 

of the study area; summer rainfalls in 2001 

and 2002 at the two conifer sites minimized the 

impact of the drought. In 2003, however, precipitation 

was similarly low at all three sites. Due to 

low topographic position and consequent poor 

drainage at the black spruce site and the coarse 

soil with low water-holding capacity at the jack 

pine site almost no reduction in R, GEP, and NEP 

was observed at these two sites. This study shows 

that the impact of drought on carbon sequestration 

by boreal forest ecosystems strongly depends 

on rainfall distribution, soil characteristics, topography, 

and the presence of vegetation that is 

well adapted to these conditions. 

Ecosystems, 2007, V10, N6, SEP, pp 1039-1055. 

08.1-136 

Assessment of land use impacts on the natural 

environment - Part 2: Generic characterization 

factors for local species diversity in central 

Europe 

Köllner T, Scholz R W 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

Goal, Scope and Background. Land use is an economic 

activity that generates large benefits for 

human society. One side effect, however, is that 

it has caused many environmental problems 

throughout history and still does today. Biodiversity, 

in particular, has been negatively influenced 

by intensive agriculture, forestry and the increase 

in urban areas and infrastructure. Integrated assessment 

such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 

thus, incorporate impacts on biodiversity. The 

main objective of this paper is to develop generic 

characterization factors for land use types using 

empirical information on species diversity from 

Central Europe, which can be used in the assessment 

method developed in the first part of this 

series of paper. Methods. Based on an extensive 

meta-analysis, with information about species 

diversity on 5581 sample plots, we calculated 

characterization factors for 53 land use types and 

six intensity classes. The typology is based on the 

CORINE Plus classification. We took information 

on the standardized alpha-diversity of plants, 

moss and mollusks into account. In addition, 

threatened plants were considered. Linear and 

nonlinear models were used for the calculation of 

damage potentials (EDPs). In our approach, we use 

the current mean species number in the region 

as a reference, because this determines whether 

specific land use types hold more or less species 

diversity per area. The damage potential calculated 

here is endpoint oriented. The corresponding 

characterization factors EDPs can be used in the 

Life Cycle Impact Assessment as weighting factors 

for different types of land occupation and land 

use change as described in Part 1 of this paper series. 

Results. The result from ranking the intensity 

classes based on the mean plant species number 

is as expected. High intensive forestry and agriculture 

exhibit the lowest species richness (5.7-5.8 

plant species/m(2)), artificial surfaces, low intensity 

forestry and non- use have medium species richness 

(9.4-11.1 plant species/m2) and low- intensity 

agriculture has the highest species richness (16.6 

plant species/m(2)). The mean and median are 

very close, indicating that the skewedness of the 

distribution is low. Standard error is low and is 

similar for all intensity classes. Linear transformations 

of the relative species numbers are linearly 

transformed into ecosystem damage potentials 

(EDPlinears). The inte gration of threatened plant 

species diversity into a more differentiated damage 

function EDPlinearStotal makes it possible 

to differentiate between land use types that have 

similar total species numbers, but intensities of 

land use that are clearly different (e.g., artificial 

meadow and broad-leafed forest). Negative impact 

values indicate that land use types hold more species 

per m(2) than the reference does. In terms of 

species diversity, these land use types are superior 

(e.g. near-to- nature meadow, hedgerows, agricultural 

fallow). Discussion. Land use has severe impacts 

on the environment. The ecosystem damage 

potential EDPS is based on assessment of impacts 

of land use on species diversity. We clearly base 

EDPs factors on alpha- diversity, which correlates 

with the local aspect of species diversity of land 

use types. Based on an extensive meta-analysis of 

biologists’ field research, we were able to include 

data on the diversity of plant species, threatened 

plant species, moss and mollusks in the EDPS. 

The integration of other animal species groups 

(e.g. insects, birds, mammals, amphibians) with

88 

their specific habitat preferences could change 

the characterization factors values specific for 

each land use type. Those mobile species groups 

support ecosystem functions, because they provide 

functional links between habitats in the 

landscape. Conclusions. The use of generic characterization 

factors in Life Cycle Impact Assessment 

of land use, which we have developed, can 

improve the basis for decision-making in industry 

and other organizations. It can best be applied for 

marginal land use decisions. However, if the goal 

and scope of an LCA requires it this generic assessment 

can be complemented with a site-dependent 

assessment. Recommendations and Perspectives. 

