Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT

Global Change Abstracts 

The Swiss Contribution 

O8.1

Global Change Abstracts 

The Swiss Contribution 

August 2007 – January 2008 

Published and distributed by: 

ProClim- 

Forum for Climate and Global Change 

Swiss Academy of Sciences 

Schwarztorstrasse 9 | CH-3007 Bern 

T (+41 31) 328 23 23 | F (+41 31) 328 23 20 

proclim@scnat.ch | www.proclim.ch 

Editor: 

Gabriele Müller-Ferch, ProClimmueller@scnat.ch 

Source: 

Science Citation Index® 

Social Science Citation Index® 

Institute for Scientific Information® 

Cover Pictures: 

Library: Image provided by H. Diaz 

Issue: GCA 08.1, May 2008, Bern, Switzerland

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Contents 3 

Contents 

Concept and Methods 4 

Short List of all Abstracts 5 

1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies 37 

1.1 Atmosphere 37 

1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 67 

1.3 Soil and Litosphere 113 

1.4 Cryosphere 121 

1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 126 

1.6 Energy Balance 149 

1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 151 

2 Past Global Changes 156 

3 Human Dimensions 184 

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 194 

5 General Topics 200 

Index of Authors 208 

Index of Disciplines 229

4 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Methods and Statistic 

Concept and Methods 

Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss Contribution 

(GCA) is a compendium of abstracts for papers on 

the topic of global environmental change. The 

abstracts are written or co-authored by Swiss scientists 

and other experts working in Switzer land. 

The papers are published in one of the 6000 journals 

covered by the data bases Science Citation 

Index® and Social Sciences Citation Index®, which 

are compiled by the Institute for Scientific 

Information®. 

A total of 447 papers that were published during 

the period August 2007 – January 2008 are included 

in this issue. These papers are classified according 

to the following categories, which are also 

used to order the abstracts in GCA (refer to the 

Table of Contents): 

1 Earth system process studies and 

methodologie 

1.1 Atmosphere 

1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 

1.3 Soil and Lithosphere 

1.4 Cryosphere 

1.5 Ocean/Fresh Water Systems 

1.6 Energy Balance 

1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 

2 Past Global Changes 

3 Human Dimensions 

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 

5 General Topics 

The papers are also referenced by an alphabetical 

list of authors and by scientific discipline 

(as preassigned by the Institute for Scientific 

Information®). 

We use three different searches to identify the 

papers in GCA, namely: (i) a search in both databases 

mentioned above for the names of the principal 

investigators and their coworkers contained in 

the ProClim- Infosystem (about 800 names) or for 

projects with Switzer land as a country of origin; 

(ii) a search for additional Swiss papers that have 

been published in a selection of journals chosen 

from the Science Citation Index® based on the 

themes they cover (using “journal catagory codes” 

assigned by the database producer); (iii) a search 

in the database Social Sciences Citation Index® for 

Swiss papers in the social sciences that contain 

one of over 50 keywords on the topic of global 

change. ProClim- staff then scan these selected 

papers to determine which are relevant for inclusion 

in GCA. 

GCA is available as PDF document only and is 

distributed by e-mail. Please send your request to 

proclim@scnat.ch. As a novelty, hyperlinks to the 

full text are included (in blue color, sources of 

the articles) whenever possible. So you can easily 

find the scientific article on the web by clicking 

on the corresponding link in the electronic GCA. 

Searching for keywords is also possible. 

You can also find all papers published in GCA on 

the ProClim- web site at www.proclim.ch/ 

Publications.html. On this site you will find a 

database including all Swiss articles of the GCAs. 

If you are interested in ordering a copy of a paper 

quoted in this issue, you can get further information 

in the ProClim- database, for example the 

address of the first author. A double click on the 

selected article will show you more detailed information 

not printed in the following document. 

If you think a paper should be published in an 

issue of GCA, you can send it to ProClim- and we 

will consider including it in a future issue. We 

hope that Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss 

Contribution will facilitate the exchange of 

information and with it the interdisciplinarity 

among the global change research community.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 5 

Short List of all Abstracts 

1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies 

Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions 

(08.1-1) 

Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J, Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M, Baltensperger U 

A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium model (UHAERO): organic systems (08.1-2) 

Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H 

Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals to fiber filters used for aerosol studies (08.1-3) 

Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U 

Interference of organic signals in highly time resolved nitrate measurements by low mass resolution 

aerosol mass spectrometry (08.1-4) 

Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O, Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D, Venkatachari P, Hopke P K 

Small-scale cloud processes and climate (08.1-5) 

Baker M B, Peter T 

Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols (08.1-6) 

Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H 

Entering into the “greenhouse century”: Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are comparable 

to the upper temperature quantiles in a greenhouse climate (08.1-7) 

Beniston M 

Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container: 

The new CARIBIC system (08.1-8) 

Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke H, Friess 

U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M, Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M, Martinsson B G, 

Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S, Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M, 

Randa B, Reichelt M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D, Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D, 

Stock P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A, Xueref Remy 

I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H 

Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century (08.1-9) 

Brönnimann S 

Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation back to the early 1900s (08.1-10) 

Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D 

Temporal and spatial temperature variability and change over Spain during 1850-2005 (08.1-11) 

Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E, Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A, Lopez D 

A concept for a satellite mission to measure cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and cloud altitude 

(08.1-12) 

Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann U, Emde C, John 

V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P 

Concentration profiles of particles settling in the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary layer 

(08.1-13) 

Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C, Parlange M B 

37

6 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 

The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds (08.1-14) 

Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly P, Targino 

A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M 

Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent satellite and surface observations (08.1-15) 

Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M, Kahn R, Ohmura A 

Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (08.1-16) 

Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J, Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U 

Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the NAO and PNA (08.1-17) 

Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport model (08.1-18) 

Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M 

Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880 (08.1-19) 

Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J, Wanner H 

Summer heat waves over western Europe 1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale forcings and 

predictability (08.1-20) 

Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H, Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H 

Effects of convective ice lofting on H 2O and HDO in the tropical tropopause layer (08.1-21) 

Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S 

Some factors in the design of a regional prediction model: an examination based upon two MAP 

events (08.1-22) 

Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C 

Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley geo 

metry (08.1-23) 

Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani B, Dabas A, 

Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann T, Häberli C, Häller 

Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S, Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G 

Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century (08.1-24) 

Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke P, Brühl C, 

Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R, Gettelman A, Giorgetta M 

A, Kinnison D E, Mancini E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S, 

Pitari G, Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B, Stolarski 

R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M 

Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical features in aircraft measurements and ECMWF 

analyses (08.1-25) 

Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N 

An improved low-flow thermodenuder (08.1-26) 

Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H 

Dynamics of orographically triggered banded convection in sheared moist orographic flows 

(08.1-27) 

Fuhrer O, Schär C


A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic region 

(08.1-28) 

Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 1: 

Model description and evaluations of air concentrations (08.1-29) 

Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T 

A global model study of ozone enhancement during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe (08.1-30) 

Guerova G, Jones N 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric 

surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods and some general results (08.1-31) 

Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, Tsinober A, Yorish S 


surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and related matters (08.1-32) 



surface layer. Part 3. Temperature and joint statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives 

(08.1-33) 


Comparison and synergy of stratospheric ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the 

ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA (08.1-34) 

Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y M, Polyakov 

A V, Kyrola E 

Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus cloud-resolving scales (08.1-35) 

Hohenegger C, Schär C 

Predictability and error growth dynamics in cloud-resolving models (08.1-36) 


Upper-tropospheric flow features and the Alps: An overview (08.1-37) 

Hoinka K P, Davies H C 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 2: 

Global transports and budgets of PCBs (08.1-38) 

Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A 

Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements 

(08.1-39) 

Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J, Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid I S, Godin 

Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F, 

Knosp B W, Perun V S, Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B, 

Bodeker G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H, Leme 

N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J, Parrondos M C, 

Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P, Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte P, Vomel H, von der Gathen 

P, Yela M, Zablocki G 

The impact of reducing the maximum speed limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km h(-1) on 

emissions and peak ozone (08.1-40) 

Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R, Prevot A S H

8 


The evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures and total ozone compared to observed Swiss time 

series (08.1-41) 

Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C 

Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation 

budget (08.1-42) 

Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U 

Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road transport 

emissions (08.1-43) 

Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J, Young D, Stemmler K 

A photochemical modeling study of ozone and formaldehyde generation and budget in the Po basin 

(08.1-44) 

Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C, Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S, Astorga Llorens 

C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A 

Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM 

(08.1-45) 

Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S, Röckner E, Zhang J 

A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative collection of atmospheric ultrafine particles 

for microscopic analysis (08.1-46) 

Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B, Burtscher H 

Evidence for a modest undercount bias in early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts (08.1-47) 

Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U 

Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation on surrogates of mineral dust (08.1-48) 

Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B 

Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in a coastal environment (08.1-49) 

Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P, Hayden K 

Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Climatological analyses 

of the orientation and the theoretical LC1/2 classification (08.1-50) 

Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

Comparison between backscatter lidar and radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and nocturnal 

stratification in the lower troposphere (08.1-51) 

Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H 

Counterflow virtual impact or based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the 

physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description and first case 

study (08.1-52) 

Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S, Baltensperger 

U, Weingartner E 

A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction (08.1-53) 

Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E 

Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and leaf gas exchange 

in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species (08.1-54) 

Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M


Perturbation of the European free troposphere aerosol by North American forest fire plumes during 

the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer 2004 (08.1-55) 

Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K, Roiger A, 

Schlager H, Weingartner E 

Long-term variability of daily North Atlantic-European pressure patterns since 1850 classified by 

simulated annealing clustering (08.1-56) 

Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R, Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H 

Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy 

assessment with ground-based AERONET measurements (08.1-57) 

Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S 

Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme: Findings from field experiments and 

simulations (08.1-58) 

Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B 

Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral dust particles (08.1-59) 

Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G 

A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method (08.1-60) 

Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J, Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia P K, 

Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J, Bodeker G E, Hansen 

G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude 

H, Andersen S B, Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi 

R, Calpini B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F, 

Morris G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E 

The impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on the air quality of Zürich airport (08.1-61) 

Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H, Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B 

Dewpoint and humidity measurements and trends at the summit of Mount Washington, New 

Hampshire, 1935-2004 (08.1-62) 

Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J 

Assessment of the performance of ECC-ozonesondes under quasi-flight conditions in the environmental 

simulation chamber: Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment 

(JOSIE) (08.1-63) 

Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin F J, Northam 

T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd I, Posny F 

Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into the environment (08.1-64) 

Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W 

Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate and aggregate - revised international measuring 

convention (08.1-65) 

Steinle P 

Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol 

(08.1-66) 

Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J, Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M 

Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial water exchange: Integrating land surface models 

and Rhone catchment observations (08.1-67) 

Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C

10 


Direct assessment of international consistency of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy and 

implementation toward metrological traceability network in Asia (08.1-68) 

Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y, Kim K R, Lee 

M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F, Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H, Zellwegern C, 

Klausenn J 

The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO (08.1-69) 

Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A, Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold M, Stocker T F, 

Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J 

Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations 

(08.1-70) 

Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews E, Sharma S, 

Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C, Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H, 

Virkkula A, Hillamo R, Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa 

M, Zielinski T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T 

Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial and the condensed phase in mixed-phase clouds 

(08.1-71) 

Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K, Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Choularton T, 

Baltensperger U 

Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, growth rates, 

and yield (08.1-72) 

Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G, Hoppel W, Sullivan W 

Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation and applications (08.1-73) 

Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M 

Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H-2) from a tunnel study (08.1-74) 

Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B 

The effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free 

atmosphere (08.1-75) 

Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W 

Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected hazardous air pollutants in Seattle (08.1-76) 

Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg H H, Liu L J S 

Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating environments using a suction thermocouple 

apparatus (08.1-77) 

Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A 

Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission 

inventories (08.1-78) 

Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van den Bergh H 

Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced 

Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (08.1-79) 

Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D, Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook A 67 

M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T, Miyoshi T, Shimono 

A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams 

P, Bower K, Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R



The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive 

success in nearby intensively managed farmland (08.1-80) 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B 

Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed 

meadows (08.1-81) 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B 

Sustaining agricultural production and food security in Southern Africa: an improved role for climate 

prediction? (08.1-82) 

Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K 

Importance of ecological compensation areas for small mammals in intensively farmed areas 

(08.1-83) 

Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L 

Effects of agri-environmental measures, site and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity of Swiss 

grassland (08.1-84) 

Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F 

Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic landscapes: The role of farming practices and 

landscape mosaic (08.1-85) 

Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F 

Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects productivity and community composition of subalpine 

grassland after 3 yr of treatment (08.1-86) 

Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J 

Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic rates 

in the surrounding forests (08.1-87) 

Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F 

Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the 

Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania) (08.1-88) 

Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur A, Erhardt A 

Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous lichen community of limestone cliffs in the northern 

Swiss Jura Mountains (08.1-89) 

Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W 

Evaluating macrolichens and environmental variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic 

microlichens (08.1-90) 

Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C 

Which species will succesfully track climate change? The influence of intraspecific competition and 

density dependent dispersal on range shifting dynamics (08.1-91) 

Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J 

Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains (08.1-92) 

Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T 

Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368 experiences of the WWF network (08.1-93) 

Biksham G 

67

12 


Restoration of montane fen meadows by mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of abandonment 

(08.1-94) 

Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M 

Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested cone - A case study using different dendroecological 

approaches (08.1-95) 

Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M 

Methanol exchange between grassland and the atmosphere (08.1-96) 

Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C 

A standardized procedure for surveillance and monitoring European habitats and provision of spatial 

data (08.1-97) 

Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada L, Hofer G, 

Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A, Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M, Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes 

H, Wrbka T 

Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests 

(08.1-98) 

Bürgi M, Gimmi U 

Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings under competition, in an open-top chamber 

experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis (08.1-99) 

Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R 

Comparative typology in six european low-intensity systems of grassland management (08.1-100) 

Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon A, Roeder N, 

Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A 

Identification of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar using Red List criteria: rare and 

threatened Pandanaceae indicate sites in need of protection (08.1-101) 

Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S, Raminosoa 

T, Consiglio T K 

Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its implications 

for revegetation (08.1-102) 

Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R 

Dynamics of metal tolerant plant communities’ development in mine tailings from the Cartagena- 

La Union Mining District (SE Spain) and their interest for further revegetation purposes (08.1-103) 

Conesa H M, Garcia G, Faz A, Arnaldos R 

Water-use strategies in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreen oaks: surviving the summer 

drought (08.1-104) 

David T S, Henriques M O, Kurz Besson C, Nunes J, Valente F, Vaz M, Pereira J S, Siegwolf R, Chaves M M, Gazarini 

L C, David J S 

Impact of Swiss agricultural policies on nitrate leaching from arable land (08.1-105) 

Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F 

Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a rare species: combining evidence from experiments 

and long-term monitoring (08.1-106) 

Denoth M, Myers J H


Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities 

(08.1-107) 

Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M, Hendrickx F, 

Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P, Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E, Zobel M 

Weak and variable relationships between environmental severity and small-scale co-occurrence in 

alpine plant communities (08.1-108) 

Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M, Brooker R, Nagy L, Theurillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze O, Benito J 

L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D, Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A, 

Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G 

Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal concentrations detected in a temperate deciduous 

forest a year after an experimental slash-and-burn (08.1-109) 

Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I 

Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn experiment 

in a temperate deciduous forest (08.1-110) 

Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I, Schier W, Gerlach R 

Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic vegetation (08.1-111) 

Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H 

Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming 

systems under identical crop rotations (08.1-112) 

Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M, Fliessbach A 

Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance measurements using quantum cascade laser 

spectrometery over a Swiss forest (08.1-113) 

Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A, Buchmann N, Emmenegger L 

Improving predictive mapping in Swiss mire ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator values 

(08.1-114) 

Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L 

Effects of an extended drought period on grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland (08.1-115) 

Feller U, Signarbieux C 

Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity following a grazing decrease in a wooded pasture 

of the central Swiss Alps (08.1-116) 

Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F 

Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought stress and 

during recovery (08.1-117) 

Galle A, Feller U 

Stochastic gene expression in switching environments (08.1-118) 

Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H 

Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss mountains: 

a spatial statistical model based on geophysical and socio-economic variables (08.1-119) 

Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E 

Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem service rationale for conservation (08.1-120) 

Ghazoul J 

What you see is where you go? Modeling dispersal in mountainous landscapes (08.1-121) 

Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V

14 


A predictive model of the density of airborne insects in agricultural environments (08.1-122) 

Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B 

Measured microwave radiative transfer properties of a deciduous forest canopy (08.1-123) 

Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H 

What matters for predicting the occurrences of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics? 

(08.1-124) 

Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H, Phillips S, Peterson A T 

Temporal changes in grazing intensity and herbage quality within a Swiss fen meadow (08.1-125) 

Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C 

Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling the results of experimental and observational 

studies (08.1-126) 

Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley White E, 

Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A, Leadley P W, Loreau 

M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D, Terry A C, Troumbis A Y 

The generality of habitat suitability models: A practical test with two insect groups (08.1-127) 

Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R, Settele J, Schroeder B 

Fragmented environment affects birch leaf endophytes (08.1-128) 

Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen K 

Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes (08.1-129) 

Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W 

Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow by pollen in a large continuous and a small isolated 

population of the scattered forest tree Sorbus torminalis (08.1-130) 

Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck S, Rotach P, Holderegger R 

Time series of landscape fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure and urban development: 

a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg, Germany (08.1-131) 

Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller M, Schmidt Lüttman M 

Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in the canopy of mature forest trees (08.1-132) 

Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C 

Identifying the early genetic consequences of habitat degradation in a highly threatened tropical 

conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels (08.1-133) 

Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B, Ennos R A 

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance the negative influence of the exotic tree species 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities in a 

sahelian soil (08.1-134) 

Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana A, Lepage M, 

Duponnois R 

Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9, pg 1128, 2006) 

(08.1-135) 

Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z 

Assessment of land use impacts on the natural environment - Part 2: Generic characterization factors 

for local species diversity in central Europe (08.1-136) 

Köllner T, Scholz R W


The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research (08.1-137) 

Körner C 

Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases: The Kazbegi research agenda of GMBA-DIVERSITAS 

(08.1-138) 

Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C, Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J, Speers L, Spehn E M, 

Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P, Zbinden N 

Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland soils (08.1-139) 

Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M 

Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures in a mature temperate forest (08.1-140) 

Leuzinger S, Körner C 

Water savings in mature deciduous forest trees under elevated CO 2 (08.1-141) 


Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning moment, root-soil plate geometry and root growth 

orientation (08.1-142) 

Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W 

Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment (08.1-143) 

Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T, Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H, Graf U, Velimirov 

A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U 

No difference in competitive ability between invasive North American and native European 

Lepidium draba populations (08.1-144) 

Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L, Schwarzlaender M 

Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid rain on growth and water use efficiency of a young 

model forest ecosystem (08.1-145) 

Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin R 

Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from 

Switzerland (08.1-146) 

Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L, Nägeli H 

Effects of experimental lead pollution on the microbial communities associated with Sphagnum 

fallax (Bryophyta) (08.1-147) 

Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P M, Bernard N 

High specificity but contrasting biodiversity of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant communities 

in bog ecosystems independent of the geographical region (08.1-148) 

Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G 

Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife 

(Canary Islands) (08.1-149) 

Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F 

Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP 

under drought stress and re- watering (08.1-150) 

Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J 

Integrating environmental and economic performance to assess modern silvoarable agroforestry in 

Europe (08.1-151) 

Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W, Herzog F

16 


The odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests relative 

to Amazonian rain forests? (08.1-152) 

Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J, Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers F, Chatelain C, 

Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D, Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka 

L A, Leal M E, Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S 

M, Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van Valkenburg 

J L C H, Wöll H 

Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns 

observed in natural ecosystems? (08.1-153) 

Pautasso M, Parmentier I 

Common species determine richness patterns in biodiversity indicator taxa (08.1-154) 

Pearman P B, Weber D 

Earthworm populations in two low-input cereal farming systems (08.1-155) 

Pfiffner L, Luka H 

Combining probabilistic land-use change and tree population dynamics modelling to simulate 

responses in mountain forests (08.1-156) 

Rickebusch S, Gellrich M, Lischke H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E 

Understanding the low-temperature limitations to forest growth through calibration of a forest 

dynamics model with tree-ring data (08.1-157) 

Rickebusch S, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E 

Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally heterogeneous 

grassland (08.1-158) 

Risch A C, Jurgensen M F, Frank D A 

Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant diversity and species composition in subalpine forest 

belt (08.1-159) 

Rixen C, Haag S, Kulakowski D, Bebi P 

The Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology (08.1-160) 

Roedenbeck I A, Fahrig L, Findlay C S, Houlahan J E, Jäger J, Klar N, Kramer Schadt S, van der Grift E A 

Detecting the role of individual species for overyielding in experimental grassland communities 

composed of potentially dominant species (08.1-161) 

Roscher C, Schumacher J, Weisser W W, Schmid B, Schulze E D 

A Bayesian state-space formulation of dynamic occupancy models (08.1-162) 

Royle J A, Kery M 

Microsatellite diversity of the agriculturally important alpine grass Poa alpina in relation to land 

use and natural environment (08.1-163) 

Rudmann Maurer K, Weyand A, Fischer M, Stöcklin J 

Recent decline in precipitation and tree growth in the eastern Mediterranean (08.1-164) 

Sarris D, Christodoulakis D, Körner C 

Modeling the forest transition: Forest scarcity and ecosystem service hypotheses (08.1-165) 

Satake A, Rudel T K


Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat species calls for a reassessment of their conservation 

status (08.1-166) 

Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel A H, Arlettaz R 

Use of integrated modeling to enhance estimates of population dynamics obtained from limited 

data (08.1-167) 

Schaub M, Gimenez O, Sierro A, Arlettaz R 

Tree species richness affects litter production and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity 

experiment (08.1-168) 

Scherer Lorenzen M, Bonilla J L, Potvin C 

Exploring the functional significance of forest diversity: A new long-term experiment with temperate 

tree species (BIOTREE) (08.1-169) 

Scherer Lorenzen M, Schulze E D, Don A, Schumacher J, Weller E 

Patterns of variation of a common fern (Athyrium filix-femina; Woodsiaceae): Population structure 

along and between altitudinal gradients (08.1-170) 

Schneller J, Liebst B 

Examining native and exotic species diversity in European riparian forests (08.1-171) 

Schnitzler A, Hale B W, Alsum E M 

Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics with hybridization in changing environments 

(08.1-172) 

Seehausen O, Takimoto G, Roy D, Jokela J 

Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundaries of open and closed forests in the Polar 

Urals in the 20th century (08.1-173) 

Shiyatov S G, Terentev M M, Fomin V V, Zimmermann N E 

Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric change: a review (08.1-174) 

Soussana J F, Lüscher A 

Conservation of grasshopper diversity in a changing environment (08.1-175) 

Steck C E, Bürgi M, Bolliger J, Kienast F, Lehmann A, Gonseth Y 

Hotspots and richness pattern of grasshopper species in cultural landscapes (08.1-176) 

Steck C E, Bürgi M, Coch T, Duelli P 

Floral free fall in the Swiss lowlands: environmental determinants of local plant extinction in a 

peri-urban landscape (08.1-177) 

Stehlik I, Caspersen J P, Wirth L, Holderegger R 

Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and their neighboring plants in two swiss upper 

montane meadows harbor distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities (08.1-178) 

Sykorova Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D 

An improved canopy integration scheme for a land surface model with prognostic canopy structure 

(08.1-179) 

Thornton P E, Zimmermann N E 

Fitness-related parameters improve presence-only distribution modelling for conservation practice: 

The case of the red-backed shrike (08.1-180) 

Titeux N, Dufrene M, Radoux J, Hirzel A H, Defourny P

18 


Response of Pinus leucodermis to climate and anthropogenic activity in the National Park of Pollino 

(Basilicata, Southern Italy) (08.1-181) 

Todaro L, Andreu L, D’alessandro C M, Gutirrez E, Cherubinic P, Saracino A 

Regional assessment of climate change impacts on maize productivity and associated production 

risk in Switzerland (08.1-182) 

Torriani D S, Calanca P, Lips M, Ammann H, Beniston M, Fuhrer J 

Potential effects of changes in mean climate and climate variability on the yield of winter and 

spring crops in Switzerland (08.1-183) 

Torriani D S, Calanca P, Schmid S, Beniston M, Fuhrer J 

Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane 

emission of dairy cows (08.1-184) 

van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H, Kreuzer M 

Invasion biology and conservation biology: time to join forces to explore the links between species 

traits and extinction risk and invasiveness (08.1-185) 

van Kleunen M, Richardson D M 

How patch configuration affects the impact of disturbances on metapopulation persistence 

(08.1-186) 

Vuilleumier S, Wilcox C, Cairns B J, Possingham H P 

Prediction of lichen diversity in an UNESCO biosphere reserve - correlation of high resolution 

remote sensing data with field samples (08.1-187) 

Waser L T, Küchler M, Schwarz M, Ivits E, Stofer S, Scheidegger C 

Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner-Alpine 

dry valley (08.1-188) 

Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A 

Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen (08.1-189) 

Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H, Csencsics D, Scheidegger C 

Rhizodeposition of C and N in peas and oats after C-13-N-15 double labelling under field conditions 

(08.1-190) 

Wichern F, Mayer J, Jörgensen R G, Müller T 

Genetic rescue persists beyond first-generation outbreeding in small populations of a rare plant 

(08.1-191) 

Willi Y, van Kleunen M, Dietrich S, Fischer M 

Vegetation effects on pedogenetic forms of Fe, Al and Si and on clay minerals in soils in southern 

Switzerland and northern Italy (08.1-192) 

Zanelli R, Egli M, Mirabella A, Giaccai D, Abdelmoula M 

Importance of dispersal for the expansion of a Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in a fragmented 

landscape (08.1-193) 

Zimmermann F, Breitenmoser Wursten C, Breitenmoser U 

Remote sensing-based predictors improve distribution models of rare, early successional and broadleaf 

tree species in Utah (08.1-194) 

Zimmermann N E, Edwards T C, Moisen G G, Frescino T S, Blackard J A


Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree water relations: interpreting ecophysiological field 

data with a hydraulic plant model (08.1-195) 

Zweifel R, Steppe K, Sterck F J 

1.3 Soil and Litosphere 

Quantification of soil erosion rates related to ancient Maya deforestation (08.1-196) 

Anselmetti F S, Hodell D A, Ariztegui D, Brenner M, Rosenmeier M F 

Soil biogeochemical processes within the Critical Zone (08.1-197) 

Chorover J, Kretzschmar R, Garcia Pichel F, Sparks D L 

Scale-dependent relationships between soil organic carbon and urease activity (08.1-198) 

Corstanje R, Schulin R, Lark R M 

Effect of climate and vegetation on soil organic carbon, humus fractions, allophanes, imogolite, 

kaolinite, and oxyhydroxides in volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily) (08.1-199) 

Egli M, Alioth L, Mirabella A, Raimondi S, Nater M, Verel R 

Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave (08.1-200) 

Fischer E M, Seneviratne S I, Vidale P L, Lüthi D, Schär C 

Numerical modelling of the hydrogeological and geomechanical behaviour of a large slope movement: 

the Triesenberg landslide (Liechtenstein) (08.1-201) 

Francois B, Tacher L, Bonnard Ch, Laloui L, Triguero V 

Formation of hydrozincite, Zn layered double hydroxide and Zn phyllosilicates in contaminated 

calcareous soils (08.1-202) 

Jacquat O, Vögelin A, Kretzschmar R 

The impact of Fe isotope fractionation by plants on the isotopic signature of soils (08.1-203) 

Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Krämer S M, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar R 

Sulphur behaviour in forest soils near the largest SO 2 emitter in northern Europe (08.1-204) 

Koptsik G, Alewell C 

Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments 

based on microcosm experiments with C-13-labeled contaminants (08.1-205) 

Morasch B, Höhener P, Hunkeler D 

Acidification and recovery of soil at a heavily impacted forest catchment (Lysina, Czech Republic) - 

SAFE modeling and field results (08.1-206) 

Navratil T, Kurz D, Kram P, Hofmeister J, Hruska J 

Elucidating differences in the sorption properties of 10 humic and fulvic acids for polar and nonpolar 

organic chemicals (08.1-207) 

Niederer C, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U 

Bioavailability of pollutants and soil remediation (08.1-208) 

Ortega Calvo J J, Ball W P, Schulin R, Semple K T, Wick L Y 

New method for in situ characterization of loose material for landslide mapping purpose 

(08.1-209) 

Pantet A, Parriaux A, Thelin P 

19 

113

20 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 

Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron contaminated sites (08.1-210) 

Robinson B H, Green S R, Chancerel B, Mills T M, Clothier B E 

Changes in the macro-pore structure of restored soil caused by compaction beneath heavy agricultural 

machinery: a morphometric study (08.1-211) 

Schäffer B, Stauber M, Müller R, Schulin R 

Reducing phosphorus losses from over-fertilized grassland soils proves difficult in the short term 

(08.1-212) 

Schärer M, Stamm C, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Oberson A, Flühler H, Sinaj S 

Heavy metal contamination along a soil transect in the vicinity of the iron smelter of Kremikovtzi 

(Bulgaria) (08.1-213) 

Schulin R, Curchod F, Mondeshka M, Daskalova A, Keller A 

Slip rates variability and sediment mobilization on a shallow landslide in the northern Swiss Alps 

(08.1-214) 

Schwab M, Läderach C, Rieke Zapp D, Schlunegger F 

Dry-end surface soil moisture variability during NAFE’06 (08.1-215) 

Teuling A J, Uijlenhoet R, Hurkmans R, Merlin O, Panciera R, Walker J P, Troch P A 

Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and soil respired CO 2 in a temperate grassland labelled 

with C-13 (08.1-216) 

Theis D E, Jäggi M, Aeschlimann D, Blum H, Frossard E, Siegwolf R T W 

Methanotrophic activity in a diffusive methane/oxygen counter- gradient in an unsaturated porous 

medium (08.1-217) 

Urmann K, Norina E S, Schroth M H, Zeyer J 

Release of C and N from roots of peas and oats and their availability to soil microorganisms 

(08.1-218) 

Wichern F, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T 

Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns 

(08.1-219) 

Zhao L Y L, Schulin R, Weng L, Nowack B 


ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products - Part II: Validation results using GLI and MODIS data (08.1-220) 

Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T J, Storvold R, Eide H A, Stamnes K, 

Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F 

Current status of Andean glaciers (08.1-221) 

Casassa G, Rivera A, Haeberli W, Jones G, Käser G, Ribstein P, Rivera A, Schneider C 

Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the alpine snowpack before snowmelt (08.1-222) 

Fain X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist D, Dommergue A, Ferrari C P, Cairns W, Ebinghaus R, Barbante 

C, Cescon P, Boutron C 

Validation of operational AVHRR subpixel snow retrievals over the European Alps based on ASTER 

data (08.1-223) 

Foppa N, Hauser A, Oesch D, Wunderle S, Meister R 

121


An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts (08.1-224) 

Grannas A M, Jones A E, Dibb J, Ammann M, Anastasio C, Beine H J, Bergin M, Bottenheim J, Boxe C S, Carver G, 

Chen G, Crawford J H, Domine F, Frey M M, Guzman M I, Heard D E, Helmig D, Hoffmann M R, Honrath R E, Huey 

L G, Hutterli M, Jacobi H W, Klan P, Lefer B, Mc Connell J, Plane J, Sander R, Savarino J, Shepson P B, Simpson W 

R, Sodeau J R, von Glasow R, Weller R, Wolff E W, Zhu T 

Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large areas using shallow water numerical methods and GIS 

(08.1-225) 

Gruber U, Bartelt P 

Retreat scenarios of Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, using a combined ice-flow mass-balance model 

(08.1-226) 

Huss M, Sugiyama S, Bauder A, Funk M 

Hazard assessment of potential periglacial debris flows based on GIS- based spatial modelling and 

geophysical field surveys: A case study in the Swiss Alps (08.1-227) 

Kneisel C, Rothenbühler C, Keller F, Haeberli W 

Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last 40 years 

(08.1-228) 

Niederer P, Bilenko V, Ershova N, Hurni H, Yerokhin S, Maselli D 

Validation of the SNOWPACK model in five different snow zones in Finland (08.1-229) 

Rasmus S, Gronholm T, Lehning M, Rasmus K, Kulmala M 

Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale: comparison of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric 

monitoring (08.1-230) 

Roer I, Nyenhuis M 

Influence of different digital terrain models (DTMs)on alpine permafrost modeling (08.1-231) 

Salzmann N, Gruber S, Hugentobler M, Hölzle M 

Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the global environmental fate and long-range transport 

potential of semivolatile organic compounds (08.1-232) 

Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler K 

Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures at Col du Dome (4250 m, Mont Blanc area) 

(08.1-233) 

Vincent C, Le Meur E, Six D, Possenti P, Lefebvre E, Funk M 

Introduction to special section: Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground under a changing climate 

(08.1-234) 

Zhang T, Nelson F E, Gruber S 

1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 

Impact of monsoonal rains on spatial scaling patterns in water chemistry of a semiarid river 

network (08.1-235) 

Acuna V, Dahm C N 

The tracing of riverine U in Arctic seawater with very precise U-234 /U-238 measurements 

(08.1-236) 

Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Porcelli D, Halliday A N, Andersson P S, Baskaran M 

21 

126


Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle transport and lacustrine sedimentation (08.1-237) 

Anselmetti F S, Bühler R, Finger D, Girardclos S, Lancini A, Rellstab C, Sturm M 

Flood events overrule fertiliser effects on biomass production and species richness in riverine grasslands 

(08.1-238) 

Beltman B, Willems J H, Güsewell S 

Large-scale climatic signatures in lakes across Europe: a meta- analysis (08.1-239) 

Blenckner T, Adrian R, Livingstone D M, Jennings E, Weyhenmeyer G A, George D G, Jankowski T, Jarvinen M, 

Aonghusa Caitriona N, Noges T, Straile D, Teubner K 

The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat 

(08.1-240) 

Cereghino R, Biggs J, Oertli B, Declerck S 

Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater invertebrates in farm ponds of a south-western 

French agricultural landscape (08.1-241) 

Cereghino R, Ruggiero A, Marty P, Angelibert S 

The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular natural ecosystem threatened by human activities 

(08.1-242) 

Conesa H M, Jimenez Carceles F J 

Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring (08.1-243) 

Davidson N C, Finlayson C M 

Biodegradation and environmental behavior of biodiesel mixtures in the sea: An initial study 

(08.1-244) 

Demello J A, Carmichael C A, Peacock E E, Nelson R K, Arey J S, Reddy C M 

Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component, light 

nonaqueous-phase liquid (08.1-245) 

Dobson R, Schroth M H, Zeyer J 

Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics along a large Alpine alluvial corridor (Tagliamento 

River, Northeast Italy) (08.1-246) 

Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer D R, Tockner K 

Field evidence of a dynamic leakage coefficient for modelling river- aquifer interactions (08.1-247) 

Doppler T, Franssen H J H, Kaiser H P, Kuhlman U, Stauffer F 

The GLOWA Jordan river project: Integrated research for sustainable water management (08.1-248) 

Drexler C, Tielbörger K 

Hydropower production and river rehabilitation: A case study on an alpine river (08.1-249) 

Fette M, Weber C, Peter A, Wehrli B 

Effects of alpine hydropower operations on primary production in a downstream lake (08.1-250) 

Finger D, Bossard P, Schmid M, Jaun L, Müller B, Steiner D, Schäffer E, Zeh M, Wüest A 

Comparing effects of oligotrophication and upstream hydropower dams on plankton and productivity 

in perialpine lakes (08.1-251) 

Finger D, Schmid M, Wüest A


Characterizing water circulation and contaminant transport in Lake Geneva using bacteriophage 

tracer experiments and limnological methods (08.1-252) 

Goldscheider N, Haller L, Pote J, Wildi W, Zopfi J 

Bubble gas-exchange in an artificially aerated lake traced using noble gases (08.1-253) 

Holzner C P, Graser N, Kipfer R 

Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public 

health: A review (08.1-254) 

Ibelings B W, Chorus I 

Effects of upstream hydropower operation and oligotrophication on the light regime of a turbid 

peri-alpine lake (08.1-255) 

Jaun L, Finger D, Zeh M, Schurter M, Wüest A 

Decadal water mass variations along 20 degrees W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (08.1-256) 

Johnson G C, Gruber N 

Relationships among recent Alpine Cladocera remains and their environment: Implications for climate-change 

studies (08.1-257) 

Kamenik C, Szeroczynska K, Schmidt R 

Implementation of a process-based catchment model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized 

Himalayan headwater (08.1-258) 

Konz M, Uhlenbrook S, Braun L, Shrestha A, Demuth S 

Effects of impoundment on nutrient availability and productivity in lakes (08.1-259) 

Matzinger A, Pieters R, Ashley K I, Lawrence G A, Wüest A 

Eutrophication: are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) good bioindicators for ponds? (08.1-260) 

Menetrey N, Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne J B 

Inorganic carbon fixation by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Black Sea water column (08.1-261) 

Neretin L N, Abed R M M, Schippers A, Schubert C J, Kohls K, Kuypers M M M 

Impacts of environmental change on water resources in the Mt. Kenya region (08.1-262) 

Notter B, Macmillan L, Viviroli D, Weingartner R, Liniger H P 

Influence of temperature and high acetate concentrations on methanogenensis in lake sediment 

slurries (08.1-263) 

Nozhevnikova A N, Nekrasova V, Ammann A, Zehnder A J B, Wehrli B, Holliger C 

Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine ponds of the Swiss National Park (Cirque of 

Macun) and relation to environmental variables (08.1-264) 

Oertli B, Indermühle N, Angelibert S, Hinden H, Stoll A 

Aquatic macroinvertebrate response along a gradient of lateral connectivity in river floodplain 

channels (08.1-265) 

Paillex A, Castella E, Carron G 

Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera (08.1-266) 

Pawlowski J, Fahrni J, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius N, Excoffier L, Cedhagen T, Gooday A J 

Earlier onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a warmer climate 

(08.1-267) 

Peeters F, Straile D, Lorke A, Livingstone D M 

23


Water level fluctuations and dynamics of amphibious plants at Lake Constance: Long-term study 

and simulation (08.1-268) 

Peintinger M, Prati D, Winkler E 

Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude, temporal 

patterns, and composition (08.1-269) 

Peloquin J A, Smith W O Jr 

One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium 

types in soritid foraminifera (08.1-270) 

Pochon X, Garcia Cuetos L, Baker A C, Castella E, Pawlowski J 

Continuous measurement of sediment transport in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric bedload 

impact sensors (08.1-271) 

Rickenmann D, Mcardell B W 

Cadmium isotope fractionation in seawater - A signature of biological activity (08.1-272) 

Ripperger S, Rehkamper M, Porcelli D, Halliday A N 

Density-dependent life history differences in a stream mayfly (Deleatidium) inhabiting permanent 

and intermittent stream reaches (08.1-273) 

Robinson C T, Buser T 

Macroinvertebrate assemblages of a high elevation stream/lake network with an emphasis on the 

Chironomidae (08.1-274) 

Robinson C T, Hieber M, Wenzelides V, Lods Crozet B 

Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine stream-lake network in Switzerland (08.1-275) 

Robinson C T, Matthaei S 

Sources and sinks of methane in Lake Baikal: A synthesis of measurements and modeling 

(08.1-276) 

Schmid M, de Batist M, Granin N G, Kapitanov V A, Mcginnis D F, Mizandrontsev I B, Obzhirov A I, Wüest A 

Towards a hydrological classification of European soils: preliminary test of its predictive power for 

the base flow index using river discharge data (08.1-277) 

Schneider M K, Brunner F, Hollis J M, Stamm C 

Selecting scenarios to assess exposure of surface waters to veterinary medicines in Europe 

(08.1-278) 

Schneider M K, Stamm C, Fenner K 

Assessing iron-mediated oxidation of toluene and reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants in 

anoxic environments using compound- specific isotope analysis (08.1-279) 

Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Schwarzenbach R P 

Iron-mediated microbial oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic contaminants under anoxic 

conditions (08.1-280) 

Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Straub K L, Fontana D, Schwarzenbach R P 

Probabilistic flood forecasting with a limited-area ensemble prediction system: Selected case studies 

(08.1-281) 

Verbunt M, Walser A, Gurtz J, Montani A, Schär C 

Where a springhead becomes a springbrook - a regional zonation of springs (08.1-282) 

von Fumetti S, Nagel P, Baltes B


Nitrate-depleted conditions on the increase in shallow northern European lakes (08.1-283) 

Weyhenmeyer G A, Jeppesen E, Adrian R, Arvola L, Blenckner T, Jankowski T, Jennings E, Noges P, Noges T, 

Straile D 

Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake 

Victoria (08.1-284) 

Witte F, Wanink J H, Kishe Machumu M, Mkumbo O C, Goudswaard P C, Seehausen O 

Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance of isotope 

exchange reactions with ambient water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP Site 1130) 

(08.1-285) 

Wortmann U G, Chernyavsky B, Bernasconi S M, Brunner B, Böttcher M E, Swart P K 

Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management (08.1-286) 

Yang H, Zehnder A 

Hydrological modelling of the chaohe basin in china: Statistical model formulation and Bayesian 

inference (08.1-287) 

Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C, Yang H 

Bayesian uncertainty analysis in distributed hydrologic modeling: A case study in the Thur River 

basin (Switzerland) (08.1-288) 

Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C 

Salinization of groundwater in the Nefzawa oases region, Tunisia: results of a regional-scale hydrogeologic 

approach (08.1-289) 

Zammouri M, Siegfried T, El Fahem T, Kriaa S, Kinzelbach W 

Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the Swiss Alps (08.1-290) 

Zappa M, Kan C 

Insights into the management of sea turtle internesting area through satellite telemetry (08.1-291) 

Zbinden J A, Aebischer A, Margaritoulis D, Arlettaz R 


Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes 

(08.1-292) 

Fusina F, Spichtinger P, Lohmann U 

Year-round observation of longwave radiative flux divergence in Greenland (08.1-293) 

Hoch S W, Calanca P, Philipona R, Ohmura A 

Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity at Earth, 1428-2005 (08.1-294) 

Mccracken K G, Beer J 

Modelling the ground heat flux of an urban area using remote sensing data (08.1-295) 

Rigo G, Parlow E 

25 

149



An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle (08.1-296) 

Gruber N, Galloway J N 

Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black /elemental) carbon in soils 

and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere (08.1-297) 

Hammes K, Schmidt M W I, Smernik R J, Currie L A, Ball W P, Nguyen T H, Louchouarn P, Houel S, Gustafsson O, 

Elmquist M, Cornelissen G, Skjemstad J O, Masiello C A, Song J, Peng P, Mitra S, Dunn J C, Hatcher P G, Hockaday 

W C, Smith Dwight M, Hartkopf Fröder C, Böhmer A, Lueer B, Huebert B J, Amelung W, Brodowski S, Huang L, 

Zhang W, Gschwend P M, Flores C D X, Largeau C, Rouzaud J N, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kaiser K, Rodionov A, 

Gonzalez Vila F J, Gonzalez Perez J A, de La Rosa J M, Manning D A C, Lopez Capel E, Ding L 

Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage variations in regional climate simulations over Europe 

(08.1-298) 

Hirschi M, Seneviratne S I, Hagemann S, Schär C 

Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model simulations of the land surface water budget and its 

components over the GEWEX-CEOP regions (08.1-299) 

Irannejad P, Henderson Sellers A 

Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes 

(08.1-300) 

Moffat A M, Papale D, Reichstein M, Hollinger D Y, Richardson A D, Barr A G, Beckstein C, Braswell B H, Churkina 

G, Desai A R, Falge E, Gove J H, Heimann M, Hui D, Jarvis A J, Kattge J, Noormets Asko, Stauch V J 

Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the 

ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2) 

(08.1-301) 

Najjar R G, Jin X, Louanchi F, Aumont O, Caldeira K, Doney S C, Dutay J C, Follows M, Gruber N, Joos F, Lindsay K, 

Maier Reimer E, Matear R J, Matsumoto K, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Orr J C, Plattner G K, Sarmiento J L, Schlitzer R, 

Slater R D, Weirig M F, Yamanaka Y, Yool A 

Experimental assessment of N 2O background fluxes in grassland systems (08.1-302) 

Neftel A, Flechard C, Ammann C, Conen F, Emmenegger L, Zeyer K 

Effects of increased soil water availability on grassland ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes (08.1-303) 

Risch A C, Frank D A 

Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of trace gases in the boundary layer over the tropical 

Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign (08.1-304) 

Stickler A, Fischer H, Bozem H, Gurk C, Schiller C, Martinez Harder M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Williams J, Eerdekens 

G, Yassaa N, Ganzeveld L, Sander R, Lelieveld J 

Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species (08.1-305) 

Sutton M A, Nemitz E, Erisman J W, Beier C, Butterbach Bahl K, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F, Skiba U, Di Marco 

C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana J F, Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher M W, Neftel A, Flechard 

C R, Herrmann B, Calanca P, Schjoerring J K, Daemmgen U, Horvath L, Tang Y S, Emmett B A, Tietema A, Penuelas 

J, Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T, Campbell C L, Olesen J E, Dragosits U, Theobald M R, Levy P, 

Mobbs D C, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N, Smith J U, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, Reis S 

Sensitivity of carbon cycling in the European Alps to changes of climate and land cover (08.1-306) 

Zierl B, Bugmann H 

151



Pleistocene ice and paleo-strain rates at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica (08.1-307) 

Aciego S M, Cuffey K M, Kavanaugh J L, Morse D L, Severinghaus J P 

Sequencing events across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) (08.1-308) 

Algeo T J, Hannigan R, Rowe H, Brookfield M, Baud A, Krystyn L, Ellwood B B 

Sub-orbital sea-level change in early MIS 5e: New evidence from the Gulf of Corinth, Greece 

(08.1-309) 

Andrews J E, Portman C, Rowe P J, Leeder M R, Kramers J D 

Age and significance of former low-altitude corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands (08.1-310) 

Ballantyne C K, Hall A M, Phillips W, Binnie S, Kubik P W 

Vegetation history, fire history and lake development recorded for 6300 years by pollen, charcoal, 

loss on ignition and chironomids at a small lake in southern Kyrgyzstan (Alay Range, Central Asia) 

(08.1-311) 

Beer R, Heiri O, Tinner W 

Pollen representation in surface samples of the Juniperus, Picea and Juglans forest belts of 

Kyrgyzstan, central Asia (08.1-312) 

Beer R, Tinner W, Carraro G, Grisa E 

Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines that may have formed during the Younger Dryas, 

8.2cal ka, and Little Ice Age events (08.1-313) 

Benson L, Madole R, Kubik P W, Mcdonald R 

Palaeoclimate-induced range shifts may explain current patterns of spatial genetic variation in 

renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Asteraceae) (08.1-314) 

Bergh N G, Hedderson T A, Linder H P, Bond W J 

Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved sediments 

of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern Swiss Alps) (08.1-315) 

Blass A, Bigler C, Grosjean M, Sturm M 

Signature of explosive volcanic eruptions in the sediments of a high- altitude Swiss lake (08.1-316) 

Blass A, Grosjean M, Livingstone D M, Sturm M 

A European pattern climatology 1766-2000 (08.1-317) 

Casty C, Raible C C, Stocker T F, Wanner H, Luterbacher J 

Reconstructing recent environmental changes from proglacial lake sediments in the western Alps 

(Lake blanc huez, 2543 m a.s.l., grandes rousses massif, france) (08.1-318) 

Chapron E, Faien X, Magand O, Charlet L, Debret M, Melieres M A 

Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at Lago di 

Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy) (08.1-319) 

Colombaroli D, Marchetto A, Tinner W 

Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use: a case study of ‘brusada’ (burn) in southern Switzerland 

(08.1-320) 

Conedera M, Vassere S, Neff C, Meurer M, Krebs P 

27 

156


Multiproxy late quaternary stratigraphy of the Nile deep-sea turbidite system - Towards a chronology 

of deep-sea terrigeneous systems (08.1-321) 

Ducassou E, Capotondi L, Murat A, Bernasconi S M, Mulder T, Gonthier E, Migeon S, Duprat J, Giraudeau J, Mascle 

J 

Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal buildups in south Guizhou, China (08.1-322) 

Enpu G, Samankassou E, Changqing G, Yongli Z Baoliang S 

Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco (08.1-323) 

Esper J, Frank D, Buentgen U, Verstege A, Luterbacher J 

Modern pollen assemblages as climate indicators in southern Europe (08.1-324) 

Finsinger W, Heiri O, Valsecchi V, Tinner W, Lotter A F 

Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage 

using the deep EPICA ice cores from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica (08.1-325) 

Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Wegner A, Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Severi M, Wolff 

E, Littot G, Röthlisberger R, Mulvaney R, Hutterli M A, Kaufmann P, Federer U, Lambert F, Bigler M, Hansson M, 

Jonsell U, de Angelis M, Boutron C, Siggaard Andersen M L, Steffensen J P, Barbante C, Gaspari V, Gabrielli P, 

Wagenbach D 

Adjustment for proxy number and coherence in a large-scale temperature reconstruction 

(08.1-326) 

Frank D, Esper J, Cook E R 

Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation (08.1-327) 

Galbraith E D, Jaccard S L, Pedersen T F, Sigman D M, Haug G H, Cook M, Southon J R, Francois R 

Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence for global climatic change in the wake of the end- 

Permian biotic crisis (08.1-328) 

Galfetti T, Hochuli P A, Brayard A, Bucher H, Weissert H, Vigran J O 

Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost with Cl-36 (08.1-329) 

Gilichinsky D A, Nolte E, Basilyan A E, Beer J, Blinov A V, Lazarev V E, Kholodov A L, Meyer H, Nikolskiy P A, 

Schirrmeister L, Tumskoy V E 

Assimilation of the plutonic roots of the Andean arc: Evidence from CO 2-rich fluid inclusions in 

olivines (08.1-330) 

Ginibre C, Dungan M A 

Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous phylloid algae in southern Guizhou, SW China (08.1-331) 

Gong E, Mang Y, Guan C, Samankassou E, Sun B, Sun B L 

Late Quaternary river development in the southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment from the 

Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast Nigeria) (08.1-332) 

Gumnior M, Preusser F 

Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the southern Alps, Ticino Switzerland (08.1-333) 

Hajdas I, Schlumpf N, Minikus Stary N, Hagedorn F, Eckmeier E, Schoch W, Burga C, Bonani G, Schmidt M W I, 

Cherubini P 

Cosmogenic Be-10-ages from the Store Koldewey island, NE Greenland (08.1-334) 

Hakansson L, Graf A, Strasky S, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P W, Hjort C, Schlüchter C 

Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic oceanic circulation of the Tethys: The delta C-13 

record from marine sections in Iran (08.1-335) 

Horacek M, Richoz S, Brandner R, Krystyn L, Spoetl C


1. Flaje-Kiefern (Krusne Hory Mountains): Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation development 

(08.1-336) 

Jankovska V, Kunes P, van der Knaap W O 

Microgram level radiocarbon (C-14) determination on carbonaceous particles in ice (08.1-337) 

Jenk T M, Szidat S, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H W, Wacker L, Synal H A, Saurer M 

Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years (08.1-338) 

Jouzel J, Masson Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola J M, 

Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet J C, Johnsen S, Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Lüthi D, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Raisbeck 

G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B, Steffensen J P, Stenni B, Stocker T 

F, Tison J L, Werner M, Wolff E W 

Applying SAR-IRSL methodology for dating fine-grained sediments from lake El’gygytgyn, northeastern 

Siberia (08.1-339) 

Juschus O, Preusser F, Melles M, Radtke U 

Unfractionated excess air: The result of incomplete dissolution of entrapped air? (08.1-340) 

Klump S, Cirpka O A, Kipfer R 

Excess air as a potential tracer for paleohydrological conditions (08.1-341) 

Klump S, Grundl T, Purtschert R, Kipfer R 

Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel coupling: 

Evidence from inner gorges in the Swiss Alps (08.1-342) 

Korup O, Schlunegger F 

Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen over Marine Isotopic 

Stage 4 (08.1-343) 

Landais A, Masson Delmotte V, Combourieu Nebout N, Jouzel J, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Dahl Jensen D, Johnsen 

S 

Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications for deglaciation 

chronology (08.1-344) 

Lepper K, Fisher T G, Hajdas I, Lowell T V 

Variable Be-10 fluxes in lacustrine sediments from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: a solar record? 