We recommend utilizing the developed characterization 

factors for land use in Central Europe 

and as a reference methodology for other regions. 

In order to assess the impacts of land use in other 

regions it would be necessary to sample empirical 

data on species diversity and to develop region 

specific characterization factors on a worldwide 

basis in LCA. This is because species diversity and 

the impact of land use on it can very much differ 

from region to region. 

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 

2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 32-48. 

08.1-137 

The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research 

Körner C 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences 

Altitudinal gradients are among the most powerful 

‘natural experiments’ for testing ecological and 

evolutionary responses of biota to geophysical influences, 

such as low temperature. However, there 

are two categories of environmental changes with 

altitude: those physically tied to meters above sea 

level, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature 

and clear-sky turbidity; and those that are not generally 

altitude specific, such as moisture, hours of 

sunshine, wind, season length, geology and even 

human land use. The confounding of the first category 

by the latter has introduced confusion in 

the scientific literature on altitude phenomena. 

Trends in Ecology Evolution, 2007, V22, N11, NOV, 

pp 569-574. 

08.1-138 

Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases: 

The Kazbegi research agenda of GMBA- 

DIVERSITAS 

Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C, 

Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J, 

Speers L, Spehn E M, Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P, 

Zbinden N 


Switzerland, USA, Germany, Denmark, Chile, 

Peoples R China, Austria, Poland 


Geo-referenced archive databases on mountain 

organisms are very promising tools for achieving 

a better understanding of mountain biodiversity 

and predicting its changes. The Global Mountain 

Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) of DIVERSITAS, in 

cooperation with the Global Biodiversity Information 

Facility, encourages a global effort to mine 

biodiversity databases on mountain organisms. 

The wide range of climatic conditions and topographies 

across the world’s mountains offers an 

unparalleled opportunity for developing and testing 

biodiversity theory. The power of openly accessible, 

interconnected electronic databases for scientific 

biodiversity research, which by far exceeds 

the original intent of archiving for mainly taxonomic 

purposes, has been illustrated. There is an 

urgent need to increase the amount and quality 

of geo-referenced data on mountain biodiversity 

provided online, in order to meet the challenges 

of global change in mountains. 

Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27, 

N3, AUG, pp 276-281. 

08.1-139 

Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland 

soils 

Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

Amount, stability, and distribution of black carbon 

(BC) were studied at four sites of a large peatland 

(“Witzwil”) formerly used as a disposal for 

combustion residues from households to derive 

BC displacement rates in the profile. Possible artefacts 

from thermal oxidation with Differential 

Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) on BC quantification 

of C-rich deposits were inferred by choosing 

three sites from a second peatland with no 

historical record of waste disposal as a reference 

(“Seebodenalp”). All sites were under grassland at 

time of sampling, but were partially cropped in 

the past at Witzwil. Mean BC contents in topsoils 

of Witzwil ranged from 10.7 to 91.5 (0-30 cm) and 

from 0.44 to 51.3 (30-140 cm) mg BC g(-1) soil, corresponding 

to BC/OC ratios of 0.04 to 0.3 (topsoil) 

and 0.02 to 0.18 (deeper soil). At three sites of Seebodenalp, 

BC was below the detection limit of 0.4 

mg g(-1) organic soil, indicating negligible formation 

of BC during thermal oxidation of peat. C-13 

NMR spectra corroborated the high BC contents at 

Witzwil. The data support a considerable vertical 

transport of BC given that soils were ploughed not


deeper than 30 cm since abandonment of waste 

application about 50 years ago. The total amount 

of BC in the Witzwil profiles ranged from 3.2 to 7.5 

kg BC m(-2), with 21 to 69 percent of it stemming 

from below the former ploughing depth. Under 

the premise of negligible rates of BC consumption 

since abandonment of waste application, minimum 

BC transport rates in these peats are 0.6 to 

1.2 cm a(-1). The high mobility of BC might be explained 

by high macropore volumes in combination 

with occasional water saturation. By means 

of DSC peak temperatures, different types of BC 

could be distinguished, with deeper horizons containing 

BC of higher thermal stability. Application 

of combustion residues likely involved a mixture 

of various BC types, of which thermally more 

stable ones, most likely soots, were preferentially 

transported downwards. 


08.1-140 

Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures 

in a mature temperate forest 


Switzerland 

Forestry , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Forest canopies play a major role in biosphereatmosphere 

interaction. Their actual temperature 

may deviate substantially from ambient atmospheric 

conditions as reported by weather stations. 

While there is a long tradition of false-colour imagery, 

new digital technologies in combination 

with IR transmission lenses and autocalibration 

routines permit unprecedented insight into the 

actual temperature regimes in canopies. We report 

canopy leaf temperature distribution over 

space and time assessed over a 35 m tall mixed 

deciduous forest in NW Switzerland by means of 

a construction crane and a high resolution thermal 

camera. At an air temperature of 25 degrees 

C, conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylverstris and Larix 

decidua) and deciduous broad-leaved trees with 

exceptionally high transpiration (Quercus petraea) 

or very open, low density canopies (Prunus 

avium) exhibited mean canopy leaf temperatures 

close to air temperature (0.3-2.7 K above ambient) 

and the maximum amplitude within a given 

crown reached 69 K. In contrast, broad-leaved deciduous 

species with dense canopies (Fagus sylvatica, 

Carpinus betulus and Tilia platyphyllos) 

were 4.5-5 K warmer than air temperature and 

showed within canopy temperature amplitudes of 

10-12 K. Calculated leaf boundary resistance was 

clearly lower for conifers (3-24 m s(-1)) than for 

broad-leaved trees (33-64 m s(-1)). The study illustrates 

that mean leaf temperatures in forest trees 

are not adequately explained by either stomatal 

conductance or leaf dimensions, but strongly depend 

on canopy architecture (leaf area density, 

branching habits) in combination with leaf traits. 

Aerodynamic leaf and canopy characteristics lead 

to strongly enhanced vapour pressure gradients 

(evaporative forcing) and leaf temperatures vary 

enormously over short distances, calling for statistical 

temperature models (frequency distribution) 

rather than the use of means in any flux calculations. 

The presence/absence of certain tree taxa 

plays a key role in forest surface temperature. 

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, V146, 

N1-2, SEP 11, pp 29-37. 

08.1-141 

Water savings in mature deciduous forest 

trees under elevated CO 2 


Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

Stomatal conductance of plants exposed to elevated 

CO 2 is often reduced. Whether this leads 

to water savings in tall forest-trees under future 

CO 2 concentrations is largely unknown but could 

have significant implications for climate and hydrology. 

We used three different sets of measurements 

(sap flow, soil moisture and canopy temperature) 

to quantify potential water savings under 

elevated CO 2 in a ca. 35 m tall, ca. 100 years old 

mixed deciduous forest. Part of the forest canopy 

was exposed to 540 ppm CO 2 during daylight 

hours using free air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) and 

the Swiss Canopy Crane (SCC) . Across species and 

a wide range of weather conditions, sap flow was 

reduced by 14% in trees subjected to elevated CO 2, 

yielding ca. 10% reduction in evapotranspiration. 

This signal is likely to diminish as atmospheric 

feedback through reduced moistening of the air 

comes into play at landscape scale. Vapour pressure 

deficit (VPD)-sap flow response curves show 

that the CO 2 effect is greatest at low VPD, and that 

sap flow saturation tends to occur at lower VPD 

in CO 2-treated trees. Matching stomatal response 

data, the CO 2 effect was largely produced by Carpinus 

and Fagus, with Quercus contributing little. 