(08.1-345) 

Ljung K, Bjorck S, Muscheler R, Beer J, Kubik P W 

Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in Sphagnum (08.1-346) 

Loader N J, Mccarroll D, van der Knaap W O, Robertson I, Gagen M 

Detailed record of the mid-Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) positive carbon- isotope excursion in two 

hemipelagic sections (France and Switzerland): A plate tectonic trigger? (08.1-347) 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Bernasconi S M, Pellenard P, Collin P Y, Weissert H 

Impact of methane seeps on the local carbon-isotope record: a case study from a Late Jurassic 

hemipelagic section (08.1-348) 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Logvinovich D, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H 

Plate tectonic trigger of changes in pCO(2) and climate in the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic): Carbon isotope 

and modeling evidence (08.1-349) 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Schäffer P, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H 

New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr (08.1-350) 

Loulergue L, Parrenin F, Blunier T, Barnola J M, Spahni R, Schilt A, Raisbeck G, Chappellaz J 

29


Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland 

(08.1-351) 

Luetscher M, Bolius D, Schwikowski M, Schotterer U, Smart P L 

Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from Cariaco Basin for terminations I and V: Local and 

global implications (08.1-352) 

Meckler N A , Haug G H, Sigman D M, Plessen B, Peterson L C, Thierstein H R 

Grape harvest dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August temperature reconstructions back to AD 

1480 (08.1-353) 

Meier N, Rutishauser T, Pfister C, Wanner H, Luterbacher J 

Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end 

moraine system (eastern Alps) (08.1-354) 

Monegato G, Ravazzi C, Donegana M, Pini R, Calderoni G, Wick L 

European ammonoid diversity questions the spreading of anoxia as primary cause for the 

Cenomanian/Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinction (08.1-355) 

Monnet C, Bucher H 

Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2 

(08.1-356) 

Mort H P, Adatte T, Föllmi K B, Keller G, Steinmann P, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D 

The Cenomanian/Turonian anoxic event at the Bonarelli level in Italy and Spain: enhanced productivity 

and/or better preservation? (08.1-357) 

Mort H, Jacquat O, Adatte T, Steinmann P, Föllmi K B, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D 

Glacial in situ survival in the Western Alps and polytopic autopolyploidy in Biscutella laevigata L. 

(Brassicaceae) (08.1-358) 

Parisod C, Besnard G 

The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA dome C ice core (08.1-359) 

Parrenin F, Barnola J M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S, Jouzel J, 

Kawamura K, Lemieux Dudon B, Loulergue L, Masson Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit J R, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Ruth 

U, Schwander J, Severi M, Spahni R, Steffensen J P, Svensson A, Udisti R, Waelbroeck C, Wolff E 

Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization around the Middle-Late Jurassic transition 

(08.1-360) 

Rais P, Louis Schmid B, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H 

Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium 10 

(08.1-361) 

Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, Jouzel J, Stocker T F 

Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino, Switzerland) 

(08.1-362) 

Reynolds Henne C E, Siegwolf R T W, Treydte K S, Esper J, Henne S, Saurer M 

Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic “snowball” glacial epoch (08.1-363) 

Rieu R, Allen P A, Ploetze M, Pettke T 

EDML1: a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the 

last 150 000 years (08.1-364) 

Ruth U, Barnola J M, Beer J, Bigler M, Blunier T, Castellano E, Fischer H, Fundel F, Huybrechts P, Kaufmann P, 

Kipfstuhl S, Lambrecht A, Morganti A, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Rybak O, Severi M, Udisti R, Wilhelms F, Wolff E


Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition in southern South America (Isla Navarino, Chile) 

(08.1-365) 

Sapkota A, Cheburkin A K, Bonani G, Shotyk W 

Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature inference and indicator pollen tracking ca. 4,000 years 

of climate/land use dependency in the southern Austrian Alps (08.1-366) 

Schmidt R, Kamenik C, Roth M 

Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature matching 

(08.1-367) 

Severi M, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Traversi R, Udisti R, Ruth U, Fischer H, Huybrechts P, Wolff E, 

Parrenin F, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Steffensen J P 

A high-resolution, absolute-dated deglacial speleothem record of Indian Ocean climate from Socotra 

Island, Yemen (08.1-368) 

Shakun J D, Burns S J, Fleitmann D, Kramers J D, Matter A, Al Subary A 

Climate changes and volcanic signals during the Bronze Age: A stalagmite record (08.1-369) 

Siklosy Z, Demeny A, Vennemann T W, Hegner E, Kramers J D, Leel Ossy Sz 

Hyalinea marmarica, a new species of benthic foraminifera from the sea of Marmara (Turkey) 

(08.1-370) 

Spezzaferri S, Yanko Hombach V 

Mesolithic agriculture in Switzerland? A critical review of the evidence (08.1-371) 

Tinner W, Nielsen E H, Lotter A F 

Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree-ring isotope network (08.1-372) 

Treydte K, Frank D, Esper J, Andreu L, Bednarz Z, Berninger F, Boettger T, Dalessandro C M, Etien N, Filot M, 

Grabner M, Guillemin M T, Gutierrez E, Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela Brundin M, Krapiec M, 

Leuenberger M, Loader N J, Masson Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S, Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds 

Henne C E, Rinne K T, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen E, Stievenard M, Switsur V R, Szczepanek M, Szychowska 

Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse J S, Weigl M, Schleser G H 

Oncoid growth and distribution controlled by sea-level fluctuations and climate (Late Oxfordian, 

Swiss Jura Mountains) (08.1-373) 

Vedrine S, Strasser A, Hug W 

Interactions between climate and vegetation during the Lateglacial period as recorded by lake and 

mire sediment archives in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland (08.1-374) 

Vescovi E, Ravazzi C, Arpenti E, Finsinger W, Pini R, Valsecchi V, Wick L, Ammann B, Tinner W 

Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as monitors of a paleohydrological regime in the Dead 

Sea basin (08.1-375) 

Waldmann N, Starinsky A, Stein M 

16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland) 

(08.1-376) 

Wehrli M, Tinner W, Ammann B 

Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep- drilling site, Antarctica 

(08.1-377) 

Wesche C, Eisen O, Oerter H, Schulte D, Steinhage D 

Leaf area index for northern and eastern North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a data-model 

comparison (08.1-378) 

Williams J W, Gonzales L M, Kaplan J O 

31


A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data 

(08.1-379) 

Wilson R, D’arrigo R, Buckley B, Büntgen U, Esper J, Frank D, Luckman B, Payette S, Vose R, Youngblut D 

Relation between rock uplift and denudation from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in the 

Central Alps of Switzerland (08.1-380) 

Wittmann H, von Blanckenburg F, Kruesmann T, Norton K P, Kubik P W 

The prelude of the end-Permian mass extinction predates a postulated bolide impact (08.1-381) 

Yin H, Feng Q, Baud A, Xie S, Benton M J, Lai X, Bottjer D J 


Linking extreme climate events and economic impacts: Examples from the Swiss Alps 

(08.1-382) 

Beniston M 

Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function (08.1-383) 

Downs S H, Schindler C, Liu L J S, Keidel D, Bayer Oglesby L, Brutsche M H, Gerbase M W, Keller R, Kuenzli N, 

Leuenberger P, Probst Hensch N M, Tschopp J M, Zellweger J P, Rochat T, Schwartz J, Ackermann Liebrich U 

Climate change-related health impacts in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (08.1-384) 

Ebi K L, Woodruff R, von Hildebrand A, Corvalan C 

Lasting management of the countryside. The lessons that new regional natural parks must take 

from the experience of old communities (08.1-385) 

Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P 

The sustainable management of the landscape: the lessons the new regional nature parks must 

draw from the experience of the old corporations (08.1-386) 


Recognising the complexities of ecosystem management and the ecosystem service concept 

(08.1-387) 

Ghazoul J 

Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development (08.1-388) 

Grey D, Sadoff C W 

Carbon constraints in the fourteenth and twenty-first centuries (08.1-389) 

Hoffmann V, Busch T 

Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory landscape planning (08.1-390) 

Höppner C, Frick J, Buchecker M 

Local learning-networks on energy efficiency in industry - Successful initiative in Germany 

(08.1-391) 

Jochem E, Gruber E 

Objectives of public participation: Which actors should be involved in the decision making for river 

restorations? (08.1-392) 

Junker B, Buchecker M, Müller Böker U 

184


Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development 

assistance (08.1-393) 

Klein R J T, Eriksen S E H, Naess L O, Hammill A, Tanner T M, Robledo C, O’brien K L 

A MERGE model with endogenous technological change and the cost of carbon stabilization 

(08.1-394) 

Kypreos S 

Characterization of source-specific air pollution exposure for a large population-based Swiss Cohort 

(SAPALDIA) (08.1-395) 

Liu L J S, Curjuric I, Keidel D, Heldstab J, Künzli N, Bayer Oglesby L, Ackermann Liebrich U, Schindler C 

Climate risks and peak oil: Challenge for the trans disciplinary research (08.1-396) 

Maibach M, Guyer M, Kläy A 

Does climate policy promote development? (08.1-397) 

Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K 

Climate or development: is ODA diverted from its original purpose? (08.1-398) 


Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a North- and 

South-facing altitudinal gradient on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland (08.1-399) 

Moran Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair P F, Moret J, Gern L 

Integrated assessment of global climate change with learning-by-doing and energy-related research 

and development (08.1-400) 

Müller Fürstenberger G, Stephan G 

CDM potential of bagasse cogeneration in India (08.1-401) 

Purohita P, Michaelowa A 

The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia (08.1-402) 

Restuti D, Michaelowa A 

Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project 

(08.1-403) 

Samoli E, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, Anderson H R, Schindler C, Forsberg B, Vigotti M A, Vonk J, Kosnik M, Skorkovsky 

J, Katsouyanni K 

A synopsis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and 

Marrakech Accords (08.1-404) 

Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S, Canadell J, Ciccarese L, Dutschke M, Fiedler J, Fischlin A, Fearnside P, 

Forner C, Freibauer A, Frumhoff P, Hoehne N, Kirschbaum M U F, Labat A, Marland G, Michaelowa A, Montanarella 

L, Moutinho P, Murdiyarso D, Pena N, Pingoud K, Rakonczay Z, Rametsteiner E, Rock J, Sanz M J, Schneider U A, 

Shuidenko A, Skutsch M, Smith P, Somogyi Z, Trines E, Ward M, Yamagata Y 

How is climate change perceived in relation to other socioeconomic and environmental threats in 

Nairobi, Kenya? (08.1-405) 

Shisanya C A, Khayesi M 

The future of the Swiss Alps: A participatory sustainability assessment of agricultural and landscape 

scenarios (08.1-406) 

Soliva R 

33


Output and abatement effects of allocation readjustment in permit trade (08.1-407) 

Sterner T, Müller A 

Does the current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver its sustainable development claim? 

An analysis of officially registered CDM projects (08.1-408) 

Sutter C, Parreno J C 

Technology in climate policy and climate models - Introduction (08.1-409) 

Thalmann P 

Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere reserves by local residents in Switzerland and Ukraine 

(08.1-410) 

Wallner A, Bauer N, Hunziker M 

The concept of sustainable development - consequences for social theory. Research desiderata and a 

proposal for a research strategy in social geography (08.1-411) 

Zierhofer W 


Thermo-economic optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell, gas turbine hybrid system (08.1-412) 

Autissier N, Palazzi F, Marechal F, van Herle J, Favrat D 

Effect of pressure and fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions from industrial gas turbine burners 

(08.1-413) 

Biagioli F, Güthe F 

Consumption and efficiency of a passenger car with a hydrogen/oxygen PEFC based hybrid electric 

drivetrain (08.1-414) 

Büchi F N, Paganelli G, Dietrich P, Laurent D, Tsukada A, Varenne P, Delfino A, Koetz R, Freunberger S A, Magne P 

A, Walser D, Olsommer D 

Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 2. Catalytic behavior in the reduction of NO by H-2 under 

lean conditions (08.1-415) 

Chiarello G L, Ferri D, Grunwaldt J D, Forni L, Baiker A 

Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 1. Structure, thermal stability and reducibility (08.1-416) 

Chiarello G L, Grunwaldt J D, Ferri D, Krumeich R, Oliva C, Forni L, Baiker A 

Increase of passenger car engine efficiency with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-natural 

gas mixtures: A thermodynamic analysis (08.1-417) 

Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C, Boulouchos K 

Multi-regional long-term electricity supply scenarios with fusion (08.1-418) 

Gnansounou E, Bednyagin D 

Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical equilibrium calculations and experimental 

investigation (08.1-419) 

Halmann M, Frei A, Steinfeld A 

Secondarv effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper- induced formation of PCDD/Fs 

(08.1-420) 

Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Gujer E, Honegger P, Zeyer K, Gfeller U, Wichser A, Kohler M, Schmid P, Emmenegger L, Ulrich 

A, Wenger D, Petermann J L, Czerwinski J, Mosimann T, Kasper M, Mayer A 

194


Towards multi-source multi-product energy systems (08.1-421) 

Hemmes K, Zachariah Wolff J L, Geidl M, Andersson G 

An energy management method for the food industry (08.1-422) 

Müller D C A, Marechal F M A, Wolewinski T, Roux P J 

H 2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on ZnO/Zn-redox: Quenching the effluents from the ZnO 

dissociation (08.1-423) 

Müller R, Steinfeld A 

Towards an improved architectural quality of building integrated solar thermal systems (BIST) 

(08.1-424) 

Munari Probst M C , Roecker C 

Biofuels must deliver on their promise of sustainability (08.1-425) 

Opal C 

A methodology for thermo-economic modeling and optimization of solid oxide fuel cell systems 

(08.1-426) 

Palazzi F, Autissier N, Marechal F M A, Favrat D 

Dynamics of a solar thermochemical reactor for steam-reforming of methane (08.1-427) 

Petrasch J, Steinfeld A 

Development steps for parabolic trough solar power technologies with maximum impact on cost 

reduction (08.1-428) 

Pitz P R, Dersch J, Milow B, Tellez F, Ferriere A, Langnickel U, Steinfeld A, Karni J, Zarza E, Popel O 

Optimum battery size for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle - Part I (08.1-429) 

Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A 

Optimum Battery Size for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle With Transient Loading Consideration— 

Part II (08.1-430) 



What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents 

(08.1-431) 

Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K 

Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on model microorganisms under improved and field SODIS 

conditions (08.1-432) 

Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L, Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, Fenandez W, Iriarte M, Birrer 

C, Stahel W A, Wegelin M 

Cumulative energy extraction from the natural environment (CEENE): a comprehensive life cycle 

impact assessment method for resource accounting (08.1-433) 

Dewulf J, Bosch M E, de Meester B, van der Vorst G, van Langenhove H, Hellweg S, Huijbregts M A J 

The environmental relevance of capital goods in life cycle assessments of products and services 

(08.1-434) 

Frischknecht R, Althaus H J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T 

35 

200


New concepts of Be-10 AMS at low energies (08.1-435) 

Grajcar M, Döbeli M, Kubik P W, Synal H A, Wacker L, Suter M 

Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of metals in life cycle assessment (LCA) (08.1-436) 

Haye S, Slaveykova V I, Payet J 

Challenges for forestry and forest research - How to promote effective cooperation between science 

and practice? (08.1-437) 

Jäger J, Pluess A, Klank C, Ghazoul J 

Environmental impacts of conventional and sustainable investment funds compared using inputoutput 

life-cycle assessment (08.1-438) 

Köllner T, Suh S, Weber O, Moser C, Scholz R W 

Problem-oriented environmental research: The view of geography and landscape ecology on science 

and application (08.1-439) 

Leser H 

Linking models of land use, resources, and economy to simulate the development of mountain 

regions (ALPSCAPE) (08.1-440) 

Lundstroem C, Kytzia S, Walz A, Gret Regamey A, Bebi P 

Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment (08.1-441) 

Nowack B, Bucheli T D 

Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication industry: A review (08.1-442) 

Scharnhorst W 

Agricultural decline, landscape change, and outmigration: Debating the sustainability of three scenarios 

for a Swiss mountain region (08.1-443) 

Soliva R 

Advances in particle identification in AMS at low energies (08.1-444) 

Suter M, Döbeli M, Grajcar M, Müller A, Stocker M, Sun G, Synal H A, Wacker L 

MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system (08.1-445) 

Synal H A, Stocker M, Suter M 

Restoring dense vegetation can slow mountain erosion to near natural benchmark levels (08.1-446) 

Vanacker V, von Blanckenburg F, Govers G, Molina A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Kubik P W 

Wooden building products in comparative LCA (08.1-447) 

Werner F, Richter K

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 37 

1.1 Atmosphere 

08.1-1 

Identification of the mass spectral signature of 

organic aerosols from wood burning emissions 

Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J, 

Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M, 

Baltensperger U 

Switzerland 

Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

Throughout the winter months, the village of Roveredo, 

Switzerland, frequently experiences strong 

temperature inversions that contribute to elevated 

levels of particulate matter. Wood is used as 

fuel for 75% of the domestic heating installations 

in Roveredo, which makes it a suitable location to 

study wood burning emissions in the atmosphere 

in winter. An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass 

spectrometer (Q-AMS) was used to characterize 

the composition of the submicrometer, non- refractory 

aerosol particles at this location during 

two field campaigns in March and December 2005. 

Wood burning was found to be a major source of 

aerosols at this location in winter. Organics dominated 

the composition of the aerosols from this 

source, contributing up to 85% of the total AMS 

measured mass during the afternoon and evening 

hours. Carbonaceous particle analysis showed 

that organic carbon composed up to 86% of the 

total carbon mass collected at evening times. Results 

from C-14 isotope determination revealed 

that up to 94% of the organic mass came from 

nonfossil sources, which can be attributed mostly 

to wood burning. The unique combination of offline 

C-14 isotope analysis and on-line aerosol mass 

spectrometry was used to identify periods during 

which organic mass was mainly from wood burning 

emissions and allowed for the identification 

of the AMS spectral signature of this source in the 

atmosphere. The identified ambient signature of 

wood burning was found to be very similar to the 

mass spectral signature obtained during the burning 

of chestnut wood samples in a small stove and 

also to the spectrum of levoglucosan. Particles 

from wood burning appeared to be composed of 

highly oxygenated organic compounds, and mass 

fragments 60, 73, and 137 have been suggested 

as marker fragments for wood burning aerosols. 

Mass fragment 44, which is used as a marker for 

oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA), contributed 

about 5% to the total organic signal from primary 

wood burning sources, The ratio of the organic 

mass emitted from wood burning to m/z 60 in 

Roveredo is 36. This ratio may be used to provide 

an estimate of the organic aerosol mass emitted 

from wood burning in other locations. 

Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41, 

N16, AUG 15, pp 5770-5777. 

08.1-2 

A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium 

model (UHAERO): organic systems 

Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko 

A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H 

USA, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling 

In atmospheric aerosols, water and volatile inorganic 

and organic species are distributed between 

the gas and aerosol phases in accordance with 

thermodynamic equilibrium. Within an atmospheric 

particle, liquid and solid phases can exist 

at equilibrium. Models exist for computation of 

phase equilibria for inorganic/water mixtures typical 

of atmospheric aerosols; when organic species 

are present, the phase equilibrium problem is 

complicated by organic /water interactions as well 

as the potentially large number of organic species. 

We present here an extension of the UHAERO inorganic 

thermodynamic model (Amundson et al., 

2006c) to organic/water systems. Phase diagrams 

for a number of model organic/water systems 

characteristic of both primary and secondary 

organic aerosols are computed. Also calculated 

are inorganic/organic/water phase diagrams that 

show the effect of organics on inorganic deliquescence 

behavior. The effect of the choice of activity 

coefficient model for organics on the computed 

phase equilibria is explored. 

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, 

N17, pp 4675-4698. 

08.1-3 

Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals 

to fiber filters used for aerosol studies 

Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Engineering 

Fiber filters commonly used to collect aerosols 

for various analyses also collect gaseous organic 

chemicals during sampling. These sorbed chemicals 

can lead to serious artifacts, particularly 

when analyzing aerosols for organic compounds 

and organic carbonaceous material. To date, this 

sorption process has only been looked at for a few 

types of filters and compound classes. This work 

presents a comprehensive study of this sorption 

process for various, widely used fiber filters and a 

broad variety of compound classes. Furthermore, 

important factors have been investigated, including 

relative humidity, temperature, baking and 

exposure to ambient air during sampling. From 

these data, poly-parameter linear-free energy relationships 

were derived that allow for estimations 

of sorption constants of gaseous organic 

compounds on different filter types. Based on the 

results, recommendations are provided to help

38 

predict, minimize and ensure reproducibility of 

artifacts caused by gaseous organic compounds 

sorbing to fiber filters.. 

Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC, 

pp 8241-8252. 

08.1-4 

Interference of organic signals in highly time 

resolved nitrate measurements by low mass 

resolution aerosol mass spectrometry 

Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O, 

Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D, 

Venkatachari P, Hopke P K 


Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , 

Urban Studies 

Highly time resolved measurements of nitrate in 

ambient aerosols were conducted by an Aerodyne 

Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS 

or simply AMS) and a particle-into-liquid sampler 

(PILS) coupled to ion chromatography from field 

intensives at two sites: an urban site in New York 

City (Queens College; QC) for wintertime (22 January 

to 5 February 2004) and a rural site in southwestern 

New York state (Pinnacle State Park; PSP) 

for summertime (18 July to 6 August 2004). In this 

study, we report that in rural atmospheres the 

inorganic nitrate signal from Q-AMS may contain 

significant interferences from organic signals. 

Analysis of the QC data indicates a good agreement 

between the PILS-nitrate and AMS-nitrate 

measurements (R-2 = 0.94; linear regression slope 

= 1.05). In addition, the m/z 30 and m/z 46 (two 

dominant ion fragments in nitrate mass spectrum) 

signals tightly correlate at QC (R-2 = 0.98) 

and have an average ratio similar to that determined 

in the laboratory for NH 4NO 3 (m/z 30/m/z 

46 = 2.4). In contrast, at the PSP site the correlation 

between PILS- and AMS- nitrate was poor 

(R-2 = 0.34), the AMS reported nitrate values were 

substantially higher, and the m/z 30 to m/z 46 ratios 

were generally much larger than 2.4. These 

observations, together with evaluations by aerosol 

phase ion balance, indicate that the AMS m/z 

30 signals at PSP have been strongly influenced 

by organic compounds that also produce signals 

at m/z 30, e. g., organic nitrates (NO+), oxygenated 

organics (CH 2O+), hydrocarbon-like organics 

(C2H6+), and nitrogen- containing organic compounds 

(CH 4N+). 

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 

2007, V112, ND22, NOV 24 ARTN: D22305. 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 

08.1-5 

Small-scale cloud processes and climate 

Baker M B, Peter T 


Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

Clouds constitute the largest single source of 

uncertainty in climate prediction. A better understanding 

of small- scale cloud processes could 

shed light on the role of clouds in the climate system. 

Nature, 2008, V451, N7176, JAN 17, pp 299-300. 

08.1-6 

Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols 

Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H 

Switzerland 


Urban Studies 

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2008, V390, 

N1, JAN, pp 277-280. 

08.1-7 

Entering into the “greenhouse century”: 

Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are 

comparable to the upper temperature quantiles 

in a greenhouse climate 

Beniston M 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

This paper investigates the recent spate of recordbreaking 

warm seasons that have affected Switzerland 

in less than a decade and compares the 

seasonal statistics to those simulated for a ‘’greenhouse-gas’’ 

climate by the end of the 21st century. 

The peaks of minimum and maximum temperatures 

observed during some the record seasons 

enter well into the 25%-75% temperature quantile 

range for the scenario climate simulated by a 

set of regional climate models. The anomalously 

warm seasons allow a ‘’preview’’ of conditions 

that may occur with greater frequency in the future. 

The use of current data as a form of proxy 

for the future enables an assessment of the possible 

impacts on the natural and socio-economic 

environments, and can help in considering possible 

adaptation strategies to reduce some of the 

associated risks of climatic change. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N16, 

AUG 30 ARTN: L16710.


08.1-8 

Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of 

the atmosphere based on an instrumented 

container: The new CARIBIC system 

Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer 

T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke 

H, Friess U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M, 

Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M, 

Martinsson B G, Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen 

H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S, 

Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M, Randa B, Reichelt 

M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D, 

Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D, Stock 

P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel 

A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A, 

Xueref Remy I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H 

Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden, England, 

Netherlands 


Instruments & Instrumentation 

An airfreight container with automated instruments 

for measurement of atmospheric gases and 

trace compounds was operated on a monthly basis 

onboard a Boeing 767-300 ER of LTU International 

Airways during long- distance flights from 1997 

to 2002 (CARIBIC, Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation 

of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument 

Container, http://www.caribic-atmospheric. 

com). Subsequently a more advanced system has 

been developed, using a larger capacity container 

with additional equipment and an improved inlet 

system. CARIBIC phase #2 was implemented on 

a new long-range aircraft type Airbus A340-600 

of the Lufthansa German Airlines (Star Alliance) 

in December 2004, creating a powerful flying 

observatory. The instrument package comprises 

detectors for the measurement of O-3, total and 

gaseous H 2O, NO and NOy, CO, CO 2, O-2, Hg, and 

number concentrations of submicrometer particles 

(>4 nm, >12 nm, and >18 nm diameter). Furthermore, 

an optical particle counter (OPC) and 

a proton transfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) are 

incorporated. Aerosol samples are collected for 

analysis of elemental composition and particle 

morphology after flight. Air samples are taken 

in glass containers for laboratory analyses of hydrocarbons, 

halocarbons and greenhouse gases 

(including isotopic composition of CO 2) in several 

laboratories. Absorption tubes collect oxygenated 

volatile organic compounds. Three differential optical 

absorption spectrometers (DOAS) with their 

telescopes mounted in the inlet system measure 

atmospheric trace gases such as BrO, HONO, and 

NO 2. A video camera mounted in the inlet provides 

information about clouds along the flight 

track. The flying observatory, its equipment and 

examples of measurement results are reported. 


N18, pp 4953-4976. 

08.1-9 

Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century 

Brönnimann S 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , History , 

Multidisciplinary Sciences 

Nature, 2007, V448, N7157, AUG 30, p 992. 

08.1-10 

Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation 

back to the early 1900s 

Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D 

Switzerland, England 


The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is important 

for understanding the dynamical and chemical 

variability of the global stratosphere. Currently 

available wind data from the equatorial stratosphere 

extend back to 1953. Here we present reconstructions 

of the QBO extending back to 1900 

that can be used to constrain climate model simulations. 

The reconstructions are based on historical 

pilot balloon data as well as hourly sea-level 

pressure (SLP) data from Jakarta, Indonesia. The 

latter were used to extract the signal of the solar 

semi-diurnal tide in the middle atmosphere, 

which is modulated by the QBO. The reconstructions 

are in good agreement with the QBO signal 

extracted from historical total ozone data extending 

back to 1924. Further analyses suggest that 

the maximum phases of the QBO are captured 

relatively well after about 1910. 


NOV 20 ARTN: L22805. 

08.1-11 

Temporal and spatial temperature variability 

and change over Spain during 1850-2005 

Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E, 

Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A, 

Lopez D 

Spain, England, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia 


(1) We analyze temporal and spatial patterns of 

temperature change over Spain during the period 

1850 - 2005, using daily maximum (T-max) , minimum 

(T-min), and mean (T-mean) temperatures 

from the 22 longest and most reliable Spanish records. 

Over mainland Spain, a significant (at 0.01 

level) warming of 0.10 degrees C/decade is found 

for the annual average of T-mean. Autumn and 

winter contributed slightly more than spring and

40 

summer to the annual warming over the 1850 - 

2005 period. The overall warming is also associated 

with higher rates of change for T-max than 

T-min (0.11 degrees versus 0.08 degrees C /decade 

for 1850 - 2005). This asymmetric diurnal warming 

increased in the twentieth century (0.17 degrees 

versus 0.09 degrees C/decade during 1901 

- 2005). Nevertheless, at many (few) individual stations, 

the difference between T-max and T-min is 

not statistically significant over 1850 - 2005 (1901 

- 2005). Principal Component Analysis has been 

carried out to identify spatial modes of Spanish 

long-term temperature variability (1901 - 2005). 

Three principal spatial patterns are found, Northern 

Spain, Southeastern and Eastern Spain, and 

Southwestern Spain. All three patterns show 

similar significant warming trends. The overall 

warming has been more associated with reductions 

in cold extremes, as opposed to increases in 

warm extremes. Estimated trends in the number 

of moderately extreme cold days (T-max < 10th 

percentile) and moderately extreme cold nights 

(T-min < 10th percentile) show significant reductions 

of 0.74 and 0.54 days/decade, respectively, 

over 1850 - 2005. Moderately extreme warm days 

and nights (T-max and T-min > 90th percentile) increased 

significantly but at lower rates of 0.53 and 

0.49 days /decade. 


2007, V112, ND12, JUN 30 ARTN: D12117. 

08.1-12 

A concept for a satellite mission to measure 

cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and 

cloud altitude 

Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg 

B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann 

U, Emde C, John V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P 

Sweden, USA, France, Switzerland, Germany, England, 

Scotland 


A passive satellite radiometer operating at submillimetre 

wavelengths can measure cloud ice 

water path (IWP), ice particle size, and cloud altitude. 

The paper first discusses the scientific background 

for such measurements. Formal scientific 

mission requirements are derived, based on this 

background and earlier assessments. The paper 

then presents a comprehensive prototype instrument 

and mission concept, and demonstrates 

that it meets the requirements. The instrument is 

a conically scanning 12-channel radiometer with 

channels between 183 and 664 GHz, proposed to 

fly in tandem with one of the Metop satellites. It 

can measure IWP with a relative accuracy of approximately 

20% and a detection threshold of ap- 


proximately 2 g m (-2). The median mass equivalent 

sphere diameter of the ice particles can be 

measured with an accuracy of approximately 30 

µm, and the median IWP cloud altitude can be 

measured with an accuracy of approximately 300 

m. All the above accuracies are median absolute 

error values; root mean square error values are approximately 

twice as high, due to rare outliers. 

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 

2007, V133, OCT, S2, pp 109-128. 

08.1-13 

Concentration profiles of particles settling in 

the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary 

layer 

Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C, 

Parlange M B 

USA, Israel, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant 

Sciences , Forestry 

An expression for the vertical equilibrium concentration 

profile of heavy particles, including the effects 

of canopy on the eddy diffusivity as well as 

corrections for atmospheric stability, is proposed. 

This expression is validated against measurements 

of vertical concentration profiles of corn 

pollen above a corn field. The fitted theoretical 

profiles show that particle settling is correctly 

accounted for. The sensitivity to variations in the 

turbulent Schmidt number, settling velocity and 

stability corrections are explicitly characterized. 

The importance of independent measurements of 

the surface flux of pollen in future experiments 

is noted. 

Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N1, 

OCT, pp 25-38. 

08.1-14 

The influence of small aerosol particles on the 

properties of water and ice clouds 

Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford 

I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly 

P, Targino A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, 

Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M 

England, Switzerland 


In this paper, results are presented of the in. uence 

of small organic- and soot- containing particles on 

the formation of water and ice clouds. There is 

strong evidence that these particles have grown 

from nano particle seeds produced by the combustion 

of oil products. Two series ofield experiments 

are selected to represent the observations made. 

The. first is the CLoud Aerosol Characterisation 

Experiment (CLACE) series of experiments performed 

at a high Alpine site (Jungfraujoch), where


cloud was in contact with the ground and the 

measuring station. Both water and ice clouds were 

examined at different times of the year. The second 

series of experiments is the CLOud Processing 

of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and 

sea (CLOPAP) series, where ageing pollution aerosol 

from UK cities was observed, from an airborne 

platform, to interact with warm stratocumulus 

cloud in a cloud- capped atmospheric boundary 

layer. Combining the results it is shown that aged 

pollution aerosol consists of an internal mixture 

of organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, the 

organic component is dominated by highly oxidized 

secondary material. The relative contributions 

and absolute loadings of the components 

vary with location and season. However, these 

aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) 

and much of the organic material, along with the 

other species, is incorporated into cloud droplets. 

In ice and mixed phase cloud, it is observed that 

very sharp transitions (extending over just a few 

metres) are present between highly glaciated regions 

and regions consisting of supercooled water. 

This is a unique. finding; however, aircraft 

observations in cumulus suggest that this kind of 

structure may be found in these cloud types too. It 

is suggested that this sharp transition is caused by 

ice nucleation initiated by oxidised organic aerosol 

coated with sulfate in more polluted regions 

of cloud, sometimes enhanced by secondary ice 

particle production in these regions. 

Faraday Discussions, 2008, V137, pp 205-222. 

08.1-15 

Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent 

satellite and surface observations 

Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M, 

Kahn R, Ohmura A 



An analysis of satellite and surface measurements 

of aerosol optical depth suggests that global average 

of aerosol optical depth has been recently 

decreasing at the rate of around 0.0014/a. This 

decrease is nonuniform with the fastest decrease 

observed over the United States and Europe. The 

observed rate of decreasing aerosol optical depth 

produces the top of the atmosphere radiative forcing 

that is comparable to forcing due to the current 

rate of increasing atmospheric concentration 

of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. 

Consequently, both increasing atmospheric concentration 

of greenhouse gases and decreasing 

loading of atmospheric aerosols are major contributors 

to the top-of-atmosphere radiative forc- 

ing. We find that the climate sensitivity is reduced 

by at least a factor of 2 when direct and indirect 

effects of decreasing aerosols are included, compared 

to the case where the radiative forcing is 

ascribed only to increases in atmospheric concentrations 

of carbon dioxide. We find the empirical 

climate sensitivity to be between 0.29 and 0.48 K/ 

Wm(-2) when aerosol direct and indirect radiative 

forcing is included. 


2007, V112, ND24, DEC 13 ARTN: D24S04. 

08.1-16 

Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables 

at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch 

Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J, 

Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U 

Switzerland 


This study reports the first long-term trend analysis 

of aerosol optical measurements at the highalpine 

site Jungfraujoch, which started 10.5 years 

ago. Since the aerosol variables are approximately 

lognormally distributed, the seasonal Kendall test 

and Sen’s slope estimator were applied as nonparametric 

methods to detect the long- term trends for 

each month. The yearly trend was estimated by a 

least-mean-square fit, and the number of years 

necessary to detect this trend was calculated. The 

most significant trend is the increase (4-7% yr(-1)) 

in light-scattering coefficients during the September 

to December period. The light absorption and 

backscattering coefficients and the aerosol number 

concentration also show a positive trend during 

this time of the year. The hemispheric backscattering 

fraction and the scattering exponent 

calculated with the smaller wavelengths (450 and 

550 nm), which relate to the small aerosol size 

fraction, decrease except during the summer, 

whereas the scattering exponent calculated with 

the larger wavelengths (550 and 700 nm) remains 

constant. Generally, the summer months at the 

Jungfraujoch, which are strongly influenced by 

planetary boundary layer air masses, do not show 

any long-term trend. The trends determined by 

least-mean-square fits of the scattering and backscattering 

coefficients, the hemispheric backscattering 

fractions, and the scattering exponent are 

significant, and the number of years necessary 

to detect them is shorter than 10 years. For these 

variables, the trends and the slopes estimated by 

the seasonal Kendall test are therefore confirmed 

by the least-mean- square fit results. 


2007, V112, ND13, JUL 13 ARTN: D13213.

42 

08.1-17 

Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the 

NAO and PNA 

Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

Switzerland 


Oceanography 

In the Northern hemisphere, regions characterized 

by an enhanced frequency of atmospheric 

blocking overlap significantly with those associated 

with the major extra-tropical patterns of largescale 

climate variability-namely the North Atlantic 

Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific North American 

(PNA) pattern. There is likewise an overlap in the 

temporal band-width of blocks and these-climate 

patterns. Here the nature of the linkage between 

blocks and the climate patterns is explored by using 

the ERA-40 re-analysis data set to examine (1) 

their temporal and spatial correlation and (2) the 

interrelationship between blocks and the NAO/ 

PNA. It is shown that a strong anti-correlation exists 

between blocking occurrence and the phase 

of the NAO (PNA) in the North Atlantic (western 

North Pacific), and that there are distinctive interbasin 

differences with a clear geographical (over 

North Atlantic) and quantitative (over North Pacific) 

separation of typical blocking genesis/lysis 

regions during the opposing phases of the climate 

patterns. An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) 

analysis points to a significant influence of blocking 

upon the NAO pattern (identifiable as the 

leading EOF in the Euro- Atlantic), and a temporal 

analysis indicates that long-lasting blocks are associated 

with the development of negative NAO/ 

PNA index values throughout their life-time. In 

addition an indication of a cause-and effect relationship 

is set-out for the North Atlantic linkage. 

Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N7-8, DEC, pp 

713-725. 

08.1-18 

FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport 

model 

Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M 

Finland, Switzerland 


In this paper we describe the development and 

performance of a three- dimensional global middle 

atmospheric chemistry transport model Fin 

ROSE. The FinROSE chemistry transport model 

includes a numerical scheme for stratospheric 

chemistry with parameterizations for heterogeneous 

processing on polar stratospheric clouds 

(PSC) and on liquid binary aerosols together with 

a parameterisation of large nitric acid trihydrate 


particles (i.e. NAT-rocks) and PSC sedimentation. 

The total number of trace species in the model is 

34 and the total number of gas-phase reactions, 

photodissociation processes and heterogeneous 

reactions is about 150. The model is forced by external 

wind and temperature fields. The simulations 

are normally performed in a 5 degrees x 10 

degrees (lat. x long.) grid from the surface up to 

around 0.1 hPa, with a vertical resolution of ca. 

1.5 km in the stratosphere. Long-term simulations 

(40 to 50 years) have been done using winds and 

temperatures from ECMWF ERA40 analyses. The 

performance of the model in describing the stratospheric 

composition and chemistry is shown and 

evaluated in this paper. In general, the FinROSE 

results show a good comparison with measured 

total ozone. Also the timing, the depth and the 

deepening of the Antarctic ozone hole, and the 

responsible processes are captured well in the 

model simulations. 

Boreal Environment Research, 2007, V12, N5, OCT 

24, pp 535-550. 

08.1-19 

Doubled length of western European summer 

heat waves since 1880 

Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J, 

Wanner H 

Switzerland, Australia, England 


(1) We analyzed a new data set of 54 high-quality 

homogenized daily maximum temperature series 

from western Europe (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, 

Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, 

Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, 

Switzerland, United Kingdom) to define more 

accurately the change in extreme warm Daily 

Summer Maximum Temperature (DSMT). Results 

from the daily temperature homogeneity analysis 

suggest that many instrumental measurements in 

the late 19th and early 20th centuries were warm- 

biased. Correcting for these biases, over the period 

1880 to 2005 the length of summer heat waves over 

western Europe has doubled and the frequency of 

hot days has almost tripled. The DSMT Probability 

Density Function (PDF) shows significant changes 

in the mean (+ 1.6 +/- 0.4 degrees C) and variance 

(+ 6 +/- 2%). These conclusions help further the evidence 

that western Europe’s climate has become 

more extreme than previously thought and that 

the hypothesized increase in variance of future 

summer temperature has indeed been a reality 

over the last 126 years. 


2007, V112, ND15, AUG 3 ARTN: D15103.


08.1-20 

Summer heat waves over western Europe 

1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale 

forcings and predictability 

Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H, 

Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H 

Switzerland, Australia, Spain 


We investigate the large-scale forcing and teleconnections 

between atmospheric circulation 

(sea level pressure, SLP), sea surface temperatures 

(SSTs), precipitation and heat wave events over 

western Europe using a new dataset of 54 daily 

maximum temperature time series. Forty four of 

these time series have been homogenised at the 

daily timescale to ensure that the presence of 

inhomogeneities has been minimised. The daily 

data have been used to create a seasonal index of 

the number of heat waves. Using canonical correlation 

analysis (CCA), heat waves over western 

Europe are shown to be related to anomalous high 

pressure over Scandinavia and central western Europe. 

Other forcing factors such as Atlantic SSTs 

and European precipitation, the later as a proxy 

for soil moisture, a known factor in strengthening 

land-atmosphere feedback processes, are also 

important. The strength of the relationship between 

summer SLP anomalies and heat waves is 

improved (from 35%) to account for around 46% 

of its variability when summer Atlantic and Mediterranean 

SSTs and summer European precipitation 

anomalies are included as predictors. This 

indicates that these predictors are not completely 

collinear rather that they each have some contribution 

to accounting for summer heat wave variability. 

However, the simplicity and scale of the 

statistical analysis masks this complex interaction 

between variables. There is some useful predictive 

skill of summer heat waves using multiple lagged 

predictors. A CCA using preceding winter North 

Atlantic SSTs and preceding January to May Mediterranean 

total precipitation results in significant 

hindcast (1972-2003) Spearman rank correlation 

skill scores up to 0.55 with an average skill score 

over the domain equal to 0.28 +/- 0.28. In agreement 

with previous studies focused on mean 

summer temperature, there appears to be some 

predictability of heat wave events on the decadal 

scale from the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 

(AMO), although the long-term global mean temperature 

is also well related to western European 

heat waves. Combining these results with the observed 

positive trends in summer continental European 

SLP, North Atlantic SSTs and indications of 

a decline in European summer precipitation then 

possibly these long-term changes are also related 

to increased heat wave occurrence and it is important 

that the physical processes controlling these 

changes be more fully understood. 

Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N2-3, AUG, pp 

251-275. 

08.1-21 

Effects of convective ice lofting on H 2O and 

HDO in the tropical tropopause layer 

Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S 

USA, Switzerland, England 


We have added convective ice lofting to a Lagrangian 

trajectory model of tropical tropopause layer 

(TTL) water vapor (H 2O) and its stable isotopologue, 

HDO. The Lagrangian model has been previously 

shown to accurately simulate H 2O in the TTL and 

lower stratosphere. We show here that the model 

does a poor job reproducing the observed HDO 

depletion (delta D) in the TTL. When convective 

ice lofting to altitudes below the cold point (the 

point where air experiences its lowest H 2O saturation 

mixing ratio) is added to the model, there is 

little change in H 2O in the lower stratosphere, but 

a large change in delta D throughout the TTL that 

brings the model into better agreement with measurements. 

Thus convective ice lofting has the capacity 

to improve the model’s delta D simulation 

while not significantly degrading the agreement 

between simulated and measured H 2O. Convective 

ice lofting to altitudes above the cold point, 

on the other hand, has a large effect on lower 

stratospheric H 2O, suggesting that changes in 

convection reaching these altitudes could drive 

changes in lower stratospheric H 2O. This suggests 

a mechanism by which lower stratospheric H 2O 

trends may be at least partially decoupled from 

tropopause temperature trends. Such a disconnection 

was suggested by previous observations of 

simultaneously increasing stratospheric H 2O and 

a cooling tropical tropopause. 


2007, V112, ND18, SEP 26 ARTN: D18309. 

08.1-22 

Some factors in the design of a regional 

prediction model: an examination based upon 

two MAP events 

Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C 

Switzerland 


Consideration is given to the impact of both 

synoptic-scale flow features and different model 

configurations upon the performance of an 

Alpine-encompassing regional NWP model. The 

so-called regional LM forecast model is used to

44 

simulate two events selected from the Mesoscale 

Alpine Programme (MAP), and simulations are 

undertaken with: different domain sizes (at 7 km 

resolution); lateral boundary data supplied from 

two data sets (the ECMWF’s operational and MAP 

Reanalysis fields); and an embedded domain (at 2 

km resolution). Quantitative evidence is provided 

showing (a) the specification of the incident and 

evolving synoptic-scale flow can exert a major 

impact upon the quality of the resulting simulations; 

(b) the simulation of the low-level meso-a 

scale features of the flow is helped considerably 

by the refined MAP Reanalysis data set; and (c) the 

simulated meso-beta scale precipitation distribution 

displays some skill but, at least for one of the 

two cases, major deficiencies are not offset by the 

use of Reanalysis data. 

Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N3, pp 

261-273. 

08.1-23 

Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review 

of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley 

geometry 

Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann 

Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani 

B, Dabas A, Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant 

C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann 

T, Häberli C, Häller Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser 

G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S, 

Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G 

France, Austria, Switzerland, Germany 


This paper summarizes the findings of seven years 

of research on fohn conducted within the project 

‘Fohn in the Rhine Valley during MAP’ (FORM) of 

the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). It starts 

with a brief historical review of fohn research in 

the Alps, reaching back to the middle of the 19th 

century. Afterwards, it provides an overview of the 

experimental and numerical challenges identified 

before the MAP field experiment and summarizes 

the key findings made during MAP in observation, 

simulation and theory. We specifically address 

the role of the upstream and cross-Alpine flow 

structure on fohn at a local scale and the processes 

driving fohn propagation in the Rhine Valley. 

The crucial importance of interactions between 

the fohn and cold-air pools frequently filling the 

lower Rhine Valley is highlighted. In addition, the 

dynamics of a low-level flow splitting occurring 

at a valley bifurcation between the Rhine Valley 

and the Seez Valley are examined. The advances 

in numerical modelling and forecasting of fohn 

events in the Rhine Valley are also underlined. 

Finally, we discuss the main differences between 


fohn dynamics in the Rhine Valley area and in the 

Wipp/Inn Valley region and point out some open 

research questions needing further investigation. 


2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 897-916. 

08.1-24 

Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone 

in the 21st century 

Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi 

H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke 

P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris 

M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R, 

Gettelman A, Giorgetta M A, Kinnison D E, Mancini 

E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima 

T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S, Pitari G, 

Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J 

F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B, 

Stolarski R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M 

Germany, USA, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, England, 

Italy, Switzerland 


Simulations from eleven coupled chemistry-climate 

models (CCMs) employing nearly identical 

forcings have been used to project the evolution of 

stratospheric ozone throughout the 21st century. 

The model-to-model agreement in projected temperature 

trends is good, and all CCMs predict continued, 

global mean cooling of the stratosphere 

over the next 5 decades, increasing from around 

0.25 K/decade at 50 h Pa to around 1 K/decade at 

1 hPa under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions 

Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. In general, the 

simulated ozone evolution is mainly determined 

by decreases in halogen concentrations and continued 

cooling of the global stratosphere due to 

increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Column 

ozone is projected to increase as stratospheric 

halogen concentrations return to 1980s levels. Because 

of ozone increases in the middle and upper 

stratosphere due to GHG-induced cooling, total 

ozone averaged over midlatitudes, outside the polar 

regions, and globally, is projected to increase 

to 1980 values between 2035 and 2050 and before 

lowerstratospheric halogen amounts decrease to 

1980 values. In the polar regions the CCMs simulate 

small temperature trends in the first and 

second half of the 21st century in midwinter. Differences 

in stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cl-y) 

among the CCMs are key to diagnosing the intermodel 

differences in simulated ozone recovery, in 

particular in the Antarctic. It is found that there 

are substantial quantitative differences in the 

simulated Cly, with the October mean Antarctic 

Cly peak value varying from less than 2 ppb to


over 3.5 ppb in the CCMs, and the date at which 

the Cly returns to 1980 values varying from before 

2030 to after 2050. There is a similar variation in 

the timing of recovery of Antarctic springtime column 

ozone back to 1980 values. As most models 

underestimate peak Cly near 2000, ozone recovery 

in the Antarctic could occur even later, between 

2060 and 2070. In the Arctic the column ozone increase 

in spring does not follow halogen decreases 

as closely as in the Antarctic, reaching 1980 values 

before Arctic halogen amounts decrease to 

1980 values and before the Antarctic. None of the 

CCMs predict future large decreases in the Arctic 

column ozone. By 2100, total column ozone is projected 

to be substantially above 1980 values in all 

regions except in the tropics. 


2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16303. 

08.1-25 

Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical 

features in aircraft measurements and 

ECMWF analyses 

Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N 

Switzerland, England, Germany 


The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather 

Forecasts (ECMWF) provides global analyses of atmospheric 

humidity from the ground to the lower mesosphere. 

Unlike in the troposphere, in the stratosphere 

no humidity observations are assimilated. 

Humidity analyses here are essentially the results of 

a free-running model constrained by the ECMWF’s 

analysed wind fields. So far only the broad-scale 

features of the resulting stratospheric water vapour 

distribution have been validated. This study provides 

the first in-depth comparison of stratospheric 

humidity from ECMWF with observations from an 

airborne microwave radiometer that has measured 

the distribution of stratospheric water vapour over 

an altitude range of roughly 15-60 km on several 

flight campaigns since 1998. The aircraft measurements 

provide a horizontal resolution that cannot 

be achieved by current satellite instruments. This 

study examines dynamical features in the moisture 

fields such as filamentation and the vortex edge, 

finding that features in the ERA-40 humidity analyses 

often do correspond to real atmospheric events 

that are seen in the aircraft measurements. However, 

the comparisons also show that in general the 

ECMWF model produces an unrealistically moist 

mesosphere. As a result it cannot replicate the descent 

of relatively dry mesospheric air into the polar 

vortex in winter and spring. 


N20, pp 5291-5307. 

08.1-26 

An improved low-flow thermodenuder 

Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H 

Switzerland 


Thermodenuders are used to remove the volatile 

fraction of an aerosol. All designs until now 

have a cooled adsorption section where the volatile 

material is trapped, but theoretical considerations 

suggest that the adsorption section should 

be heated. Therefore, we built a thermodenuder 

with a heated adsorption section. We tested its 

performance with respect to particle penetration 

and its ability to remove DEHS coated onto NaCl 

nuclei. The measured losses are lower than in previously 

published designs and the DEHS removal 

appears to be satisfactory. Additionally, the new 

thermodenuder is practical for field use thanks to 

its small size. It should therefore be a good alternative 

to previous designs. 

Journal of Aerosol Science, 2007, V38, N11, NOV, 

pp 1163-1168. 

08.1-27 

Dynamics of orographically triggered banded 

convection in sheared moist orographic flows 

Fuhrer O, Schär C 

Switzerland 


Shallow orographic convection embedded in an 

unstable cap cloud can organize into convective 

bands. Previous research has highlighted the 

important role of small-amplitude topographic 

variations in triggering and organizing banded 

convection. Here, the underlying dynamical 

mechanisms are systematically investigated by 

conducting three-dimensional simulations of 

moist flows past a two-dimensional mountain 

ridge using a cloud-resolving numerical model. 

Most simulations address a sheared environment 

to account for the observed wind profiles. Results 

confirm that small-amplitude topographic variations 

can enhance the development of embedded 

convection and anchor quasi-stationary convective 

bands to a fixed location in space. The resulting 

precipitation patterns exhibit tremendous 

spatial variability, since regions receiving heavy 

rainfall can be only kilometers away from regions 

receiving little or no rain. In addition, the presence 

of banded convection has important repercussions 

on the area-mean precipitation amounts. 

For the experimental setup here, the gravity wave 

response to small-amplitude topographic variations 

close to the upstream edge of the cap cloud 

(which is forced by the larger-scale topography) 

is found to be the dominant triggering mecha-

46 

nism. Small-scale variations in the underlying 

topography are found to force the location and 

spacing of convective bands over a wide range of 

scales. Further, a self- sufficient mode of unsteady 

banded convection is investigated that does not 

dependent on external perturbations and is able 

to propagate against the mean flow. Finally, the 

sensitivity of model simulations of banded convection 

with respect to horizontal computational 

resolution is investigated. Consistent with predictions 

from a linear stability analysis, convective 

bands of increasingly smaller scales are favored 

as the horizontal resolution is increased. However, 

small-amplitude topographic roughness is 

found to trigger banded convection and to control 

the spacing and location of the resulting bands. 

Thereby, the robustness of numerical simulations 

with respect to an increase in horizontal resolution 

is increased in the presence of topographic 

variations. 

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, V64, 

N10, OCT, pp 3542-3561. 

08.1-28 

A satellite- and model-based assessment of 

the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic 

region 

Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M 

Switzerland, France 


(1) In this paper, we address the issues of the representation 

of boreal fires in a global chemistry and 

transport model (GEOS-Chem) as well as their contribution 

to the Arctic aerosol optical thickness 

and black carbon (BC) deposition, with a focus on 

the 2003 Russian fires. We use satellite observations 

from the MOPITT, POLDER and MODIS sensors 

to evaluate the model performances in simulating 

the fire pollution export over the North 

Pacific. Our results show that aerosol and carbon 

monoxide (CO) outflow is best reproduced in our 

model when fire emissions are (1) increased to 72 

Tg for CO, 0.5 Tg C for BC, and 5.3 Tg C for organic 

carbon over the entire fire season; (2) prescribed 

on a daily basis; and (3) injected up to 4.5 km in 

July and August. The use of daily, rather than 

monthly, biomass burning emission inventories 

improves significantly the representation of the 

aerosol outflow, but has little impact on CO. The 

injection of fire emissions above the boundary 

layer influences both the CO and aerosol columns 

but only during the late fire season. The model improvements 

with respect to the standard configuration 

induce an increase of a factor up to 2 on 

the aerosol optical thickness and the mass of BC 

deposited in the Northern Hemisphere. Accord- 


ing to our improved simulation, the 2003 Russian 

fires contributed to 16-33% of the aerosol optical 

thickness and to 40-56% of the mass of BC deposited, 

north of 75 degrees N in spring and summer. 

They contribute to the aerosol optical thickness 

by more than 30% during the days of Arctic haze 

events in spring and summer. 


2007, V112, ND15, AUG 2 ARTN: D15302. 

08.1-29 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for 

semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - 

Part 1: Model description and evaluations of 

air concentrations 

Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L 

A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T 

Canada, Switzerland, Peoples R China 


GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport, 

deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile 

persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere 

within the framework of Canadian weather 

forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general 

processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water 

and atmosphere/soil exchanges, 

GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module 

to provide the aerosol surface areas for the 

semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous 

and particle phases and a mechanism for particlebound 

POPs to be removed. Simulation results 

of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for the year 2000 

indicate that the model captured the main features 

of global atmospheric PCBs when compared 

with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations. 

The annual averaged concentrations and 

the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function 

of latitudes agreed reasonably well with observations. 

The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the 

transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are 

reasonably simulated. The ratio of particulate to 

gaseous PCBs in the atmospheric column ranges 

from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for 

PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes 

to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/ 

POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets 

of various PCBs accompanies this paper. 


N15, pp 4001-4013. 

08.1-30 

A global model study of ozone enhancement 

during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe 

Guerova G, Jones N 

Australia, Switzerland 

Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences


The European summer of 2003 was characterised 

by intense heat, prolonged isolation and suppressed 

ventilation of the boundary layer which, 

combined with large anthropogenic emissions 

and strong fires, resulted in a build up of an unprecedentedly 

high and long-lasting photochemical 

smog over large parts of the continent. In this 

work, a global chemistry and transport model 

GEOS-Chern is compared with surface O-3 concentrations 

observed in 2003 in order to examine 

the extent to which the model is capable of reproducing 

such an extreme event. The GEOS-Chem 

reproduces the temporal variation of O-3 at the 

Jungfraujoch mountain site, Switzerland, including 

the enhanced concentrations associated with 

the August 2003 heat wave (r = 0.84). The spatial 

distribution of the enhanced surface O-3 over 

Spain, France, Germany and Italy is also captured 

to some extent (r = 0.63), although the largest concentrations 

appear to be located over the Italian 

Peninsula in the model rather than over Central 

Europe as suggested by the surface O-3 observations. 

In general, the observed differences between 

the European averaged O-3 concentrations 

in the summer of 2003 to those in 2004 are larger 

in the observations than in the model, as the 

model reproduces relatively well the enhanced 

levels in 2003 but overestimates those observed in 

2004. Preliminary contributions of various sources 

to the O-3 surface concentrations over Europe 

during the heat wave indicate that anthropogenic 

emissions from Europe contribute the most to the 

O-3 build up near the surface (40 to 50%, i.e. 30 

ppb). The contribution from anthropogenic emissions 

from the other major source regions of the 

northern hemisphere, in particular North America, 

tends to be smaller than those of other years. 

The model indicates that the large fires that occurred 

in that year contributed up to 5% (3 ppb) to 

surface O-3 in close proximity to the fire regions 

and less elsewhere in Europe. Biogenic volatile 

organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by grass and 

forest areas contributed up to 10% (5-6 ppb) of surface 

O-3 over France, Germany and northern Italy, 

which represents a contribution that is twice as 

large than that found in 2004. These results in 

terms of contributions from various sources, particularly 

biogenic emissions, should be seen as 

preliminary, as the response of vegetation to such 

extreme events may not be well represented in 

the model. 

Environmental Chemistry, 2007, V4, N5, pp 

285-292. 

08.1-31 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in high- 

Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric 

surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods 

and some general results 

Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, 

Tsinober A, Yorish S 

Israel, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography 

, Geochemistry & Geophysics 

This is a report on a field experiment in an atmospheric 

surface layer at heights between 0.8 and 

10m with the Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number 

in the range Re-lambda = 1.6 - 6.6 x 10(3). Explicit 

information is obtained on the full set of velocity 

and temperature derivatives both spatial and 

temporal, i.e. no use of Taylor hypothesis is made. 

The report consists of three parts. Part I is devoted 

to the description of facilities, methods and 

some general results. Certain results are similar 

to those reported before and give us confidence in 

both old and new data, since this is the first repetition 

of this kind of experiment at better data 

quality. Other results were not obtained before, 

the typical example being the so- called tear-drop 

R - Q plot and several others. Part 2 concerns accelerations 

and related matters. Part 3 is devoted to 

issues concerning temperature, with the emphasis 

on joint statistics of temperature and velocity 

derivatives. The results obtained in this work are 

similar to those obtained in experiments in laboratory 

turbulent grid flow and in direct numerical 

simulations of Navier- Stokes equations at much 

smaller Reynolds numbers Re-lambda similar to 

10(2), and this similarity is not only qualitative, 

but to a large extent quantitative. This is true of 

such basic processes as enstrophy and strain production, 

geometrical statistics, the role of concentrated 

vorticity and strain, reduction of nonlinearity 

and non- local effects. The present experiments 

went far beyond the previous ones in two main 

respects. (i) All the data were obtained without 

invoking the Taylor hypothesis, and therefore a 

variety of results on fluid particle accelerations 

became possible. (ii) Simultaneous measurements 

of temperature and its gradients with the emphasis 

on joint statistics of temperature and velocity 

derivatives. These are reported in Parts 2 and 3. 

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, V589, OCT 25, 

pp 57-81.

48 

08.1-32 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in high- 

Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric 

surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and 

related matters 




Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

We report the first results of an experiment, in 

which explicit information on all velocity derivatives 

(the nine spatial derivatives, partial derivative 

u(i)/partial derivative x(j), and the three temporal 

derivatives, partial derivative u(i)/partial derivative 

t) along with the three components of velocity 

fluctuations at a Reynolds number as high as Relambda 

similar to 10 (4) is obtained. No use of the 

Taylor hypothesis was made, and this allowed us 

to obtain a variety of results concerning acceleration 

and its different Eulerian components along 

with vorticity, strain and other small-scale quantities. 

The field experiments were performed at five 

heights between 0.8 and 10 in above the ground. 

The report consists of three parts. Part 1 is devoted 

to the description of facilities, methods and some 

general results. Part 2 concerns accelerations and 

related matters. Part 3 is devoted to the issues concerning 

temperature with the emphasis on joint 

statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives. 


pp 83-102. 

08.1-33 

Velocity and temperature derivatives in 

high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the 

atmospheric surface layer. Part 3. Temperature 

and joint statistics of temperature and velocity 

derivatives 




Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography 


This is part 3 of our work describing experiments 

in which explicit information was obtained on 

all the derivatives, i.e. spatial derivatives, partial 

derivative/partial derivative x(j), and temporal 

derivatives, partial derivative/partial derivative 

t, of velocity and temperature fields (and all the 

components of velocity fluctuations and temperature) 

at the Reynolds number Re-lambda similar 

to 10(4). This part is devoted to the issues concerning 

temperature with the emphasis on joint statistics 

of temperature and velocity derivatives, based 

on preliminary results from a jet facility and the 


main results from a field experiment. Apart from 

a number of conventional results, these contain a 

variety of results concerning production of temperature 

gradients, such as role of vorticity and 

strain, eigen- contributions, geometrical statistics 

such as alignments of the temperature gradient 

and the eigenframe of the rate-of-strain tensor, 

tilting of the temperature gradient, comparison 

of the true production of the temperature gradient 

with its surrogate. Among the specific results 

of importance is the essential difference in the behaviour 

of the production of temperature gradients 

in regions dominated by vorticity and strain. 

Namely, the production of temperature gradients 

is much more intensive in regions dominated by 

strain, whereas production of temperature gradients 

is practically independent of the magnitude 

of vorticity. In contrast, vorticity and strain are 

contributing equally to the tilting of the vector of 

temperature gradients. The production of temperature 

gradients is mainly due to the fluctuative 

strain, the terms associated with mean fields are 

unimportant. It was checked directly (by looking 

at corresponding eigen-contributions and alignments), 

that the production of the temperature 

gradients is due to predominant compressing of 

fluid elements rather than stretching, which is 

true of other processes in turbulent flows, e.g. turbulent 

energy production in shear flows. Though 

the production of the temperature gradient and 

its surrogate possess similar univariate PDFs 

(which indicates the tendency to isotropy in small 

scales by this particular criterion), their joint PDF 

is not close to a bisector. This means that the true 

production of the temperature gradient is far 

from being fully represented by its surrogate. The 

main technical achievement is demonstrating the 

possibility of obtaining experimentally Joint statistics 

of velocity and temperature gradients. 


pp 103-123. 

08.1-34 

Comparison and synergy of stratospheric 

ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders 

and the ground-based microwave radiometer 

SOMORA 

Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish 

A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y 

M, Polyakov A V, Kyrola E 

Switzerland, USA, Germany, Russia, Finland 


Stratospheric O-3 profiles obtained by the satellite 

limb sounders Aura/MLS, ENVISAT/ MIPAS, 

ENVISAT/ GOMOS, SAGE-II, SAGE-III, UARS /HALOE 

are compared to coincident O-3 profiles of the


ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA in 

Switzerland. Data from the various measurement 

techniques are within 10% at altitudes below 45 

km. At altitudes 45-60 km, the relative O-3 differences 

are within a range of 50%. Larger deviations 

at upper altitudes are attributed to larger relative 

measurement errors caused by lower O-3 concentrations. 

The spatiotemporal characteristics of the 

O-3 differences (satellite ground station) are investigated 

by analyzing about 2300 coincident profile 

pairs of Aura/MLS (retrieval version 1.5) and SO- 

MORA. The probability density function of the O-3 

differences is represented by a Gaussian normal 

distribution. The dependence of the O-3 differences 

on the horizontal distance between the sounding 

volumes of Aura/MLS and SOMORA is derived. 

While the mean bias (Aura/MLS - SOMORA) is constant 

with increasing horizontal distance (up to 

800 km), the standard deviation of the O-3 differences 

increases from around 8 to 11% in the midstratosphere. 

Geographical maps yield azimuthal 

dependences and horizontal gradients of the O-3 

difference field around the SOMORA ground station. 

Coherent oscillations of O-3 are present in 

the time series of Aura/MLS and SOMORA (e. g., 

due to traveling planetary waves). Ground-and 

space-based measurements often complement 

one another. We discuss the double differencing 

technique which allows both the cross-validation 

of two satellites by means of a ground station and 

the cross-validation of distant ground stations 

by means of one satellite. Temporal atmospheric 

noise in the geographical ozone map over Payerne 

is significantly reduced by combination of the 

data from SOMORA and Aura/MLS. These analyses 

illustrate the synergy of ground-based and spacebased 

measurements. 


N15, pp 4117-4131. 

08.1-35 

Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus 

cloud-resolving scales 


Switzerland 


The limited atmospheric predictability has been 

addressed by the development of ensemble prediction 

systems (EPS) that are now routinely applied 

for medium-range synoptic-scale numerical 

weather prediction (NWP). With the increase of 

computational power, interest is growing in the 

design of high-resolution (cloud resolving) NWP 

models and their associated short-range EPS. 

This development raises a series of fundamental 

questions, espe cially concerning the type of er- 

ror growth and the validity of the tangent-linear 

approximation. To address these issues, a comparison 

between perturbed medium-range (10 

day) synoptic-scale integrations (taken from the 

operational ECMWF EPS with a horizontal resolution 

of about 80 km) and short-range (1 day) highresolution 

simulations (based on the Lokal Modell 

of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling with 

a grid spacing of 2.2 km) is conducted. The differences 

between the two systems are interpreted in 

a nondimensional sense and illustrated with the 

help of the Lorenz attractor. Typical asymptotic 

perturbation-doubling times of cloud-resolving 

and synoptic-scale simulations amount to about 

4 and 40 h, respectively, and are primarily related 

to convective and baro- clinic instability. Thus, 

in terms of growth rates, integrating a 1-day :1 

Cloud- re solving forecast may be seen as equivalent 

to performing a 10-day synoptic-scale simulation. 

However, analysis of the prevailing linearity 

reveals that the two systems are fundamentally 

different in the following sense: the tangentlinear 

approximation breaks down at 1. 5 h for 

cloud resolving against 54 h for synoptic-scale 

forecasts. In terms of nonlinearity, a 10-day synoptic-scale 

integration thus corresponds to a very 

short cloud-resolving simulation of merely; about 

7 h. The higher degree of nonlinearity raises questions 

concerning the direct application of standard 

synoptic-scale forecasting methodologies 

(e.g., optimal perturbations, 4D variational data 

assimilation, or targeted observations) to 1-day 

cloud-resolving forecasting. 

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 

2007, V88, N11, NOV, pp 1783-+. 

08.1-36 

Predictability and error growth dynamics in 

cloud-resolving models 


Switzerland 


While the benefits of ensemble techniques over 

deterministic numerical weather predictions 

(NWP) are now widely recognized, the prospects 

of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) at high computational 

resolution are still largely unclear. 

Difficulties arise due to the poor knowledge of 

the mechanisms promoting rapid perturbation 

growth and propagation, as well as the role of 

nonlinearities. In this study, the dynamics associated 

with the growth and propagation of initial 

uncertainties is investigated by means of real-case 

high- resolution (cloud resolving) NWP integrations. 

The considered case is taken from the Mesoscale 

Alpine Programme intensive observing

50 

period 3 (MAP IOP3) and involves convection of 

intermediate intensity. To assess the underlying 

mechanisms and the degree of linearity upon the 

predictability of the flow, vastly different initial 

perturbation methodologies are compared, while 

all simulations use identical lateral boundary 

conditions to mimic a perfectly predictable synoptic-scale 

flow. Comparison of the perturbation 

methodologies indicates that the ensuing patterns 

of ensemble spread converge within 11 h, 

irrespective of the initial perturbations employed. 

All methodologies pinpoint the same meso-betascale 

regions of the flow as suffering from predictability 

limitations. This result reveals the important 

role of nonlinearities. Analysis also shows 

that hot spots of error growth can quickly (1-2 h 

after initialization) develop far away from the initial 

perturbations. This rapid radiation of the initial 

uncertainties throughout the computational 

domain is due to both sound and gravity waves, 

followed by the triggering and/or growth of perturbations 

over regions of convective instability. 

The growth of the uncertainties is then limited by 

saturation effects, which in turn are controlled by 

the larger-scale atmospheric environment. From 

a practical point of view, it is suggested that the 

combined effects of rapid propagation, sizeable 

amplification, and inherent nonlinearities may 

pose severe difficulties for the design of EPS or 

data assimilation techniques related to high-resolution 

quantitative precipitation forecasting. 


N12, DEC, pp 4467-4478. 

08.1-37 

Upper-tropospheric flow features and the 

Alps: An overview 

Hoinka K P, Davies H C 

Germany, Switzerland 


One focus of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme 

(MAP) was the study of upper-tropospheric potential 

vorticity (PV) anomalies that take the form of 

narrow meridionally elongated troughs termed 

‘PV streamers’. A systematic effort was undertaken 

within the MAP framework to: establish a streamer 

climatology, develop appropriate instrumentation 

and undertake a measurement programme 

to better ascertain their structure, study both 

their intrinsic dynamics and their modification 

by the Alps, and perform model experiments to 

examine their significance for numerical weather 

prediction. Here an overview is given of the progress 

made toward achieving these objectives. In 

particular it is shown that PV streamers translating 

toward the Alpine region are dynamically 


distinctive and constitute an identifiable precursor 

of and contribute seminally to heavy precipitation 

events on the south side of the Alps and 

possess rich mesoscale sub-structures that can be 

examined with novel water vapour absorption 

lidar instrumentation. It is also shown that the 

accurate representation of a streamer might well 

be a critical prerequisite for accurate quantitative 

prediction of mesoscale precipitation. 


2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 847-865. 

08.1-38 

GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for 

semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - 

Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs 

Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A 

Canada, Switzerland 


Global transports and budgets of three PCBs were 

investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semivolatile 

persistent organic pollutants - GEM/POPs. 

Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports 

in the atmosphere with a transport flux peaking 

below 8 km for gaseous and 14 km for particulate 

PCB28, and peaking below 4 km for gaseous 

and 6 km for particulate PCB180. The inter-continental 

transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere 

(NH) are dominated in the zonal direction 

with their route changes regulated seasonally by 

the variation of westerly jet. The transport pathways 

from Europe and North Atlantic contributed 

the most PCBs to the Arctic. Inter-hemispheric 

transports of PCBs originated from the regions of 

Europe, Asia and North America in three different 

flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian 

monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the 

Southern Hemisphere (SH) could also be exported 

into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of 

year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the 

three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing 

to the global background concentrations in 

the atmosphere, soil and water. Globally, PCB28 in 

soil and water has become a comparable source to 

the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs 

such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into 

soil and water. For all three congeners, particulate 

PCBs are concentrated in the higher levels than 

gaseous PCBs. More than half of the particulate 

PCB28 could reach up to the stratosphere, while 

most of the heavier counter-parts (PCB153 and 

PCB180) are stored in the troposphere including 

boundary layer with more than 99% gaseous 

PCB180 below 6 km. 


N15, pp 4015-4025.


08.1-39 

Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder 

Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements 

Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J, 

Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid 

I S, Godin Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood 

R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R 

E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F, Knosp B W, Perun V S, 

Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R 

P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B, Bodeker 

G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de 

Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H, 

Leme N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook 

L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J, 

Parrondos M C, Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P, 

Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte 

P, Vomel H, von der Gathen P, Yela M, Zablocki G 

USA, France, Scotland, Netherlands, Denmark, 

New Zealand, Switzerland, Germany, South Africa, 

Canada, Belgium, Japan, Brazil, Finland, Italy, Malaysia, 

Spain, Czech Republic, Poland 


(1) We present validation studies of MLS version 

2.2 upper tropospheric and stratospheric ozone 

profiles using ozonesonde and lidar data as well 

as climatological data. Ozone measurements 

from over 60 ozonesonde stations worldwide and 

three lidar stations are compared with coincident 

MLS data. The MLS ozone stratospheric data between 

150 and 3 hPa agree well with ozonesonde 

measurements, within 8% for the global average. 

MLS values at 215 hPa are biased high compared 

to ozonesondes by similar to 20% at middle to 

high latitude, although there is a lot of variability 

in this altitude region. Comparisons between 

MLS and ground-based lidar measurements from 

Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from the Table Mountain 

Facility, California, and from the Observatoire 

de Haute-Provence, France, give very good agreement, 

within similar to 5%, for the stratospheric 

values. The comparisons between MLS and the 

Table Mountain Facility tropospheric ozone lidar 

show that MLS data are biased high by similar to 

30% at 215 hPa, consistent with that indicated by 

the ozonesonde data. We obtain better global average 

agreement between MLS and ozonesonde partial 

column values down to 215 hPa, although the 

average MLS values at low to middle latitudes are 

higher than the ozonesonde values by up to a few 

percent. MLS v2.2 ozone data agree better than 

the MLS v1.5 data with ozonesonde and lidar measurements. 

MLS tropical data show the wave one 

longitudinal pattern in the upper troposphere, 

with similarities to the average distribution from 

ozonesondes. High upper tropospheric ozone val- 

ues are also observed by MLS in the tropical Pacific 

from June to November. 


2007, V112, ND24, DEC 15 ARTN: D24S34. 

08.1-40 

The impact of reducing the maximum speed 

limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km 

h(-1) on emissions and peak ozone 

Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming 

J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R, 

Prevot A S H 


Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Modelling 

Hot and dry conditions in summer 2003 led to 

ozone levels that substantially exceeded the Swiss 

ambient air quality standard. We investigated how 

emissions and ozone levels would have changed 

in this period if the maximum speed limit on 

Swiss motorways were decreased from 120 to 80 

km h(-1). The air quality model package MM5 / 

CAMx was applied to two nested domains, both 

including Switzerland. Anthropogenic emissions 

were based on various European and Swiss data 

sources. The simulations for the reference case 

were based on current driving behaviour. In the 

reduction case, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions 

from road traffic were lower by about 4% with 

respect to the current total NOx release. Emissions 

of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were 

not significantly affected. The peak ozone levels 

decreased by less than 1%. 

Environmental Modelling Software, 2008, V23, N3, 

MAR, pp 322-332. 

08.1-41 

The evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures 

and total ozone compared to observed Swiss 

time series 

Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C 

Switzerland, USA 


The aim of this paper is to compare long term 

changes derived from ERA-40 reanalysis with the 

corresponding changes found in carefully homogenized 

observational data. Focus is given on two 

climate key parameter, daily surface temperature 

(T2) and total ozone in the Alpine region for the 

period 1961-2000. Overall the two temperature 

data sets agree well. The reanalysed temperature 

trend (0.3 degrees C /decade) is similar to the trend 

in raw data but underestimates the trend derived 

from homogenized data by 0.1 degrees C/decade. 

Differences between ERA-40 and the observations 

decrease with time. The bias is reduced from +/- 2

52 

degrees in the 1960s to +/- 1 degrees in the 1990s. 

Differences show a distinct annual cycle. On average 

ERA-40 overestimates T2 in summer by 1.0 

degrees C and underestimates it by 0.4 degrees 

C in winter. A simple downscaling procedure is 

applied to compare the temperature values of 

single Swiss station series with ERA-40 data. The 

technique makes use of a topographic lapse rate 

derived from observations. It is shown that the 

lapse rate has a distinct seasonal cycle in the Alpine 

region. The use of this seasonal varying lapse 

rate reduces considerably the seasonal bias found 

between ERA-40 and the observed series. In contrast 

to the temperature data the two ozone data 

sets show strong differences between time periods 

satellite data has been assimilated or not. In the 

episodes where ozone measurements from satellites 

are used, basically after 1979, the total ozone 

values agree well with ERA-40. The reanalysis data 

slightly overestimates the observations by 10 DU 

(Dobson Units). Before 1973 the error is a little bit 

larger with 12 DU, but the lack of satellite data 

assimilation in ERA-40 results in an enhanced seasonal 

bias with maximum errors in winter (about 

20 DU) . The strongest differences are found in the 

1970s, when radiance from satellite data was assimilated, 

but ozone was not. There is a mean bias 

of 38 DU with maximum errors in winter of about 

70 DU. 

Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N2, pp 

171-181. 

08.1-42 

Global model simulations of the impact of 

ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the 

radiation budget 

Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U 



International shipping contributes significantly 

to the fuel consumption of all transport related 

activities. Specific emissions of pollutants such 

as sulfur dioxide (SO 2) per kg of fuel emitted are 

higher than for road transport or aviation. Besides 

gaseous pollutants, ships also emit various 

types of particulate matter. The aerosol impacts 

the Earth’s radiation budget directly by scattering 

and absorbing the solar and thermal radiation 

and indirectly by changing cloud properties. Here 

we use ECHAM5/MESSy1-MADE, a global climate 

model with detailed aerosol and cloud microphysics 

to study the climate impacts of international 

shipping. The simulations show that emissions 

from ships significantly increase the cloud droplet 

number concentration of low marine water clouds 

by up to 5% to 30% depending on the ship emis- 


sion inventory and the geographic region. Whereas 

the cloud liquid water content remains nearly 

unchanged in these simulations, effective radii of 

cloud droplets decrease, leading to cloud optical 

thickness increase of up to 5 - 10%. The sensitivity 

of the results is estimated by using three different 

emission inventories for present-day conditions. 

The sensitivity analysis reveals that shipping contributes 

to 2.3% to 3.6% of the total sulfate burden 

and 0.4% to 1.4% to the total black carbon burden 

in the year 2000 on the global mean. In addition 

to changes in aerosol chemical composition, shipping 

increases the aerosol number concentration, 

e. g. up to 25% in the size range of the accumulation 

mode (typically > 0.1 µm) over the Atlantic. 

The total aerosol optical thickness over the Indian 

Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Northeastern 

Pacific increases by up to 8 - 10% depending on 

the emission inventory. Changes in aerosol optical 

thickness caused by shipping induced modification 

of aerosol particle number concentration 

and chemical composition lead to a change in the 

shortwave radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere 

(ToA) under clear-sky condition of about - 

0.014 W/m(2) to - 0.038 W/m(2) for a global annual 

average. The corresponding all-sky direct aerosol 

forcing ranges between - 0.011 W/m(2) and - 0.013 

W/m(2). The indirect aerosol effect of ships on climate 

is found to be far larger than previously estimated. 

An indirect radiative effect of - 0.19 W/m 

(2) to - 0.60 W/m(2) (a change in the atmospheric 

shortwave radiative flux at ToA) is calculated here, 

contributing 17% to 39% of the total indirect effect 

of anthropogenic aerosols. This contribution 

is high because ship emissions are released in regions 

with frequent low marine clouds in an otherwise 

clean environment. In addition, the potential 

impact of particulate matter on the radiation 

budget is larger over the dark ocean surface than 

over polluted regions over land. 


N19, pp 5061-5079. 

08.1-43 

Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a 

swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road 

transport emissions 

Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J, 

Young D, Stemmler K 



Eighteen oxygenated volatile organic compounds 

(OVOCs) and eight nonmethane hydrocarbons 

(NMHCs) were measured continuously during a 

two-week campaign in 2004 in the Gubrist highway 

tunnel (Switzerland) . The study aimed to es-


timate selected OVOC and NMHC emissions of the 

current vehicle fleet under highway conditions. 

For the measured OVOCs the highest EFs were 

found for ethanol (9.7 mg/km), isopropanol (3.2 

mg/km), and acetaldehyde (2.5 mg/km), followed 

by acetone, benzaldehyde, and acrolein. Formaldehyde, 

the most abundant OVOC measured in 

other studies, was not measured by the method applied. 

Relative emissions of the measured OVOCs 

were estimated to contribute approximately 6 and 

4% to the total road traffic VOC emissions from 

Switzerland and Europe, respectively. Results are 

compared with those from previous studies from 

the same tunnel performed in 1993 and 2002, and 

from campaigns in other tunnels. A continuous 

reduction in the emission factors (EFs) was determined 

for all measured compounds from 1993 until 

2004. The relative contributions of light-duty 

vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) to the 

total emissions indicated that OVOCs were mainly 

produced by the HDVs, whereas LDVs dominated 

the production of the NMHCs. 


N20, OCT 15, pp 7060-7066. 

08.1-44 

A photochemical modeling study of ozone and 

formaldehyde generation and budget in the 

Po basin 

Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C, 

Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S, 

Astorga Llorens C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A 

Norway, Switzerland, France, Germany, Sweden, 

Italy 


In this work, a photochemical dispersion model, 

CAMx (Comprehensive Air quality Model with 

eXtensions) was used to simulate a high ozone 

episode observed in the Po basin during the 2003 

FORMAT (Formaldehyde as a Tracer of Oxidation 

in the Troposphere) campaign. The study focuses 

on formaldehyde and ozone, and a budget analysis 

was set up for interpreting the importance 

of different processes, namely emission, chemistry, 

transport and deposition, for three different 

areas (urban, downwind, suburban) around the 

Milan metropolitan region. In addition, a sensitivity 

study was carried out based on 11 different 

VOC emission scenarios. The results of the budget 

study show that the strongest O-3 production 

rate (4 ppbv/hour) occurs in the downwind area 

of the city of Milan, and that accumulated O 3 is 

transported back to Milan city during nighttime. 

More than 80% of the HCHO concentration over 

the Milan metropolitan region is secondary, i. 

e., photochemically produced from other VOCs. 

The sensitivity study shows that the emissions 

of isoprene are not, on average, a controlling factor 

for the peak concentrations of O 3 and HCHO 

over the model domain because of very few oak 

trees in this region. Although the paraffinic (PAR) 

emissions are fairly large, a 20% reduction of PAR 

yields only 1.7% of HCHO reduction and 2.7% reduction 

of the O 3 peak. The largest reduction of 

O 3 levels can be obtained by reduced xylene (XYL) 

emissions. A 20% reduction of the total anthropogenic 

VOC emissions leads to 15.5% (20.3 ppbv) 

reduction of O 3 peak levels over the Milan metropolitan 

region. 


2007, V112, ND22, NOV 20 ARTN: D22303. 

08.1-45 

Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects 

in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM 

Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S, 

Röckner E, Zhang J 

Switzerland, USA, Italy, Germany, Canada 


The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme 

from ECHAM4 that predicts both the mass mixing 

ratios and number concentrations of cloud 

droplets and ice crystals has been coupled to 

the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5-HAM. 

ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass, number 

concentrations and mixing state. The simulated 

liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud 

droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as 

a function of temperature in stratiform mixedphase 

clouds between 0 and -35 degrees C agree 

much better with aircraft observations in the 

ECHAM5 simulations. ECHAM5 performs better 

because more realistic aerosol concentrations are 

available for cloud droplet nucleation and because 

the Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized 

as being more efficient. The total anthropogenic 

aerosol effect includes the direct, semi- direct 

and indirect effects and is defined as the difference 

in the top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation 

between present-day and pre- industrial times. 

It amounts to & minus; 1.9 W m(-2) in ECHAM5, 

when a relative humidity dependent cloud cover 

scheme and aerosol emissions representative for 

the years 1750 and 2000 from the AeroCom emission 

inventory are used. The contribution of the 

cloud albedo effect amounts to -0.7 W m(-2). The 

total anthropogenic aerosol effect is larger when 

either a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different 

aerosol emission inventory are employed because 

the cloud lifetime effect increases. 


N13, pp 3425-3446.

54 

08.1-46 

A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative 

collection of atmospheric ultrafine 

particles for microscopic analysis 

Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B, 

Burtscher H 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments 

& Instrumentation 

In this article, the potential of a thermophoretic 

sampling device to derive quantitative particle 

size distributions and number concentrations of 

aerosols based on microscopic single particle analysis 

is explored. For that purpose a plate-to-plate 

thermophoretic precipitator to collect ultrafine 

atmospheric particles for TEM (transmission electron 

microscopy) analysis has been calibrated and 

characterized. The representativeness of the samples 

has been verified in a series of experiments. 

Results show that, for particles with diameters of 

15 nm to 300 nm, the precipitator’s collection efficiency 

is independent of size, shape, and composition 

of the particles. Hence, its samples accurately 

represent the original aerosol. A numerical model 

of thermophoretic deposition within the device 

has been developed and tailored to the specifications 

of the precipitator. The model has been used 

to derive the particle number density and size 

distribution of several calibration aerosols using 

the TEM analysis of the samples taken with the 

thermophoretic precipitator as input parameters. 

The results agree very well with the on-line measurements 

of the calibration aerosols. This work 

demonstrates that our thermophoretic sampling 

device can be used to derive quantitative particle 

size distributions and number concentrations of 

ultrafine particles based on microscopic single 

particle analysis. 

Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N10, 

pp 934-943. 

08.1-47 

Evidence for a modest undercount bias in 

early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts 

Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U 


Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

We obtain new insights into the reliability of 

long-term historical Atlantic tropical cyclone 

(‘TC’) counts through the use of a statistical 

model that relates variations in annual Atlantic 

TC counts to climate state variables. We find 

that the existence of a substantial undercount 

bias in late 19th through mid 20th century TC 

counts is inconsistent with the statistical rela- 


tionship between TC counts and climate. 


NOV 24 ARTN: L22707. 

08.1-48 

Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation 

on surrogates of mineral dust 

Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B 

Switzerland 



A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was 

used to explore heterogeneous ice nucleation of 

emulsified aqueous suspensions of two Arizona 

test dust (ATD) samples with particle diameters of 

nominally 0 - 3 and 0 - 7 µm, respectively. Aqueous 

suspensions with ATD concentrations of 0.01 

- 20 wt% have been investigated. The DSC thermograms 

exhibit a homogeneous and a heterogeneous 

freezing peak whose intensity ratios vary 

with the ATD concentration in the aqueous suspensions. 

Homogeneous freezing temperatures 

are in good agreement with recent measurements 

by other techniques. Depending on ATD concentration, 

heterogeneous ice nucleation occurred 

at temperatures as high as 256K or down to the 

onset of homogeneous ice nucleation (237 K). For 

ATD-induced ice formation Classical Nucleation 

Theory (CNT) offers a suitable framework to parameterize 

nucleation rates as a function of temperature, 

experimentally determined ATD size, 

and emulsion droplet volume distributions. The 

latter two quantities serve to estimate the total 

heterogeneous surface area present in a droplet, 

whereas the suitability of an individual heterogeneous 

site to trigger nucleation is described 

by the compatibility function (or contact angle) 

in CNT. The intensity ratio of homogeneous to 

heterogeneous freezing peaks is in good agreement 

with the assumption that the ATD particles 

are randomly distributed amongst the emulsion 

droplets. The observed dependence of the heterogeneous 

freezing temperatures on ATD concentrations 

cannot be described by assuming a constant 

contact angle for all ATD particles, but requires 

the ice nucleation efficiency of ATD particles to be 

(log) normally distributed amongst the particles. 

Best quantitative agreement is reached when explicitly 

assuming that high-compatibility sites are 

rare and that therefore larger particles have on 

average more and better active sites than smaller 

ones. This analysis suggests that a particle has to 

have a diameter of at least 0.1 µm to exhibit on 

average one active site. 


N19, pp 5081-5091.


08.1-49 

Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in 

a coastal environment 

Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P, 

Hayden K 



(1) An optical closure study was carried out on 

the basis of measurements taken during five research 

flights in October 2003 over the waters surrounding 

Nova Scotia. Measurements of aerosol 

size spectra were made using a variety of instruments, 

and the size- segregated chemical signature 

was determined with an Aerodyne Aerosol 

Mass Spectrometer. The aerosol scattering and 

backscattering coefficients were determined 

with an integrating nephelometer at three visible 

wavelengths. At a wavelength of 550 nm and 

at altitudes less than 1000 m, the mean total scattering 

coefficient of the dry in-cabin aerosol is 26 

Mm(-1), with a standard deviation of 10 Mm(-1) , 

while the mean backscattering coefficient is 1.7 

Mm(-1) with a standard deviation of 0.8 Mm(-1). 

On the basis of data from instruments within 

the cabin, closure between the directly measured 

and calculated total scattering coefficients is attained 

for more than 70% of cases, but is not attained 

for the backscattering coefficients. Coarse 

particles are found to account for roughly half 

of the total scattering and 70% of the backscattering 

for altitudes up to similar to 1000 m. The 

scattering contribution from coarse particles is 

found to account for approximately 65% of the 

total scattering and 88% of the backscattering 

when calculated on the basis of measurements 

taken outside of the aircraft, which are not subject 

to inlet losses for larger particles. 


2007, V112, ND14, JUL 21 ARTN: D14203. 

08.1-50 

Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime 

Northern Hemisphere: Climatological 

analyses of the orientation and the theoretical 

LC1/2 classification 

Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C 

Switzerland 


Breaking waves on the tropopause are viewed as 

potential vorticity (PV) streamers on middle-world 

isentropic levels. A Northern Hemisphere winter 

climatology of the streamers’ spatial distribution 

and meridional orientation is derived from 

the 40-yr ECMWF Re- Analysis (ERA-40) dataset, 

and used to assess the nature and frequency of 

occurrence of breaking synoptic-scale waves. The 

streamers are grouped into two classes related to 

the so-called cyclonic (LC2) and anticyclonic (LC1) 

patterns, and the ambient wind strength and wind 

shear is also noted. It is shown that the occurrence 

of cyclonic and anticyclonic PV streamers exhibits 

a distinct spatial variability in the horizontal and 

the vertical. The majority of cyclonic PV streamers 

are found on lower isentropic levels that intersect 

the tropopause at more poleward latitudes, 

whereas anticyclonic streamers predominate at 

higher elevations in the subtropics. An analysis of 

the streamer patterns for the two phases of the 

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) reveals significant 

differences in the location and frequency of 

both cyclonic and anticyclonic streamers in the 

Euro-Atlantic region on the 310-K isentropic level. 

Likewise, for the two phases of the ENSO and the 

Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, there are 

marked differences in the frequency pattern of 

cyclonic streamers. An examination of the tropopause-level 

hemispheric flow pattern at the time 

of and prior to a streamer’s formation indicates 

a linkage to the presence or absence of double jet 

structures. 


N7, JUL, pp 2576-2592. 

08.1-51 

Comparison between backscatter lidar and 

radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and 

nocturnal stratification in the lower troposphere 

Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H 

Switzerland 



A collection of boundary layer heights has been 

derived from measurements performed by a 

ground-based backscatter lidar in Neuch tel, Switzerland 

(47.000 N, 6.967 E, 485 m ASL). A dataset 

of 98 cases have been collected during 2 yr. From 

these data, 61 are noon and 37 are midnight cases. 

The following two different schemes were used to 

retrieve the mixed layer depth and the height of 

the residual layer from the measurements: the 

gradient and variance methods. The obtained values 

were compared with those derived from the 

potential temperature profiles as computed from 

radiosonde data. For nocturnal cases, the height 

of the first aerosol layer above the residual layer 

was also compared to the corresponding potential 

temperature value. Correlation coefficients 

between lidar and radiosonde in both convective 

and stable conditions are between 0.88 and 0.97. 

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 

2007, V24, N7, JUL, pp 1231-1244.

56 

08.1-52 

Counterflow virtual impact or based collection 

of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds 

for the physico-chemical characterization of 

tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description 

and first case study 

Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert 

M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S, 

Baltensperger U, Weingartner E 

Germany, Switzerland, England 


A ground-based sampling system named Ice-CVI 

is introduced that is able to extract small ice 

particles with sizes between 5 and 20 µm out of 

mixed-phase clouds. The instrument is based on 

a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) removing interstitial 

particles and is supplemented by additional 

modules that pre-segregate other constituents 

of mixed-phase clouds. Ice particles of 20 µm 

and smaller are expected to grow only by water 

vapor diffusion and there is a negligible probability 

that they scavenge aerosol particles by impaction 

and riming. Thus, their residuals which are 

released by the Ice-CVI can be interpreted as the 

original ice nuclei (IN). In a first field test within 

the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment 

(CLACE-3) at the high alpine research station 

Jungfraujoch, the collection behavior of the 

single components and the complete system was 

evaluated under atmospheric sampling conditions. 

By comparing parameters measured by the 

Ice-CVI with corresponding results obtained from 

other inlets or with in-situ instrumentation it is 

verified that the small ice particles are representatively 

collected whereas all other mixed phase 

cloud constituents are effectively suppressed. In 

a case study it is observed that supermicrometer 

particles preferentially serve as IN although in absolute 

terms the IN concentration is dominated by 

submicrometer particles. Mineral dust (Si), nonvolatile 

organic matter and black carbon could be 

identified as IN components by means of different 

chemical analyses. The latter suggests an anthropogenic 

influence on the heterogeneous ice nucleation 

in supercooled, tropospheric clouds. 

Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N9, pp 

848-864. 

08.1-53 

A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation 

system for fog prediction 

Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E 

Switzerland 


A probabilistic fog forecast system was designed 

based on two high resolution numerical 1-D mod- 


els called COBEL and PAFOG. The 1-D models are 

coupled to several 3-D numerical weather prediction 

models and thus are able to consider the effects 

of advection. To deal with the large uncertainty 

inherent to fog forecasts, a whole ensemble 

of 1-D runs is computed using the two different 

numerical models and a set of different initial 

conditions in combination with distinct boundary 

conditions. Initial conditions are obtained 

from variational data assimilation, which optimally 

combines observations with a first guess 

taken from operational 3-D models. The design 

of the ensemble scheme computes members that 

should fairly well represent the uncertainty of 

the current meteorological regime. Verification 

for an entire fog season reveals the importance of 

advection in complex terrain. The skill of 1-D fog 

forecasts is significantly improved if advection is 

considered. Thus the probabilistic forecast system 

has the potential to support the forecaster and 

therefore to provide more accurate fog forecasts. 

Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2007, V164, N6-7, 

JUN, pp 1241-1264. 

08.1-54 

Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring 

growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and 

leaf gas exchange in three ozone-sensitive 

woody plant species 

Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J 

M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M 


Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant 

Sciences , Forestry 

We assessed the effects of ambient tropospheric 

ozone on annual tree- ring growth, delta C-13 in 

the rings, leaf gas exchange and visible injury 

in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species in 

southern Switzerland. Seedlings of Populus nigra 

L., Viburnum lantana L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. 

were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and nonfiltered 

air (NF) in open-top chambers, and to ambient 

air (AA) in open plots during the 2001 and 

2002 growing seasons. Ambient ozone exposures 

in the region were sufficient to cause visible foliar 

injury, early leaf senescence and premature leaf 

loss in all species. Ozone had significant negative 

effects on net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance 

in all species in 2002 and in V. lantana 

and F. excelsior in 2001. Water-use efficiency decreased 

and intercellular CO 2 concentrations increased 

in all species in response to ozone in 2002 

only. The width and delta C-13 of the 2001 and 

2002 growth rings were measured for all species 

at the end of the 2002 growing season. Compared 

with CF seedlings, mean ring width in the AA and


NF P. nigra seedlings was reduced by 52 and 46%, 

respectively, in 2002, whereas in V lantana and F. 

excelsior ring width showed no significant reductions 

in either year. Although delta C-13 was usually 

more negative in CF seedlings than in AA and 

NF seedlings, with the exception of F. excelsior in 

2001, ozone effects on delta C-13 were significant 

only for V lantana and P nigra in 2001. Among 

species, P. nigra exhibited the greatest response to 

ozone for the measured parameters as well as the 

most severe foliar injury and was the only species 

to show a significant reduction in ring width in response 

to ozone exposure, despite significant negative 

ozone effects on leaf gas exchange and the 

development of visible foliar injury in V lantana 

and F. excelsior. Thus, significant ozone-induced 

effects at the leaf level did not correspond to reduced 

tree-ring growth or increased delta C-13 in 

all species, indicating that the timing of ozone exposure 

and severity of leaf-level responses may be 

important in determining the sensitivity of tree 

productivity to ozone exposure. 

Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N7, JUL, pp 941-949. 

08.1-55 

Perturbation of the European free troposphere 

aerosol by North American forest fire plumes 

during the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer 

2004 

Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real 

E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K, 

Roiger A, Schlager H, Weingartner E 

Germany, Norway, France, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , 

Forestry , Plant Sciences 

During the ICARTT-ITOP Experiment in summer 

2004 plumes from large wildfires in North America 

were transported to Central Europe at 3 - 8 km 

altitude above sea level (a.s.l.). These plumes were 

studied with the DLR (Deutsches Zentrum fuer 

Luft- und Raumfahrt) research aircraft Falcon 

which was equipped with an extensive set of in 

situ aerosol and trace gas instruments. Analyses 

by the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART 

provided source regions, transport times and 

horizontal extent of the fire plumes. Results from 

the general circulation model ECHAM/MADE and 

data from previous aerosol studies over Central 

Europe provided reference vertical profiles of 

black carbon (BC) mass concentrations for year 

2000 conditions with forest fire activities below 

the long-term average. Smoke plume observations 

yielded a BC mass fraction of total aerosol mass 

with respect to PM 2.5 of 2 - 8%. The ratio of BC 

mass to excess CO was 3 - 7.5 mg BC (g CO)(-1). Even 

after up to 10 days of atmospheric transport, both 

characteristic properties were of the same order 

as for fresh emissions. This suggests an efficient 

lifting of BC from forest fires to higher altitudes 

with only minor scavenging removal of particulate 

matter. Maximum aerosol absorption coefficient 

values were 7 - 8Mm (-1) which is about two 

orders of magnitude above the average European 

free tropospheric background value. Forest fire 

aerosol size distributions were characterised by a 

strong internally mixed accumulation mode centred 

at modal diameters of 0.25 - 0.30 µm with an 

average distribution width of 1.30. Nucleation and 

small Aitken mode particles were almost completely 

depleted. 


N19, pp 5105-5127. 

08.1-56 

Long-term variability of daily North Atlantic- 

European pressure patterns since 1850 classified 

by simulated annealing clustering 

Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R, 

Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H 

Germany, Switzerland, England, Sweden 


Reconstructed daily mean sea level pressure patterns 

of the North Atlantic - European region are 

classified for the period 1850 to 2003 to explore 

long- term changes of the atmospheric circulation 

and its impact on long- term temperature variability 

in the central European region. Commonly 

used k- means clustering algorithms resulted in 

classifications of low quality because of methodological 

deficiencies leading to local optima by 

chance for complex datasets. In contrast, a newly 

implemented clustering scheme combining the 

concepts of simulated annealing and diversified 

randomization (SANDRA) is able to reduce substantially 

the influence of chance in the cluster 

assignment, leading to partitions that are noticeably 

nearer to the global optimum and more stable. 

The differences between conventional cluster 

analysis and the SANDRA scheme are significant 

for subsequent analyses of single clusters - in particular, 

for trend analysis. Conventional indices 

used to determine the appropriate number of 

clusters failed to provide clear guidance, indicating 

that no distinct separation between clusters of 

circulation types exists in the dataset. Therefore, 

the number of clusters is determined by an external 

indicator, the so- called dominance criteria for 

t- mode principal component analysis. Nevertheless, 

the resulting partitions are stable for certain 

numbers of clusters and provide meaningful and 

reproducible clusters. The resulting types of pressure 

patterns reveal pronounced long- term vari-

58 

ability and various significant trends of the time 

series of seasonal cluster frequency. Tentative estimations 

of central European temperature changes 

based solely on seasonal cluster frequencies can 

explain between 33.9% (summer) and 59.0% (winter) 

of temperature variance on the seasonal time 

scale. However, the signs of long- term changes 

in temperature are correctly reproduced even on 

multidecadal - centennial time scales. Moreover, 

linear warming trends are reproduced, implying 

from one- third up to one- half of the observed 

temperature increase between 1851/ 52 and 2003 

(except for summer, but with significant trends 

for spring and autumn), indicating that changes 

in daily circulation patterns contribute to the observed 

overall long- term warming in the central 

European region. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N16, AUG 17, pp 

4065-4095. 

08.1-57 

Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over 

central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy 

assessment with ground-based AERO- 

NET measurements 

Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S 

Switzerland, Germany 

Remote Sensing , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

In this study, the remote sensing of aerosol optical 

depth (tau(a)) from the geostationary Meteosat 

Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible 

and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) is demonstrated. 

The proposed method is based on the analysis of 

a time series of SEVIRI’s 0.6 µm channel images. 

Top-of-atmosphere reflectance is precorrected for 

the effect of atmospheric gases and a background 

aerosol amount. Subsequently, surface reflectance 

for each pixel is estimated by determining its lowest 

precorrected reflectance within the observed 

time period for each satellite observation time of 

the day. The resulting diurnal surface reflectance 

curve in combination with the radiative transfer 

code SMAC are finally used to derive ta. This approach 

is applied to SEVIRI subscenes of central 

Europe (40.8 - 51.3 degrees N, 0.3 degrees W - 19.9 

degrees E) from August 2004, daily acquired between 

0612 and 1712 UTC in intervals of 15 min. 

SEVIRI tau(a) are related to Aerosol Robotic Network 

(AERONET) Sun photometer measurements 

from nine sites. About 3200 instantaneous SEVIRI 

and Sun photometer tau(a) are compared. An 

overall correlation of 0.9 and a root mean square 

error of 0.08 are obtained. Further, the spatial distribution 

of SEVIRI tau(a) maps for August 2004 

represent expectable features like higher concen- 


trations in industrialized regions or lower loading 

in higher altitudes. It is concluded that the 

described method is able to provide an estimate of 

tau(a) from MSG-SEVIRI data. Such aerosol maps 

of high temporal frequency could be of interest to 

atmospheric related sciences, e. g., to track aerosol 

particle transport. 


2007, V112, ND24, NOV 9 ARTN: D24S11. 

08.1-58 

Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine 

Programme: Findings from field experiments 

and simulations 

Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B 


Modelling , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

The Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) was a 

unique initiative to improve the understanding 

of processes involved in orographically influenced 

precipitation events and in the related emergence 

and mitigation of floods in the Alps. This study 

presents a summary of the results from investigations 

of hydrological relevance in areas to 

the south (Lago Maggiore watershed) and north 

(Ammer watershed) of the Alps. A special focus 

is given to the 1999 Special Observing Period 

(SOP) experiment. MAP has been an important 

dialogue platform between the hydrological and 

meteorological communities. A common goal 

has been the verification and the assessment of 

errors and sources of uncertainty of new coupled 

techniques for flood forecasting in mountainous 

environments. The ensemble multi-model 

error in the hydrometeorological forecast, two 

days in advance, was 30% of the observed peaks 

and 15% of the observed runoff volumes, on average. 

To provide some insight on the relative importance 

and priority of observation strategies 

of hydrological factors such as soil moisture and 

reservoir volume in contributing to the flood intensity, 

the MAP project ‘Hydrology’ focused also 

on the role and magnitude of water storage in reservoirs. 

The presented analyses indicate that for 

the investigated basins and flood events, the storage 

reservoirs may retain, on average, up to 10% 

of the event runoff volume and are key elements 

contributing to the mitigation of peak runoff. 

The observed variability of soil moisture is large 

and therefore it has been confirmed that severe 

difficulties remain in instrumental monitoring of 

soil moisture in mountainous environments. The 

sensitivity of floods to soil moisture in the physiogeographic 

context analysed here seems, however, 

to be minor, due to the shallow soil layer covering


the underlying rocks and the relatively high permeability 

of soils which reduce the ‘hydrological 

memory’ of the soil cover in the mountain basins 

investigated. 


2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 867-880. 

08.1-59 

Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite 

mineral dust particles 

Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G 

Canada, Bangladesh, Switzerland 


The ice nucleation characteristics of montmorillonite 

mineral dust aerosols with and without 

exposure to ammonia gas were measured at different 

atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities 

with a continuous flow diffusion chamber. 

The montmorillonite particles were exposed 

to pure (100%) and diluted ammonia gas (25 ppm) 

at room temperature in a stainless steel chamber. 

There was no significant change in the mineral 

dust particle size distribution due to the ammonia 

gas exposure. 100% pure ammonia gas exposure 

enhanced the ice nucleating fraction of montmorillonite 

mineral dust particles 3 to 8 times at 

90% relative humidity with respect to water (RHw) 

and 5 to 8 times at 100% RHw for 120 min exposure 

time compared to unexposed montmorillonite 

within our experimental conditions. The 

percentages of active ice nuclei were 2 to 8 times 

higher at 90% RHw and 2 to 7 times higher at 100% 

RHw in 25 ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite 

compared to unexposed montmorillonite. All 

montmorillonite particles are more efficient as ice 

nuclei with increasing relative humidities and decreasing 

temperatures. The activation temperature 

of montmorillonite exposed to 100% pure ammonia 

was 15 degrees C higher than for unexposed 

montmorillonite particles at 90% RHw. In the 25 

ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite experiments, 

the activation temperature was 10 degrees 

C warmer than unexposed montmorillonite at 90% 

RHw. Degassing does not reverse the ice nucleating 

ability of ammonia exposed montmorillonite 

mineral dust particles suggesting that the ammonia 

is chemically bound to the montmorillonite 

particle. This is the first experimental evidence 

that ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral 

dust particles can enhance its activation as ice 

nuclei and that the activation can occur at temperatures 

warmer than -degrees C where natural 

atmospheric ice nuclei are very scarce. 


N14, pp 3923-3931. 

08.1-60 

A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric 

ozone column using the residual method 

Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J, 

Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia 

P K, Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A 

M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J, 

Bodeker G E, Hansen G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, 

Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin 

Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude H, Andersen S B, 

Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore 

D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi R, Calpini 

B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin 

F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F, Morris 

G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E 

USA, Netherlands, Spain, Canada, New Zealand, 

Norway, France, Denmark, Finland, Poland, England, 

Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Russia, 

Belgium, South Africa, Japan, Malaysia 


We estimate the tropospheric column ozone using 

a forward trajectory model to increase the 

horizontal resolution of the Aura Microwave 

Limb Sounder (MLS) derived stratospheric column 

ozone. Subtracting the MLS stratospheric column 

from Ozone Monitoring Instrument total column 

measurements gives the trajectory enhanced tropospheric 

ozone residual (TTOR). Because of different 

tropopause definitions, we validate the basic 

residual technique by computing the 200-hPato- 

surface column and comparing it to the same 

product from ozonesondes and Tropospheric 

Emission Spectrometer measurements. Comparisons 

show good agreement in the tropics and reasonable 

agreement at middle latitudes, but there 

is a persistent low bias in the TTOR that may be 

due to a slight high bias in MLS stratospheric column. 

With the improved stratospheric column 

resolution, we note a strong correlation of extratropical 

tropospheric ozone column anomalies 

with probable troposphere-stratosphere exchange 

events or folds. The folds can be identified by their 

colocation with strong horizontal tropopause gradients. 

TTOR anomalies due to folds may be mistaken 

for pollution events since folds often occur 

in the Atlantic and Pacific pollution corridors. 

We also compare the 200-hPa-to-surface column 

with Global Modeling Initiative chemical model 

estimates of the same quantity. While the tropical 

comparisons are good, we note that chemical 

model variations in 200hPa-to-surface column at 

middle latitudes are much smaller than seen in 

the TTOR. 


2007, V112, ND24, DEC 19 ARTN: D24S49.

60 

08.1-61 

The impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on 

the air quality of Zürich airport 

Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H, 

Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B 

Germany, Switzerland, USA 


Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N26, AUG, 

pp 5553-5554. 

08.1-62 

Dewpoint and humidity measurements and 

trends at the summit of Mount Washington, 

New Hampshire, 1935-2004 

Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J 



Meteorological conditions have been recorded at 

the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 

(44 degrees 16 ‘ N, 71 degrees 18 ‘ W, 1914 

m ASL) since November 1932. Use of consistent 

instrumentation allows analysis of humidity 

measurements as calculated from error- checked 

dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and 

pressure during the period 1935-2004. This paper 

presents seasonally and annually averaged dewpoint 

temperature, mixing ratio, and relative humidity 

means and trends, including clear-air and 

fog subsets and, beginning in 1939, day and night 

subsets. The majority of linear trends are negative 

over the full study period, although these decreases 

are not constant, with relatively large (small) 

values in the mid-1950s (late 1970s). Annual mean 

dewpoint (water vapor mixing ratio) over the 70-yr 

period has decreased by 0.06 degrees C decade(-1) 

(0.01 g kg(-1) decade(-1)). During this period the annual 

frequency of fog increased by 0.5% decade(-1). 

Dewpoint and mixing ratio trends, both generally 

decreasing, differ by season; they are smallest in 

spring and greatest in fall. Relative humidity has 

decreased most in winter. The clear-air subset 

shows significant decreases in both dewpoint and 

mixing ratio for all seasons except spring. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N22, NOV 15, pp 

5629-5641. 

08.1-63 

Assessment of the performance of ECCozonesondes 

under quasi-flight conditions 

in the environmental simulation chamber: 

Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison 

Experiment (JOSIE) 

Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, 

Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin 

F J, Northam T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd 

I, Posny F 


Germany, USA, Switzerland, Reunion 


(1) Since 1996, quality assurance experiments 

of electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) 

ozonesondes of two different model types (SPC-6A 

and ENSCI-Z) have been conducted in the environmental 

simulation facility at the Research Centre 

Juelich within the framework of the Juelich Ozone 

Sonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE). The 

experiments have shown that the performance 

characteristics of the two ECC-sonde types can be 

significantly different, even when operated under 

the same conditions. Particularly above 20 km 

the ENSCI-Z sonde tends to measure 5-10% more 

ozone than the SPC-6A sonde. Below 20 km the differences 

are 5% or less, but appear to show some 

differences with year of manufacture. There is a 

significant difference in the ozone readings when 

sondes of the same type are operated with different 

cathode sensing solutions. Testing the most 

commonly used sensing solutions showed that for 

each ECC- manufacturer type the use of 1.0% KI 

and full buffer gives 5% larger ozone values compared 

with the use of 0.5% KI and half buffer, and 

as much as 10% larger values compared with 2.0% 

KI and no buffer. For ozone sounding stations 

performing long term measurements this means 

that changing the sensing solution type or ECCsonde 

type can easily introduce a change of +/- 5% 

or more in their records, affecting determination 

of ozone trends. Standardization of operating procedures 

for ECC-sondes yields a precision better 

than +/-(3-5)% and an accuracy of about +/-(5-10)% 

up to 30 km altitude. 


2007, V112, ND19, OCT 11 ARTN: D19306. 

08.1-64 

Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into 

the environment 

Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W 

Switzerland 


A new method is presented which allows emissions 

of traffic into the environment to be described 

as a function of road distance. The method 

distinguishes different types of emissions (runoff, 

spray and drift), which are determined by measurements 

and mass balances of a specified road 

section. The measurement of two-dimensional 

pollutant concentrations in the road shoulder is 

an important part of the method. In a case study 

performed at Burgdorf, Switzerland, the method 

was applied to the determination of the spatial 

distribution of heavy metal emissions. The results 

show that between 36 and 65% of the heavy met-


als Cd, Cr, Cu, Ph and Zn are present in runoff and 

spray and between 35 and 64% are dispersed diffusely 

in the environment (defined as drift). The 

runoff infiltrates into the vegetated road shoulder 

up to a distance of approx. 1 m from the road. 

The distribution of spray shows a maximum at 

1 m and decreases steadily up to a distance of 5 

m. This information can serve as a basis for the 

quantitative evaluation of road-runoff treatment 

scenarios. Although the results of the Burgdorf 

study are case- specific, several general guidelines 

for the reduction of traffic- related emissions can 

be derived from it. 

Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9, 

N8, AUG, pp 847-854. 

08.1-65 

Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate 

and aggregate - revised international 

measuring convention 

Steinle P 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International 

Relations 

Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft, 2007, V67, N6, 

JUN, pp 243-245. 

08.1-66 

Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide 

into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid 

aerosol 

Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J, 

Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M 

Switzerland, France, Germany, Egypt 

Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

The interactions of aerosols consisting of humic 

acids with gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) were 

investigated under different light conditions in 

aerosol flow tube experiments at ambient pressure 

and temperature. The results show that 

NO 2 is converted on the humic acid aerosol into 

nitrous acid (HONO), which is released from the 

aerosol and can be detected in the gas phase at 

the reactor exit. The formation of HONO on the 

humic acid aerosol is strongly activated by light: 

In the dark, the HONO-formation was below the 

detection limit, but it was increasing with the 

intensity of the irradiation with visible light. 

Under simulated atmospheric conditions with 

respect to the actinic flux, relative humidity and 

NO 2-concentration, reactive uptake coefficients 

gamma(rxn) for the NO 2 -> HONO conversion on 

the aerosol between gamma(rxn) < 10(-7) (in the 

dark) and gamma(rxn)=6x 10(-6) were observed. 

The observed uptake coefficients decreased with 

increasing NO 2-concentration in the range from 

2.7 to 280 ppb and were dependent on the relative 

humidity (RH) with slightly reduced values at low 

humidity (< 20% RH) and high humidity (> 60% 

RH). The measured uptake coefficients for the NO 2 

-> HONO conversion are too low to explain the 

HONO-formation rates observed near the ground 

in rural and urban environments by the conversion 

of NO 2 -> HONO on organic aerosol surfaces, 

even if one would assume that all aerosols consist 

of humic acid only. It is concluded that the processes 

leading to HONO formation on the Earth 

surface will have a much larger impact on the 

HONO-formation in the lowermost layer of the 

troposphere than humic materials potentially occurring 

in airborne particles. 


N16, pp 4237-4248. 

08.1-67 

Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial 

water exchange: Integrating land surface 

models and Rhone catchment observations 

Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C 

Switzerland, USA, England, France 

Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , 

Hydrology 

Land surface models (LSMs) used in climate modeling 

include detailed above- ground biophysics 

but usually lack a good representation of runoff. 

Both processes are closely linked through soil 

moisture. Soil moisture however has a high spatial 

variability that is unresolved at climate model 

grid scales. Physically based vertical and horizontal 

aggregation methods exist to account for this 

scaling problem. Effects of scaling and aggregation 

have been evaluated in this study by performing 

catchment- scale LSM simulations for the Rh 

ne catchment. It is found that evapotranspiration 

is not sensitive to soil moisture over the Rhone 

but it largely controls total runoff as a residual of 

the terrestrial water balance. Runoff magnitude is 

better simulated when the vertical soil moisture 

fluxes are resolved at a finer vertical resolution. 

The use of subgrid-scale topography significantly 

improves both the timing of runoff on the daily 

time scale (response to rainfall events) and the 

magnitude of summer baseflow (from seasonal 

groundwater recharge). Explicitly accounting for 

soil moisture as a subgrid- scale process in LSMs 

allows one to better resolve the seasonal course 

of the terrestrial water storage and makes runoff 

insensitive to the used grid scale. However, scale 

dependency of runoff to above-ground hydrology 

cannot be ignored: snowmelt runoff from the Alpine 

part of the Rh ne is sensitive to the spatial

62 

resolution of the snow scheme, and autumnal 

runoff from the Mediterranean part of the Rh ne 

is sensitive to the spatial resolution of precipitation. 

Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N5, OCT, 

pp 1002-1015. 

08.1-68 

Direct assessment of international consistency 

of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy 

and implementation toward metrological 

traceability network in Asia 

Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura 

S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y, 

Kim K R, Lee M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F, 

Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H, 

Zellwegern C, Klausenn J 

Japan, Peoples R China, South Korea, Taiwan, 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International 

Relations 

An international exercise to directly assess consistency 

of standards for ground-level ozone in 

East Asia was conducted as part of the East Asian 

Regional Experiment 2005 (EAREX 2005) in the 

framework of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds 

(ABC) project. Ten organizations collaboratively 

participated in the intercomparison. Four groups 

representing Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan 

made comparisons at the Gosan super observatory, 

Jeju Island, Korea, in March 2005, with 

ozone instruments calibrated to their national 

standards, and four Japanese groups made off-site 

comparisons with laboratory-level standards. All 

comparisons generally indicated good agreement 

with the standard reference photometer (SRP) 35, 

built by the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (USA) and maintained by the National 

Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan). The 

assessment was expanded to measurement networks 

contributing to the World Meteorological 

Organization’s Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO/ 

GAW) program as part of off-site comparisons, 

and excellent agreement was achieved. These efforts 

contribute to propagating traceability of the 

national metrology standards among the atmospheric 

science community, to ensuring comparability 

of the existing ozone measurements, and to 

establishing an integrated network of air quality 

monitoring in Asia. 

Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9, 

N11, pp 1183-1193. 


08.1-69 

The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic 

meridional overturning circulation on ENSO 

Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A, 

Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold 

M, Stocker T F, Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J 

USA, South Korea, England, France, Germany, 

Switzerland 

Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

, Modelling 

The influences of a substantial weakening of 

the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 

(AMOC) on the tropical Pacific climate mean state, 

the annual cycle, and ENSO variability are studied 

using five different coupled general circulation 

models (CGCMs). In the CGCMs, a substantial 

weakening of the AMOC is induced by adding 

freshwater flux forcing in the northern North 

Atlantic. In response, the well- known surface 

temperature dipole in the low- latitude Atlantic 

is established, which reorganizes the large- scale 

tropical atmospheric circulation by increasing 

the northeasterly trade winds. This leads to a 

southward shift of the intertropical convergence 

zone (ITCZ) in the tropical Atlantic and also the 

eastern tropical Pacific. Because of evaporative 

fluxes, mixing, and changes in Ekman divergence, 

a meridional temperature anomaly is generated 

in the northeastern tropical Pacific, which leads 

to the development of a meridionally symmetric 

thermal background state. In four out of five CGC- 

Ms this leads to a substantial weakening of the 

annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific and 

a subsequent intensification of ENSO variability 

due to nonlinear interactions. In one of the CGCM 

simulations, an ENSO intensification occurs as 

a result of a zonal mean thermocline shoaling. 

Analysis suggests that the atmospheric circulation 

changes forced by tropical Atlantic SSTs can 

easily influence the large- scale atmospheric circulation 

and hence tropical eastern Pacific climate. 

Furthermore, it is concluded that the existence of 

the present- day tropical Pacific cold tongue complex 

and the annual cycle in the eastern equatorial 

Pacific are partly controlled by the strength of 

the AMOC. The results may have important implications 

for the interpretation of global multidecadal 

variability and paleo- proxy data. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N19, OCT, pp 

4899-4919.


08.1-70 

Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview 

based on optical depth and in situ observations 

Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli 

M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews 

E, Sharma S, Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene 

W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C, 

Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H, Virkkula A, Hillamo R, 

Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos 

A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa M, Zielinski 

T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T 

Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Russia, Norway, Switzerland, 

Finland, Sweden, Spain, Poland, Japan 


Large sets of filtered actinometer, filtered pyrheliometer 

and Sun photometer measurements have 

been carried out over the past 30 years by various 

groups at different Arctic and Antarctic sites and 

for different time periods. They were examined 

to estimate ensemble average, long-term trends 

of the summer background aerosol optical depth 

AOD(500 nm) in the polar regions (omitting the 

data influenced by Arctic haze and volcanic eruptions). 

The trend for the Arctic was estimated to 

be between -1.6% and -2.0% per year over 30 years, 

depending on location. No significant trend was 

observed for Antarctica. The time patterns of 

AOD(500 nm) and angstrom ngstrom’s parameters 

a and beta measured with Sun photometers during 

the last 20 years at various Arctic and Antarctic 

sites are also presented. They give a measure 

of the large variations of these parameters due to 

El Chichon, Pinatubo, and Cerro Hudson volcanic 

particles, Arctic haze episodes most frequent in 

winter and spring, and the transport of Asian dust 

and boreal smokes to the Arctic region. Evidence 

is also shown of marked differences between the 

aerosol optical parameters measured at coastal 

and high-altitude sites in Antarctica. In situ optical 

and chemical composition parameters of aerosol 

particles measured at Arctic and Antarctic 

sites are also examined to achieve more complete 

information on the multimodal size distribution 

shape parameters and their radiative properties. 

A characterization of aerosol radiative parameters 

is also defined by plotting the daily mean values 

of a as a function of AOD(500 nm), separately for 

the two polar regions, allowing the identification 

of different clusters related to fifteen aerosol 

classes, for which the spectral values of complex 

refractive index and single scattering albedo were 

evaluated. 


2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16205. 

08.1-71 

Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial 

and the condensed phase in mixed-phase 

clouds 

Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K, 

Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, 

Choularton T, Baltensperger U 

Germany, England, Switzerland 


(1) The partitioning of aerosol particles between 

the cloud and the interstitial phase (i.e., unactivated 

aerosol) has been investigated during several 

Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments 

(CLACE-3, CLACE-3 1/2 and CLACE-4) conducted in 

winter and summer 2004 and winter 2005 at the 

high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 

m altitude, Switzerland). Ambient air was sampled 

using different inlets in order to determine 

the activated fraction of aerosol particles, F-N, defined 

as the fraction of the total aerosol number 

concentration (with particle diameter d(p) > 100 

nm) that has been incorporated into cloud particles. 

The liquid and ice water content of mixedphase 

clouds were characterized by analyzing 

multiple cloud probes. The dependence of the activated 

fraction on several environmental factors 

is discussed on the basis of more than 900 h of incloud 

observations and parameterizations for key 

variables are given. FN is found to increase with 

increasing liquid water content and to decrease 

with increasing particle number concentration in 

liquid clouds. FN also decreases with increasing 

cloud ice mass fraction and with decreasing temperature 

from 0 to -25 degrees C. The Wegener- 

Bergeron-Findeisen process probably contributed 

to this trend, since the presence of ice crystals 

causes liquid droplets to evaporate, thus releasing 

the formerly activated particles back into the 

interstitial phase. Ice nucleation could also have 

prevented additional cloud condensation nuclei 

from activating. The observed activation behavior 

has significant implications for our understanding 

of the indirect effect of aerosols on climate. 


2007, V112, ND23, DEC 13 ARTN: D23202. 

08.1-72 

Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of 

seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, 

growth rates, and yield 

Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G, 

Hoppel W, Sullivan W 

Canada, Switzerland, USA 


A recently developed inverse-modeling procedure 

has been applied to a case study of particle nucle-

64 

ation and growth following alpha-pinene and SO 2 

oxidation in a smog chamber. With the use of only 

the measured aerosol size distributions as input, 

the condensational growth rate is obtained by 

regression analysis of the general dynamic equation, 

taking into account coagulation and wall 

losses. The growth rate provides an indirect measure 

of the concentration of the condensing species, 

offset by their vapor pressures. Assuming a 

particle density of 1.0 g cm(-3), an aerosol yield of 

7 +/- 1% is obtained for an initial alpha-pinene concentration 

of 14 ppbv and a final organic aerosol 

mass of 4 µg m(3). Using the estimated vapor concentration, 

we show that the time-dependence of 

the yield is at least partly due to the time needed 

for condensation. Such a kinetic limitation to secondary 

organic aerosol formation may have implications 

for our understanding of gas-particle 

partitioning. The measured size distributions are 

also used to determine the empirical nucleation 

rate; it appears to be enhanced by the presence of 

organics. 


N17, SEP 1, pp 6046-6051. 

08.1-73 

Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation 

and applications 

Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M 

Switzerland, Canada 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Studies 

We have reevaluated the original total ozone measurements 

made in Oxford between 1924 and 1957, 

with a view to extending backward in time the existing 

total ozone series from 1957 to 1975. The Oxford 

measurements are the oldest Dobson observations 

in the world. Their prime importance, when coupled 

with the series from Arosa (since 1926) and Tromso 

(since 1935), is for increasing basic understanding 

of stratospheric ozone and dynamics, while in relation 

to studies of the recent ozone depletion they 

constitute a baseline of considerable (and unique) 

significance and value. However, the reevaluation 

was made difficult on account of changes to the instruments 

and wavelengths as the early data collection 

methods evolved, while unknowns due to the 

influence of aerosols and the possible presence of 

dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen created additional 

problems. Our reevaluation was based on statistical 

procedures (comparisons with meteorological upper 

air data and ozone series from Arosa) and also 

on corrections suggested by Dobson himself. The 

comparisons demonstrate that the data are internally 

consistent and of good quality. Nevertheless, 

as post-1957 data were not assessed in this study, the 


series cannot be recommended at present for trend 

analysis, though the series can be used for climatological 

studies. By supplementing the Oxford data 

with other existing series, we present a European total 

ozone climatology for 1924-1939, 1950-1965, and 

1988-2000 and analyze the data with respect to variables 

measuring the strength and the temperature 

of the polar vortex. 


2007, V112, ND20, OCT 26 ARTN: D20116. 

08.1-74 

Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen 

(H-2) from a tunnel study 

Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann 

S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B 



Motor vehicle combustion emissions of molecular 

hydrogen (HA carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon 

dioxide (CO 2) were measured during a 6-week period 

from November 2004 to January 2005 in Gubrist 

Tunnel, Switzerland, to determine vehicle emission 

factors for these trace gases and the ratios of 

the concentration growths Delta H-2/Delta CO and 

Delta H-2/Delta CO 2 in the tunnel under real-world 

highway driving conditions. For H-2, molar mixing 

ratios at the tunnel exit were found to be 7-10ppm 

(parts-per-million, 10-6) during rush hours. Mean 

emission factors of E-H2=49.7(+/- 16.5)mg km(-1), 

E-CO = 1.46(+ /-.54) g km(-1), and E-CO 2, = 266(69) 

g km(-1) were calculated. E-H2 was largest during 

weekday rush-hour traffic, a consequence of the 

more frequent accelerations in congested traffic 

when fuel combustion is not optimal. EH, was 

smaller for heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) compared to 

light-duty vehicles (LDV), a finding which was attributed 

to the diesel vs. gasoline engine technology. 

The mean Delta H-2 /Delta CO molecular ratio 

was 0.48 A 0.12. This ratio increased to similar to 

0.6 during rush hours, suggesting that H-2 yield is 

favored relative to CO under fuel-rich conditions, 

presumably a consequence of an increasing contribution 

of the water-gas-shift reaction. The mean 

Delta H-2/Delta CO 2 molecular ratio was 4.4 x 10 

(-3) but reduced to 2.5 x 10-3 when the relative HDV 

abundance was at maximum. Using three different 

approaches, road traffic H 2 emissions were estimated 

for 2004 for Switzerland at 5.0-6.6 Gg and 

globally at 4.2-8.1 Tg. Despite projections of increasing 

traffic, Swiss H 2 emissions are not expected to 

change significantly in the near future, and global 

emissions are likely to decrease due to improved 

exhaust gas clean-up technologies. 

Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC, 

pp 8355-8369.


08.1-75 

The effect of mountainous topography on 

moisture exchange between the “surface” and 

the free atmosphere 

Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W 



Typical numerical weather and climate prediction 

models apply parameterizations to describe 

the subgrid-scale exchange of moisture, heat and 

momentum between the surface and the free 

atmosphere. To a large degree, the underlying 

assumptions are based on empirical knowledge 

obtained from measurements in the atmospheric 

boundary layer over flat and homogeneous topography. 

It is, however, still unclear what happens if 

the topography is complex and steep. Not only is 

the applicability of classical turbulence schemes 

questionable in principle over such terrain, but 

mountains additionally induce vertical fluxes on 

the meso-gamma scale. Examples are thermally 

or mechanically driven valley winds, which are 

neither resolved nor parameterized by climate 

models but nevertheless contribute to vertical exchange. 

Attempts to quantify these processes and 

to evaluate their impact on climate simulations 

have so far been scarce. Here, results from a case 

study in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland 

are presented. In previous work, measurements 

from the MAP-Riviera field campaign have been 

used to evaluate and configure a high-resolution 

large-eddy simulation code (ARPS). This model is 

here applied with a horizontal grid spacing of 350 

m to detect and quantify the relevant exchange 

processes between the valley atmosphere (i.e. the 

ground “surface” in a coarse model) and the free 

atmosphere aloft. As an example, vertical export 

of moisture is evaluated for three fair-weather 

summer days. The simulations show that moisture 

exchange with the free atmosphere is indeed 

no longer governed by turbulent motions alone. 

Other mechanisms become important, such as 

mass export due to topographic narrowing or the 

interaction of thermally driven cross-valley circulations. 

Under certain atmospheric conditions, 

these topographical-related mechanisms exceed 

the “classical” turbulent contributions a coarse 

model would see by several times. The study 

shows that conventional subgrid-scale parameterizations 

can indeed be far off from reality if 

applied over complex topography, and that largeeddy 

simulations could provide a helpful tool for 

their improvement. 

Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N2, 

NOV, pp 227-244. 

08.1-76 

Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected 

hazardous air pollutants in Seattle 

Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg 

H H, Liu L J S 

Taiwan, USA, Switzerland 


, Modelling 

The potential benefits of combining the speciated 

PM2.5 and VOCs data in source apportionment 

analysis for identification of additional sources 

remain unclear. We analyzed the speciated PM2.5 

and VOCs data collected at the Beacon Hill in Seattle, 

WA between 2000 and 2004 with the Multilinear 

Engine (ME-2) to quantify source contributions 

to the mixture of hazardous air pollutants 

(HAPs). We used the ‘missing mass’, defined as 

the concentration of the measured total particle 

mass minus the sum of all analyzed species, as 

an additional variable and implemented an auxiliary 

equation to constrain the sum of all species 

mass fractions to be 100%. Regardless of whether 

the above constraint was implemented and/ 

or the additional VOCs data were included with 

the PM2.5 data, the models identified that wood 

burning (24%-31%), secondary sulfate (20%-24%) 

and secondary nitrate (15%-20%) were the main 

contributors to PM2.5. Using only PM2.5 data, the 

model distinguished two diesel features with the 

100% constraint, but identified only one diesel 

feature without the constraint. When both PM2.5 

and VOCs data were used, one additional feature 

was identified as the major contributor (26%) to 

total VOC mass. Adding VOCs data to the speciated 

PM2.5 data in source apportionment modeling 

resulted in more accurate source contribution 

estimates for combustion related sources as evidenced 

by the less ‘missing mass’ percentage in 

PM2.5. Using the source contribution estimates, 

we evaluated the validity of using black carbon 

(BC) as a surrogate for diesel exhaust. We found 

that BC measured with an aethalometer at 370 

nm and 880 nm had reasonable correlations with 

the estimated concentrations of diesel particulate 

matters (r > 0.7), as well as with the estimated concentrations 

of wood burning particles during the 

heating seasons (r=0.56-0.66). This indicates that 

the BC is not a unique tracer for either source. The 

difference in BC between 370 and 880 nm, however, 

correlated well exclusively with the estimated 

wood smoke source (r=0.59) and may be used to 

separate wood smoke from diesel exhaust. Thus, 

when multiple BC related sources exist in the 

same monitoring environment, additional data 

processing or modeling of the BC measurements

66 

is needed before these measurements could be 

used to represent the diesel exhaust. 

Science of the Total Environment, 2007, V386, 

N1-3, NOV 1, pp 42-52. 

08.1-77 

Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating 

environments using a suction thermocouple 

apparatus 

Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A 

Switzerland 

Engineering , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology 

& Atmospheric Sciences 

An experimental methodology is developed for 

gas temperature measurements in highly radiating 

environments. It consists of a suction thermocouple 

apparatus and associated heat transfer 

model for determining the gas temperature from 

shielded thermocouple readings by radiation, 

convection and conduction dimensionless correlations. 

The apparatus and methodology are calibrated 

and applied to measure gas flow temperatures 

in a tubular furnace with wall temperatures 

up to 1223 K. Results are compared with predictions 

by CFD simulations. 

Measurement Science Technology, 2007, V18, N11, 

NOV, pp 3329-3334. 

08.1-78 

Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: 

Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate 

emission inventories 

Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van 

den Bergh H 

Switzerland, Colombia 


, Modelling 

Two versions of the Emission Inventory (EI) are 

generated for the city of Bogota, Colombia. In the 

first version (EI-1), CORINAIR traffic emission factors 

(EFs) are used. In the second (EI-2), bulk traffic 

EF’s calculated for the city, using in situ measurements 

and inverse modelling techniques at street 

level, are used. EI-2 traffic emissions are 5, 4 and 

3 times bigger than the corresponding values in 

EI-1, for CO, PM10 and NMVOCs, respectively. The 

main goal of this study consists in evaluating the 

two versions of the El when introduced into a mesoscale 

air quality model. The AOT (accumulated 

exposure over a threshold) index is calculated for 

comparison between observed and simulated concentrations 

of primary pollutants. Simulated concentrations 

using EI-2 are closer to the observed 

values. This comparison allows us to extract some 

conclusions of the methodology used to calculate 

the EFs. Local factors like the driving behavior, 


the altitude, vehicle technology and an aged fleet 

cannot be totally included and corrected in the 

standard methodologies, and seem to be more 

important than obtaining very detailed and precise 

information on the classification of the fleet 

or driving speeds. Under financially limited and 

fast changing situations, as in the case of many 

developing countries, a simple methodology to estimate 

bulk traffic Ef’s and to evaluate the Ell, is 

of utmost importance. The use of combined techniques 

such as in situ measurements to estimate 

bulk traffic EFs, and further evaluation of the inventories 

with numerical models, proved to be a 

useful too) for this purpose. 

Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N29, SEP, pp 

6302-6318. 

08.1-79 

Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species 

in organic aerosols in anthropogenicallyinfluenced 

Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes 

Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D, 

Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook 

A M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty 

K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T, 

Miyoshi T, Shimono A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa 

N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann 

S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams P, Bower K, 

Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J 

Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R 

USA, Switzerland, England, Germany, Japan, Finland, 

Mexico, Peoples R China 


(1) Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol 

Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns 

were deconvolved into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) 

and several types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components. 

HOA has been linked to primary combustion 

emissions (mainly from fossil fuel) and other 

primary sources such as meat cooking. OOA is 

ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments, 

on average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of 

the total OA in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote 

sites, respectively. A case study analysis 

of a rural site shows that the OOA concentration is 

much greater than the advected HOA, indicating 

that HOA oxidation is not an important source of 

OOA, and that OOA increases are mainly due to 

SOA. Most global models lack an explicit representation 

of SOA which may lead to significant biases 

in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions 

of OA, and in aerosol hygroscopic properties. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N13, JUL 

7 ARTN: L13801.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Terrestrial Ecosystems 67 


08.1-80 

The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances 

pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success 

in nearby intensively managed farmland 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B 

Switzerland, Netherlands 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , Biodiversity , 

Zoology , Ecology , Plant Sciences 

1. Agri-environment schemes attempt to counteract 

the loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem 

services such as pollination and natural 

pest control in agro-ecosystems. However, only 

a few studies have evaluated whether these attempts 

are successful. 2. We studied the effects 

of managing meadows according to the prescriptions 

of ecological compensation areas (ECA), the 

most widely adopted agri-environment scheme in 

Switzerland, on both pollinator species richness 

and abundance, and the reproductive success of 

plants in nearby intensively managed meadows 

(IM). 3. We established arrays of four pots, each 

containing individuals of three insect-pollinated, 

non-autogamous ‘phytometer’ species (Raphanus 

sativus, Hypochaeris radicata and Campanula 

glomerata), in ECA and adjacent IM at increasing 

distances from the ECA at 13 sites. 4. Species richness 

and abundance of hoverflies, solitary bees 

and large-sized pollinators (mainly social bees 

and butterflies) were significantly higher in ECA 

than in adjacent IM. Species richness and abundance 

of small-sized pollinators in IM declined 

significantly with increasing distance from ECA, 

whereas large-sized pollinators were not significantly 

affected by distance. Plant species richness 

and flower abundance were the major drivers of 

pollinator species richness and abundance; the 

area of an ECA had no significant influence. 5. 