In line with these findings, soil moisture at 10 

cm depth decreased at a slower rate under high- 

CO 2 trees than under control trees during rainless 

periods, with a reversal of this trend during 

prolonged drought when CO 2-treated trees take 

advantage from initial water savings. High-resolution 

thermal images taken at different heights 

above the forest canopy did detect reduced water 

loss through altered energy balance only at < 5 m 

distance (0.44 K leaf warming of CO 2- treated Fa-

90 

gus trees). Short discontinuations of CO 2 supply 

during morning hours had no measurable canopy 

temperature effects, most likely because the stomatal 

effects were small compared with the aerodynamic 

constraints in these dense, broad-leaved 

canopies. Hence, on a seasonal basis, these data 

suggest a < 10% reduction in water consumption 

in this type of forest when the atmosphere reaches 

540% ppm CO 2. 

Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N12, DEC, pp 

2498-2508. 

08.1-142 

Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning 

moment, root-soil plate geometry and root 

growth orientation 

Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences 

Eighty-four mature Norway spruce (Picea abies L. 

Karst), silver fir (Abies alba Mill) and Scots pine 

(Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were winched over to determine 

the maximum resistive turning moment 

(M-a) of the root-soil system, the root-soil plate geometry, 

the azimuthal orientation of root growth, 

and the occurrence of root rot. The calculation of 

M-a, based on digital image tracking of stem deflection, 

accounted not only for the force application 

and its changing geometry, but also for the 

weight of the overhanging tree, representing up 

to 42% of M-a. Root rot reduced M-a significantly 

and was detected in 25% of the Norway spruce and 

5% of the silver fir trees. Excluding trees with root 

rot, differences in M. between species were small 

and insignificant. About 75% of the variance in M. 

could be explained by one of the four variablestree 

mass, stem mass, stem diameter at breast 

height squared times tree height, and stern diameter 

at breast height squared. Among the seven 

allometric variables assessed above ground, stem 

diameter at breast height best described the rootsoil 

plate dimensions, but the correlations were 

weak and the differences between species were 

insignificant. The shape of the root-soil plate was 

well described by a depth-dependent taper model 

with an elliptical cross section. Roots displayed 

a preferred azimuthal orientation of growth in 

the axis of prevailing, winds, and the direction of 

frequent weak winds matched the orientation of 

growth better than that of rare strong winds. The 

lack of difference in anchorage parameters among 

species probably reflects the similar belowground 

growth conditions of the mature trees. 

Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N9, SEP, pp 

1217-1227. 


08.1-143 

Wheat quality in organic and conventional 

farming: results of a 21 year field experiment 

Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T, 

Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H, 

Graf U, Velimirov A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U 

Switzerland, Germany, Austria 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences 

Consumers have become more aware of healthy 

and safe food produced with low environmental 

impact. Organic agriculture is of particular interest 

in this respect, as manifested by 5.768 million 

hectares managed pursuant to Council Regulation 

(EEC) 2092/91 in Europe. However, there can be a 

considerable risk that the avoidance of chemical 

inputs in organic farming will result in poor food 

quality. Here the results of a study on the quality 

of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a 21 

year agrosystem comparison between organic and 

conventional farming in central Europe are reported. 

Wheat was grown in a ley (grass/clover) rotation. 

The 71% lower addition of plant-available 

nitrogen and the reduced input of other means 

of production to the organic field plots led to 14% 

lower wheat yields. However, nutritional value 

(protein content, amino acid composition and 

mineral and trace element contents) and baking 

quality were not affected by the farming systems. 

Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic 

production systems, the quantities of mycotoxins 

detected in wheat grains were low in all systems 

and did not differ. In food preference tests, as an 

integrative method, rats significantly preferred 

organically over conventionally produced wheat. 

The findings indicate that high wheat quality in 

organic farming is achievable by lower inputs, 

thereby safeguarding natural resources. (c) 2007 

Society of Chemical Industry. 

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 

2007, V87, N10, AUG 15, pp 1826-1835. 

08.1-144 

No difference in competitive ability between 

invasive North American and native European 

Lepidium draba populations 

Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L, 

Schwarzlaender M 


Ecology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity 

The evolution of increased competitive ability 

(EICA) hypothesis states that plants introduced 

into a new range experience reduced herbivory, 

which in turn results in a shift in resource allocation 

from herbivore defense to growth. If genotypes 

of an invasive plant species from its native 

and introduced ranges are grown under common


conditions, introduced genotypes are expected 

to grow more vigorously than conspecific native 

genotypes. We tested predictions of the EICA hypothesis 

with the invasive species Lepidium draba 

by comparing the growth of genotypes from 

its native European and introduced western US 

ranges under common conditions. To test potential 

differences in competitive ability, we grew L. 

draba from both continents with either Festuca 

idahoensis, a weak competitor native to North 

America, or Festuca ovina, a strong competitor native 

to Europe. Contrary to EICA predictions, there 

were no differences in the performance of native 

and introduced L. draba, independent of whether 

plants were grown with F. idahoensis, F. ovina, or 

alone. The strong competitor, F. ovina impaired 

the growth of L. draba more than the weak competitor 

F. idahoensis and conversely, F. idahoensis 

was generally more impaired by L. draba than was 

F. ovina. While the native F. idahoensis was equally 

affected by L. draba regardless of range, F. ovina 

was not: US L. draba had a stronger negative effect 

on F. ovina growth than European L. draba. Our 

data suggest that the EICA hypothesis is not suitable 

to explain the invasion success of L. draba in 

the US. Instead, the greater competitive effect of 

L. draba on the North American F. idahoensis and 

the asymmetric competitive effect of L draba from 

different origins on F. ovina may indicate superior 

competitive ability for resources, or the presence 

of allelopathic traits in L. draba, to which plant 

species in non-native ranges are maladapted. 

Plant Ecology, 2007, V193, N2, DEC, pp 293-303. 

08.1-145 

Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid 

rain on growth and water use efficiency of a 

young model forest ecosystem 

Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin 

R 


Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Plant Sciences 

, Forestry , Ecology 

In a 4-year lysimeter experiment, we investigated 

the effects of topsoil heavy metal pollution (3,000 

mg kg(-1) Zn, 640 mg kg(-1) Cu, 90 mg kg(-1) Pb and 

10 mg kg(-1) Cd) and (synthetic) acid rain (pH 3.5) 

on tree growth and water use efficiency of young 

forest ecosystems consisting of Norway spruce (Picea 

abies), willow (Salix viminalis), poplar (Populus 

tremula) and birch (Betula pendula) trees and 

a variety of understorey plants. The treatments 

were applied in a Latin square factorial design 

(contaminated vs uncontaminated topsoil, acidified 

rain vs ambient rain) to 16 open-top chambers, 

with 4 replicates each. Each open-top chamber 

contained two lysimeters, one with a calcareous, 

and the other with acidic subsoil. The four tree 

species responded quite differently to heavy metal 

pollution and type of subsoil. The fine root mass, 

which was only sampled at the end of the experiment 

in 2003, was significantly reduced by heavy 

metal pollution in P. abies, P. tremula and B. pendula, 

but not in S. viminalis. The metal treatment 

responses of above-ground biomass and leaf area 

varied between years. In 2002, the heavy metal 

treatment reduced above-ground biomass and 

leaf area in P. tremula, but not in the other species. 

In 2003, metals did not reduce above-ground 

growth in P. tremula, but did so in the other 

species. It appears that the responses in aboveground 

biomass and leaf area, which paralleled 

each other, were related to changes in the relative 

competitive strength of the various species 

in the two experimental years. S. viminalis gained 

relative to P. tremula in absence of metal stress, 

in particular on calcareous subsoil, while P. abies 

showed the largest increases in growth rates in all 

treatments. Above- and below-ground growth was 

strongly inhibited by acidic subsoil in S. viminalis 

and to a lesser degree also in P. abies. In P. abies, 

this subsoil effect was enhanced by metal stress. 

Acid rain was not found to have any substantial 

effect. Whole-system water use efficiency was reduced 

by metal stress and higher on calcareous 

than on acidic subsoil. 

Plant and Soil, 2007, V297, N1-2, AUG, pp 

171-183. 

08.1-146 

Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and 

polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of 

prey from Switzerland 

Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L, 

Nägeli H 

Belgium, Switzerland 

Zoology , Toxicology 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the structurally 

related polybrominated diphenyl ethers 

(PBDEs) have been associated with chronic neurotoxicity 

involving reduced motor activity and 

impaired attentiveness. Such fleurobehavioral 

effects indicate that the central nervous system 

may represent an important target organ for the 

action of these persistent contaminants in wildlife. 