Individual plants of R. sativus and C. glomerata 

produced more and heavier seeds in ECA than in 

IM. Furthermore, the number of seeds of these 

two phytometer species was positively correlated 

with species richness and abundance of bees. No 

such effects were observed for individual plants 

of H. radicata. The number of fruits and seeds per 

plant of R. sativus in IM decreased with increasing 

distance from ECA. 6. Synthesis and applications. 

We conclude that establishing ECA is an effective 

method of enhancing both pollinator species 

richness and abundance and pollination services 

to nearby intensely managed farmland. Our 

study emphasizes the importance of connectivity 

between ECA in maintaining diverse pollinator 

communities and thereby providing pollination 

services in agricultural landscapes. 

Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N4, AUG, 

pp 813-822. 

08.1-81 

Interaction diversity within quantified insect 

food webs in restored and adjacent intensively 

managed meadows 

Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , 

Zoology 

1. We studied the community and food-web structure 

of trap-nesting insects in restored meadows 

and at increasing distances within intensively 

managed grassland at 13 sites in Switzerland to 

test if declining species diversity correlates with 

declining interaction diversity and changes in 

food-web structure. 2. We analysed 49 quantitative 

food webs consisting of a total of 1382 trophic 

interactions involving 39 host/prey insect species 

and 14 parasitoid/predator insect species. Species 

richness and abundance of three functional 

groups, bees and wasps as the lower trophic level 

and natural enemies as the higher trophic level, 

were significantly higher in restored than in adjacent 

intensively managed meadows. Diversity and 

abundance of specific trophic interactions also 

declined from restored to intensively managed 

meadows. 3. The proportion of attacked brood 

cells and the mortality of bees and wasps due to 

natural enemies were significantly higher in restored 

than in intensively managed meadows. Bee 

abundance and the rate of attacked brood cells of 

bees declined with increasing distance from restored 

meadows. These findings indicate that interaction 

diversity declines more rapidly than species 

diversity in our study system. 4. Quantitative 

measures of food-web structure (linkage density, 

interaction diversity, interaction evenness and 

compartment diversity) were higher in restored 

than in intensively managed meadows. This was 

reflected in a higher mean number of host/prey 

species per consumer species (degree of generalism) 

in restored than in intensively managed 

meadows. 5. The higher insect species and interaction 

diversity was related to higher plant species 

richness in restored than in intensively managed 

meadows. In particular, bees and natural enemies 

reacted positively to increased plant diversity. 6. 

Our findings provide empirical evidence for the 

theoretical prediction that decreasing species 

richness at lower trophic levels should reduce 

species richness at higher trophic levels, and in 

addition lead to even stronger reductions in interaction 

diversity at these higher levels. Species at 

higher trophic levels may thus benefit relatively 

more than species at lower trophic levels from 

habitat restoration in the grassland ecosystems 

studied. We also demonstrate enhanced compart-

68 

ment diversity and lower interaction evenness in 

restored than in intensively managed meadows, 

both of which are theoretically positively associated 

with increased ecosystem stability in restored 

meadows. 

Journal of Animal Ecology, 2007, V76, N5, SEP, pp 

1015-1025. 

08.1-82 

Sustaining agricultural production and food 

security in Southern Africa: an improved role 

for climate prediction? 

Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K 

South Africa, Botswana, Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Ecology , Social Sciences 

Livelihoods and household food security in the 

Southern African region can be extremely vulnerable 

to the negative effects of climate stress 

as shown by the 2002-2004 ‘complex emergency.’ 

Climate prediction may prove a valuable resource 

in mitigating these effects. If climate prediction is 

applied successfully, it may be able to help guide 

responses in populations at risk to reduce vulnerability 

to climate stress. The study presented here 

seeks to understand what would constitute an improved 

role for climate prediction in contributing 

to sustaining agricultural production and food 

security in Southern Africa. Investigation undertaken 

during the 2002/2003 rainy season under regional 

conditions of elevated disaster risk shows, 

however, that a number of weaknesses and gaps 

persistently characterize climate information 

systems in the Southern African region, and constrain 

such systems’ ability to benefit key sectors, 

particularly agriculture. The stakeholder identification 

of such gaps forms the basis for distilling 

concrete recommendations to improve process 

and organizational efficiency. Such recommendations, 

while developmental, should better enable 

institutions and stakeholders involved in climate 

prediction to fulfill their potential in supporting 

development of successful adaptation strategies 

in populations and sectors at risk. 

Climatic Change, 2007, V83, N3, AUG, pp 

287-300. 

08.1-83 

Importance of ecological compensation areas 

for small mammals in intensively farmed areas 

Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Zoology 

Small mammals make up an important link in the 

food chain as many predator species feed on them. 

There are indications that small mammal popula- 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Terrestrial Ecosystems 

tions in Europe are declining due to the intensification 

of agriculture. According to national legislation, 

farmers in Switzerland have to cultivate at 

least 7% of their land as ecological compensation 

areas and, thus, some alternative habitats that are 

possibly beneficial for small mammals have been 

created. In this study, we estimated the diversity 

and density of small mammals on two types of 

conventional farmland field types (artificial grassland 

and autumn-sown wheat) and three types of 

ecological compensation areas (wild-flower strips, 

herbaceous strips and low-intensity meadows) by 

use of capture-recapture in March, May and July 

2003. The common vole Microtus arvalis was the 

most abundant and predominant species in all 

habitat types except in herbaceous strips, which 

harboured the highest diversity with six species 

caught. In March the density of small mammals 

was generally very low, but significantly higher 

in wild-flower (mainly due to common vole) and 

herbaceous strips than in the other habitat types. 

In wild-flower and herbaceous strips, densities increased 

strongly from March to May and in July. 

On autumn-sown wheat fields, a strong increase 

occurred only from May to July and was caused 

by common vole. On artificial grassland and lowintensity 

meadows, densities of small mammals 

(mainly common vole) increased only marginally 

with low-intensity meadows supporting slightly 

higher densities. Thus, habitats that were not 

mown each year supported the highest densities 

of small mammals. This demonstrates that ecological 

compensation areas, such as wild-flower 

and herbaceous strips, make up an important refuge 

for small mammals. They probably also have 

positive effects on populations of many predator 

species that depend on small mammals, particularly 

if a mosaic with mown surfaces is created. 

Wildlife Biology, 2007, V13, N2, JUN, pp 150-158. 

08.1-84 

Effects of agri-environmental measures, site 

and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity 

of Swiss grassland 

Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity 

Agri-environment schemes (AES) were introduced 

in Europe to mitigate the loss of biodiversity in 

cultivated landscapes. In Switzerland, farmers 

have to convert 7% of the arable land into ecological 

compensation areas (ECA) in order to enhance 

biodiversity, low-input grassland making up the 

major part of ECA. This study investigated during 

6 years the effect of ECA grassland on butterfly diversity 

at the field and the landscape scales in two


farming landscape units of the Swiss Plateau. Butterfly 

diversity was compared between low-input 

and conventional grasslands, controlling for potential 

influence of local site conditions and landscape 

context of grasslands. Low-input management 

of ECA grasslands had a significant impact 

on butterfly communities, but ECA and conventional 

grasslands differed more in the composition 

of species assemblages than in the number of 

butterfly species. The typical butterfly assemblages 

on ECA grassland might be linked to the slightly 

higher plant species richness due to management 

restrictions. However, the effectiveness of ECA 

grassland for promoting butterfly diversity varied 

according to local site conditions (field slope and 

orientation) and to the amount of ECA and seminatural 

elements in the surrounding landscape. 

Thus, the present study underlines the necessity 

to account for such environmental variation at 

multiple scales to be able to detect and interpret 

effects of AES. Nevertheless, our results suggest 

that additional restoration measures should be 

adopted. Especially, the ECA scheme should promote 

a connected network of ECA grasslands and 

semi-natural habitats at the landscape scale. 

Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2007, V122, 

N3, NOV, pp 295-304. 

08.1-85 

Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic 

landscapes: The role of farming practices 

and landscape mosaic 

Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F 

Switzerland, France, Czech Republic 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity , 

Modelling , Zoology 

In a dynamic landscape the rate of change in landscape 

structure can be even more important than 

the degree of patch isolation in determining population 

survival and abundance. If the changes in 

landscape structure occur at an “extremely” high 

rate (as in some anthropogenic changes), dispersal 

may not be able to keep up with the high rates of 

local extinction. Understanding impacts of such 

changes is thus crucial for determination of the 

driving factors for species survival in agricultural 

landscapes and for elaboration of conservation 

plans. Here we studied the effects of landscape 

dynamics under local farming practices on movements 

and population dynamics of a diurnal butterfly 

Maniola jurtina L. (Satyridae), specifically 

the impacts of regular yearly mowing on butterfly 

movements, distribution and abundance 

over many years. We used an existing simulation 

model, extended it by the effect of the intensity of 

disturbance (amount of mown habitat) and tim- 

ing of disturbance within the reproductive season 

on the butterfly population dynamics, and validated 

on our data from a field experiment using 

a mark-release method. Increase in the amount of 

disturbed habitats in the landscape led to an increasing 

isolation of the remnant habitat patches 

for butterflies. This resulted in decreasing movements 

between habitat patches and ultimately to 

population decline, especially in less accessible 

patches. In the past, influence of landscape dynamics 

on species survival was usually considered at 

the long-term scale. our results demonstrate that 

the short time scale landscape dynamics induced 

by farming practices should not be neglected. The 

novelty of this paper stems in the combination 

of inclusion of landscape dynamics, of realistic 

dispersal strategies of individuals, and of considering 

real landscapes. The effect of man-induced 

landscape changes on population persistence of a 

real species in a real landscape has not been possible 

to be studied by any of the previously developed 

models. 

Ecological Modelling, 2007, V205, N1-2, JUL 10, 

pp 135-145. 

08.1-86 

Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects 

productivity and community composition of 

subalpine grassland after 3 yr of treatment 

Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Plant Sciences 

A field experiment was established at 2000 m above 

sea level (asl) in the central Swiss Alps with the aim 

of investigating the effects of elevated ozone (O-3) 

and nitrogen deposition (N), and of their combination, 

on above-ground productivity and species 

composition of subalpine grassland. One hundred 

and eighty monoliths were extracted from a 

species-rich Geo-Montani-Nardetum pasture and 

exposed in a free-air O-3-fumigation system to one 

of three concentrations of O-3 (ambient, 1.2 x ambient, 

1.6 x ambient) and five concentrations of 

additional N. Above-ground biomass, proportion 

of functional groups and normalized difference 

vegetation index (NDVI) were measured annually. 

After 3 yr of treatment, the vegetation responded 

to the N input with an increase in above-ground 

productivity and altered species composition, but 

without changes resulting from elevated O-3. N 

input > 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) was sufficient to affect 

the composition of functional groups, with 

sedges benefiting over-proportionally. No interaction 

of O-3 x N was observed, except for NDVI; 

positive effects of N addition on canopy greenness

70 

were counteracted by accelerated leaf senescence 

in the highest O-3 treatment. The results suggest 

that effects of elevated O-3 on the productivity 

and floristic composition of subalpine grassland 

may develop slowly, regardless of the sensitive response 

to increasing N. 

New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 523-534. 

08.1-87 

Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio 

decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic 

rates in the surrounding forests 

Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T 

W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F 

Switzerland, Italy 

Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Volcanic eruptions impact the global and the 

hemispheric climate, but it is still unknown how 

and to what degree they force the climate system 

and in particular the global carbon cycle. In this 

paper, the relationships between individual eruptions 

(reconstructed for the past using written records), 

tree primary productivity (estimated using 

ring widths), photosynthetic rate and stomatal 

conductance (assessed by carbon and oxygen isotope 

data) are investigated, to understand the impact 

of volcanic eruptions on net primary production. 

Data from a mixed stand of Fagus sylvatica 

L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L. located in the area 

of the Vesuvio volcanic complex (Southern Italy) 

showed a significant decrease in ring width following 

each eruption. Isotope analyses indicate a 

change in climatic conditions after such events. 

Specifically, the lower oxygen isotope ratio in the 

tree-ring cellulose strongly suggests an increase in 

relative humidity and a decrease in temperature, 

with the latter resulting in a strong limitation 

to tree-ring growth. The carbon isotope ratio was 

only moderately but not significantly reduced in 

the years of volcanic eruption, suggesting no major 

changes in C fixation rates. This work is a case 

study on the effects of volcanic eruptions resulting 

in strong climatic changes on the local scale. 

This is an opportunity to explore the process and 

causal relationships between climatic changes 

and the response of the vegetation. Thus, we propose 

here a realistic model scenario, from which 

we can extrapolate to global scales and improve 

our interpretations of results of global studies. 

Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N6, JUN, pp 

1122-1137. 


08.1-88 

Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and 

gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the 

Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania) 

Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur 

A, Erhardt A 

Switzerland, Romania, Russia 

Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology 

Alpine grasslands in the Southern Carpathian 

Mts, Romania, harbour an extraordinarily high 

diversity of plants and invertebrates, including 

Carpathic endemics. In the past decades, intensive 

sheep grazing has caused a dramatic decrease 

in biodiversity and even led to eroded soils at 

many places in the Carpathians. Because of limited 

food resources, sheep are increasingly forced 

to graze on steep slopes, which were formerly not 

grazed by livestock and are considered as local 

biodiversity hotspots. We examined species richness, 

abundance and number of endemic vascular 

plants and terrestrial gastropods on steep slopes 

that were either grazed by sheep or ungrazed by 

livestock in two areas of the Southern Carpathians. 

On calcareous soils in the Bucegi Mts, a total 

of 177 vascular plant and 19 gastropod species 

were recorded. Twelve plant species (6.8%) and 

three gastropod species (15.8%) were endemic to 

the Carpathians. Grazed sites had lower plant and 

gastropod species richness than ungrazed sites. 

Furthermore, grazed sites harboured fewer gastropod 

species endemic to the Carpathians than 

ungrazed sites. On acid soils in the Fagaras Mts, a 

total of 96 vascular plant and nine gastropod species 

were found. In this mountain area, however, 

grazed and ungrazed sites did not differ in species 

richness, abundance and number of endemic 

plant and gastropod species. Our findings confirm 

the high biodiversity of grasslands on steep slopes 

in the Southern Carpathian Mts and caution 

against increasing grazing pressure in these refuges 

for relic plants and gastropods as well as for 

other invertebrates. 

Biologia, 2007, V62, N4, AUG, pp 438-445. 

08.1-89 

Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous 

lichen community of limestone cliffs in the 

northern Swiss Jura Mountains 

Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W 

Switzerland, Sweden 

Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Exposed limestone cliffs in the Swiss Jura Mountains 

harbour a diverse lichen community with 

some rare species. Sport climbing has recently 

increased in popularity on these cliffs. We examined 

the effect of sport climbing on calcicolous


lichens by assessing species diversity and cover 

of lichens in climbed and unclimbed areas of 10 

isolated cliffs in the northern Swiss Jura Mountains. 

We also investigated possible associations 

between lichens and lichen-feeding land snails on 

these cliffs. A total of 38 calcicolous lichen species, 

three bryophytes and one alga were found on 

the rock faces of 10 cliffs. Twenty lichen species 

(52.6%) were epilithic, 16(42.1%) endolithic and 

two (5.3%) foliose. Overall, the epilithic lichen species 

covered 8.3% of the rock surface, endolithic 

species 10.2%, and foliose species 0.03%. Climbed 

and unclimbed rock areas did not differ in total 

number of lichen species, species density (number 

of species per 100 cm(2)) or total lichen cover. However, 

the frequency of occurrence of epilithic lichens 

was lower along climbing routes than in unclimbed 

areas. A multi-response permutation test 

showed that the lichen community composition 

of climbed areas differed from that of unclimbed 

areas. The dissimilarity of lichen communities 

between climbed and unclimbed areas increased 

with increasing climbing intensity on the focal 

route in climbed areas, but not with the age of the 

climbing route. Five of the 11 snail species recorded 

on the cliff faces were specialized lichen feeders. 

Plots along climbing routes harboured fewer 

snail species than plots in unclimbed areas. Total 

snail abundance was positively correlated with lichen 

species richness, but no correlation between 

snail species richness and lichen species richness 

was found. Our results indicate that frequent rock 

climbing can change the lichen community and 

reduce the snail community of limestone cliffs. 

A climbing-related reduction of snail abundance 

may also alter the lichen-herbivore interaction 

and indirectly change competitive interactions 

among lichen species. 

Nova Hedwigia, 2007, V85, N3-4, NOV, pp 

429-444. 

08.1-90 

Evaluating macrolichens and environmental 

variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic 

microlichens 

Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Forestry , Plant Sciences 

In contrast to the frequently assessed macrolichens, 

microlichens are rarely considered in biodiversity 

assessments despite their high species 

richness. Microlichens require generally a higher 

species identification effort than macrolichens. 

Thus, microlichens are more expensive to assess. 

Here we evaluate if macrolichen richness can be 

used as an indicator of total and threatened mi- 

crolichen richness. Furthermore, we tested if different 

sets of environmental variables (modelled 

climatic variables, forest structure, altitude, etc.) 

improve the regression models based on macrolichens 

only or even replace the macrolichens as 

predictors. Multiple linear regressions were used 

to model species richness of microlichens, and 

Poisson regressions for threatened microlichens. 

On 237 forest plots (200 m(2)) distributed randomly 

across Switzerland, 77 macrolichens and 219 

microlichens occurred. Macrolichen richness was 

positively related to the richness of microlichens.d. 

= 0-27) and, in combination with threatened macrolichens 

as an additional predictor, also to the 

number of threatened microlichens (R-dev(2) = 

0.14). Environmental variables alone and in different 

combinations explained between 0.20 and 

0.41 (R-adj.(2)) of the total variation of microlichen 

richness, and between 0.09 and 0.29 (R-dev.(2)) of 

the total variation of threatened microlichen 

richness. All models based on environmental variables 

were considerably improved when macrolichens 

were included. Furthermore, macrolichen 

richness turned out to be the most important variable 

in explaining species richness of all, as well 

as threatened microlichens. The best models for 

total microlichen richness reached a R-2 of 0.56. 

Threatened microlichens were more difficult to 

model with the best model reaching a R-dev.(2) of 

0.29. We conclude that in biodiversity assessments 

with scarce resources, lichen sampling could be 

focused on the better known macrolichens, at 

least in many temperate lowland and mountain 

forests. In combination with environmental variables, 

reliable predictions of microlichen richness 

can be expected. If the focus is on threatened microlichens, 

however, models were not reliable and 

specialized taxonomists are necessary to assess 

these species in the field. 

Lichenologist, 2007, V39, 5, pp 475-489. 

08.1-91 

Which species will succesfully track climate 

change? The influence of intraspecific competition 

and density dependent dispersal on 

range shifting dynamics 

Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J 

Germany, Switzerland, Scotland 


Ecology , Biodiversity 

Understanding the ability of species to shift their 

geographic range is of considerable importance 

given the current period of rapid climate change. 

Furthermore, a greater understanding of the spatial 

population dynamics underlying range shifting 

is required to complement the advances made

72 

in climate niche modelling. A simulation model is 

developed which incorporates three key features 

that have been largely overlooked in studies of 

range shifting dynamics: the form of intraspecific 

competition, density dependent dispersal and 

the transient dynamics of habitat patches. The 

results show that the exact shape of the response 

depends critically on both local and patch dynamics. 

Species whose intraspecific competition 

is contest based are more vulnerable than those 

whose competition is scramble based. Contesters 

are especially sensitive when combined with 

density dependent dispersal. Species living in 

patches whose carrying capacity grows slowly are 

also susceptible to rapid shifts of environmental 

conditions. A complementary analytic approach 

further highlights the importance of intraspecific 

competition. 

Oikos, 2007, V116, N9, SEP, pp 1531-1539. 

08.1-92 

Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a 

subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains 

Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T 


Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology 

Extreme climatic events are key factors in initiating 

gradual or sudden changes in forest ecosystems 

through the promotion of severe, treekilling 

disturbances such as fire, blowdown, and 

widespread insect outbreaks. In contrast to these 

climatically-incited disturbances, little is known 

about the more direct effect of drought on tree 

mortality, especially in high-elevation forests. 

Therefore projections of drought-induced mortality 

under future climatic conditions remain 

uncertain. For a subalpine forest landscape in the 

Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado (USA), we 

quantified lag effects of drought on mortality of 

Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii, subalpine 

fir Abies lasiocarpa, and lodgepole pine Pinus contorta. 

For the period 1910-2004, we related death 

dates of 164 crossdated dead trees to early-season 

and late-season droughts. Following early- season 

droughts, spruce mortality increased over five 

years and fir mortality increased sharply over 

11 years. Following late-season droughts, spruce 

showed a small increase in mortality within one 

year, whereas fir showed a consistent period of 

increased mortality over two years. Pine mortality 

was not affected by drought. Low pre- drought 

radial growth rates predisposed spruce and fir to 

drought- related mortality. Spruce and fir trees 

that died during a recent drought (2000-2004) had 

significantly lower pre-drought growth rates than 

live neighbour trees. Overall, we found large inter- 


specific differences in drought-related mortality 

with fir showing the strongest effect followed by 

spruce and pine. This direct influence of climatic 

variability on differential tree mortality has the 

potential for driving large-scale changes in subalpine 

forests of the Rocky Mountains. 

Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 1983-1994. 

08.1-93 

Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368 

experiences of the WWF network 

Biksham G 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology 

Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27, 

N4, NOV, pp 368-371. 

08.1-94 

Restoration of montane fen meadows by 

mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of 

abandonment 

Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , 

Plant Sciences 

The abandonment of management in Swiss fen 

meadows has reduced their plant species diversity 

and the fitness of some typical fen species. We examined 

whether the resumption of mowing can 

reverse these effects, and if so, which mechanisms 

are responsible for community change; we also 

tested whether restoration success depends on the 

duration since abandonment. Experimental mowing 

was applied to 15 montane fen meadows of 

NE Switzerland that had been abandoned for 4-35 

years. After two years of mowing, plant species 

richness was 11 % higher in mown plots (2 m(2)) 

than in fallow plots, approaching levels of neighbouring 

continuously managed fen meadows. In 

particular, experimental mowing significantly increased 

the number of fen indicator species (+15 

%) as well as herbs and woody species (seedlings 

and saplings), while grass, sedge and rush species 

richness was not affected. Mowing had little 

effect on aboveground biomass, but strongly reduced 

litter mass (-50%) and canopy height (-20%). 

Seedling densities of two common species showed 

opposite responses to mowing: they increased in 

Carex davalliana and decreased in Succisa pratensis, 

approaching values of continuously mown 

fen meadows. Duration since abandonment had 

no significant effect on any of the variables. Our 

results demonstrate a rapid recovery of montane 

fen plant communities irrespective of the duration 

since abandonment (up to 35 years). We 

conclude that the restoration of pre-fallow plant


community composition is likely to be successful 

if site conditions (hydrology, nutrient status) remain 

intact and if common habitat specialists are 

still present in the vegetation and/or seed bank. 

Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp 1-13. 

08.1-95 

Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested 

cone - A case study using different dendroecological 

approaches 

Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Geomorphology 

Dendrogeomorpho logical analyses of trees affected 

by debris flows have regularly been used to 

date past events. However, this method has always 

been limited to forested cones where trees registered 

the impact of previous events. The minimum 

age dating of trees growing in the debris 

deposits can, in contrast, provide information on 

the latest possible moment of past activity. In this 

paper, we report on results obtained from a combination 

of these two approaches on a forested 

cone in the Valais Alps (Switzerland). A detailed 

geomorphic map in a scale of 1: 1000 served as a 

basis for the sampling strategy. Disturbed Larix 

decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees growing 

in the deposits allowed reconstruction of 49 

events between AD 1782 and 2005 as well as the 

determination of the spatial extent of events. In 

the debris-flow channels where survivor trees are 

missing, we selected the oldest post-event trees 

and assessed their age by counting their growth 

rings. Missing rings due to lack of center as well 

as to sampling height were added so as to determine 

real tree age. The combination of the dendrogeomorphological 

event reconstruction with 

the assessment of germination dates of successor 

trees allowed realistic approximation of the 

minimum time elapsed since the last debris-flow 

activity in 23 of the 29 channels present on the 

current-day cone surface. In general, channels in 

the northern part of the cone and those close to 

the currently active channel generally show signs 

of (sub-) recent activity with one last overbank sedimentation 

event in the 1980s, whereas signs of 

debris-flow activity are absent from the channels 

in the outermost part since the late 19th century. 

As a consequence of the deeply incised channel 

and the stabilization measures undertaken along 

the banks, signs of debris flows are missing in the 

tree-ring record for the past two decades. 

Catena, 2008, V72, N1, JAN 1, pp 67-78. 

08.1-96 

Methanol exchange between grassland and 

the atmosphere 

Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences , Meteorology 

& Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology 

Concentrations and fluxes of methanol were measured 

above two differently managed grassland 

fields (intensive and extensive) in central Switzerland 

during summer 2004. The measurements 

were performed with a proton-transfer-reaction 

mass-spectrometer and fluxes were determined by 

the eddy covariance method. The observed methanol 

emission showed a distinct diurnal cycle and 

was strongly correlated with global radiation and 

water vapour flux. Mean and maximum daily 

emissions were found to depend on grassland species 

composition and, for the intensive field, also 

on the growing state. The extensive field with a 

more complex species composition had higher 

emissions than the graminoid-dominated intensive 

field, both on an area and on a biomass basis. 

A simple parameterisation depending on the water 

vapour flux and the leaf area index allowed a 

satisfying simulation of the temporal variation of 

methanol emissions over the growing phase. Accumulated 

carbon losses due to methanol emissions 

accounted for 0.024 and 0.048% of net primary 

productivity for the intensive and extensive field, 

respectively. The integral methanol emissions over 

the growing periods were more than one order of 

magnitude higher than the emissions related to 

cut and drying events. 

Biogeosciences, 2007, V4, N3, pp 395-410. 

08.1-97 

A standardized procedure for surveillance and 

monitoring European habitats and provision 

of spatial data 

Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt 

J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada 

L, Hofer G, Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A, 

Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M, 

Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes H, Wrbka T 

Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Slovakia, 

Switzerland, England, Czech Republic, Italy, Estonia, 

Portugal 

Ecology , Biodiversity 

Both science and policy require a practical, transmissible, 

and reproducible procedure for surveillance 

and monitoring of European habitats, which 

can produce statistics integrated at the landscape 

level. Over the last 30 years, landscape ecology has 

developed rapidly, and many studies now require 

spatial data on habitats. Without rigorous rules,

74 

changes from baseline records cannot be separated 

reliably from background noise. A procedure 

is described that satisfies these requirements and 

can provide consistent data for Europe, to support 

a range of policy initiatives and scientific projects. 

The methodology is based on classical plant life 

forms, used in biogeography since the nineteenth 

century, and on their statistical correlation with 

the primary environmental gradient. Further categories 

can therefore be identified for other continents 

to assist large scale comparisons and modelling. 

The model has been validated statistically 

and the recording procedure tested in the field 

throughout Europe. A total of 130 General Habitat 

Categories (GHCs) is defined. These are enhanced 

by recording environmental, site and management 

qualifiers to enable flexible database interrogation. 

The same categories are applied to areal, 

linear and point features to assist recording and 

subsequent interpretation at the landscape level. 

The distribution and change of landscape ecological 

parameters, such as connectivity and fragmentation, 

can then be derived and their significance 

interpreted. 

Landscape Ecology, 2008, V23, N1, JAN, pp 11-25. 

08.1-98 

Three objectives of historical ecology: the case 

of litter collecting in Central European forests 

Bürgi M, Gimmi U 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry , History 

Most ecosystems and landscapes worldwide are 

dominated or influenced by human impacts. Consequently, 

studies of pattern and processes of and 

within anthropogenic ecosystems and cultural 

landscapes have to consider human impacts and 

their historical development adequately. Three 

major objectives of historical ecology, i.e., the 

study of human impacts on ecosystems and landscapes 

over time, can be distinguished: (a) preserving 

cultural heritage in ecosystems and landscapes, 

(b) understanding historical trajectories 

of pattern and processes in ecosystems and landscapes, 

and (c) informing ecosystem and landscape 

management. In this paper, the application 

of these three major objectives of historical 

ecology is illustrated with a case study on litter 

collecting-a largely forgotten traditional forest 

use in Central Europe. Historical analyses do not 

allow-and should not be misused- to directly deduct 

management goals, as goals need to be set 

based on present needs and demands. Still, information 

on reference condition is relevant in 

the process of defining goals. Once specific goals 

are set, historical ecology may advise on how to 


best achieve and maintain desirable pattern and 

processes in ecosystems or landscape. 

Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, S1, pp 77-87. 

08.1-99 

Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica 

L.) seedlings under competition, in an opentop 

chamber experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence 

analysis 

Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R 



Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEB- 

MAR, p 319. 

08.1-100 

Comparative typology in six european lowintensity 

systems of grassland management 

Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial 

W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon 

A, Roeder N, Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho 

Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A 

Spain, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Germany, 

Portugal 


Zoology 

Advances in Agronomy Vol 96, 2007, V96, pp 

351-420. 

08.1-101 

Identification of priority areas for plant conservation 

in Madagascar using Red List criteria: 

rare and threatened Pandanaceae indicate 

sites in need of protection 

Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao 

M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S, 

Raminosoa T, Consiglio T K 

USA, Switzerland, Madagascar, France 

Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry 

A major problem in establishing effective protocols 

for conserving Madagascar’s biodiversity 

is the lack of reliable information for the identification 

of priority sites in need of protection. 

Analyses of field data and information from herbarium 

collections for members of the Plant family 

Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of 

Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction 

assessments can inform conservation planning. 

Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria 

showed that 91% of the species are threatened. 

Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness 

and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar’s existing 

protected area network. Protection of 10 additional 

sites would be required to encompass the 

19 species currently lacking representation in the 

reserve network, within which east coast littoral


forests are particularly under represented and 

important. The effect of scale on assessments of 

risk of extinction was explored by applying different 

grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy. 

Using a grid cell size within the range suggested 

by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based 

solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried 

countries such as Madagascar measures of range 

size based on such data should be complemented 

with field observations to determine population 

size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific 

threats to habitat and therefore potential population 

decline. The analysis of such data can make 

an important contribution to the conservation 

planning process by identifying threatened species 

and revealing the highest priority sites for 

their conservation. 

Oryx, 2007, V41, N2, APR, pp 168-176. 

08.1-102 

Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid 

area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its 

implications for revegetation 

Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R 

Spain, Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology 

, Geochemistry & Geophysics , Ecology 

In this study a mine tailing located near La Union 

town (SE Spain) was investigated in order to establish 

lines for further phytostabilization works. A 

plot sampling design was carried out in order to 

characterize the soil properties and natural occurring 

vegetation. The tailing is strongly eroded 

and vegetation on its surface is scarce. Total heavy 

metal concentrations were 1800 mg kg (-1) for Pb 

and Zn, and 180 mg kg(-1) for Cu. The pH was less 

than 4 and consequently, water extractable metals 

(14% of the total Zn) and electrical conductivity 

(>15 dS m(-1)) were high. Nutrient properties 

were poor (

76 

The daily fluctuations in soil water content suggest 

that some root uptake of groundwater was mediated 

through the upper soil layers by hydraulic lift. 

During the dry season, Q. ilex maintained higher 

predawn leaf water potentials, canopy conductances 

and transpiration rates than Q. sober: The higher 

water status of Q. ilex was likely associated with 

their deeper root systems compared with Q. sober. 

Whole-tree hydraulic conductance and minimum 

midday leaf water potential were lower in Q. ilex, 

indicating that Q. ilex was more tolerant to drought 

than Q. suber. Overall, Q. ilex seemed to have more 

effective drought avoidance and drought tolerance 

mechanisms than Q. suber. 

Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N6, JUN, pp 793-803. 

08.1-105 

Impact of Swiss agricultural policies on nitrate 

leaching from arable land 

Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Water Resources 

, Toxicology 

From 1993 onwards, various policy measures aiming 

at reducing nitrogen (N) losses were introduced 

in Swiss agriculture. We studied the impact of these 

measures on nitrate leaching under arable land in 

the Fehraltorf catchment near Zürich. Because of 

the well- drained soils, the shallow water table and 

the intensive agricultural activity, the groundwater 

in this catchment is highly vulnerable to nitrate 

pollution. N fluxes and transformations on the 

field scale were simulated using the deterministic 

model LEACHMN. Following the calibration of the 

model with a dataset from a long- term lysimeter 

experiment, simulations were run for the period 

1998 - 2003. As far as possible, field- specific management 

data from farmers’ control sheets were 

used as input. Average nitrate leaching in the period 

1998 - 2003 was estimated to amount to 39 kg 

N ha(-1) year(-1). The conditions before the introduction 

of the policy measures were simulated in 

three scenarios with a higher use of both mineral 

N fertiliser and animal manure and 50% less or no 

catch crops. We found that lowering mineral N fertiliser 

and manure application by about 25% led to 

an average decrease in nitrate leaching of 10 kg N 

ha(-1) year(-1). Doubling the catch crop area yielded 

a further decrease of 6 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) on average. 

Altogether, the implementation of reduced N 

fertiliser inputs and increased use of catch crops 

proved to be effective and led to a mean reduction 

in N leaching of 29% (16 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) for the 

arable land in the Fehraltorf catchment. 

Agronomy For Sustainable Development, 2007, 

V27, N3, JUL-SEP, pp 243-253. 


08.1-106 

Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a 

rare species: combining evidence from experiments 

and long-term monitoring 

Denoth M, Myers J H 


Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

The rare endemic plant Sidalcea hendersonii (Henderson’s 

checker- mallow) occurs in tidal marshes 

of the Pacific Northwest and may be threatened 

by Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), a European 

invader plant. We compared the abundances 

of Lythrum and Sidalcea in a wetland in British 

Columbia (Canada) in 1999 to those measured in 

1979 to track changes in both species. Although 

the frequency of Sidalcea decreased by more than 

50%, and that of Lythrum increased by almost 20%, 

there was no significant relationship between the 

changes of the two species. We assessed the potential 

effects of competition by Lythrum on Sidalcea 

in field and patio experiments. In the field, we 

measured the response of Sidalcea to the removal 

of Lythrum over a two-year period and compared 

this to the response of Sidalcea to the removal 

of native species and in unmanipulated control 

plots. Removal of Lythrum significantly improved 

the vegetative performance of Sidalcea compared 

to the removal of randomly selected native plants 

and the control treatment in the first year. In the 

second year, the performance of Sidealcea did not 

differ significantly with treatment. Removals did 

not influence the reproductive performance of 

Sidalcea in either year. A one-year additive experiment, 

carried out in pots, compared the competitive 

effect of Lythrum on Sidalcea with that of two 

native species. Lythrum’s impact on Sidalcea was 

not consistently stronger than that of the native 

species. Collectively, these results do not indicate 

a strong impact of Lythrum on the reproduction 

or abundance of Sidalcea. 

Plant Ecology, 2007, V191, N2, AUG, pp 153-161. 

08.1-107 

Effects of landscape structure and land-use 

intensity on similarity of plant and animal 

communities 

Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey 

D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M, 

Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P, 

Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E, 

Zobel M 

Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, 

Estonia 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Zoology 

Aim Species richness in itself is not always sufficient 

to evaluate land management strategies


for nature conservation. The exchange of species 

between local communities may be affected by 

landscape structure and land-use intensity. Thus, 

species turnover, and its inverse, community 

similarity, may be useful measures of landscape 

integrity from a diversity perspective. Location A 

European transect from France to Estonia. Methods 

We measured the similarity of plant, bird, 

wild bee, true bug, carabid beetle, hoverfly and 

spider communities sampled along gradients in 

landscape composition (e.g. total availability of 

seminatural habitat), landscape configuration 

(e.g. fragmentation) and land-use intensity (e.g. 

pesticide loads). Results Total availability of seminatural 

habitats had little effect on community 

similarity, except for bird communities, which 

were more homogeneous in more natural landscapes. 

Bee communities, in contrast, were less 

similar in landscapes with higher percentages 

of seminatural habitats. Increased landscape 

fragmentation decreased similarity of true bug 

communities, while plant communities showed a 

nonlinear, U-shaped response. More intense land 

use, specifically increased pesticide burden, led 

to a homogenization of bee, bug and spider communities 

within sites. In these cases, habitat fragmentation 

interacted with pesticide load. Hoverfly 

and carabid beetle community similarity was 

differentially affected by higher pesticide levels: 

for carabid beetles similarity decreased, while for 

hoverflies we observed a U-shaped relationship. 

Main conclusions Our study demonstrates the effects 

of landscape composition, configuration and 

land-use intensity on the similarity of communities. 

It indicates reduced exchange of species between 

communities in landscapes dominated by 

agricultural activities. Taxonomic groups differed 

in their responses to environmental drivers and 

using but one group as an indicator for ‘biodiversity’ 

as such would thus not be advisable. 

Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2007, V16, N6, 

NOV, pp 774-787. 

08.1-108 

Weak and variable relationships between 

environmental severity and small-scale cooccurrence 

in alpine plant communities 

Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M, 

Brooker R, Nagy L, Theurillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze 

O, Benito J L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D, 

Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau 

U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A, Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer 

P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G 

Austria, Scotland, Switzerland, Norway, Rep Of 

Georgia, France, Romania, Greece, Slovakia, Spain, 

Russia, Sweden, Italy 

Plant Sciences , Modelling , Ecology 

1. The stress gradient hypothesis suggests a shift 

from predominant competition to facilitation 

along gradients of increasing environmental 

severity. This shift is proposed to cause parallel 

changes from prevailing spatial segregation to aggregation 

among the species within a community. 

2. We used 904 1-m(2) plots, each subdivided into 

100 10 x 10 cm, or 25 20 x 20 cm cells, respectively, 

from 67 European mountain summits grouped 

into 18 regional altitudinal transects, to test this 

hypothesized correlation between fine-scale spatial 

patterns and environmental severity. 3. The 

data were analysed by first calculating standardized 

differences between observed and simulated 

random co-occurrence patterns for each plot. 

These standardized effect sizes were correlated to 

indicators of environmental severity by means of 

linear mixed models. In a factorial design, separate 

analyses were made for four different indicators 

of environmental severity (the mean temperature 

of the coldest month, the temperature sum 

of the growing season, the altitude above tree 

line, and the percentage cover of vascular plants 

in the whole plot), four different species groups 

(all species, graminoids, herbs, and all growth 

forms considered as pseudospecies) and at the 10 

x 10 cm and 20 x 20 cm grain sizes. 4. The hypothesized 

trends were generally weak and could only 

be detected by using the mean temperature of the 

coldest month or the percentage cover of vascular 

plants as the indicator of environmental severity. 

The spatial arrangement of the full species 

set proved more responsive to changes in severity 

than that of herbs or graminoids. The expected 

trends were more pronounced at a grain size of 10 

x 10 cm than at 20 x 20 cm. 5. Synthesis. In European 

alpine plant communities the relationships 

between small-scale co-occurrence patterns of vascular 

plants and environmental severity are weak 

and variable. This variation indicates that shifts 

in net interactions with environmental severity 

may differ among indicators of severity, growth 

forms and scales. Recognition of such variation 

may help to resolve some of the current debate 

surrounding the stress gradient hypothesis. 

Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N6, NOV, pp 

1284-1295. 

08.1-109 

Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal 

concentrations detected in a temperate 

deciduous forest a year after an experimental 

slash-and-burn 

Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O, 

Schmidt M W I

78 

Switzerland, Germany, Australia 

Forestry, Plant Sciences, Agriculture, Soil Sciences , 

Ecology 

Anthropogenic fires affected the temperate deciduous 

forests of Central Europe over millennia. 

Biomass burning releases carbon to the atmosphere 

and produces charcoal, which potentially 

contributes to the stable soil carbon pools and is 

an important archive of environmental history. 

The fate of charcoal in soils of temperate deciduous 

forests, i.e. the processes of charcoal incorporation 

and transportation and the effects on soil 

organic matter are still not clear. We investigated 

the effects of slash-and-burn at a longterm experimental 

burning site and determined soil organic 

carbon and charcoal carbon concentrations as 

well as the soil lightness of colour (L*) in the topmost 

soil material (0-1, 1-2.5 and 2.5-5 cm depths) 

before, immediately after the fire and one year 

later. The main results are that (i) only a few of the 

charcoal particles from the forest floor were incorporated 

into the soil matrix, presumably by soil 

mixing animals. In the 0-1 cm layer, during one 

year, the charcoal C concentration increased only 

by 0.4 g kg(-1) and the proportion of charcoal C 

to SOC concentration increased from 2.8 to 3.4%; 

(ii) the SOC concentrations did not show any significant 

differences; (iii) soil lightness decreased 

significantly in the topmost soil layer and correlated 

well with the concentrations of charcoal C 

(r=-0.87**) and SOC (r=-0.94**) in the samples from 

the 0-5 cm layer. We concluded that Holocene biomass 

burning could have influenced soil charcoal 

concentrations and soil colour. 


08.1-110 

Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the 

carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn 

experiment in a temperate deciduous forest 

Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I, 

Schier W, Gerlach R 


Forestry , Plant Sciences , History 

Anthropogenic burning, including slash-andburn, 

was deliberately used in (pre)historic Central 

Europe. Biomass burning has affected the 

global carbon cycle since, presumably, the early 

Holocene. The understanding of processes and 

rates of charcoal formation in temperate deciduous 

forests is limited, as is the extent of prehistoric 

human impact on the environment. We took 

advantage of an experimental burning to simulate 

Neolithic slash-and-burn, and we quantified 

the biomass fuel and charcoal produced, determined 

the resulting distribution of the charcoal 


size fractions and calculated the carbon mass balance. 

Two-thirds of the charcoal particles (6.71 t / 

ha) were larger than 2000 Rm and the spatial distribution 

of charcoal was highly variable (15-90% 

per m(2)). The conversion rate of the biomass fuel 

to charcoal mass was 4.8%, or 8.1% for the conversion 

of biomass carbon to charcoal. 

Holocene, 2007, V17, N4, MAY, pp 539-542. 

08.1-111 

Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic 

vegetation 

Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H 



Ecology 

The Arctic is a sensitive system undergoing dramatic 

changes related to recent warming trends. 

Vegetation dynamics-increases in the quantity of 

green vegetation and a northward migration of 

trees into the arctic tundra-are a component of 

this change. Although field studies over long time 

periods can be logistically problematic, simulation 

modeling provides a means for projecting 

changes in arctic and subarctic vegetation caused 

by environmental variations. 

Computing in Science Engineering, 2007, V9, N4, 

JUL-AUG, pp 12-23. 

08.1-112 

Response of soil microbial biomass and community 

structures to conventional and organic 

farming systems under identical crop rotations 

Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M, 

Fliessbach A 


Microbiology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences 

, Biodiversity , Ecology 

In this study the influence of different farming systems 

on microbial community structure was analyzed 

using soil samples from the DOK long-term 

field experiment in Switzerland, which comprises 

organic (BIODYN and BIOORG) and conventional 

(CONFYM and CONMIN) farming systems as well 

as an unfertilized control (NOFERT). We examined 

microbial communities in winter wheat plots at 

two different points in the crop rotation (after 

potatoes and after maize). Employing extended 

polar lipid analysis up to 244 different phospholipid 

fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids 

(PLEL) were detected. Higher concentrations of 

PLFA and PLEL in BIODYN and BIOORG indicated 

a significant influence of organic agriculture on 

microbial biomass. Farmyard manure (FYM) application 

consistently revealed the strongest, and the 

preceding crop the weakest, influence on domain-


specific biomass, diversity indices and microbial 

community structures. Esterlinked PLFA from 

slowly growing bacteria (k- strategists) showed the 

strongest responses to long-term organic fertilization. 

Although the highest fungal biomass was 

found in the two organic systems of the DOK field 

trial, their contribution to the differentiation of 

community structures according to the management 

regime was relatively low. Prokaryotic communities 

responded most strongly to either conventional 

or organic farming management. 

Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V61, N1, JUL, pp 

26-37. 

08.1-113 

Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance 

measurements using quantum cascade 

laser spectrometery over a Swiss forest 

Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A, 

Buchmann N, Emmenegger L 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at the Lageren 

CarboEurope IP flux site over the multi-species 

mixed forest dominated by European beech and 

Norway spruce. Measurements were carried out 

during a four-week period in October-November 

2005 during leaf senescence. Fluxes were measured 

with a standard ultrasonic anemometer in 

combination with a quantum cascade laser absorption 

spectrometer that measured N 2O, CO 2, 

and H 2O mixing ratios simultaneously at 5 Hz 

time resolution. To distinguish insignificant fluxes 

from significant ones it is proposed to use a new 

approach based on the significance of the correlation 

coefficient between vertical wind speed and 

mixing ratio fluctuations. This procedure eliminated 

roughly 56% of our half- hourly fluxes. Based 

on the remaining, quality checked N 2O fluxes we 

quantified the mean efflux at 0.8 +/- 0.4 µmol m(-2) 

h(-1) (mean + /- standard error). Most of the contribution 

to the N 2O flux occurred during a 6.5-h period 

starting 4.5 h before each precipitation event. 

No relation with precipitation amount could be 

found. Visibility data representing fog density 

and duration at the site indicate that wetting of 

the canopy may have as strong an effect on N 2O 

effluxes as does below-ground microbial activity. 

It is speculated that above- ground N 2O production 

from the senescing leaves at high moisture 

(fog, drizzle, onset of precipitation event) may be 

responsible for part of the measured flux. 


08.1-114 

Improving predictive mapping in Swiss mire 

ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator 

values 

Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Forestry 

Question: How may Landolt indicator values be recalibrated 

to improve the performance of predictive 

models? Location: Mires Gross Moos Schwandital 

(1250 m a.s.l.) in the Prealps, Burgymoos (465 

m. a.s.l.) on the Central Plateau and La Burtigniere 

(1000 m a.s.l.) in the Jura, Switzerland. Methods: 

Habitat distribution models based on high resolution 

remotely sensed data and vegetation field data 

are applied to monitor 130 mires. Instead of plant 

species or communities we used mean indicator 

values of vegetation records as response variables. 

To improve the differential power of indicator values 

for wetland habitat conditions, we calibrated 

these values using field data. Different methods 

were tested with our predictive models in three 

mires to see which calibration method is best in 

enhancing model performance. To assess the effect 

of the uneven distribution of vegetation records 

along environmental gradients. calibrations 

based on random and evenly distributed samples 

were compared. As a test of the predictive power 

of the models we used r(2) between ground truth 

and model prediction. This approach is illustrated 

through an application with nutrient indicator 

values in the mire La Burtigniere. Results: Model 

performances were not the same for the three 

mires. The predictive power was better for the nutrient 

values, soil reaction and humus values than 

for light and moisture values. 2000 records were 

sufficient as basis for re-calibration. Models based 

on original Landolt indicator values were overall 

the weakest compared with re-calibrated values. By 

comparing the predictive power of Models based 

on randomly or evenly selected records were about 

equally predictive. Conclusions: 1. A habitat-specific 

re-calibration of the Landolt indicator values 

enhances the predictive mapping of the Swiss mire 

ecosystems. 2. The re-calibration based on weighted 

averaging gives a better performance than the 

one based on Gaussian logistic regression. 3. The 

uneven distribution of indicator values due to the 

over-representation of mire habitats does not hamper 

model performance. 4. 2000 vegetation records 

are a sufficient basis for an optimal re-calibration 

of the vegetation types. An illustration of the method 

is given by using the soil fertility pattern of the 

mire La Burtigniere. 

Applied Vegetation Science, 2007, V10, N2, AUG, 

pp 183-192.

80 

08.1-115 

Effects of an extended drought period on 

grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland 

Feller U, Signarbieux C 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

, Ecology 

Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEB- 

MAR, p 294. 

08.1-116 

Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity 

following a grazing decrease in a wooded 

pasture of the central Swiss Alps 

Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity 

, Ecology 

Reduced cattle grazing pressure in the Alps has 

caused the reforestation of many subalpine pastures 

during the last decades. To understand the 

dynamics of natural reforestation and to evaluate 

how this change affects plant species diversity, we 

described the vegetation of a wooded pasture in 

the central Swiss Alps (Sembrancher, Valais) using 

the integrated synusial method. Based on stratified 

vegetation releves in 27 plots, we defined 11 

community types at the synusial level (two tree-layer, 

five shrub-layer, and four herb-layer synusiae), 

and four community types at the phytocoenosis 

level (pasture, tall forbs and scrub, wooded pasture 

and forest). The spatial distribution of these 

four phytocoenoses suggests that they represent 

successional stages after abandonment, and that 

the pathway of vegetation succession depends on 

the aspect. We suppose that on northern oriented, 

cool and shady locations, abandoned pastures 

first develop towards tall-forb meadows and scrub 

with Alnus viridis, and then to a preforested stage 

with Picea abies and Larix decidua. In contrast, on 

western oriented, warm and sunny location, Larix 

decidua (mainly) and Picea abies directly colonize 

the abandoned pastures, but further succession 

finally leads to the same pre-forested stage as on 

northern slopes. Plant species richness was highest 

in open areas and decreased by 25 % as tree 

cover increased from 6 % to 65 %. According to our 

successional model, plant species diversity is lost 

more rapidly on northern slopes (with speciespoor 

green alder scrub) than on western slopes 

(with species- rich young larch forests), suggesting 

that northern slopes most urgently need an appropriate 

grazing management. 

Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp 

37-56. 


08.1-117 

Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings 

(Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought 

stress and during recovery 

Galle A, Feller U 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Forestry 

In the context of an increased risk of extreme 

drought events across Europe during the next 

decades, the capacity of trees to recover and survive 

drought periods awaits further attention. In 

summer 2005, 4- year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) 

saplings were watered regularly or were kept for 4 

weeks without irrigation in the field and then re- 

watered again. Changes of plant water status, leaf 

gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence parameters, 

as well as alterations in leaf pigment composition 

were followed. During the drought period, stomatal 

conductance (g(s)) and net photosynthesis 

(P-n) decreased in parallel with increased water 

deficit. After 14 days without irrigation, stomata 

remained closed and P-n was almost completely 

inhibited. Reversible downregulation of PSII photochemistry 

(the maximum quantum efficiency 

of PSII (F-v/F-m)), enhanced thermal dissipation 

of excess excitation energy and an increased ratio 

of xanthophyll cycle pigments to chlorophylls 

(because of a loss of chlorophylls) contributed to 

an enhanced photo-protection in severely stressed 

plants. Leaf water potential was restored immediately 

after re- watering, while g(s), P-n and F-v/F-m 

recovered only partially during the initial phase, 

even when high external CO 2 concentrations were 

applied during the measurements, indicating 

lasting non-stomatal limitations. Thereafter, P-n 

recovered completely within 4 weeks, meanwhile 

g(s) remained permanently lower in stressed than 

in control plants, leading to an increased ‘intrinsic 

water use efficiency’ (P-n /g(s)). In conclusion, 

although severe drought stress adversely affected 

photosynthetic performance of F. sylvatica (a rather 

drought-sensitive species), P-n was completely 

restored after re- watering, presumably because 

of physiological and morphological adjustments 

(e.g. stomatal occlusions). 

Physiologia Plantarum, 2007, V131, N3, NOV, pp 

412-421. 

08.1-118 

Stochastic gene expression in switching environments 

Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H 

Switzerland 

Microbiology , Ecology 

Organisms are known to adapt to regularly varying 

environments. However, in most cases, the


fluctuations of the environment are irregular 

and stochastic, alternating between favorable 

and unfavorable regimes, so that cells must cope 

with an uncertain future. A possible response is 

population diversification. We assume here that 

the cell population is divided into two groups, 

corresponding to two phenotypes, having distinct 

growth rates, and that cells can switch randomly 

their phenotypes. In static environments, the net 

growth rate is maximized when the population is 

homogeneously composed of cells having the largest 

growth rate. In random environments, growth 

rates fluctuate and observations reveal that sometimes 

heterogeneous populations have a larger 

net growth rate than homogeneous ones, a fact 

illustrated recently through Monte-Carlo simulations 

based on a birth and migration process in 

a random environment. We study this process 

mathematically by focusing on the proportion f 

(t) of cells having the largest growth rate at time 

t, and give explicitly the related steady state distribution 

pi. We also prove the convergence of 

empirical averages along trajectories to the first 

moment Epsilon pi (f), and provide efficient numerical 

methods for computing Epsilon pi (f). 

Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2007, V55, N2, 

AUG, pp 249-269. 

08.1-119 

Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for 

agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss 

mountains: a spatial statistical model based on 

geophysical and socio-economic variables 

Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences 

Modelling 

In many European mountain regions, natural forest 

regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and 

the related consequences for the environment are 

issues of increasing concern. We developed a spatial 

statistical model based on multiple geophysical 

and socio-economic variables to investigate 

the pattern of natural forest regrowth in the Swiss 

mountain area between the 1980s and 1990s. Results 

show that forest regrowth occurred primarily 

in areas with low temperature sum, intermediate 

steepness and soil stoniness as well as close to 

forest edges and relatively close to roads. Model 

results suggest that regions with weak labor markets 

are favored in terms of land abandonment 

and forest regrowth. We could not find an effect 

of population change on land abandonment and 

forest regrowth. Therefore, we conclude that decision 

makers should consider non-linearities in 

the pattern of forest regrowth and the fact that la- 

bor markets have an effect on land abandonment 

and forest regrowth when designing measures to 

prevent agricultural land abandonment and natural 

forest regrowth in the Swiss mountains. 

Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12, 

N4, NOV, pp 269-278. 

08.1-120 

Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem 

service rationale for conservation 

Ghazoul J 

Switzerland 


Conservation Biology, 2007, V21, N6, DEC, pp 

1651-1652. 

08.1-121 

What you see is where you go? Modeling 

dispersal in mountainous landscapes 

Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V 

Germany, Switzerland, Spain 

Modelling , Ecology 

Inter-patch connectivity can be strongly influenced 

by topography and matrix heterogeneity, 

particularly when dealing with species with high 

cognitive abilities. To estimate dispersal in such 

systems, simulation models need to incorporate a 

behavioral component of matrix effects to result 

in more realistic connectivity measures. Interpatch 

dispersal is important for the persistence of 

capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in central Europe, 

where this endangered grouse species lives in 

patchy populations embedded in a mountainous 

landscape. We simulated capercaillie movements 

with an individual-based, spatially explicit dispersal 

model (IBM) and compared the resulting connectivity 

measure with distance and an expert 

estimation. We used a landscape comprising discrete 

habitat patches, temporary habitat, non-habitat 

forests, and non-habitat open land. First, we 

assumed that dispersing individuals have perfect 

knowledge of habitat cells within the perceptual 

range (null model). Then, we included constraints 

to perception and accessibility, i.e., mountain 

chains, open area and valleys (three sub-models). 

In a full model, all sub-models were included at 

once. Correlations between the different connectivity 

measures were high (Spearman’s rho > 0.7) 

and connectivity based on the full IBM was closer 

to expert estimation than distance. For selected 

cases, simple distance differed strongly from the 

full IBM measure and the expert estimation. Connectivity 

based on the IBM was strongly sensitive 

to the size of perceptual range with higher sensitivity 

for the null model compared to the full 

model that included context dependent perceptu-

82 

al ranges. Our heuristic approach is adequate for 

simulating movements of species with high cognitive 

abilities in strongly structured landscapes 

that influence perception and permeability. 

Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, N6, JUL, pp 

853-866. 

08.1-122 

A predictive model of the density of airborne 

insects in agricultural environments 

Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Zoology , 

Ecology 

This paper presents a model to predict the daily 

spatio-temporal variation in the abundance of 

airborne insects in agricultural landscapes on the 

basis of publicly available environmental data. 

Data on the abundance of insects flying near 

ground level were collected by a robust and effective 

point-count method. The validation of the 

model using extra data revealed a high correspondence 

between predicted and observed insect density. 

The final model showed that the abundance 

of airborne insects depended largely on the daily 

weather conditions. Agricultural habitats differed 

in the abundance of airborne insects, with peak 

insect numbers found along hedgerows and trees. 

This accumulation pattern was most pronounced 

at low temperatures and in windy conditions. Efforts 

to enhance insect abundance in agricultural 

landscapes therefore need to increase the number 

of structural elements such as hedgerows, single 

trees and orchards. This study highlights how 

weather conditions and agricultural land-use 

affect aerial food webs in agri-environments, including 

the dynamics of food patches for all kinds 

of aerial foragers. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights 

reserved. 

Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2008, V123, 

N1-3, JAN, pp 75-80. 

08.1-123 

Measured microwave radiative transfer properties 

of a deciduous forest canopy 

Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster 

C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H 


Remote Sensing , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Modelling 

A field experiment was performed with an L- and 

X-band radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz and 11.4 

GHz in a deciduous forest in Julich (Germany) 

from September to November 2004. The radiometers 

were installed on the ground being directed 

upwards through the canopy. In this position 


downwelling microwave radiation was measured 

during the defoliation of the forest with a time 

resolution of 4 h. Simultaneously we measured 

the air and soil temperatures. Based on these data, 

the transmissivities of the forest canopy were estimated 

at different foliation states. Typical L-band 

transmissivities determined for the foliated and 

the defoliated states were 0.41 and 0.46, confirming 

the semi-transparency of the canopy at low 

microwave frequencies. Due to the anisotropic 

crown structure the L-band brightness temperatures 

were slightly horizontally polarized to the 

same degree for any state of the vegetation. From 

this we conclude that branches are the prevailing 

emitters of the canopy whereas leaves and trunks 

are less relevant for L-band observations. In the Xband, 

the canopy was opaque in the foliated state 

and became semi-transparent in the course of defoliation 

indicating that leaves are an important 

radiation source at this wavelength. Our results 

provide the experimental evidence to quantify 

the radiation properties of a deciduous forest canopy. 

This is crucial for interpreting the microwave 

radiation emitted from forested areas measured 

from space-borne microwave sensing platforrns. 

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, V109, N4, 

AUG 30, pp 523-532. 

08.1-124 

What matters for predicting the occurrences 

of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics? 

Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H, 

Phillips S, Peterson A T 

Switzerland, Australia, USA 

Forestry , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Data characteristics and species traits are expected 

to influence the accuracy with which species’ 

distributions can be modeled and predicted. We 

compare 10 modeling techniques in terms of predictive 

power and sensitivity to location error, 

change in map resolution, and sample size, and 

assess whether some species traits can explain 

variation in model performance. We focused on 

30 native tree species in Switzerland and used 

presence-only data to model current distribution, 

which we evaluated against independent presence 

absence data. While there are important differences 

between the predictive performance of 

modeling methods, the variance in model performance 

is greater among species than among techniques. 

Within the range of data perturbations 

in this study, some extrinsic parameters of data 

affect model performance more than others: location 

error and sample size reduced performance 

of many techniques, whereas grain had little ef-


fect on most techniques. No technique can rescue 

species that are difficult to predict. The predictive 

power of species-distribution models can partly 

be predicted from a series of species characteristics 

and traits based on growth rate, elevational 

distribution range, and maximum elevation. 

Slow-growing species or species with narrow and 

specialized niches tend to be better modeled. The 

Swiss presence-only tree data produce models 

that are reliable enough to be useful in planning 

and management applications. 

Ecological Monographs, 2007, V77, N4, NOV, pp 

615-630. 

08.1-125 

Temporal changes in grazing intensity and 

herbage quality within a Swiss fen meadow 

Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences, Plant Sciences , Ecology , 

Biodiversity 

Grazing is a possible tool for conservation management 

in wetlands, but a frequent problem is 

spatial variation in grazing intensity, which may 

promote the degradation of the vegetation. Temporal 

changes in grazing patterns may reduce 

this problem by leading to a more homogeneous 

overall use of the area. In a lakeshore wetland 

(2.8 ha) grazed by Scottish Highland cattle from 

May till September, we studied how the grazing 

of nine vegetation types changes seasonally and 

between years, and how this is related to the 

quantity and quality of the herbage. We observed 

cattle activity weekly throughout two grazing 

periods, determined the biomass and nutrient 

concentrations of the vegetation, analysed dung 

samples, and carried out clipping experiments to 

assess shoot regeneration after grazing. The annual 

grazing intensity varied seven-fold among 

vegetation types, and this pattern was closely 

similar in both years. In several vegetation types, 

however, grazing intensity changed seasonally. 

Cattle first grazed tall grass-dominated vegetation 

(Phragmition, Phalaridion), which had the 

most digestible and nutrient-rich herbage, but 

the poor regeneration of dominant species forced 

the cattle to then graze small-sedge dominated, 

nutrient-poor fen vegetation (Caricion davallianae). 

These temporal changes in grazing patterns 

slightly reduced the spatial variation in grazing 

intensity. To take advantage of this effect, 

relatively long grazing seasons are preferable to 

shorter ones. Four years of grazing reduced the 

above- ground biomass production and nutrient 

concentrations of several vegetation types. 

Therefore, years without grazing may be needed 

to prevent a degradation of palatable plant communities 

with low grazing tolerance. 


57-73. 

08.1-126 

Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling 

the results of experimental and observational 

studies 

Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, 

Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley 

White E, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos 

P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A, 

Leadley P W, Loreau M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever 

C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D, 

Terry A C, Troumbis A Y 

Switzerland, Germany, England, Portugal, Greece, 

Ireland, Sweden, France, Canada 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences 

Functional Ecology, 2007, V21, N5, OCT, pp 

998-1002. 

08.1-127 

The generality of habitat suitability models: A 

practical test with two insect groups 

Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R, 

Settele J, Schroeder B 


Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling , Zoology 

For the design and declaration of conservation areas 

as well as for planning habitat management 

it is important to quantitatively know the habitat 

preferences of the focal species. To take into account 

the requirements of as many species as possible, 

it would be of great advantage if one would 

either (i) find one or several species whose habitat 

requirements cover those of a large number of 

other species or if one could (ii) identify a common 

set of habitat parameters that is important 

for the occurrence of many species. Ideally such 

common habitat parameters should be easy to 

measure. Only then they may be of practical value 

in applied conservation biology. In this study, we 

compared the habitat preferences of different insect 

species (grasshoppers, bush crickets, butterflies, 

moths) in the same region by applying identical 

methods. To identify common explanatory 

variables that predict the occurrence probability 

of these species, we first tested the transferability 

of the specific ‘species models’ to other species 

within the same insect group. We tested how well 

the incidence of one species can be predicted by 

the occurrence probability of another species. The 

‘best’ models within each group were then tested 

for transferability between the different groups. 

Additionally, we tested the predictive power of the

84 

predictor variable ‘habitat type’ as an easy and often 

available measure for conservation practice. 

Although in the different ‘species models’ different 

key factors determine habitat suitability, 

some models were successfully transferred and 

were able to reasonably predict the distribution 

of other species. The habitat preferences of the 

burnet moth Zygaena carniolica were particularly 

well suited for the prediction of suitable habitats 

for all other species. In addition, the predictor 

variable ‘habitat type’ played a dominant role in 

all models. Models using this aggregated predictor 

variable may well predict suitable habitat for 

all species. 

Basic and Applied Ecology, 2007, V8, N4, pp 

310-320. 

08.1-128 

Fragmented environment affects birch leaf 

endophytes 

Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen 

K 


Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Microbiology , 

Biodiversity 

The effect of environmental fragmentation on 

the species distribution and frequency of horizontally 

transmitted endophytic fungi in Betula 

pubescens and Betula pendula leaves was studied 

in an archipelago in southwestern Finland. The 

study system consisted of 14 islands, ranging in 

size and distance to the mainland, and five mainland 

sites. Endophytic fungi were grown out from 

surface-leaves. The frequency of endophytic fungi 

mainly depended on the size of the island, explaining 

32-35% of the variation, and the distance 

to the mainland explaining 29-35% of the variation. 

The birch trees on the largest islands near 

the mainland had the highest endophyte frequencies. 

Fusicladium betulae, Gnomonia setacea and 

Melanconium betulinum were the most commonly 

isolated fungi. Foliar endophytes of birch trees 

are able to disperse to fairly fragmented areas, but 

their frequencies seem to depend on environmental 

isolation and size of the island. 

New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 547-553. 

08.1-129 

Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous 

landscapes 

Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W 


Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling 

This paper explores the effect of spatial processes 

in a heterogeneous environment on the dynamics 

of a host-parasitoid interaction. The environment 


consists of a lattice of favourable (habitat) and 

hostile (matrix) hexagonal cells, whose spatial distribution 

is measured by habitat proportion and 

spatial autocorrelation (inverse of fragmentation). 

At each time step, a fixed fraction of both populations 

disperses to the adjacent cells where it reproduces 

following the Nicholson-Bailey model. 

Aspects of the dynamics analysed include extinction, 

stability, cycle period and amplitude, and the 

spatial patterns emerging from the dynamics. We 

find that, depending primarily on the fraction of 

the host population that disperses in each generation 

and on the landscape geometry, five classes 

of spatio-temporal dynamics can be objectively 

distinguished: spatial chaos, spirals, metapopulation, 

mainland- island and spiral fragments. The 

first two are commonly found in theoretical studies 

of homogeneous landscapes. The other three 

are direct consequences of the heterogeneity and 

have strong similarities to dynamic patterns observed 

in real systems (e.g. extinction- recolonisation, 

source-sink, outbreaks, spreading waves). We 

discuss the processes that generate these patterns 

and allow the system to persist. The importance of 

these results is threefold: first, our model merges 

into a same theoretical framework dynamics commonly 

observed in the field that are usually modelled 

independently. Second, these dynamics and 

patterns are explained by dispersal rate and common 

landscape statistics, thus linking in a practical 

way population ecology to landscape ecology. 

Third, we show that the landscape geometry has a 

qualitative effect on the length of the cycles and, 

in particular, we demonstrate how very long periods 

can be produced by spatial processes. 

Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 2082-2096. 

08.1-130 

Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow 

by pollen in a large continuous and a small 

isolated population of the scattered forest tree 

Sorbus torminalis 

Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck 

S, Rotach P, Holderegger R 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Forestry , Microbiology , Ecology , 

Biodiversity 

The influence of population size and spatial isolation 

on contemporary gene flow by pollen and 

mating patterns in temperate forest trees are 

not well documented, although they are crucial 

factors in the life history of plant species. We 

analysed a small, isolated population and a large, 

continuous population of the insect- pollinated 

tree species Sorbus torminalis in two consecutive 

years. The species recently experienced increased


habitat fragmentation due to altered forest management 

leading to forests with closed canopies. 

We estimated individual plant size, percentage of 

flowering trees, intensity of flowering, degree of 

fruiting and seed set per fruit, and we determined 

mating patterns, pollen flow distances and external 

gene flow in a genetic paternity analysis based 

on microsatellite markers. We found clear effects 

of small population size and spatial isolation in 

S. torminalis. Compared with the large, continuous 

population, the small and isolated population 

harboured a lower percentage of flowering trees, 

showed less intense flowering, lower fruiting, 

less developed seeds per fruit, increased selfing 

and received less immigrant pollen. However, the 

negative inbreeding coefficients (F-IS) of offspring 

indicated that this did not result in inbred seed at 

the population level. We also show that flowering, 

fruiting and pollen flow patterns varied among 

years, the latter being affected by the size of individuals. 

Though our study was unreplicated at 

the factor level (i.e. isolated vs non-isolated populations), 

it shows that small and spatially isolated 

populations of S. torminalis may also be genetically 

isolated, but that their progeny is not necessarily 

more inbred. 

Heredity, 2007, V99, N1, JUL, pp 47-55. 

08.1-131 

Time series of landscape fragmentation caused 

by transportation infrastructure and urban 

development: a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg, 

Germany 

Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller 

M, Schmidt Lüttman M 


Urban Studies , Biodiversity , Ecology 

Landscape fragmentation is increasingly considered 

an important environmental indicator in 

the fields of sustainable land use and biodiversity. 

To set goals for future development and to plan 

appropriate measures, suitable empirical data on 

the degree of landscape fragmentation are needed 

to identify trends and compare different regions. 

However, there is still a significant lack of data on 

landscape fragmentation as an indicator, despite 

the substantial scientific literature on this topic, 

likely because of confusion over the definition of 

“fragmentation, “ questions associated with scale 

and data issues, and lack of general agreement on 

a fragmentation measure. This study presents a 

state-wide quantitative analysis of landscape fragmentation 

in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, by 

means of the “ effective mesh size” (m(eff)), which 

characterizes the anthropogenic penetration of 

landscapes from a geometric point of view and is 

based on the probability that two randomly chosen 

points in a landscape are connected, i.e., not 

separated by barriers such as roads, railroads, or 

urban areas. Baden-Wurttemberg is fragmented 

to a far greater extent than indicated by previous 

studies. The m(eff) has decreased by 40% since 

1930. This development is strongly related to the 

growing number of inhabitants, the increased 

use of motorized vehicles, and the hierarchical regional 

planning system based on the central place 

theory. To illustrate the suitability of the meff 

method for environmental monitoring, as a planning 

instrument and as an assessment instrument 

for impact assessment studies, we explored several 

variations of applying the method with regard to 

choice of fragmenting elements, consideration of 

noise bands, spatial differentiation (e. g., administrative 

districts vs. ecoregions), and way of dealing 

with patches at the boundaries of the reporting 

units. Depending on the objectives of the investigation 

(e. g., recreational quality vs. suitability for 

wildlife habitat), different variations may be most 

appropriate. The insights and quantitative results 

from Baden-Wurttemberg provide a yardstick for 

analyzing and assessing landscape fragmentation 

in other countries. 

Ecology and Society, 2007, V12, N1, JUN ARTN: 22. 

08.1-132 

Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in 

the canopy of mature forest trees 

Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Stable C isotope signals in plant tissues became a 

key tool in explaining growth responses to the environment. 

The technique is based on the fundamental 

assumption that the isotopic composition 

of a given unit of tissue (e.g. a tree ring) reflects 

the specific C uptake conditions in the leaf at a 

given time. Beyond the methodological implications 

of any deviation from this assumption, it is 

of physiological interest whether new C is transferred 

directly from sources (a photosynthesizing 

leaf) to structural sinks (e.g. adjacent stem tissue), 

or inherently passes through existing (mobile) C 

pools, which may be of variable (older) age. Here, 

we explore the fate of C-13-labelled photosynthates 

in the crowns of a 30-35 m tall, mixed forest using 

a canopy crane. In all nine study species labelled 

C reached woody tissue within 2-9 h after labelling. 

Four months later, very small signals were 

left in branch wood of Tilia suggesting that low 

mixing of new, labelled C with old C had taken 

place. In contrast, signals in Fagus and Quercus

86 

had increased, indicating more intense mixing. 

This species-specific mixing of new with old C 

pools is likely to mask year- or season-specific linkages 

between tree ring formation and climate and 

has considerable implications for climate reconstruction 

using stable isotopes as proxies for past 

climatic conditions. 

Plant Cell and Environment, 2007, V30, N8, AUG, 

pp 963-972. 

08.1-133 

Identifying the early genetic consequences of 

habitat degradation in a highly threatened 

tropical conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels 

Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B, 

Ennos R A 

Switzerland, Scotland, New Caledonia 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Forestry 

The early genetic effects of habitat degradation 

were investigated in the critically endangered 

conifer Araucaria nemorosa. This species occurs 

in New Caledonia, a global biodiversity hotspot 

where the world’s greatest concentration of endemic 

conifer species coincides with an extremely 

high level of habitat destruction due to fire and 

mining. Using seven microsatellite loci, estimates 

were made of genetic marker variation, inbreeding 

coefficients and population differentiation of 

adult and seedling cohorts of A. nemorosa. These 

were contrasted with equivalent estimates, made 

over similar spatial scales and with the same 

marker loci, in the locally common and more 

widespread sister species Araucaria columnaris. 

There were no significant differences in population 

genetic parameters between adult populations 

of the two species, despite their different 

abundances. However, in A. nemorosa, the juvenile 

cohort showed a loss of rare alleles and elevated 

levels of inbreeding when compared to the 

adult cohort. These genetic differences between 

the cohorts were not observed in the locally common 

A. columnaris. This suggests that recent environmental 

degradation is influencing the genetic 

structure of A. nemorosa populations. Although 

this is not detectable among predisturbance adult 

populations, an early warning of these impacts 

is evident in more recently established seedling 

cohorts. The conservation implications of these 

results are discussed. 

Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N17, SEP, pp 

3581-3591. 


08.1-134 

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance 

the negative influence of the exotic 

tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the 

structure and functioning of soil microbial 

communities in a sahelian soil 

Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla 

S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana 

A, Lepage M, Duponnois R 

Senegal, France, Switzerland, Burkina Faso 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

, Microbiology 

The hypothesis of the present study was that bacterial 

communities would differentiate under Eucalyptus 

camaldulensis and that an enhancement 

of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) density would 

minimize this exotic plant species effect. Treatments 

consisted of control plants, preplanting 

fertilizer application and AM inoculation. After 4 

months of culture in autoclaved soil, E. camaldulensis 

seedlings were either harvested for growth 

measurement or transferred into containers filled 

with the same soil but not sterilized. Other containers 

were kept without E. camaldulensis seedlings. 

After 12 months, effects of fertilizer amendment 

and AM inoculation were measured on the 

growth of Eucalyptus seedlings and on soil microbial 

communities. The results clearly show that 

this plant species significantly modified the soil 

bacterial community. Both community structure 

(assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 

profiles) and function (assessed by substrateinduced 

respiration responses including soil catabolic 

evenness) were significantly affected. Such 

changes in the bacterial structure and function 

were accompanied by disturbances in the composition 

of the herbaceous plant species layer. 

These results highlight the role of AM symbiosis 

in the processes involved in soil bio-functioning 

and plant coexistence and in afforestation programmes 

with exotic tree species that target preservation 

of native plant diversity. 

Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V62, N1, OCT, 

pp 32-44. 

08.1-135 

Response of net ecosystem productivity of 

three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9, 

pg 1128, 2006) 

Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont 

Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z 

Canada, USA, Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

In 2000-03, continuous eddy covariance measurements 

of carbon dioxide (CO 2) flux were made 

above mature boreal aspen, black spruce, and jack


pine forests in Saskatchewan, Canada, prior to and 

during a 3- year drought. During the 1st drought 

year, ecosystem respiration (R) was reduced at the 

aspen site due to the drying of surface soil layers. 

Gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) increased 

as a result of a warm spring and a slow decrease 

of deep soil moisture. These conditions resulted 

in the highest annual net ecosystem productivity 

(NEP) in the 9 years of flux measurements at 

this site. During 2002 and 2003, a reduction of 6% 

and 34% in NEP, respectively, compared to 2000 

was observed as the result of reductions in both 

R and GEP, indicating a conservative response to 

the drought. Although the drought affected most 

of western Canada, there was considerable spatial 

variability in summer rainfall over the 100-km extent 

of the study area; summer rainfalls in 2001 

and 2002 at the two conifer sites minimized the 

impact of the drought. In 2003, however, precipitation 

was similarly low at all three sites. Due to 

low topographic position and consequent poor 

drainage at the black spruce site and the coarse 

soil with low water-holding capacity at the jack 

pine site almost no reduction in R, GEP, and NEP 

was observed at these two sites. This study shows 

that the impact of drought on carbon sequestration 

by boreal forest ecosystems strongly depends 

on rainfall distribution, soil characteristics, topography, 

and the presence of vegetation that is 

well adapted to these conditions. 

Ecosystems, 2007, V10, N6, SEP, pp 1039-1055. 

08.1-136 

Assessment of land use impacts on the natural 

environment - Part 2: Generic characterization 

factors for local species diversity in central 

Europe 

Köllner T, Scholz R W 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

Goal, Scope and Background. Land use is an economic 

activity that generates large benefits for 

human society. One side effect, however, is that 

it has caused many environmental problems 

throughout history and still does today. Biodiversity, 

in particular, has been negatively influenced 

by intensive agriculture, forestry and the increase 

in urban areas and infrastructure. Integrated assessment 

such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 

thus, incorporate impacts on biodiversity. The 

main objective of this paper is to develop generic 

characterization factors for land use types using 

empirical information on species diversity from 

Central Europe, which can be used in the assessment 

method developed in the first part of this 

series of paper. Methods. Based on an extensive 

meta-analysis, with information about species 

diversity on 5581 sample plots, we calculated 

characterization factors for 53 land use types and 

six intensity classes. The typology is based on the 

CORINE Plus classification. We took information 

on the standardized alpha-diversity of plants, 

moss and mollusks into account. In addition, 

threatened plants were considered. Linear and 

nonlinear models were used for the calculation of 

damage potentials (EDPs). In our approach, we use 

the current mean species number in the region 

as a reference, because this determines whether 

specific land use types hold more or less species 

diversity per area. The damage potential calculated 

here is endpoint oriented. The corresponding 

characterization factors EDPs can be used in the 

Life Cycle Impact Assessment as weighting factors 

for different types of land occupation and land 

use change as described in Part 1 of this paper series. 

Results. The result from ranking the intensity 

classes based on the mean plant species number 

is as expected. High intensive forestry and agriculture 

exhibit the lowest species richness (5.7-5.8 

plant species/m(2)), artificial surfaces, low intensity 

forestry and non- use have medium species richness 

(9.4-11.1 plant species/m2) and low- intensity 

agriculture has the highest species richness (16.6 

plant species/m(2)). The mean and median are 

very close, indicating that the skewedness of the 

distribution is low. Standard error is low and is 

similar for all intensity classes. Linear transformations 

of the relative species numbers are linearly 

transformed into ecosystem damage potentials 

(EDPlinears). The inte gration of threatened plant 

species diversity into a more differentiated damage 

function EDPlinearStotal makes it possible 

to differentiate between land use types that have 

similar total species numbers, but intensities of 

land use that are clearly different (e.g., artificial 

meadow and broad-leafed forest). Negative impact 

values indicate that land use types hold more species 

per m(2) than the reference does. In terms of 

species diversity, these land use types are superior 

(e.g. near-to- nature meadow, hedgerows, agricultural 

fallow). Discussion. Land use has severe impacts 

on the environment. The ecosystem damage 

potential EDPS is based on assessment of impacts 

of land use on species diversity. We clearly base 

EDPs factors on alpha- diversity, which correlates 

with the local aspect of species diversity of land 

use types. Based on an extensive meta-analysis of 

biologists’ field research, we were able to include 

data on the diversity of plant species, threatened 

plant species, moss and mollusks in the EDPS. 

The integration of other animal species groups 

(e.g. insects, birds, mammals, amphibians) with

88 

their specific habitat preferences could change 

the characterization factors values specific for 

each land use type. Those mobile species groups 

support ecosystem functions, because they provide 

functional links between habitats in the 

landscape. Conclusions. The use of generic characterization 

factors in Life Cycle Impact Assessment 

of land use, which we have developed, can 

improve the basis for decision-making in industry 

and other organizations. It can best be applied for 

marginal land use decisions. However, if the goal 

and scope of an LCA requires it this generic assessment 

can be complemented with a site-dependent 

assessment. Recommendations and Perspectives. 

We recommend utilizing the developed characterization 

factors for land use in Central Europe 

and as a reference methodology for other regions. 

In order to assess the impacts of land use in other 

regions it would be necessary to sample empirical 

data on species diversity and to develop region 

specific characterization factors on a worldwide 

basis in LCA. This is because species diversity and 

the impact of land use on it can very much differ 

from region to region. 

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 

2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 32-48. 

08.1-137 

The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research 

Körner C 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences 

Altitudinal gradients are among the most powerful 

‘natural experiments’ for testing ecological and 

evolutionary responses of biota to geophysical influences, 

such as low temperature. However, there 

are two categories of environmental changes with 

altitude: those physically tied to meters above sea 

level, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature 

and clear-sky turbidity; and those that are not generally 

altitude specific, such as moisture, hours of 

sunshine, wind, season length, geology and even 

human land use. The confounding of the first category 

by the latter has introduced confusion in 

the scientific literature on altitude phenomena. 

Trends in Ecology Evolution, 2007, V22, N11, NOV, 

pp 569-574. 

08.1-138 

Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases: 

The Kazbegi research agenda of GMBA- 

DIVERSITAS 

Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C, 

Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J, 

Speers L, Spehn E M, Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P, 

Zbinden N 


Switzerland, USA, Germany, Denmark, Chile, 

Peoples R China, Austria, Poland 


Geo-referenced archive databases on mountain 

organisms are very promising tools for achieving 

a better understanding of mountain biodiversity 

and predicting its changes. The Global Mountain 

Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) of DIVERSITAS, in 

cooperation with the Global Biodiversity Information 

Facility, encourages a global effort to mine 

biodiversity databases on mountain organisms. 

The wide range of climatic conditions and topographies 

across the world’s mountains offers an 

unparalleled opportunity for developing and testing 

biodiversity theory. The power of openly accessible, 

interconnected electronic databases for scientific 

biodiversity research, which by far exceeds 

the original intent of archiving for mainly taxonomic 

purposes, has been illustrated. There is an 

urgent need to increase the amount and quality 

of geo-referenced data on mountain biodiversity 

provided online, in order to meet the challenges 

of global change in mountains. 


N3, AUG, pp 276-281. 

08.1-139 

Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland 

soils 

Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

Amount, stability, and distribution of black carbon 

(BC) were studied at four sites of a large peatland 

(“Witzwil”) formerly used as a disposal for 

combustion residues from households to derive 

BC displacement rates in the profile. Possible artefacts 

from thermal oxidation with Differential 

Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) on BC quantification 

of C-rich deposits were inferred by choosing 

three sites from a second peatland with no 

historical record of waste disposal as a reference 

(“Seebodenalp”). All sites were under grassland at 

time of sampling, but were partially cropped in 

the past at Witzwil. Mean BC contents in topsoils 

of Witzwil ranged from 10.7 to 91.5 (0-30 cm) and 

from 0.44 to 51.3 (30-140 cm) mg BC g(-1) soil, corresponding 

to BC/OC ratios of 0.04 to 0.3 (topsoil) 

and 0.02 to 0.18 (deeper soil). At three sites of Seebodenalp, 

BC was below the detection limit of 0.4 

mg g(-1) organic soil, indicating negligible formation 

of BC during thermal oxidation of peat. C-13 

NMR spectra corroborated the high BC contents at 

Witzwil. The data support a considerable vertical 

transport of BC given that soils were ploughed not


deeper than 30 cm since abandonment of waste 

application about 50 years ago. The total amount 

of BC in the Witzwil profiles ranged from 3.2 to 7.5 

kg BC m(-2), with 21 to 69 percent of it stemming 

from below the former ploughing depth. Under 

the premise of negligible rates of BC consumption 

since abandonment of waste application, minimum 

BC transport rates in these peats are 0.6 to 

1.2 cm a(-1). The high mobility of BC might be explained 

by high macropore volumes in combination 

with occasional water saturation. By means 

of DSC peak temperatures, different types of BC 

could be distinguished, with deeper horizons containing 

BC of higher thermal stability. Application 

of combustion residues likely involved a mixture 

of various BC types, of which thermally more 

stable ones, most likely soots, were preferentially 

transported downwards. 


08.1-140 

Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures 

in a mature temperate forest 


Switzerland 

Forestry , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Forest canopies play a major role in biosphereatmosphere 

interaction. Their actual temperature 

may deviate substantially from ambient atmospheric 

conditions as reported by weather stations. 

While there is a long tradition of false-colour imagery, 

new digital technologies in combination 

with IR transmission lenses and autocalibration 

routines permit unprecedented insight into the 

actual temperature regimes in canopies. We report 

canopy leaf temperature distribution over 

space and time assessed over a 35 m tall mixed 

deciduous forest in NW Switzerland by means of 

a construction crane and a high resolution thermal 

camera. At an air temperature of 25 degrees 

C, conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylverstris and Larix 

decidua) and deciduous broad-leaved trees with 

exceptionally high transpiration (Quercus petraea) 

or very open, low density canopies (Prunus 

avium) exhibited mean canopy leaf temperatures 

close to air temperature (0.3-2.7 K above ambient) 

and the maximum amplitude within a given 

crown reached 69 K. In contrast, broad-leaved deciduous 

species with dense canopies (Fagus sylvatica, 

Carpinus betulus and Tilia platyphyllos) 

were 4.5-5 K warmer than air temperature and 

showed within canopy temperature amplitudes of 

10-12 K. Calculated leaf boundary resistance was 

clearly lower for conifers (3-24 m s(-1)) than for 

broad-leaved trees (33-64 m s(-1)). The study illustrates 

that mean leaf temperatures in forest trees 

are not adequately explained by either stomatal 

conductance or leaf dimensions, but strongly depend 

on canopy architecture (leaf area density, 

branching habits) in combination with leaf traits. 

Aerodynamic leaf and canopy characteristics lead 

to strongly enhanced vapour pressure gradients 

(evaporative forcing) and leaf temperatures vary 

enormously over short distances, calling for statistical 

temperature models (frequency distribution) 

rather than the use of means in any flux calculations. 

The presence/absence of certain tree taxa 

plays a key role in forest surface temperature. 

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, V146, 

N1-2, SEP 11, pp 29-37. 

08.1-141 

Water savings in mature deciduous forest 

trees under elevated CO 2 


Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

Stomatal conductance of plants exposed to elevated 

CO 2 is often reduced. Whether this leads 

to water savings in tall forest-trees under future 

CO 2 concentrations is largely unknown but could 

have significant implications for climate and hydrology. 

We used three different sets of measurements 

(sap flow, soil moisture and canopy temperature) 

to quantify potential water savings under 

elevated CO 2 in a ca. 35 m tall, ca. 100 years old 

mixed deciduous forest. Part of the forest canopy 

was exposed to 540 ppm CO 2 during daylight 

hours using free air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) and 

the Swiss Canopy Crane (SCC) . Across species and 

a wide range of weather conditions, sap flow was 

reduced by 14% in trees subjected to elevated CO 2, 

yielding ca. 10% reduction in evapotranspiration. 

This signal is likely to diminish as atmospheric 

feedback through reduced moistening of the air 

comes into play at landscape scale. Vapour pressure 

deficit (VPD)-sap flow response curves show 

that the CO 2 effect is greatest at low VPD, and that 

sap flow saturation tends to occur at lower VPD 

in CO 2-treated trees. Matching stomatal response 

data, the CO 2 effect was largely produced by Carpinus 

and Fagus, with Quercus contributing little. 

In line with these findings, soil moisture at 10 

cm depth decreased at a slower rate under high- 

CO 2 trees than under control trees during rainless 

periods, with a reversal of this trend during 

prolonged drought when CO 2-treated trees take 

advantage from initial water savings. High-resolution 

thermal images taken at different heights 

above the forest canopy did detect reduced water 

loss through altered energy balance only at < 5 m 

distance (0.44 K leaf warming of CO 2- treated Fa-

90 

gus trees). Short discontinuations of CO 2 supply 

during morning hours had no measurable canopy 

temperature effects, most likely because the stomatal 

effects were small compared with the aerodynamic 

constraints in these dense, broad-leaved 

canopies. Hence, on a seasonal basis, these data 

suggest a < 10% reduction in water consumption 

in this type of forest when the atmosphere reaches 

540% ppm CO 2. 

Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N12, DEC, pp 

2498-2508. 

08.1-142 

Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning 

moment, root-soil plate geometry and root 

growth orientation 

Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences 

Eighty-four mature Norway spruce (Picea abies L. 

Karst), silver fir (Abies alba Mill) and Scots pine 

(Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were winched over to determine 

the maximum resistive turning moment 

(M-a) of the root-soil system, the root-soil plate geometry, 

the azimuthal orientation of root growth, 

and the occurrence of root rot. The calculation of 

M-a, based on digital image tracking of stem deflection, 

accounted not only for the force application 

and its changing geometry, but also for the 

weight of the overhanging tree, representing up 

to 42% of M-a. Root rot reduced M-a significantly 

and was detected in 25% of the Norway spruce and 

5% of the silver fir trees. Excluding trees with root 

rot, differences in M. between species were small 

and insignificant. About 75% of the variance in M. 

could be explained by one of the four variablestree 

mass, stem mass, stem diameter at breast 

height squared times tree height, and stern diameter 

at breast height squared. Among the seven 

allometric variables assessed above ground, stem 

diameter at breast height best described the rootsoil 

plate dimensions, but the correlations were 

weak and the differences between species were 

insignificant. The shape of the root-soil plate was 

well described by a depth-dependent taper model 

with an elliptical cross section. Roots displayed 

a preferred azimuthal orientation of growth in 

the axis of prevailing, winds, and the direction of 

frequent weak winds matched the orientation of 

growth better than that of rare strong winds. The 

lack of difference in anchorage parameters among 

species probably reflects the similar belowground 

growth conditions of the mature trees. 

Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N9, SEP, pp 

1217-1227. 


08.1-143 

Wheat quality in organic and conventional 

farming: results of a 21 year field experiment 

Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T, 

Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H, 

Graf U, Velimirov A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U 

Switzerland, Germany, Austria 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences 

Consumers have become more aware of healthy 

and safe food produced with low environmental 

impact. Organic agriculture is of particular interest 

in this respect, as manifested by 5.768 million 

hectares managed pursuant to Council Regulation 

(EEC) 2092/91 in Europe. However, there can be a 

considerable risk that the avoidance of chemical 

inputs in organic farming will result in poor food 

quality. Here the results of a study on the quality 

of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a 21 

year agrosystem comparison between organic and 

conventional farming in central Europe are reported. 

Wheat was grown in a ley (grass/clover) rotation. 

The 71% lower addition of plant-available 

nitrogen and the reduced input of other means 

of production to the organic field plots led to 14% 

lower wheat yields. However, nutritional value 

(protein content, amino acid composition and 

mineral and trace element contents) and baking 

quality were not affected by the farming systems. 

Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic 

production systems, the quantities of mycotoxins 

detected in wheat grains were low in all systems 

and did not differ. In food preference tests, as an 

integrative method, rats significantly preferred 

organically over conventionally produced wheat. 

The findings indicate that high wheat quality in 

organic farming is achievable by lower inputs, 

thereby safeguarding natural resources. (c) 2007 

Society of Chemical Industry. 

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 

2007, V87, N10, AUG 15, pp 1826-1835. 

08.1-144 

No difference in competitive ability between 

invasive North American and native European 

Lepidium draba populations 

Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L, 

Schwarzlaender M 


Ecology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity 

The evolution of increased competitive ability 

(EICA) hypothesis states that plants introduced 

into a new range experience reduced herbivory, 

which in turn results in a shift in resource allocation 

from herbivore defense to growth. If genotypes 

of an invasive plant species from its native 

and introduced ranges are grown under common


conditions, introduced genotypes are expected 

to grow more vigorously than conspecific native 

genotypes. We tested predictions of the EICA hypothesis 

with the invasive species Lepidium draba 

by comparing the growth of genotypes from 

its native European and introduced western US 

ranges under common conditions. To test potential 

differences in competitive ability, we grew L. 

draba from both continents with either Festuca 

idahoensis, a weak competitor native to North 

America, or Festuca ovina, a strong competitor native 

to Europe. Contrary to EICA predictions, there 

were no differences in the performance of native 

and introduced L. draba, independent of whether 

plants were grown with F. idahoensis, F. ovina, or 

alone. The strong competitor, F. ovina impaired 

the growth of L. draba more than the weak competitor 

F. idahoensis and conversely, F. idahoensis 

was generally more impaired by L. draba than was 

F. ovina. While the native F. idahoensis was equally 

affected by L. draba regardless of range, F. ovina 

was not: US L. draba had a stronger negative effect 

on F. ovina growth than European L. draba. Our 

data suggest that the EICA hypothesis is not suitable 

to explain the invasion success of L. draba in 

the US. Instead, the greater competitive effect of 

L. draba on the North American F. idahoensis and 

the asymmetric competitive effect of L draba from 

different origins on F. ovina may indicate superior 

competitive ability for resources, or the presence 

of allelopathic traits in L. draba, to which plant 

species in non-native ranges are maladapted. 

Plant Ecology, 2007, V193, N2, DEC, pp 293-303. 