As a consequence, the brain of different terrestrial 

and aquatic birds collected in Switzerland 

was analysed for PCBs and PBDEs. In parallel, the 

same contaminants were examined in the accompanying 

adipose tissue. After clean-up by means 

of glass columns containing acidified silica, deactivated 

alumina and anhydrous sodium sulphate,

92 

the samples were analysed by high resolution 

gas chromatography /tandem mass spectrometry 

(HRGC-MS/MS). Median PCB concentrations in the 

brain (sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118, 

PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180) ranged between 

13 ng g (-1) wet weight (ww) in blackbirds (Turdus 

merula) and 428 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks (Accipiter 

nisus). Median PBDE concentrations in the 

brain (sum of BDE 28, BDE 47, BIDE 99, BDE 100, 

BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 183) ranged from below 

the decision limit in buzzards (Buteo buteo) and 

blackbirds, to 14 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks. 

After correction for the respective lipid content, 

higher PCB or PBDE concentrations in brain compared 

to adipose tissue, were found in three sparrow 

hawks, four buzzards and in all investigated 

blackbirds. These results suggest that a deficit in 

the neuroprotective function of the blood-brain 

barrier may cause unexpected levels of PCBs and 

PBDEs in the central nervous system. 

Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N5, JUN, pp 977-987. 

08.1-147 

Effects of experimental lead pollution on the 

microbial communities associated with Sphagnum 

fallax (Bryophyta) 

Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P 

M, Bernard N 

France, Switzerland 

Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture, 

Soil Sciences , Toxicology 

Ecotoxicological studies usually focus on single 

microbial species under controlled conditions. 

As a result, little is known about the responses 

of different microbial functional groups or individual 

species to stresses. In an aim to assess the 

response of complex microbial communities to 

pollution in their natural habitat, we studied the 

effect of a simulated lead pollution on the microbial 

community (bacteria, cyanobacteria, protists, 

fungi, and micrometazoa) living on Sphagnum 

fallax. Mosses were grown in the laboratory with 

0 (control), 625, and 2,500 µg L-1 of Pb2+ diluted 

in a standard nutrient solution and were sampled 

after 0, 6, 12, and 20 weeks. The biomasses of bacteria, 

microalgae, testate amoebae, and ciliates 

were dramatically and significantly decreased in 

both Pb addition treatments after 6, 12, and 20 

weeks in comparison with the control. The biomass 

of cyanobacteria declined after 6 and 12 

weeks in the highest Pb treatment. The biomasses 

of fungi, rotifers, and nematodes decreased along 

the duration of the experiment but were not significantly 

affected by lead addition. Consequently, 

the total microbial biomass was lower for both Pb 

addition treatments after 12 and 20 weeks than 


in the controls. The community structure was 

strongly modified due to changes in the densities 

of testate amoebae and ciliates, whereas the 

relative contribution of bacteria to the microbial 

biomass was stable. Differences in responses 

among the microbial groups suggest changes in 

the trophic links among them. The correlation between 

the biomass of bacteria and that of ciliates 

or testate amoebae increased with increasing Pb 

loading. We interpret this result as an effect on 

the grazing pathways of these predators and by 

the Pb effect on other potential prey (i.e., smaller 

protists) . The community approach used here 

complements classical ecotoxicological studies by 

providing clues to the complex effect of pollutantaffecting 

organisms both directly and indirectly 

through trophic effects and could potentially find 

applications for pollution monitoring. 

Microbial Ecology, 2007, V54, N2, AUG, pp 

232-241. 

08.1-148 

High specificity but contrasting biodiversity 

of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant 

communities in bog ecosystems independent 

of the geographical region 

Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G 

Austria, Switzerland 

Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences 

Mosses represent ecological niches that harbor a 

hitherto largely uncharacterized microbial diversity. 