08.1-145 

Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid 

rain on growth and water use efficiency of a 

young model forest ecosystem 

Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin 

R 


Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Plant Sciences 

, Forestry , Ecology 

In a 4-year lysimeter experiment, we investigated 

the effects of topsoil heavy metal pollution (3,000 

mg kg(-1) Zn, 640 mg kg(-1) Cu, 90 mg kg(-1) Pb and 

10 mg kg(-1) Cd) and (synthetic) acid rain (pH 3.5) 

on tree growth and water use efficiency of young 

forest ecosystems consisting of Norway spruce (Picea 

abies), willow (Salix viminalis), poplar (Populus 

tremula) and birch (Betula pendula) trees and 

a variety of understorey plants. The treatments 

were applied in a Latin square factorial design 

(contaminated vs uncontaminated topsoil, acidified 

rain vs ambient rain) to 16 open-top chambers, 

with 4 replicates each. Each open-top chamber 

contained two lysimeters, one with a calcareous, 

and the other with acidic subsoil. The four tree 

species responded quite differently to heavy metal 

pollution and type of subsoil. The fine root mass, 

which was only sampled at the end of the experiment 

in 2003, was significantly reduced by heavy 

metal pollution in P. abies, P. tremula and B. pendula, 

but not in S. viminalis. The metal treatment 

responses of above-ground biomass and leaf area 

varied between years. In 2002, the heavy metal 

treatment reduced above-ground biomass and 

leaf area in P. tremula, but not in the other species. 

In 2003, metals did not reduce above-ground 

growth in P. tremula, but did so in the other 

species. It appears that the responses in aboveground 

biomass and leaf area, which paralleled 

each other, were related to changes in the relative 

competitive strength of the various species 

in the two experimental years. S. viminalis gained 

relative to P. tremula in absence of metal stress, 

in particular on calcareous subsoil, while P. abies 

showed the largest increases in growth rates in all 

treatments. Above- and below-ground growth was 

strongly inhibited by acidic subsoil in S. viminalis 

and to a lesser degree also in P. abies. In P. abies, 

this subsoil effect was enhanced by metal stress. 

Acid rain was not found to have any substantial 

effect. Whole-system water use efficiency was reduced 

by metal stress and higher on calcareous 

than on acidic subsoil. 

Plant and Soil, 2007, V297, N1-2, AUG, pp 

171-183. 

08.1-146 

Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and 

polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of 

prey from Switzerland 

Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L, 

Nägeli H 

Belgium, Switzerland 

Zoology , Toxicology 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the structurally 

related polybrominated diphenyl ethers 

(PBDEs) have been associated with chronic neurotoxicity 

involving reduced motor activity and 

impaired attentiveness. Such fleurobehavioral 

effects indicate that the central nervous system 

may represent an important target organ for the 

action of these persistent contaminants in wildlife. 

As a consequence, the brain of different terrestrial 

and aquatic birds collected in Switzerland 

was analysed for PCBs and PBDEs. In parallel, the 

same contaminants were examined in the accompanying 

adipose tissue. After clean-up by means 

of glass columns containing acidified silica, deactivated 

alumina and anhydrous sodium sulphate,

92 

the samples were analysed by high resolution 

gas chromatography /tandem mass spectrometry 

(HRGC-MS/MS). Median PCB concentrations in the 

brain (sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118, 

PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180) ranged between 

13 ng g (-1) wet weight (ww) in blackbirds (Turdus 

merula) and 428 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks (Accipiter 

nisus). Median PBDE concentrations in the 

brain (sum of BDE 28, BDE 47, BIDE 99, BDE 100, 

BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 183) ranged from below 

the decision limit in buzzards (Buteo buteo) and 

blackbirds, to 14 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks. 

After correction for the respective lipid content, 

higher PCB or PBDE concentrations in brain compared 

to adipose tissue, were found in three sparrow 

hawks, four buzzards and in all investigated 

blackbirds. These results suggest that a deficit in 

the neuroprotective function of the blood-brain 

barrier may cause unexpected levels of PCBs and 

PBDEs in the central nervous system. 

Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N5, JUN, pp 977-987. 

08.1-147 

Effects of experimental lead pollution on the 

microbial communities associated with Sphagnum 

fallax (Bryophyta) 

Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P 

M, Bernard N 

France, Switzerland 

Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture, 

Soil Sciences , Toxicology 

Ecotoxicological studies usually focus on single 

microbial species under controlled conditions. 

As a result, little is known about the responses 

of different microbial functional groups or individual 

species to stresses. In an aim to assess the 

response of complex microbial communities to 

pollution in their natural habitat, we studied the 

effect of a simulated lead pollution on the microbial 

community (bacteria, cyanobacteria, protists, 

fungi, and micrometazoa) living on Sphagnum 

fallax. Mosses were grown in the laboratory with 

0 (control), 625, and 2,500 µg L-1 of Pb2+ diluted 

in a standard nutrient solution and were sampled 

after 0, 6, 12, and 20 weeks. The biomasses of bacteria, 

microalgae, testate amoebae, and ciliates 

were dramatically and significantly decreased in 

both Pb addition treatments after 6, 12, and 20 

weeks in comparison with the control. The biomass 

of cyanobacteria declined after 6 and 12 

weeks in the highest Pb treatment. The biomasses 

of fungi, rotifers, and nematodes decreased along 

the duration of the experiment but were not significantly 

affected by lead addition. Consequently, 

the total microbial biomass was lower for both Pb 

addition treatments after 12 and 20 weeks than 


in the controls. The community structure was 

strongly modified due to changes in the densities 

of testate amoebae and ciliates, whereas the 

relative contribution of bacteria to the microbial 

biomass was stable. Differences in responses 

among the microbial groups suggest changes in 

the trophic links among them. The correlation between 

the biomass of bacteria and that of ciliates 

or testate amoebae increased with increasing Pb 

loading. We interpret this result as an effect on 

the grazing pathways of these predators and by 

the Pb effect on other potential prey (i.e., smaller 

protists) . The community approach used here 

complements classical ecotoxicological studies by 

providing clues to the complex effect of pollutantaffecting 

organisms both directly and indirectly 

through trophic effects and could potentially find 

applications for pollution monitoring. 

Microbial Ecology, 2007, V54, N2, AUG, pp 

232-241. 

08.1-148 

High specificity but contrasting biodiversity 

of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant 

communities in bog ecosystems independent 

of the geographical region 

Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G 

Austria, Switzerland 

Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences 

Mosses represent ecological niches that harbor a 

hitherto largely uncharacterized microbial diversity. 

To investigate which factors affect the biodiversity 

of bryophyte-associated bacteria, we analyzed 

the bacterial communities associated with 

two moss species, which exhibit different ecological 

behaviors and importance in bog ecosystems, 

Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum fallax, 

from six temperate and boreal bogs in Germany 

and Norway. Furthermore, their surrounding 

plant communities were studied. Molecular analysis 

of bacterial communities was determined by 

single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) 

analysis using eubacterial and genus-specific 

primers for the dominant genera Burkholderia 

and Serratia as well as by sequence analysis of a 

Burkholderia 16S rRNA gene clone library. Plant 

communities were analyzed by monitoring the 

abundance and composition of bryophyte and vascular 

plant species, and by determining ecological 

indicator values. Interestingly, we found a high 

degree of host specificity for associated bacterial 

and plant communities of both Sphagnum species 

independent of the geographical region. Calculation 

of diversity indices on the basis of SSCP 

gels showed that the S. fallax-associated communities 

displayed a statistically significant higher


degree of diversity than those associated with S. 

magellanicum. In contrast, analyses of plant communities 

of Sphagnum-specific habitats resulted 

in a higher diversity of S. magellanicum-specific 

habitats for all six sites. The higher content of nutrients 

in the S. fallax-associated ecosystems can 

explain higher diversity of microorganisms. 

Isme Journal, 2007, V1, N6, OCT, pp 502-516. 

08.1-149 

Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in 

relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife 

(Canary Islands) 

Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F 

Spain, Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology 

The results of the first study of land use changes 

between 1964 and 1992 in Southern Tenerife 

(Canary Islands) are presented and discussed in 

relation to the general socio-economic processes 

and the current nature conservation policy. The 

analysis of five main land use types with a geographic 

information system (GIS) revealed that 

the and coastal landscape has been dramatically 

transformed during the past decades due to the 

increase of mass tourism and the intensification 

of agriculture, resulting in a large-scale destruction 

of the coastal scrub, the natural, endemicrich 

vegetation. Between 1964 and 1992, the area 

occupied by irrigated crops increased strongly due 

to the transition from tomato to banana production. 

During the same period of time, the amount 

of abandoned farmland as well as the area used 

for housing and infrastructure increased markedly, 

the latter by more than 20 times. In nature 

reserves, most of the natural vegetation has survived 

but only in a degraded state, mainly due to 

recreation activities and illegal waste dumping. In 

unprotected areas, by contrast, 60% of the natural 

vegetation was lost between 1964 and 1992, 

and 86% of the native vegatation of recent lava 

flows. The results show that the current practice 

of protecting comparatively small natural areas is 

not sufficient to stop the massive destruction of 

natural vegetation. Surprisingly and disturbingly, 

there is evidence, that a substantial part (40%) of 

these losses could easily have been avoided by better 

environmental planning. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. 

All rights reserved. 

Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, V70, N3, AUG, 

pp 527-539. 

08.1-150 

Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum 

vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence 

OLKJIP under drought stress and re- watering 

Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J 

Switzerland, Morocco 

Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology 

The main objective of this study was to evaluate 

the effects of drought and re-watering on 10 varieties 

of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating 

from Morocco. Five varieties obtained from the 

National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) 

of Morocco and five landraces (local varieties defined 

by high stress tolerance, high yield stability, 

an intermediate yield and low-input demand) 

collected at five localities in the south of Morocco 

were used in the present study. After 2 weeks of 

growth, drought stress was initiated by withholding 

water for 2 weeks followed by 1 week of re-watering. 

The polyphasic OJIP fluorescence transient 

was used to evaluate photosystem, II (PSII) criteria 

at the end of the first week of drought stress (moderate 

drought), at the end of the second week (severe 

drought) and the end of the recovery phase. 

Drought and re- watering had little effect on the 

maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry 

phi(Po)(=F-V/F-M). The photosynthetic performance 

index (PI) is the product of an antenna, 

reaction center and electron transport dependent 

parameter. It revealed differences between varieties 

as a function of drought and re-watering. For 

the screening for drought stress tolerance, changes 

in the PI during a 2-week drought stress treatment 

were analysed and a new parameter was defined: 

the drought factor index (DFI) = log(PIweek 

1/PIcontrol) + 2 log(PIweek 2/PIcontrol). The DFI of 

the tested varieties correlated with their drought 

tolerance. Another parameter that was analysed 

was the relative water content. It decreased during 

the drought stress treatment varying between 61% 

and 78.2% at the end of the drought period. During 

the subsequent recovery period, it increased in 

a species-dependent manner (65.1-94.1%). A third 

parameter studied were changes in the initial 

fluorescence rise. The fluorescence rise during the 

first 300 µs (L-band) can give information on the 

energetic connectivity between PSII units whereas 

changes in the rise during the first 2 ms (K-band) 

offer information on developing limitations on 

the donor side of PSII. Changes in respectively the 

L and K-bands of the fluorescence transients OJIP 

were shown to have predictive value with respect 

to the vitality of leaves and the tolerance of the 

varieties to drought stress. 

Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2007, 

V60, N3, JUL, pp 438-446.

94 

08.1-151 

Integrating environmental and economic 

performance to assess modern silvoarable 

agroforestry in Europe 

Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W, 

Herzog F 

Switzerland, England, Netherlands 


Economics 

The environmental and economic performance 

of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe is highly 

variable. Multi-criteria analysis, using the PRO- 

METHEE outranking approach, was used to evaluate 

the integrated performance of silvoarable 

agroforestry on hypothetical farms in nineteen 

landscape test sites in Spain, France, and The 

Netherlands. The silvoarable scenarios allocated a 

proportion of the hypothetical farms (10 or 50%) 

to silvoarable agroforestry at two different tree 

densities (50 or 113 trees ha(-1)) on two different 

qualities of land (best or worst quality land). The 

status quo (conventional arable farming) was also 

assessed for comparison. The criteria used in the 

evaluation (soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon 

sequestration, landscape biodiversity, and 

infinite net present value) were assessed at each 

landscape test site; infinite net present value was 

assessed under six levels of government support. 

In France, the analysis showed, assuming equal 

weighting between environmental and economic 

performance, that silvoarable agroforestry was 

preferable to conventional arable farming. The 

best results were observed when agroforestry was 

implemented on 50% of the highest quality land 

on the farm; the effect of tree density (50113 trees 

ha(-1)) was small. By contrast, in Spain and The 

Netherlands, the consistently greater profitability 

of conventional arable agriculture relative to 

the agroforestry alternatives made overall performance 

of agroforestry systems dependent on the 

proportion of the farm planted, and the tree density 

and land quality used. 

Ecological Economics, 2007, V63, N4, SEP 15, pp 

759-767. 

08.1-152 

The odd man out? Might climate explain the 

lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests 

relative to Amazonian rain forests? 

Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J, 

Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers 

F, Chatelain C, Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem 

M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D, 

Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka L A, Leal M E, 

Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh 

K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S M, 


Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine 

M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van 

Valkenburg J L C H, Wöll H 

Belgium, England, USA, Cameroon, Cote Ivoire, 

Switzerland, Gabon, Ghana, Indonesia, Netherlands, 

Scotland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Forestry , 

Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity 

1. Comparative analyses of diversity variation 

among and between regions allow testing of alternative 

explanatory models and ideas. Here, we 

explore the relationships between the tree alphadiversity 

of small rain forest plots in Africa and 

in Amazonia and climatic variables, to test the 

explanatory power of climate and the consistency 

of relationships between the two continents. 2. 

Our analysis included 1003 African plots and 512 

Amazonian plots. All are located in old-growth primary 

non-flooded forest under 900 m altitude. Tree 

alpha-diversity is estimated using Fisher’s alpha calculated 

for trees with diameter at breast height >= 

10 cm. Mean diversity values are lower in Africa by a 

factor of two. 3. Climate-diversity analyses are based 

on data aggregated for grid cells of 2.5 x 2.5 km. The 

highest Fisher’s alpha values are found in Amazonian 

forests with no climatic analogue in our African 

data set. When the analysis is restricted to pixels of 

directly comparable climate, the mean diversity of 

African forests is still much lower than that in Amazonia. 

Only in regions of low mean annual rainfall 

and temperature is mean diversity in African forests 

comparable with, or superior to, the diversity in 

Amazonia. 4. The climatic variables best correlated 

with the tree alpha- diversity are largely different 

in the African and Amazonian data, or correlate 

with African and Amazonian diversity in opposite 

directions. 5. These differences in the relationship 

between local/landscape- scale alpha-diversity and 

climate variables between the two continents point 

to the possible significance of an array of factors 

including: macro-scale climate differences between 

the two regions, overall size of the respective species 

pools, past climate variation, other forms of 

long-term and short-term environmental variation, 

and edaphics. We speculate that the lower alpha-diversity 

of African lowland rain forests reported here 

may be in part a function of the smaller regional 

species pool of tree species adapted to warm, wet 

conditions. 6. Our results point to the importance 

of controlling for variation in plot size and for gross 

differences in regional climates when undertaking 

comparative analyses between regions of how local 

diversity of forest varies in relation to other putative 

controlling factors. 

Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N5, SEP, pp 

1058-1071.


08.1-153 

Are the living collections of the world’s 

botanical gardens following species-richness 

patterns observed in natural ecosystems? 

Pautasso M, Parmentier I 

England, Switzerland, Belgium 

Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Urban 

Studies 

Botanical gardens aim to promote the awareness, 

study and conservation of plant species diversity, 

but little is known about the species diversity of 

botanical gardens themselves. We therefore investigated 

whether the species richness of the 

world’s botanical gardens is related to their size, 

age and geographical location by compiling data 

from gardens in 124 different countries. The data 

show that even in these highly managed ecosystems, 

species richness can be described in terms of 

a relatively small number of large-scale patterns. 

As with most natural ecosystems, there were positive 

species-area and species-age relationships. 

There was also a positive latitudinal gradient in 

species richness, which contrasts with the trend 

observed in natural ecosystems. This discrepancy 

may be due to the use of heated greenhouses at 

high latitudes, the rarity of old botanical gardens 

in the tropics, and the problem of poverty in developing 

countries, where most hotspots of plant 

biodiversity are located. There is thus a need to allocate 

more funds to botanical gardens in speciesrich 

regions. This study also calls for an increase 

in the coordination of data management between 

botanical gardens. 


15-28. 

08.1-154 

Common species determine richness patterns 

in biodiversity indicator taxa 

Pearman P B, Weber D 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , Plant Sciences 

Identification of spatial patterns of species diversity 

is a central problem in conservation biology, 

with the patterns having implications for 

the design of biodiversity monitoring programs. 

Nonetheless, there are few field data with which 

to examine whether variation in species richness 

represents consistent correlations among taxa in 

the richness of rare or common species, or the 

relative importance of common and rare species 

in establishing trends in species richness within 

taxa. We used field data on three higher taxa 

(birds, butterflies, vascular plants) to examine the 

correlation of species richness among taxa and 

the contribution of rare and common species to 

these correlations. We used graphical analysis to 

compare the contributions to spatial variation in 

species richness by widely- distributed (‘common’) 

and sparsely- distributed (‘rare’) species. The data 

came from the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring Program, 

which is national in scope and based on a 

randomly located, regular sampling grid of 1 kM2 

cells, a scale relevant to real-world monitoring 

and managerrient. We found that the correlation 

of species richness between groups of rare and 

common species varies among higher taxa, with 

butterflies exhibiting the highest levels of correlation. 

Species richness of common species is consistently 

positively correlated among these three 

taxa, but in no case exceeded 0.69. Spatial patterns 

of species richness are determined mainly 

by common species, in agreement with coarse resolution 

studies, but the contribution of rare species 

to variation in species richness varies within 

the study area in accordance with elevation. our 

analyses suggest that spatial patterns in species 

richness can be described by sampling widely distributed 

species alone. Butterflies differ from the 

other two taxa in that the richness of red-listed 

species and other rare species is correlated with 

overall butterfly species richness. Monitoring of 

butterfly species richness may provide information 

on rare butterflies and on species richness of 

other taxa as well. 

Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N1-2, AUG, 

pp 109-119. 

08.1-155 

Earthworm populations in two low-input 

cereal farming systems 

Pfiffner L, Luka H 

Switzerland 


Earthworm populations in low-input integrated 

crop management (ICM: no application of insecticides, 

fungicides and growth regulators) and organic 

farming systems were compared. The study 

was performed as a 3-year field survey using a 

paired-farm approach in six different locations in 

northwestern Switzerland. Earthworms were extracted 

from soils sampled from 24 winter cereal 

fields using a combined method of extraction by 

mustard flour solution and handsorting. Earthworm 

communities differed between these farming 

systems. Over all sites, the mean biomass, abundance 

and species richness of earthworms found 

in the low-input ICM fields were significantly lower 

than in the organic fields. Adult earthworms 

in organic fields were 114% more abundant than 

in ICM fields, but the frequencies of most species 

within the respective systems were similar in both

96 

farming systems. The numbers of earthworm species 

and juveniles were higher in organic fields. 

Five species - Lumbricus terrestris (L.), Nicodrilus 

longus (Ude), Nicodrilus nocturnus (Evans), Nicodrilus 

caliginosus (Sav.) and Allolobo-phora rosea 

(Sav.) - were significantly more numerous in the 

organic fields than in the ICM fields. Multivariate 

analysis showed that the farming system explained 

most of the variance and was found to be 

the key factor in altering the earthworm fauna. 

Late ploughing in autumn was found to have a 

major negative effect on earthworm abundance, 

irrespective of the farming system. Farming practices 

that differ between these farming systems 

and may considerably influence earthworm populations 

and diversity are discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier 

B.V. All rights reserved. 

Applied Soil Ecology, 2007, V37, N3, NOV, pp 

184-191. 

08.1-156 

Combining probabilistic land-use change and 

tree population dynamics modelling to simulate 

responses in mountain forests 

Rickebusch S, Gellrich M, Lischke H, Guisan A, Zimmermann 

N E 

Switzerland 


Altitudinal tree lines are mainly constrained by 

temperature, but can also be influenced by factors 

such as human activity, particularly in the European 

Alps, where centuries of agricultural use have 

affected the tree-line. Over the last decades this 

trend has been reversed due to changing agricultural 

practices and land-abandonment. We aimed 

to combine a statistical land-abandonment model 

with a forest dynamics model, to take into account 

the combined effects of climate and human 

land-use on the Alpine tree-line in Switzerland. 

Land-abandonment probability was expressed by 

a logistic regression function of degree-day sum, 

distance from forest edge, soil stoniness, slope, 

proportion of employees in the secondary and tertiary 

sectors, proportion of commuters and proportion 

of full-time farms. This was implemented 

in the TreeMig spatio-temporal forest model. Distance 

from forest edge and degree-day sum vary 

through feed-back from the dynamics part of 

TreeMig and climate change scenarios, while the 

other variables remain constant for each grid cell 

over time. The new model, TreeMig-LAb, was tested 

on theoretical landscapes, where the variables 

in the land-abandonment model were varied one 

by one. This confirmed the strong influence of distance 

from forest and slope on the abandonment 

probability. Degree-day sum has a more complex 


role, with opposite influences on land-abandonment 

and forest growth. TreeMig-LAb was also applied 

to a case study area in the Upper Engadine 

(Swiss Alps), along with a model where abandonment 

probability was a constant. Two scenarios 

were used: natural succession only (100% probability) 

and a probability of abandonment based 

on past transition proportions in that area (2.1% 

per decade). The former showed new forest growing 

in all but the highest-altitude locations. The 

latter was more realistic as to numbers of newly 

forested cells, but their location was random and 

the resulting landscape heterogeneous. Using the 

logistic regression model gave results consistent 

with observed patterns of land-abandonment: existing 

forests expanded and gaps closed, leading 

to an increasingly homogeneous landscape. 

Ecological Modelling, 2007, V209, N2-4, DEC 16, 

pp 157-168. 

08.1-157 

Understanding the low-temperature limitations 

to forest growth through calibration of a 

forest dynamics model with tree-ring data 

Rickebusch S, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Guisan A, 

Zimmermann N E 

Switzerland 


Modelling , Plant Sciences 

The sensitivity of altitudinal and latitudinal treeline 

ecotones to climate change, particularly that 

of temperature, has received much attention. To 

improve our understanding of the factors affecting 

tree-line position, we used the spatially explicit 

dynamic forest model TreeMig. Although 

well-suited because of its landscape dynamics 

functions, TreeMig features a parabolic temperature 

growth response curve, which has recently 

been questioned. and the species parameters are 

not specifically calibrated for cold temperatures. 

Our main goals were to improve the theoretical 

basis of the temperature growth response curve 

in the model and develop a method for deriving 

that curve’s parameters from tree-ring data. We 

replaced the parabola with an asymptotic curve, 

calibrated for the main species at the subalpine 

(Swiss Alps: Pinus cembra, Larix decidua, Picea 

abies) and boreal (Fennoscandia: Pinus sylvestris, 

Betula pubescens, P. abies) tree-lines. After fitting 

new parameters, the growth curve matched observed 

tree- ring widths better. For the subalpine 

species, the minimum degree-day sum allowing, 

growth (kDDMin) was lowered by around 100 

degree-days; in the case of Larix, the maximum 

potential ring-width was increased to 5.19 mm. At 

the boreal tree-line, the kDDMin for P. sylvestris


was lowered by 210 degree-days and its maximum 

ring-width increased to 2.943 mm; for Betula (new 

in the model) kDDMin was set to 325 degree- days 

and the maximum ring-width to 2.51 mm; the 

values from the only boreal sample site for Picea 

were similar to the subalpine ones, so the same 

parameters were used. However, adjusting the 

growth response alone did not improve the model’s 

output concerning species’ distributions and 

their relative importance at tree-line. Minimum 

winter temperature (MinWiT, mean of the coldest 

winter month), which controls seedling establishment 

in TreeMig, proved more important for 

determining distribution. Picea, P. sylvestris and 

Betula did not previously have minimum winter 

temperature limits, so these values were set to the 

95th percentile of each species’ coldest MinWiT 

site (respectively -7, -11, -13). In a case study for the 

Alps, the original and newly calibrated versions of 

TreeMig were compared with biomass data from 

the National Forest Inventor), (NFI). Both models 

gave similar, reasonably realistic results. In conclusion, 

this method of deriving temperature responses 

from tree-rings works well. However, regeneration 

and its underlying factors seem more 

important for controlling species’ distributions 

than previously thought. More research on regeneration 

ecology, especially at the upper limit of 

forests. is needed to improve predictions of treeline 

responses to climate change further. 

Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, V246, 

N2-3, JUL 31, pp 251-263. 

08.1-158 

Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on 

decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally 

heterogeneous grassland 

Risch A C, Jurgensen M F, Frank D A 


Plant Sciences , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

Grazing and seasonal variation in precipitation 

and temperature are important controls of soil 

and plant processes in grasslands. As these ecosystems 

store up to 30% of the world’s belowground 

carbon (C), it is important to understand how 

this variability affects mineral soil C pools/fluxes, 

and how C cycling might be affected by changes 

in precipitation and temperature, due to climate 

change. The aim of this study was to investigate 

the effects of grazing and differences in soil temperature 

and moisture on standard organic matter 

(OM) decomposition rates (cotton cloth) incubated 

in the top 10 cm soil of grasslands with 

variable topography in Yellowstone National Park 

(YNP) during the 2004 growing season. Grazing 

did not affect soil temperature, moisture, cot- 

ton cloth decomposition rates, soil bulk density, 

soil C and N concentrations, or soil C:N ratios. 

However, a large spatio-temporal variability in 

decomposition was observed: cotton cloth decomposition 

was positively related to soil moisture 

and soil C and N concentrations, and negatively 

to soil temperature. Highest decomposition rates 

were found in wetter slope bottom soils (season 

averages of decomposition given as rate of decomposition 

(cotton rotting rate=CRR)=23-26%) and 

lower rates in drier, hill-top soils (season averages, 

CRR=20%). Significantly higher decomposition 

rates were recorded in spring, early summer and 

early fall when soils were moist and cool (spring, 

CRR=25%; early summer, CRR=26%; fall, CRR=20%) 

compared to mid-summer (CRR=18%) when soils 

were dry and warm. Our findings suggest that 

climate-change related decreases in precipitation 

and increases in temperature predicted for North 

American grasslands would decrease soil OM decomposition 

in YNP, which contrasts the general 

assumption that increases in temperature would 

accelerate OM decomposition rates. 

Plant and Soil, 2007, V298, N1-2, SEP, pp 191-201. 

08.1-159 

Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant 

diversity and species composition in subalpine 

forest belt 

Rixen C, Haag S, Kulakowski D, Bebi P 


Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Forestry , 

Cryology / Glaciology 

Background: Disturbances by avalanches have 

created unique habitats for animals and plants 

in subalpine ecosystems worldwide, but at the 

same time avalanches can pose a major threat 

to humans. Thus, avalanches are suppressed by 

means of avalanche barriers to protect settlements 

and infrastructures in populated areas of 

the European Alps. As a consequence, the disturbance 

regime in avalanche tracks has fundamentally 

changed. Methods: In the present study we 

address ecological consequences of avalanche 

suppression on plant diversity. We analysed plant 

diversity and species composition in recent and 

old avalanche tracks with and without avalanche 

suppression and in undisturbed adjacent forests 

at high and low elevations. Results: The number 

of species was higher in both active and inactive 

avalanche tracks as compared to undisturbed subalpine 

forest. The species composition indicated 

a wider range of ecological niches in active than 

in inactive avalanche tracks. The vegetation from 

active tracks showed lower indicator values for 

temperature and nitrogen availability. The pro-

98 

portion of alpine species was lower in formerly 

active tracks. Conclusions: The conditions that 

exist in active avalanche tracks increase plant 

diversity in relation to undisturbed forest. In the 

few decades following avalanche suppression, species 

composition changes in tracks from which 

avalanches have been excluded. Continued suppression 

of avalanche disturbance may lead to a 

decline in plant and habitat diversity. Avalanche 

disturbance can exert an important influence on 

the biodiversity of subalpine forests and provide 

important habitats. Anthropogenic changes in 

the natural regime of avalanche disturbance are 

likely to contribute significantly to future landscape 

changes in subalpine forests. 

Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N5, OCT, 

pp 735-A7. 

08.1-160 

The Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology 

Roedenbeck I A, Fahrig L, Findlay C S, Houlahan J E, 

Jäger J, Klar N, Kramer Schadt S, van der Grift E A 

Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Netherlands 

Ecology , Biodiversity , Zoology , Social Sciences 

Despite the documented negative effects of roads 

on wildlife, ecological research on road effects 

has had comparatively little influence on road 

planning decisions. We argue that road research 

would have a larger impact if researchers carefully 

considered the relevance of the research 

questions addressed and the inferential strength 

of the studies undertaken. At a workshop at the 

German castle of Rauischholzhausen we identified 

five particularly relevant questions, which 

we suggest provide the framework for a research 

agenda for road ecology: (1) Under what circumstances 

do roads affect population persistence? (2) 

What is the relative importance of road effects vs. 

other effects on population persistence? (3) Under 

what circumstances can road effects be mitigated? 

(4) What is the relative importance of the 

different mechanisms by which roads affect population 

persistence? (5) Under what circumstances 

do road networks affect population persistence at 

the landscape scale? We recommend experimental 

designs that maximize inferential strength, 

given existing constraints, and we provide hypothetical 

examples of such experiments for each of 

the five research questions. In general, manipulative 

experiments have higher inferential strength 

than do nonmanipulative experiments, and full 

before-after-control- impact designs are preferable 

to before-after or control-impact designs. Finally, 

we argue that both scientists and planners must 

be aware of the limits to inferential strength that 


exist for a given research question in a given situation. 

In particular, when the maximum inferential 

strength of any feasible design is low, decision 

makers must not demand stronger evidence before 

incorporating research results into the planning 

process, even though the level of uncertainty 

may be high. 

Ecology and Society, 2007, V12, N1, JUN ARTN: 11. 

08.1-161 

Detecting the role of individual species for 

overyielding in experimental grassland communities 

composed of potentially dominant 

species 

Roscher C, Schumacher J, Weisser W W, Schmid B, 

Schulze E D 


Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Several studies have shown that the contribution 

of individual species to the positive relationship 

between species richness and community biomass 

production cannot be easily predicted from 

species monocultures. Here, we used a biodiversity 

experiment with a pool of nine potentially 

dominant grassland species to relate the species 

richness-productivity relationship to responses in 

density, size and aboveground allocation patterns 

of individual species. Aboveground community 

biomass increased strongly with the transition 

from monocultures to two-species mixtures but 

only slightly with the transition from two- to ninespecies 

mixtures. Tripartite partitioning showed 

that the strong increase shown by the former was 

due to trait-independent complementarity effects, 

while the slight increase shown by the latter 

was due to dominance effects. Trait- dependent 

complementarity effects depended on species 

composition. Relative yield total (RYT) was greater 

than 1 (RYT > 1) in mixtures but did not increase 

with species richness, which is consistent with 

the constant complementarity effect. The relative 

yield (RY) of only one species, Arrhenatherum elatius, 

continually increased with species richness, 

while those of the other species studied decreased 

with species richness or varied among different 

species compositions within richness levels. High 

observed/expected RYs (RYo/RYe > 1) of individual 

species were mainly due to increased module densities, 

whereas low observed/expected RYs (RYo/ 

RYe < 1) were due to more pronounced decreases 

in module density (species with stoloniferous or 

creeping growth) or module size (species with 

clearly-defined plant individuals). The trade-off 

between module density and size, typical for 

plant populations under the law of constant final 

yield, was compensated among species. The posi-


tive trait-independent complementarity effect 

could be explained by an increase in community 

module density, which reached a maximum at 

low species richness. In contrast, the increasing 

dominance effect was attributable to the speciesspecific 

ability, in particular that of A. elatius, to 

increase module size, while intrinsic growth limitations 

led to a suppression of the remaining species 

in many mixtures. 

Oecologia, 2007, V154, N3, DEC, pp 535-549. 

08.1-162 

A Bayesian state-space formulation of dynamic 

occupancy models 

Royle J A, Kery M 


Modelling , Zoology , Instruments & Instrumentation 

, Ecology 

Species occurrence and its dynamic components, 

extinction and colonization probabilities, are focal 

quantities in biogeography and metapopulation 

biology, and for species conservation assessments. 

It has been increasingly appreciated that 

these parameters must be estimated separately 

from detection probability to avoid the biases induced 

by nondetection error. Hence, there is now 

considerable theoretical and practical interest in 

dynamic occupancy models that contain explicit 

representations of metapopulation dynamics 

such as extinction, colonization, and turnover as 

well as growth rates. We describe a hierarchical 

parameterization of these models that is analogous 

to the state-space formulation of models in 

time series, where the model is represented by 

two components, one for the partially observable 

occupancy process and another for the observations 

conditional on that process. This parameterization 

naturally allows estimation of all parameters 

of the conventional approach to occupancy 

models, but in addition, yields great flexibility 

and extensibility, e.g., to modeling heterogeneity 

or latent structure in model parameters. We 

also highlight the important distinction between 

population and finite sample inference; the latter 

yields much more precise estimates for the particular 

sample at hand. Finite sample estimates can 

easily be obtained using the state-space representation 

of the model but are difficult to obtain under 

the conventional approach of likelihood-based 

estimation. We use R and Win BUGS to apply the 

model to two examples. In a standard analysis for 

the European Crossbill in a large Swiss monitoring 

program, we fit a model with year-specific 

parameters. Estimates of the dynamic parameters 

varied greatly among years, highlighting the irruptive 

population dynamics of that species. In 

the second example, we analyze route occupancy 

of Cerulean Warblers in the North American 

Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) using a model allowing 

for site-specific heterogeneity in model parameters. 

The results indicate relatively low turnover 

and a stable distribution of Cerulean Warblers 

which is in contrast to analyses of counts of individuals 

from the same survey that indicate important 

declines. This discrepancy illustrates the 

inertia in occupancy relative to actual abundance. 

Furthermore, the model reveals a declining patch 

survival probability, and increasing turnover, toward 

the edge of the range of the species, which is 

consistent with metapopulation perspectives on 

the genesis of range edges. Given detection/nondetection 

data, dynamic occupancy models as described 

here have considerable potential for the 

study of distributions and range dynamics. 

Ecology, 2007, V88, N7, JUL, pp 1813-1823. 

08.1-163 

Microsatellite diversity of the agriculturally 

important alpine grass Poa alpina in relation 

to land use and natural environment 

Rudmann Maurer K, Weyand A, Fischer M, 

Stöcklin J 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , 


Background and Aims The Alpine Meadow Grass 

Poa alpina is common in subalpine and alpine natural 

sites and agriculturally used land, where it is 

an important fodder grass. Natural factors and human 

land use are supposed to have been shaping 

its genetic diversity for hundreds of years. The species 

comprises sexually and vegetatively reproducing 

plants. The aim of this study was to investigate 

the effects of agricultural land use, environmental 

factors and the mode of reproduction on the 

distribution of its microsatellite diversity within 

and among populations and to analyse whether 

its genetic diversity is correlated with plant species 

diversity in grassland parcels. Methods Genetic 

diversity of P. alpina was assessed with five 

microsatellite markers for 569 plants originating 

from 20 natural sites and from 54 grassland parcels 

of different cultural tradition, land use and 

altitude in the Swiss Alps. Due to polyploidy and 

frequent aneuploidy of the species, data analyses 

were based on the presence of microsatellite 

bands. Key Results A low but significant differentiation 

was found in microsatellite bands among 

natural sites and agriculturally used parcels, while 

their microsatellite band diversity within populations 

did not differ. An increased differentiation 

was found in microsatellite bands with increas-

100 

ing geographic distance among parcels, and a 

differentiation among grazed and mown parcels, 

and among sexually and vegetatively reproducing 

populations. Band richness of sampled plants per 

village was higher for villages where parcels represented 

more different land-use types. Within 

populations, microsatellite band diversity was 

higher in grazed than in mown parcels. Conclusions 

The diversity of human land use in the Alps 

was associated with genetic diversity of P. alpina. 

Therefore, the ongoing socio-economically motivated 

land-use changes, which reduce the number 

of different land-use types, will affect the genetic 

diversity of P. alpina negatively. 

Annals of Botany, 2007, V100, N6, NOV, pp 

1249-1258. 

08.1-164 

Recent decline in precipitation and tree 

growth in the eastern Mediterranean 

Sarris D, Christodoulakis D, Körner C 

Greece, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences 

, Forestry 

We present evidence of a recent drying in the 

eastern Mediterranean, based on weather and 

tree-ring data for Samos, an island of the eastern 

Aegean Sea. Rainfall declined rapidly after the 

late 1970s following trends for the entire Mediterranean 

and was associated with reduced tree-ring 

width in Pinus brutia. The most recent decline 

led to the lowest annual radial stem increment 

after the last 100 years (as far as records reach). 

As moisture availability decreased best correlations 

of tree growth with rainfall were obtained 

for progressively longer integration periods (1-2 

years in moister periods, 5-6 years during the severe 

dryness of 20th century’s last decades), suggesting 

increasing dependency in deep soil water. 

Such long-term integration periods of tree-growth 

responses to precipitation have not been reported 

before. They may reflect a tree- rooting pattern 

adapted to cope with even several successive dry 

years. In late summer 2000, moisture reserves became 

exhausted, however, and a substantial fraction 

of low altitude pines died, including some 

80-year-old trees, which underlines the exceptional 

extent this trend had reached. Our findings 

provide empirical support for Intergovernmental 

Panel on Climate Change projections derived 

from global circulation models that the Mediterranean, 

its eastern basin in particular, should become 

drier as temperature rises, as was the case in 

the recent past. 

Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N6, JUN, pp 

1187-1200. 


08.1-165 

Modeling the forest transition: Forest scarcity 

and ecosystem service hypotheses 

Satake A, Rudel T K 


Modelling , Forestry , Social Sciences , Ecology , 

Economics 

An historical generalization about forest cover 

change in which rapid deforestation gives way 

over time to forest restoration is called “the forest 

transition.” Prior research on the forest transition 

leaves three important questions unanswered: 

(1) How does forest loss influence an individual 

landowner’s incentives to reforest? (2) How does 

the forest recovery rate affect the likelihood of 

forest transition? (3) What happens after the forest 

transition occurs? The purpose of this paper is 

to develop a minimum model of the forest transition 

to answer these questions. We assume that 

deforestation caused by landowners’ decisions 

and forest regeneration initiated by agricultural 

abandonment have aggregated effects that characterize 

entire landscapes. These effects include 

feedback mechanisms called the “forest scarcity” 

and “ecosystem service” hypotheses. In the forest 

scarcity hypothesis, forest losses make forest products 

scarcer, which increases the economic value 

of forests. In the ecosystem service hypothesis, the 

environmental degradation that accompanies the 

loss of forests causes the value of ecosystem services 

provided by forests to decline. We examined the 

impact of each mechanism on the likelihood of 

forest transition through an investigation of the 

equilibrium and stability of landscape dynamics. 

We found that the forest transition occurs only 

when landowners employ a low rate of future discounting. 

After the forest transition, regenerated 

forests are protected in a sustainable way if forests 

regenerate slowly. When forests regenerate rapidly, 

the forest scarcity hypothesis expects instability 

in which cycles of large- scale deforestation 

followed by forest regeneration repeatedly characterize 

the landscape. In contrast, the ecosystem 

service hypothesis predicts a catastrophic shift 

from a forested to an abandoned landscape when 

the amount of deforestation exceeds the critical 

level, which can lead to a resource degrading 

poverty trap. These findings imply that incentives 

for forest conservation seem stronger in settings 

where forests regenerate slowly as well as when 

decision makers value the future. 

Ecological Applications, 2007, V17, N7, OCT, pp 

2024-2036.


08.1-166 

Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat 

species calls for a reassessment of their conservation 

status 

Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel A H, Arlettaz R 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Ecology , Biodiversity , Zoology 

It is difficult to establish conservation priorities 

for cryptic species when their ecological requirements 

are confounded by problems with species 

identification. In some cases, such as Chiroptera, 

cryptic taxa may actually consist of both widespread, 

abundant species and localized, rare species. 

Discrimination between these species may 

be facilitated by phenotypic, species-specific traits 

such as echolocation calls. Echolocation studies 

supported by genetic data have revealed that 

one of the most abundant bat species in Europe 

actually consists of two cryptic species: Pipistrellus 

pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus. We recorded 

echolocation calls from both species along road 

transects in Switzerland to study their distribution 

and abundance. Using Ecological Niche Factor 

Analysis and discriminant analysis, we characterized 

species-specific habitat requirements, 

built habitat suitability maps and examined interspecific 

differences in niche parameters. The 

presence of P. pygmaeus was associated with landscape 

matrices comprising large rivers and lakes, 

human settlements and open woodland. P. pipistrellus 

utilized similar habitat matrices but was 

far more tolerant to deviations from its optimal 

habitat. P. pygmaeus occupied a much narrower 

ecological niche, encompassed mainly within that 

of its sister taxon. Synthesis and applications. P. 

pipistrellus is ranked as ‘not threatened’ in Switzerland. 

The results from this study indicate an 

abundance approximately 30 times higher than 

that of P. pygmaeus. In contrast, P. pygmaeus is 

distributed patchily and occurs at comparatively 

low densities. We recommend reclassification of 

P. pygmaeus as ‘rare and potentially threatened’. 

Conservation of P. pygmaeus should focus on the 

management of riparian woodland in areas with 

a high probability of occurrence. This study emphasizes 

the need to recognize the potential existence 

of cryptic taxa so that effective conservation 

management of rare species can be put into place 

before they are seriously endangered. 

Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N6, DEC, 

pp 1188-1199. 

08.1-167 

Use of integrated modeling to enhance estimates 

of population dynamics obtained from 

limited data 

Schaub M, Gimenez O, Sierro A, Arlettaz R 

Switzerland, Scotland, France 

Modelling , Zoology , Ecology , Biodiversity 

Demographic data of rare and endangered species 

are often too sparse to estimate vital rates 

and population size with sufficient precision for 

understanding population growth and decline. 

Yet, the combination of different sources of demographic 

data into one statistical model holds 

promise. We applied Bayesian integrated population 

modeling to demographic data from a colony 

of the endangered greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus 

ferrumequinum). Available data were the 

number of subadults and adults emerging from 

the colony roost at dusk, the number of newborns 

from 1991 to 2005, and recapture data of subadults 

and adults from 2004 and 2005. Survival rates did 

not differ between sexes, and demographic rates 

remained constant across time. The greater horseshoe 

bat is a long-lived species with high survival 

rates (first year: 0.49 (SD 0.06); adults: 0.91 (SD 

0.02)) and low fecundity (0.74 (SD 0.12)). The yearly 

average population growth was 4.4% (SD 0.1%) and 

there were 92 (SD 10) adults in the colony in year 

2005. Had we analyzed each data set separately, 

we would not have been able to estimate fecundity, 

the estimates of survival would have been less 

precise, and the estimate of population growth 

biased. Our results demonstrate that integrated 

models are suitable for obtaining crucial demographic 

information from limited data. 

Conservation Biology, 2007, V21, N4, AUG, pp 

945-955. 

08.1-168 

Tree species richness affects litter production 

and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity 

experiment 

Scherer Lorenzen M, Bonilla J L, Potvin C 

Switzerland, Panama, Canada 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

We report data on leaf litter production and decomposition 

from a manipulative biodiversity 

experiment with trees in tropical Panama, which 

has been designed to explore the relationship between 

tree diversity and ecosystem functioning. A 

total of 24 plots (2025 m(2)) were established in 

2001 using six native tree species, with 1-, 3-, and 

6-species mixtures. We estimated litter production 

during the dry season 2005 with litter traps; 

decomposition was assessed with a litter bag approach 

during the following wet season. Litter

102 

production during the course of the dry season 

was highly variable among the tree species. Tree 

diversity significantly affected litter production, 

and the majority of the intermediate diverse mixtures 

had higher litter yields than expected based 

on yields in monoculture. In contrast, high diverse 

mixtures did not show such overyielding in 

litter production. Litter decomposition rates were 

also highly species-specific, and were related to 

various measures of litter quality (C/N, lignin/N, 

fibre content). We found no overall effect of litter 

diversity if the entire litter mixtures were analyzed, 

i.e. mixing species resulted in pure additive 

effects and observed decomposition rates were 

not different from expected rates. However, the 

individual species changed their decomposition 

pattern depending on the diversity of the litter 

mixture, i.e. there were species-specific responses 

to mixing litter. The analysis of temporal C and 

N dynamics within litter mixtures gave only limited 

evidence for nutrient transfer among litters 

of different quality. At this early stage of our tree 

diversity experiment, there are no coherent and 

general effects of tree species richness on both 

litter production and decomposition. Within the 

scope of the biodiversityecosystem functioning 

relationship, our results therefore highlight the 

process-specific effects diversity may have. Additionally, 

species-specific effects on ecosystem 

processes and their temporal dynamics are important, 

but such effects may change along the gradient 

of tree diversity. 

Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 2108-2124. 

08.1-169 

Exploring the functional significance of forest 

diversity: A new long-term experiment with 

temperate tree species (BIOTREE) 

Scherer Lorenzen M, Schulze E D, Don A, Schumacher 

J, Weller E 


Ecology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Forestry 

Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning 

have been mainly studied in experiments that 

artificially create gradients in grassland plant diversity. 

Woody species were largely excluded from 

these early experiments, despite the ecological 

and socioeconomic importance of forest ecosystems. 

We discuss conceptual aspects of mechanistically 

driven research on the biodiversity-ecosystem 

functioning relationship in forests, including 

the comparison of scientific approaches like ‘observational 

studies’, ‘removal experiments’, and 

‘synthetic-assemblage experiments’. We give a 

short overview on the differences between herbaceous 

and forest ecosystems, focusing on can- 


opy characteristics, and the possibilities for individual 

versus population-based investigations. 

We present detailed information about the first 

large-scale, multisite and long-term biodiversityecosystem 

functioning experiment with tree species 

of temperate forests (BIOTREE - BIOdiversity 

and ecosystem processes in experimental TREE 

stands). At three sites of differing geology and local 

climate, we planted 200,000 saplings on a total 

area of 70 ha. At two sites, diversity gradients were 

established by varying the number of tree species 

(BIOTREE-SPECIES). At a third site, only functional 

diversity at a constant level of tree species 

richness was manipulated by selecting mixtures 

that differ in the functional trait values of the 

corresponding species (BIOTREE-FD). Additional 

experimental treatments at the subplot level include 

silvicultural management options, the addition 

of subdominant species, and the reduction 

of genetic diversity. Response variables focus on 

productivity, biogeochemical cycles and carbon 

sequestration, and resource use complementarity. 