To investigate which factors affect the biodiversity 

of bryophyte-associated bacteria, we analyzed 

the bacterial communities associated with 

two moss species, which exhibit different ecological 

behaviors and importance in bog ecosystems, 

Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum fallax, 

from six temperate and boreal bogs in Germany 

and Norway. Furthermore, their surrounding 

plant communities were studied. Molecular analysis 

of bacterial communities was determined by 

single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) 

analysis using eubacterial and genus-specific 

primers for the dominant genera Burkholderia 

and Serratia as well as by sequence analysis of a 

Burkholderia 16S rRNA gene clone library. Plant 

communities were analyzed by monitoring the 

abundance and composition of bryophyte and vascular 

plant species, and by determining ecological 

indicator values. Interestingly, we found a high 

degree of host specificity for associated bacterial 

and plant communities of both Sphagnum species 

independent of the geographical region. Calculation 

of diversity indices on the basis of SSCP 

gels showed that the S. fallax-associated communities 

displayed a statistically significant higher


degree of diversity than those associated with S. 

magellanicum. In contrast, analyses of plant communities 

of Sphagnum-specific habitats resulted 

in a higher diversity of S. magellanicum-specific 

habitats for all six sites. The higher content of nutrients 

in the S. fallax-associated ecosystems can 

explain higher diversity of microorganisms. 

Isme Journal, 2007, V1, N6, OCT, pp 502-516. 

08.1-149 

Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in 

relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife 

(Canary Islands) 

Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F 

Spain, Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology 

The results of the first study of land use changes 

between 1964 and 1992 in Southern Tenerife 

(Canary Islands) are presented and discussed in 

relation to the general socio-economic processes 

and the current nature conservation policy. The 

analysis of five main land use types with a geographic 

information system (GIS) revealed that 

the and coastal landscape has been dramatically 

transformed during the past decades due to the 

increase of mass tourism and the intensification 

of agriculture, resulting in a large-scale destruction 

of the coastal scrub, the natural, endemicrich 

vegetation. Between 1964 and 1992, the area 

occupied by irrigated crops increased strongly due 

to the transition from tomato to banana production. 

During the same period of time, the amount 

of abandoned farmland as well as the area used 

for housing and infrastructure increased markedly, 

the latter by more than 20 times. In nature 

reserves, most of the natural vegetation has survived 

but only in a degraded state, mainly due to 

recreation activities and illegal waste dumping. In 

unprotected areas, by contrast, 60% of the natural 

vegetation was lost between 1964 and 1992, 

and 86% of the native vegatation of recent lava 

flows. The results show that the current practice 

of protecting comparatively small natural areas is 

not sufficient to stop the massive destruction of 

natural vegetation. Surprisingly and disturbingly, 

there is evidence, that a substantial part (40%) of 

these losses could easily have been avoided by better 

environmental planning. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. 

All rights reserved. 

Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, V70, N3, AUG, 

pp 527-539. 

08.1-150 

Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum 

vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence 

OLKJIP under drought stress and re- watering 

Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J 

Switzerland, Morocco 

Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology 

The main objective of this study was to evaluate 

the effects of drought and re-watering on 10 varieties 

of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating 

from Morocco. Five varieties obtained from the 

National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) 

of Morocco and five landraces (local varieties defined 

by high stress tolerance, high yield stability, 

an intermediate yield and low-input demand) 

collected at five localities in the south of Morocco 

were used in the present study. After 2 weeks of 

growth, drought stress was initiated by withholding 

water for 2 weeks followed by 1 week of re-watering. 

The polyphasic OJIP fluorescence transient 

was used to evaluate photosystem, II (PSII) criteria 

at the end of the first week of drought stress (moderate 

drought), at the end of the second week (severe 

drought) and the end of the recovery phase. 

Drought and re- watering had little effect on the 

maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry 

phi(Po)(=F-V/F-M). The photosynthetic performance 

index (PI) is the product of an antenna, 

reaction center and electron transport dependent 

parameter. It revealed differences between varieties 

as a function of drought and re-watering. For 

the screening for drought stress tolerance, changes 

in the PI during a 2-week drought stress treatment 

were analysed and a new parameter was defined: 

the drought factor index (DFI) = log(PIweek 

1/PIcontrol) + 2 log(PIweek 2/PIcontrol). The DFI of 

the tested varieties correlated with their drought 

tolerance. Another parameter that was analysed 

was the relative water content. It decreased during 

the drought stress treatment varying between 61% 

and 78.2% at the end of the drought period. During 

the subsequent recovery period, it increased in 

a species-dependent manner (65.1-94.1%). A third 

parameter studied were changes in the initial 

fluorescence rise. The fluorescence rise during the 

first 300 µs (L-band) can give information on the 

energetic connectivity between PSII units whereas 

changes in the rise during the first 2 ms (K-band) 

offer information on developing limitations on 

the donor side of PSII. Changes in respectively the 

L and K-bands of the fluorescence transients OJIP 

were shown to have predictive value with respect 

to the vitality of leaves and the tolerance of the 

varieties to drought stress. 

Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2007, 

V60, N3, JUL, pp 438-446.

94 

08.1-151 

Integrating environmental and economic 

performance to assess modern silvoarable 

agroforestry in Europe 

Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W, 

Herzog F 

Switzerland, England, Netherlands 


Economics 

The environmental and economic performance 

of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe is highly 

variable. Multi-criteria analysis, using the PRO- 

METHEE outranking approach, was used to evaluate 

the integrated performance of silvoarable 

agroforestry on hypothetical farms in nineteen 

landscape test sites in Spain, France, and The 

Netherlands. The silvoarable scenarios allocated a 

proportion of the hypothetical farms (10 or 50%) 

to silvoarable agroforestry at two different tree 

densities (50 or 113 trees ha(-1)) on two different 

qualities of land (best or worst quality land). The 

status quo (conventional arable farming) was also 

assessed for comparison. The criteria used in the 

evaluation (soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon 

sequestration, landscape biodiversity, and 

infinite net present value) were assessed at each 

landscape test site; infinite net present value was 

assessed under six levels of government support. 

In France, the analysis showed, assuming equal 

weighting between environmental and economic 

performance, that silvoarable agroforestry was 

preferable to conventional arable farming. The 

best results were observed when agroforestry was 

implemented on 50% of the highest quality land 

on the farm; the effect of tree density (50113 trees 

ha(-1)) was small. By contrast, in Spain and The 

Netherlands, the consistently greater profitability 

of conventional arable agriculture relative to 

the agroforestry alternatives made overall performance 

of agroforestry systems dependent on the 

proportion of the farm planted, and the tree density 

and land quality used. 

Ecological Economics, 2007, V63, N4, SEP 15, pp 

759-767. 

08.1-152 

The odd man out? Might climate explain the 

lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests 

relative to Amazonian rain forests? 

Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J, 

Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers 

F, Chatelain C, Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem 

M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D, 

Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka L A, Leal M E, 

Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh 

K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S M, 


Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine 

M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van 

Valkenburg J L C H, Wöll H 

Belgium, England, USA, Cameroon, Cote Ivoire, 

Switzerland, Gabon, Ghana, Indonesia, Netherlands, 

Scotland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Forestry , 

Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity 

1. Comparative analyses of diversity variation 

among and between regions allow testing of alternative 

explanatory models and ideas. Here, we 

explore the relationships between the tree alphadiversity 

of small rain forest plots in Africa and 

in Amazonia and climatic variables, to test the 

explanatory power of climate and the consistency 

of relationships between the two continents. 2. 

Our analysis included 1003 African plots and 512 

Amazonian plots. All are located in old-growth primary 

non-flooded forest under 900 m altitude. Tree 

alpha-diversity is estimated using Fisher’s alpha calculated 

for trees with diameter at breast height >= 

10 cm. Mean diversity values are lower in Africa by a 

factor of two. 3. Climate-diversity analyses are based 

on data aggregated for grid cells of 2.5 x 2.5 km. The 

highest Fisher’s alpha values are found in Amazonian 

forests with no climatic analogue in our African 

data set. When the analysis is restricted to pixels of 

directly comparable climate, the mean diversity of 

African forests is still much lower than that in Amazonia. 

Only in regions of low mean annual rainfall 

and temperature is mean diversity in African forests 

comparable with, or superior to, the diversity in 

Amazonia. 4. The climatic variables best correlated 

with the tree alpha- diversity are largely different

Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT

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