We explore the use of different measures of functional 

diversity for a posteriori classifications of 

functional richness and their use in the analysis 

of our tree diversity experiment. The experiment 

is thought to provide a long-term research platform 

for a variety of scientific questions related to 

forest biodiversity and ecosystem processes. 

Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 

2007, V9, N2, pp 53-70. 

08.1-170 

Patterns of variation of a common fern 

(Athyrium filix-femina; Woodsiaceae): Population 

structure along and between altitudinal 

gradients 

Schneller J, Liebst B 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity 

Genetic variability of Athyrium filix-femina populations 

was evaluated with regard to phenotypic, 

allozyme, and RAPD variation in 20 Swiss populations 

along five altitudinal gradients at four 

different elevations in the northern Swiss Alps. 

Additionally, allozyme and phenotypic variations 

in one Italian and two Spanish populations were 

compared with the variation in the Swiss populations. 

We hypothesized that there will be statistically 

significant genetic differences among populations 

of different altitudes and sites. The results 

showed no substantial correlation between genetic 

variation and phenotypic variation among Swiss 

populations. These results imply that outbreeding 

and effective gene exchange (long-distance spore 

dispersal) are the keys to population structure


in this fern species, and as a consequence, phenotypic 

plasticity is assumed to be favored. This 

contrasts with results found in similar studies 

of herbaceous flowering plants where genetic 

adaptation to gradients like altitude is common. 

However, when data from the more distant Italian 

and Spanish populations of A. filix- femina were 

included, significant variation was detected. 

American Journal of Botany, 2007, V94, N6, JUN, 

pp 965-971. 

08.1-171 

Examining native and exotic species diversity 

in European riparian forests 

Schnitzler A, Hale B W, Alsum E M 

Switzerland, France, USA 

Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity , Forestry 

This study performs a meta-analysis of existing 

studies of European riparian forests to investigate 

which exotic species have successfully established 

in intact riparian forests and which characteristics 

of these forests correspond with successful establishment. 

We used analysis of covariance models 

to investigate the relationship between community 

species richness, percent exotic species, and 

several environmental variables. We found a total 

richness of 1380 species, of which 45 (3.3%) were 

exotic. Species- rich communities generally had 

the higher percentage of exotics, but were not 

significantly related to latitude or environmental 

variables. Exotics, in contrast, were at generally 

higher levels at lower latitudes and were more 

abundant in large river plains and communities 

with intermediate levels of disturbance. These 

results suggest that future climate change and 

human actions that mimic intermediate levels of 

disturbance may further enhance the spread of 

exotic species. 


pp 146-156. 

08.1-172 

Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics 

with hybridization in changing environments 

Seehausen O, Takimoto G, Roy D, Jokela J 



A considerable fraction of the world’s biodiversity 

is of recent evolutionary origin and has evolved 

as a by-product of, and is maintained by, divergent 

adaptation in heterogeneous environments. 

Conservationists have paid attention to genetic 

homogenization caused by human-induced translocations 

(e.g. biological invasions and stocking), 

and to the importance of environmental heterogeneity 

for the ecological coexistence of species. 

However, far less attention has been paid to the 

consequences of loss of environmental heterogeneity 

to the genetic coexistence of sympatric species. 

Our review of empirical observations and our 

theoretical considerations on the causes and consequences 

of interspecific hybridization suggest 

that a loss of environmental heterogeneity causes 

a loss of biodiversity through increased genetic 

admixture, effectively reversing speciation. Loss 

of heterogeneity relaxes divergent selection and 

removes ecological barriers to gene flow between 

divergently adapted species, promoting interspecific 

introgressive hybridization. Since heterogeneity 

of natural environments is rapidly deteriorating 

in most biomes, the evolutionary ecology 

of speciation reversal ought to be fully integrated 

into conservation biology. 

Molecular Ecology, 2008, V17, N1, JAN, pp 30-44. 

08.1-173 

Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper 

boundaries of open and closed forests in the 

Polar Urals in the 20th century 

Shiyatov S G, Terentev M M, Fomin V V, Zimmermann 

N E 

Russia, Switzerland 


Plant Sciences , Ecology 

In the Polar Urals (the Rai-Iz massif and Mounts 

Tchernaya and Malaya Tchernaya), altitudinal and 

horizontal shifts of the upper boundary of open 

and closed larch forests in the 20th century have 

been studied. Spatiotemporal parameters of these 

shifts have been assessed with the aid of the ARC/ 

INFO geographic information system (ESRI Inc., 

United States), using our original large-scale geobotanical 

maps showing the distribution of different 

types of forest-tundra communities in the 

early 1910s and 2000s. The results show that tree 

vegetation has been actively expanding to higher 

elevations over the past 90 years. On average, the 

upper boundaries of open and closed forests have 

ascended 26 and 35 m and shifted horizontally 

290 and 520 m, respectively. These shifts have been 

conditioned by climate warming and increasing 

humidity observed since the 1920s. 

Russian Journal of Ecology, 2007, V38, N4, JUL, pp 

223-227. 

08.1-174 

Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric 

change: a review 

Soussana J F, Lüscher A 



, Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences

104 

Recent reviews confirm and extend previous observations 

that elevated carbon dioxide (COD 

concentrations Stimulate photosyn thesis, leading 

to increased plant productivity. Elevated CO 2 

concentrations tend to reduce the sensitivity of 

grassland ecosystems to low levels of precipitation 

but induce progressive nitrogen (N) limitations 

on plant growth which can be alleviated 

by supplying a significant external input of N in 

the form of mineral fertilizer or through the increased 

use of N-fixing legumes. Other nutrients, 

such as phosphorus, can act as the main limiting 

factor restricting the growth response in legumes 

to atmospheric CO 2 concentration. The botanical 

composition of temperate grasslands is affected 

by the rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration, possibly 

through a decline in the relaTive abundance 

of grasses. Elevated CO 2 concentration will also 

alter the feeding value of herbage to grazers both 

in terms of fine- scale (for example, crude protein 

concentration and C:N ratio) and coarse-scale (legumes 

vs. grasses and C-3- VS. C-4-species) changes. 

The management guidelines of grasslands will 

need to be adapted to global atmospheric and 

climatic changes and to increased variability in 

climate. 

Grass and Forage Science, 2007, V62, N2, JUN, pp 

127-134. 

08.1-175 

Conservation of grasshopper diversity in a 

changing environment 

Steck C E, Bürgi M, Bolliger J, Kienast F, Lehmann 

A, Gonseth Y 

Switzerland 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , Agriculture, Soil 

Sciences 

Land-use change is a major driver for changes in 

biodiversity. In this study, we investigated how the 

objectives of two conservation strategies (largescale 

conservation of species richness versus conservation 

of diversity hotspots) can be achieved 

for grasshopper diversity under different scenarios 

of environmental change (land-use and climate 

change). Based on surveys of 95 grasshopper 

species from 2001 to 2004 recorded by the Swiss 

Centre for Faunal Cartography, we modelled the 

actual richness pattern as a function of different 

environmental variables. The impact of potential 

future environmental change on species richness 

was evaluated by applying four land-use scenarios 

(‘liberalization’, ‘business as usual’, ‘lowered agricultural 

production’, and ‘complete conversion 

of intensive open land’) and one climate change 

scenario. The effects of the scenarios were assessed 

at the national scale, as well as on small- 


scale hotspots. Environmental change has considerable 

effect on grasshopper species richness. 

At the national scale, the number of grasshopper 

species decreased under the ‘liberalization’ scenario 

(-0.24 species per 1 ha pixel) and increased 

under a climate change scenario (+0.63 species 

per 1 ha pixel). For most environmental change 

scenarios, species richness in small-scale hotspots 

was more negatively affected than on average on 

the national scale. The response of species richness 

to the scenarios did not differ significantly 

between hotspots of endangered and the hotspots 

of common grasshopper species. We conclude 

that conservation efforts at the national scale 

and small-scale hotspot conservation programs 

should be combined to conserve species richness 

most successfully. For the long-term conservation 

of species richness, common species as well as the 

combined effects of land-use and climate change 

have to be considered. 

Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N3-4, SEP, pp 

360-370. 

08.1-176 

Hotspots and richness pattern of grasshopper 

species in cultural landscapes 

Steck C E, Bürgi M, Coch T, Duelli P 

Switzerland 

Zoology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil 

Sciences 

The success of the hotspot approach for biodiversity 

conservation depends on the spatial scale and 

the indicator species used. In this study, we investigated 

grasshopper species richness in Switzerland 

at a 1 ha resolution including a total of 111 

species. We compared the representativeness of 

common and of endangered grasshopper species 

for the overall grasshopper species richness and 

we assessed the efficiency of the hotspot approach 

for grasshopper conservation. The pattern of overall 

grasshopper species richness was well represented 

by both the number of common and the 

number of endangered grasshopper species. For 

evaluating the efficiency of different hotspot approaches 

for conservation, we compared hotspots 

of common species, hotspots of endangered species 

(rarity hotspots), and hotspots of all grasshopper 

species (richness hotspots). Among these 

hotspot types, richness hotspots not only featured 

most common grasshopper species, but they even 

contained more endangered species than the rarity 

hotspots. The combination of rarity hotspots 

and hotspots of common species featured more 

species than the other combinations of hotspot 

types. However, the gain of combining two hotspot 

types compared to the single-hotspot approach


was low (max. 3 species). About 24% of the species 

were not contained in any of the hotspots. These 

grasshopper species require species-specific action 

plans. As rarity hotspots were located in areas that 

are rather strongly affected by landscape change, 

species richness in rarity hotspots may decrease 

in the future. We conclude that, for grasshoppers, 

the hotspot approach on the 1 ha scale can be an 

effective way to conserve a high proportion of species 

richness. 

Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007, V16, N7, JUN, 

pp 2075-2086. 

08.1-177 

Floral free fall in the Swiss lowlands: environmental 

determinants of local plant extinction 

in a peri-urban landscape 

Stehlik I, Caspersen J P, Wirth L, Holderegger R 


Plant Sciences , Urban Studies , Biodiversity , Ecology 

, Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

1. Local floras are being depleted by a host of human 

activities, including habitat destruction and 

fragmentation, eutrophication, and the intensification 

of agriculture. Species with particular ecological 

demands or life-history attributes are more 

prone to extinction than species with a broader 

niche. 2. We used an old herbarium from the municipality 

of Kusnacht (Swiss lowlands) as a historical 

record for comparison with contemporary 

plant diversity. This comparison revealed that 17% 

to 28% of all vascular plants that occurred between 

1839 and 1915 were extinct by 2003. 3. Species of 

different habitats and life-forms had significantly 

different rates of extinction: wetlands, disturbed 

sites and meadows lost most species, whereas forests 

and rocky habitats were least affected; aquatics 

and annuals were most prone to extinction, 

geophytes and hemicryptophytes were intermediate, 

and phanerophytes and chamaephytes were 

least affected. 4. Species adapted to nutrient-poor 

soils suffered highest extinction in all habitats, 

indicating that eutrophication poses an urgent 

threat to species diversity. Light and soil moisture 

requirements also had significant effects on extinction, 

but the direction of the effect varied by 

habitat. 5. When species were grouped into IUCN 

categories of the red list of Switzerland, the rank 

order of the observed extinction matched the red 

list assignment. 6. Because many of the remaining 

species had high estimated extinction probabilities 

and because extinction is often delayed 

(extinction debt), a substantial part of the remaining 

flora of Kusnacht is likely to go extinct in the 

near future. This will increase the dominance of 

the common species that already comprise 81% of 

the local flora. 7. The rates and patterns of extinction 

in Kusnacht are probably representative of 

surrounding Swiss lowlands and peri-urban landscapes 

in most developed countries. Studies such 

as ours can serve as a call for action and form a 

basis for future monitoring of biodiversity. 

Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N4, JUL, pp 

734-744. 

08.1-178 

Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana 

acaulis and their neighboring plants in two 

swiss upper montane meadows harbor distinct 

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities 

Sykorova Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology 

The community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal 

fungi (AMF) was analyzed in roots of Gentiana 

verna, Gentiana acaulis, and accompanying 

plant species from two species-rich Swiss alpine 

meadows located in the same area. The aim of the 

study was to elucidate the impact of host preference 

or host specificity on the AMF community in 

the roots. The roots were analyzed by nested PCR, 

restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, 

and sequencing of ribosomal DNA small-subunit 

and internal transcribed spacer regions. The 

AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically 

and used to define monophyletic sequence types. 

The AMF community composition was strongly 

influenced by the host plant species, but compositions 

did not significantly differ between the two 

sites. Detailed analyses of the two cooccurring 

gentian species G. verna and G. acaulis, as well as 

of neighboring Trifolium spp., revealed that their 

AMF communities differed significantly. All three 

host plant taxa harbored AMF communities comprising 

multiple phylotypes from different fungal 

lineages. A frequent fungal phylotype from Glomus 

group B was almost exclusively found in Trifolium 

spp., suggesting some degree of host preference 

for this fungus in this habitat. In conclusion, the 

results indicate that within a relatively small area 

with similar soil and climatic conditions, the host 

plant species can have a major influence on the 

AMF communities within the roots. No evidence 

was found for a narrowing of the mycosymbiont 

spectrum in the two green gentians, in contrast 

to previous findings with their achlorophyllous 

relatives. 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007, 

V73, N17, SEP, pp 5426-5434.

106 

08.1-179 

An improved canopy integration scheme for 

a land surface model with prognostic canopy 

structure 

Thornton P E, Zimmermann N E 


Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

A new logical framework relating the structural 

and functional characteristics of a vegetation canopy 

is presented, based on the hypothesis that the 

ratio of leaf area to leaf mass (specific leaf area) 

varies linearly with overlying leaf area index within 

the canopy. Measurements of vertical gradients 

in specific leaf area and leaf carbon:nitrogen 

ratio for five species (two deciduous and three 

evergreen) in a temperate climate support this 

hypothesis. This new logic is combined with a 

two-leaf (sunlit and shaded) canopy model to arrive 

at a new canopy integration scheme for use in 

the land surface component of a climate system 

model. An inconsistency in the released model 

radiation code is identified and corrected. Also introduced 

here is a prognostic canopy model with 

coupled carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics. The 

new scheme is implemented within the Community 

Land Model and tested in both diagnostic 

and prognostic canopy modes. The new scheme 

increases global gross primary production by 66% 

(from 65 to 108 Pg carbon yr(-1)) for diagnostic 

model simulations driven with reanalysis surface 

weather, with similar results (117 PgC yr (-1)) for 

the new prognostic model. Comparison of model 

predictions to global syntheses of observations 

shows generally good agreement for net primary 

productivity (NPP) across a range of vegetation 

types, with likely underestimation of NPP in tundra 

and larch communities. Vegetation carbon 

stocks are higher than observed in forest systems, 

but the ranking of stocks by vegetation type is accurately 

captured. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N15, AUG 1, pp 

3902-3923. 

08.1-180 

Fitness-related parameters improve presenceonly 

distribution modelling for conservation 

practice: The case of the red-backed shrike 

Titeux N, Dufrene M, Radoux J, Hirzel A H, Defourny 

P 

Belgium, Switzerland 

Modelling , Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology 

The red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio L.) is a bird 

living in human- altered agricultural areas that 

are managed by extensive farming techniques. 

This passerine species has declined significantly 

in Western Europe over the last 30-40 years. The 


development of efficient species-specific conservation 

strategies relies on fine- grained information 

about the ecological resources and environmental 

conditions that constitute its reproductive habitat 

in this agricultural landscape. Species distribution 

models are used increasingly in conservation 

biology to provide such information. Most studies 

investigate the environmental pattern of species 

distribution, assuming that species records are 

reliable indicators of habitat suitability. However, 

ecological theory on source-sink dynamics and 

ecological traps points out that some individuals 

may be located outside the environmental bounds 

of their species’ reproductive niche. Those individuals 

could reduce model accuracy and limit 

model utility. Parameters related to the reproductive 

success of this shrike in Southern Belgium 

were integrated into a fine-scale presence-only 

modelling framework to demonstrate this problem 

and to address critical habitat requirements 

of this species relative to conservation management. 

Integrating reproductive parameters into 

the modelling framework showed that individuals 

occurred, but did not reproduce successfully, 

above a certain environmental threshold. This indicated 

that the reproductive niche of the shrike 

is ecologically narrower than standard practice in 

species distribution modelling would suggest. The 

major resources (nest sites availability, distance to 

human settlements, suitable perching sites, foraging 

areas and insect abundance) required for the 

reproduction of the red-backed shrike were quantified 

and ranked to offer concrete species -specific 

conservation management guidelines 


pp 207-223. 

08.1-181 

Response of Pinus leucodermis to climate and 

anthropogenic activity in the National Park of 

Pollino (Basilicata, Southern Italy) 

Todaro L, Andreu L, D’alessandro C M, Gutirrez E, 

Cherubinic P, Saracino A 

Italy, Spain, Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity 

Pinus leucodermis (=P. heldreichii var. leucodermis) 

is widespread in the Balkan Peninsula and is 

present as a post-glacial relict in Southern Italy. 

The oldest Italian populations of this species are 

located at high elevation in the National Park of 

Pollino, where grazing and logging had endangered 

their survival, especially during the 20th 

century. In 1993 the National Park was founded 

and anthropogenic activities were restricted. To 

understand the response of P. leucodermis at the 

upper tree-line to climatic and anthropogenic ac-


tivity variations, we developed a tree-ring width 

chronology (1464-2003). For the period 1804-2003 

separate chronologies for the earlywood and latewood 

were built, and resin duct density was assessed 

on total ring, earlywood and latewood. Age 

structure of saplings was also determined. After 

1950 a steep decline in tree-ring width was followed 

by a recovery since 1981. During the 20th 

century radial growth response to climate was not 

strong and not stable. In the period 19532000 P. 

leucadermis radial growth seemed to take advantage 

of high temperatures and low precipitation. 

Resin duct density chronologies were not a reliable 

dendroecological variable, but they documented 

a metabolic trade-off between growth and differentiation 

processes. The gap in the age structure 

between long- lived trees (over 200 years old) and 

saplings around 40 years old, which mainly grow 

in protected microsites between rocks, could indicate 

a negative influence of grazing and related 

human activities. We suggest that the protection 

strategies introduced by the National Park could 

play a positive role in the recruitment of new saplings 

and in the ring growth recovery of old trees 

of P. leucodermis. 

Biological Conservation, 2007, V137, N4, JUL, pp 

507-519. 

08.1-182 

Regional assessment of climate change impacts 

on maize productivity and associated 

production risk in Switzerland 

Torriani D S, Calanca P, Lips M, Ammann H, Beniston 

M, Fuhrer J 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Ecology , 


A simple model of yield was used along with climate 

scenarios to assess the impact of climate 

change on grain maize productivity and associated 

economic risk in Switzerland. In a first application, 

changes in the precipitation regime 

alone were shown to affect the distribution of 

yield considerably, with shifts not only in the 

mean but also in the standard deviation and the 

skewness. Production risk was found to respond 

more markedly to changes in the long-term mean 

than in the inter-annual variability of seasonal 

precipitation amounts. In a further application, 

yield projections were generated with respect to a 

full climate scenario, with the emission pathway 

as specified in the IPCC A2 scenario. Anticipation 

of the sowing date was found to reduce the negative 

impact of climate change on yield stability, 

but was not sufficient to ensure average productivity 

levels comparable to those observed at pres- 

ent. We argued that this was caused by the reduction 

in the duration of the growing season, which 

had a stronger impact than suggested by previous 

studies. Assuming no change in price relations, 

the results also revealed a strong increase in production 

risk with climate change, with more than 

a doubling in the probability of yield falling short 

of a critical threshold as compared to today’s situation. 

Regional Environmental Change, 2007, V7, N4, 

DEC, pp 209-221. 

08.1-183 

Potential effects of changes in mean climate 

and climate variability on the yield of winter 

and spring crops in Switzerland 

Torriani D S, Calanca P, Schmid S, Beniston M, 

Fuhrer J 

Switzerland 


Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity 

Climate change is expected to affect both the average 

level and the variability of crop yields. In 

this modelling study, we quantified mean and 

inter-annual variability of grain yield for maize 

Zea mays L., winter wheat Triticum spp. L. and 

winter canola Brassica napus L. for climatic conditions 

corresponding to current and doubled atmospheric 

CO 2 concentrations. Climate scenarios 

with and without taking into account changes 

in the inter-annual variability of climate were 

developed from the output of a regional climate 

model for the time window 2071 to 2100. Climate 

change effects on the mean yield of maize and 

canola were consistently negative, but a positive 

impact was simulated for mean yield of winter 

wheat for elevated CO 2 concentration. The coefficient 

of yield variation increased in the scenarios 

for maize and canola, but decreased for wheat. 

Higher thermal time requirements increased 

mean yield and reduced yield variability for all 

crops. Shifts in the sowing dates had a beneficial 

impact on the yield of maize, but not on the yield 

of canola and wheat. It is concluded that in the Alpine 

region, the potential effect of climate change 

is crop-specific. However, the introduction of new 

cultivars may provide means by which to maintain 

or even increase current productivity levels 

for most of the crops. 

Climate Research, 2007, V34, N1, JUN 14, pp 

59-69.

108 

08.1-184 

Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled 

clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane 

emission of dairy cows 

van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H, 

Kreuzer M 

Switzerland 

Zoology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

Two experiments were carried out to compare 

white clover with red clover as supplementation to 

ryegrass, in ensiled and fresh form, for differences 

in nitrogen loss and methane emission by dairy 

cows. In experiment 1, fresh ryegrass was mixed 

with fresh white (WF) or red clover (RF) (60/40 on 

dry matter basis). Experiment 2 involved similar 

mixed diets in ensiled form (WS and RS, respectively), 

and two ryegrass silage diets, without (GS) 

or with supplementary maize gluten meal (600 g 

protein/kg DM; GS+). Barley was supplemented to 

meet the calculated requirements for milk production. 

The type of clover did not affect crude 

protein (CP) intake in experiment 1. In experiment 

2, the highest CP intakes were observed for cows 

on the GS+ diet (P


tive power of the models and the obtained r ranging 

from 0.5 for lichens on soil to 0.8 for lichens 

on trees can be regarded as satisfactory to good, 

respectively. The study revealed that a combination 

of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing 

data produced a variety of ecological meaningful 

variables. 


N4, NOV, pp 315-328. 

08.1-188 

Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus 

sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner- 

Alpine dry valley 

Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A 

Switzerland 


Question: Lower montane treeline ecotones 

such as the inner Alpine dry valleys are regarded 

as sensitive to climate change. In the dry Valais 

valley (Switzerland) the composition of the 

widespread, low altitude Pinus forests is shifting 

towards a mixed deciduous state. The subboreal 

P. sylvestris shows high mortality rates, 

whereas the deciduous sub-mediterranean 

Quercus pubescens is spreading. These species 

may act as early indicators of climate change. 

We evaluate this hypothesis by focusing on 

their differences in drought tolerance, which 

are hardly known, but are likely to be crucial in 

the current forest shift and also for future forest 

development. Methods: We used dendroecological 

methods to detect species-specific patterns 

in the growth response to drought. The relationship 

between radial growth of 401 trees from 15 

mixed stands and drought was analysed by calculating 

response functions using yearly treering 

indices and monthly drought indices. PCA 

was applied to the response ratios to discover 

spatial patterns of drought response. Results: A 

species-specific response to moisture as well as 

a sub- regional differentiation of the response 

patterns were found. While Quercus showed a 

response mainly to the conditions of the previous 

autumn and those of current spring, Pinus 

did not start responding before May, but showed 

responses throughout the whole summer. Quercus 

may restrict physiological activity to moist 

periods; growth of Pinus was much more dependent 

on prior growth. Conclusions: Given that 

the climate is changing towards (1) longer summer 

drought periods, (2) higher mean temperatures 

and (3) shifted seasonality of moisture 

availability, Quercus may benefit from adapting 

better to drier conditions. Pinus may increasingly 

face problems related to drought stress 

as it depends on summer moisture and has a 

smaller adaptive capacity due to its long-lived 

photosynthetic tissue. 

Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N6, DEC, 

pp 777-792. 

08.1-189 

Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, 

an epiphytic lichen 

Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H, 

Csencsics D, Scheidegger C 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Biodiversity , 

Microbiology 

Epiphytes are strongly affected by the population 

dynamics of their host trees. Owing to the spatiotemporal 

dynamics of host tree populations, substantial 

dispersal rates - corresponding to high 

levels of gene flow - are needed for populations to 

persist in a landscape. However, several epiphytic 

lichens have been suggested to be dispersal-limited, 

which leads to the expectation of low gene flow 

at the landscape scale. Here, we study landscapelevel 

genetic structure and gene flow of a putatively 

dispersal-limited epiphytic lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria. 

The genetic structure of L. pulmonaria 

was quantified at three hierarchical levels, based 

on 923 thalli collected from 41 plots situated 

within a pasture-woodland landscape and genotyped 

at six fungal microsatellite loci. We found 

significant isolation by distance, and significant 

genetic differentiation both among sampling 

plots and among trees. Landscape configuration, 

i.e. the effect of a large open area separating two 

forested regions, did not leave a traceable pattern 

in genetic structure, as assessed with partial Mantel 

tests and analysis of molecular variance. Gene 

pools were spatially intermingled in the pasturewoodland 

landscape, as determined by Bayesian 

analysis of population structure. Evidence for local 

gene flow was found in a disturbed area that 

was mainly colonized from nearby sources. Our 

analyses indicated high rates of gene flow of L. 

pulmonaria among forest patches, which may reflect 

the historical connectedness of the landscape 

through gene movement. These results support 

the conclusion that dispersal in L. pulmonaria is 

rather effective, but not spatially unrestricted. 

Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N13, JUL, pp 

2807-2815.

110 

08.1-190 

Rhizodeposition of C and N in peas and oats 

after C-13-N-15 double labelling under field 

conditions 

Wichern F, Mayer J, Jörgensen R G, Müller T 


Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

, Plant Sciences 

Compounds released by plant roots during growth 

can make up a high proportion of below-ground 

plant (BGP) carbon and nitrogen, and therefore 

influence soil organic matter turnover and plant 

nutrient availability by stimulating the soil microorganisms. 

The present study was conducted 

to examine the amount and fate of C (CdfR) and N 

rhizodeposits (NdfR), in this study defined as rootderived 

C or N present in the soil after removal 

of roots and root fragments, released during reproductive 

growth. BGP biomass of peas (Pisum 

satiumn L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) was successfully 

labelled in situ with a C-13-glucose (15) Nurea 

mixture under field conditions using a stem 

feeding method. Pea plants were labelled at the 

beginning of flowering and harvested 36 and 52 

days after labelling at pod filling (Pp) and maturity 

(Pm), respectively. Oat plants were labelled 

at grain filling and harvested 42 days after labelling 

at maturity (O-M). CdfR was 24.2% (Pp), 29.6% 

(Pm) and 30.8% (O-M) of total recovered plant C. 

NdfR was 32.1% (Pp), 36.4% (Pm) and 30.0% (O-M) 

of total plant N. Due to higher N assimilation, 

amounts of NdfR were four times higher in peas 

in comparison with oats. The results for NdfR in 

peas were higher than results from other studies. 

The C- to-N ratio of rhizodeposits was lower under 

peas (17.3) than under oats (41.9) at maturity. 

At maturity, microbial CdfR at 0 30cm soil depth 

was 37% of the microbial biomass C in peas and 

59% in oats. Microbial NdfR was 15% of microbial 

N in peas and 5% in oats. Furthermore, inorganic 

NdfR was 34% in peas and 9% in oats at 0-30cm at 

maturity. These results show that rhizodeposits of 

peas provide a more easily available substrate to 

soil microorganisms, which are incorporated to a 

greater extent and turned over faster in comparison 

with oats. Beside the higher amounts of N released 

from pea roots, this process contributes to 

the higher N-availability for subsequent crops. 

Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2007, V39, N10, OCT, pp 

2527-2537. 

08.1-191 

Genetic rescue persists beyond first-generation 

outbreeding in small populations of a rare 

plant 

Willi Y, van Kleunen M, Dietrich S, Fischer M 


Switzerland, Australia, South Africa, Germany 

Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Habitat fragmentation commonly causes genetic 

problems and reduced fitness when populations 

become small. Stocking small populations with 

individuals from other populations may enrich 

genetic variation and alleviate inbreeding, but 

such artificial gene flow is not commonly used 

in conservation owing to potential outbreeding 

depression. We addressed the role of long-term 

population size, genetic distance between populations 

and test environment for the performance of 

two generations of offspring from between-population 

crosses of the locally rare plant Ranunculus 

reptans L. Interpopulation outbreeding positively 

affected an aggregate measure of fitness, and the 

fitness superiority of interpopulation hybrids was 

maintained in the second offspring (F2) generation. 

Small populations benefited more strongly 

from interpopulation outbreeding. Genetic distance 

between crossed populations in neutral 

markers or quantitative characters was not important. 

These results were consistent under 

near-natural competition-free and competitive 

conditions. We conclude that the benefits of interpopulation 

outbreeding are likely to outweigh 

potential drawbacks, especially for populations 

that suffer from inbreeding. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 

2007, V274, N1623, SEP 22, pp 2357-2364. 

08.1-192 

Vegetation effects on pedogenetic forms of 

Fe, Al and Si and on clay minerals in soils in 

southern Switzerland and northern Italy 

Zanelli R, Egli M, Mirabella A, Giaccai D, Abdelmoula 

M 

Switzerland, Italy, France 


, Ecology 

The older forest type Quercetum-Bettiletum (oak/ 

birch; Q-type vegetation) in southern Switzerland 

and northern Italy was to a large extent replaced 

by chestnut forests (Castanea sativa; C-type vegetation) 

in roman times. When laurophylloid vegetation 

(L-type vegetation) invaded some of these 

chestnut systems during the last few decades, it 

caused detectable changes in organic chemistry. 

The invasion of the L-type vegetation was predominately 

due to increased winter temperatures. We 

tested whether these vegetation changes led to 

measurable long-term and short-term responses 

of the mineral matrix by comparing soils under 

Q-type with C-type vegetation (probing for longterm 

effects; >100-2000 years) and soils under C- 

type with L-type vegetation (short-term effects;


a few decades). To do so, we examined soil characteristics 

including the dithionite-, oxalate- and 

pyrophosphate-extractable forms of Fe, Al and 

Si as well as the phyllosilicate mineralogy of the 

clay fraction with a pair- wise comparison procedure. 

On L-type patches, short-term changes 

resulted in higher contents of secondary, poorly 

crystalline Fe. The accumulation of pedogenetic 

Fe probably results from a lower availability of 

organic complexing moieties under L-type vegetation 

and thus leading to a reduced removal. As 

soil acidity did not change with the vegetation 

types, a strong effect of organic compounds on Fe 

and At chemistry must be assumed. A correlation 

analysis confirmed that metal binding to organic 

matter was different between L-type stands (correlation 

of Fe and Al with organic matter was less 

significant) and C-type stands. The differences in 

clay phyllosilicate assemblage between the different 

vegetation sites were rather small. There 

was, however, a trend towards higher contents of 

hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) under Ltype 

vegetation when compared to C-type sites. It 

seems that Al-polymers fixation in interlayers of 

2:1 clay minerals was increased or their removal 

hindered at sites having L-type vegetation. Changes 

in the long-term (response to C-type vegetation) 

were only measurable for the pyrophosphateextractable 

Si content (formation of phytolithe?). 

The colonisation of laurophyllous species led in 

the short-term to significant alterations of the soil 

system that were even more pronounced than the 

long-term effect of chestnut on soil quality. 

Geoderma, 2007, V141, N1-2, SEP 15, pp 

119-129. 

08.1-193 

Importance of dispersal for the expansion of a 

Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in a fragmented 

landscape 

Zimmermann F, Breitenmoser Wursten C, Breitenmoser 

U 

Switzerland 

Zoology , Ecology , Biodiversity 

Dispersal allows recolonization of previous areas 

of habitat following severe depression of a population 

but the significance of this is not clear in 

felids. There is little evidence to support the general 

belief that subadult felids will colonize new 

areas, although this is a crucial assumption in reintroduction 

or recovery projects. Eurasian lynx 

Lynx lynx were reintroduced into the Swiss Alps 

and have subsequently spread over part of their 

potential range but the expansion halted in the 

mid 1980s. We postulated that high lynx densities 

would lead to an expansion of the population, 

and to assess the potential of this population to 

expand we compared the dispersal characteristics 

of 22 subadults from the northwest Swiss Alps, 

where an increase in lynx abundance occurred 

from 1995 onwards, to 17 individuals from the 

Jura Mountains, an area with a lower lynx density. 

Dispersal data came mainly from radio-telemetry. 

Dispersal rates and distances for subadults that 

completed dispersal were lower in the north-west 

Swiss Alps than in the Jura Mountains. In general, 

subadults exhibited little ability to cross major 

barriers such as highways. The hypothesis that 

high density alone will foster the expansion of 

the population was therefore not confirmed. This 

has consequences for the reintroduction and recovery 

of carnivores in fragmented landscapes. To 

establish only one strong source population may 

not be an optimal strategy, and population nuclei 

should therefore be founded in several neighbouring 

patches. 

Oryx, 2007, V41, N3, JUL, pp 358-368. 

08.1-194 

Remote sensing-based predictors improve 

distribution models of rare, early successional 

and broadleaf tree species in Utah 

Zimmermann N E, Edwards T C, Moisen G G, 

Frescino T S, Blackard J A 


Ecology , Remote Sensing , Modelling , Plant Sciences 

, Forestry 

1. Compared to bioclimatic variables, remote 

sensing predictors are rarely used for predictive 

species modelling. When used, the predictors represent 

typically habitat classifications or filters 

rather than gradual spectral, surface or biophysical 

properties. Consequently, the full potential 

of remotely sensed predictors for modelling the 

spatial distribution of species remains unexplored. 

Here we analysed the partial contributions 

of remotely sensed and climatic predictor 

sets to explain and predict the distribution of 19 

tree species in Utah. We also tested how these partial 

contributions were related to characteristics 

such as successional types or species traits. 2. We 

developed two spatial predictor sets of remotely 

sensed and topo-climatic variables to explain the 

distribution of tree species. We used variation partitioning 

techniques applied to generalized linear 

models to explore the combined and partial 

predictive powers of the two predictor sets. Nonparametric 

tests were used to explore the relationships 

between the partial model contributions of 

both predictor sets and species characteristics. 3. 

More than 60% of the variation explained by the 

models represented contributions by one of the

112 

two partial predictor sets alone, with topo-climatic 

variables outperforming the remotely sensed 

predictors. However, the partial models derived 

from only remotely sensed predictors still provided 

high model accuracies, indicating a significant 

correlation between climate and remote sensing 

variables. The overall accuracy of the models was 

high, but small sample sizes had a strong effect 

on cross-validated accuracies for rare species. 4. 

Models of early successional and broadleaf species 

benefited significantly more from adding remotely 

sensed predictors than did late seral and 

needleleaf species. The core-satellite species types 

differed significantly with respect to overall model 

accuracies. Models of satellite and urban species, 

both with low prevalence, benefited more from 

use of remotely sensed predictors than did the 

more frequent core species. 5. Synthesis and applications. 

If carefully prepared, remotely sensed 

variables are useful additional predictors for the 

spatial distribution of trees. Major improvements 

resulted for deciduous, early successional, satellite 

and rare species. The ability to improve model 

accuracy for species having markedly different 

life history strategies is a crucial step for assessing 

effects of global change. 

Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N5, OCT, pp 

1057-1067. 


08.1-195 

Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree 

water relations: interpreting ecophysiological 

field data with a hydraulic plant model 

Zweifel R, Steppe K, Sterck F J 

Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands 


, Forestry , Modelling 

Dynamics in microclimate and physiological 

plant traits were studied for Pubescent oak and 

Scots pine in a dry inner-alpine valley in Switzerland, 

at a 10 min resolution for three consecutive 

years (2001-2003). As expected, stomata tended 

to close with increasing drought in air and soil. 

However, stomatal aperture in oak was smaller 

than in pine under relatively wet conditions, but 

larger under dry conditions. To explore underlying 

mechanisms, a model was applied that (i) 

quantifies water relations within trees from physical 

principles (mechanistic part) and (ii) assumes 

that signals from light, stomatal aperture, crown 

water potential, and tree water deficit in storage 

pools control stomata (systemic part). The stomata 

of pine showed a more sensitive response to increasing 

drought because both factors, the slowly 

changing tree water deficit and the rapidly changing 

crown water potential, closed the stomata. By 

contrast, the stomata of oak became less droughtsensitive 

as the closing signal of crown water potential 

was opposed by the opening signal of tree 

water deficit. Moreover, parameter optimization 

suggests that oak withdrew more water from the 

storage pools and reduced leaf water potentials 

to lower levels, without risking serious damage 

by cavitation. The new model thus suggests how 

the hydraulic water flow and storage system determines 

the responses in stomatal aperture and 

transpiration to drought at time scales ranging 

from hours to multiple years, and why pine and 

oak might differ in such responses. These differences 

explain why oaks are more efficient competitors 

during drought periods, although this 

was not the case in the extremely dry year 2003, 

which provoked massive leaf loss and, from July 

onwards, physiological activity almost ceased. 

Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007, V58, N8, pp 

2113-2131.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Lithosphere 113 

1.3 Soil and Lithosphere 

08.1-196 

Quantification of soil erosion rates related to 

ancient Maya deforestation 

Anselmetti F S, Hodell D A, Ariztegui D, Brenner M, 

Rosenmeier M F 


Geomorphology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Paleontology 

, Geology 

We used seismic and sediment core data to quantify 

soil erosion rates for the past similar to 6000 

yr in the closed catchment of Lake Salpeten, in the 

tropical lowlands of northern Guatemala. The region 

was affected by ancient Maya land use from 

before ca. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 900. This period of 

human impact coincided with deposition in the 

lake of a detrital unit (Maya Clay) as much as 7 

m thick that contrasts sharply with the relatively 

organic-rich gyttja deposited both before and after 

Maya occupation of the watershed. The greatest 

soil loss, with mean sustained values of similar 

to 1000 t/km(2)yr (-1), occurred in the Middle 

and Late Preclassic Periods (700 B.C. to A.D. 250), 

associated with relatively low Maya population 

densities. Soil erosion slowed during the period 

of maximum population density in the Late Classic 

Period (A.D. 550-830), indicating a decoupling 

between human population density and soil erosion 

rate. The most rapid soil loss occurred early 

during initial land clearance, suggesting that 

even low numbers of people can have profound 

impacts on lowland tropical karst landscapes. 

Geology, 2007, V35, N10, OCT, pp 915-918. 

08.1-197 

Soil biogeochemical processes within the Critical 

Zone 

Chorover J, Kretzschmar R, Garcia Pichel F, Sparks 

D L 


Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

Many processes that affect soil and water quality 

occur at the water wetted interface of weathering 

products such as clays, oxides, and organic matter. 

Especially near the sunlit surface of the Critical 

Zone, these interfaces associate with plant 

roots and soil organism to form porous, aggregated 

structures. Soil aggregates and intervening 

pore networks give rise to a patchwork of interconnected 

microenvironments. The ensuing steep 

geochemical gradients affect weathering processes, 

fuel the activities of microbes, and drive interfacial 

reactions that retain and transform rock- or 

ecosystem- derived chemicals and anthropogenic 

pollutants. 

Elements, 2007, V3, N5, OCT, pp 321-326. 

08.1-198 

Scale-dependent relationships between soil 

organic carbon and urease activity 

Corstanje R, Schulin R, Lark R M 


Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

Many soil properties and processes vary at different 

spatial scales. As a result, relationships between 

soil properties often depend on scale. In this 

paper we show this for two soil properties of biological 

importance, by means of a nested analysis 

of covariance. The variables were urease activity 

(UA) and soil organic carbon (SOC) , sampled on an 

unbalanced nested design at three sites with different 

land uses (arable, forest and pasture). The 

objective of this study was to investigate the scaledependent 

relationships of UA and SOC at these 

three sites to exemplify the phenomenon of scale- 

dependency in the covariation of biogeochemical 

variables. At each site the variables showed different 

scale dependencies, expressed in their correlations 

at different scales. At the pasture site, 

UA and SOC were uncorrelated at all scales in the 

sampling design (0.2 m, 1 m, 6 m and >= 15 m), 

and the overall product moment correlation was 

0.10. A significant positive scale dependent correlation 

(0.65) was found at the 1-m scale for the 

forested site. The soil properties were not spatially 

correlated at any of the other scales and the associated 

product moment correlation for this site 

was 0.14. Urease activity and soil organic C were 

found not to be correlated at the shorter scales in 

the arable site. However, significant positive correlation 

coefficients of 0.89 and 0.82 were obtained 

at the longer scales of 6 and >= 15-m respectively 

for the arable site. The product moment correlation 

at this site was 0.65. At both the arable and 

forest site, we found that correlations at particular 

scales were stronger than the overall product 

moment correlation. This approach allowed us to 

identify significant relationships between urease 

activity and soil organic carbon and the scales at 

which these relationships occur and to draw conclusions 

about the spatial scales, which must be 

resolved in further studies of these variables in 

these contrasting environments. This study highlights 

the pervasive effect of scale in soil biogeochemistry 

and shows that scale-dependence must 

not be disregarded by soil scientists in their investigations 

of biogeochemical processes. 

European Journal of Soil Science, 2007, V58, N5, 

OCT, pp 1087-1095.

114 

08.1-199 

Effect of climate and vegetation on soil 

organic carbon, humus fractions, allophanes, 

imogolite, kaolinite, and oxyhydroxides in 

volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily) 

Egli M, Alioth L, Mirabella A, Raimondi S, Nater M, 

Verel R 


Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

A soil sequence along an elevational gradient ranging 

from to subalpine climate zones in the Etna region 

(Sicily, southern Italy) investigated with respect 

to organic C, kaolinite, and crystalline noncrystalline 

Al and Fe phases. Special emphasis was given 

to stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its 

interaction with inorganic phases. The soils were 

variations of Vitric Andosols developed on a trachybasaltic 

lava flow with an age of 15,000 years. main 

vegetation systems dominated the sites: at the lower 

sites, it mainly maquis vegetation and, at the higher 

elevated sites, predominantly coniferous forest. The 

concentration of SOC in the topsoil, SOC stocks in 

the profiles, the humus fractions such as humic 

and acids, functional groups and substances of organic 

matter, type materials (ITM), and oxyhydroxides 

were found to be related to elevation and, thus, 

climate (precipitation and temperature) and vegetation. 

The C/N ratio in the topsoil was especially 

indicative the vegetation type. The amount of SOC, 

ITM, and crystalline oxyhydroxides decreased with 

increasing altitude. Weathering, as to the proportion 

of crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxides or the kaolinite 

centration in the clay fraction, seemed to be greater 

at the lower sites. At these sites, maquis vegetation 

led to a higher accumulation SOC as compared with 

the coniferous trees at the higher sites. activity, as 

indicated by aromatic compounds in the humic 

acids and the presence of charcoal in the soil, has 

most probably influenced important soil processes. 

The identification and radiocarbon dating charcoal 

revealed evidence that repeated bush fires had 

played a significant role in soil formation. The better 

stabilization of SOC at altitudes might be due to 

the specific climatic conditions with a pronounced 

change in periods of humidity alternating with periods 

droughts and resultant fire activity. The positive 

correlation mean annual temperature and SOC 

content supports such a hypothesis. The climate- 

and vegetation-dependent stabilization of organic 

matter the soil can be ascribed to the proportion 

of aromatics in the humic acids, to the presence 

of noncrystalline Al and Fe phases, to the kaolinite 

concentration, to the amount of clay, and to a lesser 

extent to the fraction. 

Soil Science, 2007, V172, N9, SEP, pp 673-691. 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Lithosphere 

08.1-200 

Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during 

the 2003 European summer heat wave 

Fischer E M, Seneviratne S I, Vidale P L, Lüthi D, 

Schär C 



Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

The role of land surface-related processes and feedbacks 

during the record-breaking 2003 European 

summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate 

model. All simulations are driven by lateral 

boundary conditions and sea surface temperatures 

from the ECMWF operational analysis and 40-yr 

ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing 

the large-scale circulation. In particular, the 

contribution of soil moisture anomalies and their 

interactions with the atmosphere through latent 

and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity 

experiments are performed by perturbing spring 

soil moisture in order to determine its influence 

on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear 

regional climate simulation for 1970-2000 using a 

fixed model setup is used as the reference period. 

A large precipitation deficit together with early 

vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative 

anomalies in the months preceding the extreme 

summer event contributed to an early and rapid 

loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear 

average by far. The exceptionally high temperature 

anomalies, most pronounced in June and August 

2003, were initiated by persistent anticyclonic circulation 

anomalies that enabled a dominance of 

the local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest 

phase in early August is realistically simulated 

despite the absence of an anomaly in total surface 

net radiation. This indicates an important role 

of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and 

sensible heat fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled 

by soil moisture. The lack of soil moisture 

strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby amplified 

the surface temperature anomalies. The evaluation 

of the experiments with perturbed spring 

soil moisture shows that this quantity is an important 

parameter for the evolution of European heat 

waves. Simulations indicate that without soil moisture 

anomalies the summer heat anomalies could 

have been reduced by around 40% in some regions. 

Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence 

the tropospheric circulation by producing 

a surface heat low and enhanced ridging in the 

midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback 

mechanism between soil moisture, continentalscale 

circulation, and temperature. 

Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N20, OCT 15, pp 

5081-5099.


08.1-201 

Numerical modelling of the hydrogeological 

and geomechanical behaviour of a large slope 

movement: the Triesenberg landslide (Liechtenstein) 

Francois B, Tacher L, Bonnard Ch, Laloui L, 

Triguero V 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Geomorphology , Geology 

Using advanced hydrogeological and geomechanical 

finite element modelling, it has been possible 

to model the mechanical behaviour of a large 

slope movement, the Triesenberg landslide. This 

slope is located along the Rhine valley in the 

Principality of Liechtenstein and covers an area 

of around 5 km(2), which includes two villages. 

Pore-water pressure fields calculated by the hydrogeological 

model were used as input for the geomechanical 

model. The results obtained through 

numerical simulation agree fairly well with field 

measurements of peak velocity, spatial and temporal 

distribution of velocity, and total displacements. 

Such results were obtained using a modified 

Cam-Clay elastoplastic constitutive model for 

which the required material parameters were obtained 

through careful geotechnical tests. These 

finite element models were carried out in two and 

three dimensions to gradually improve the understanding 

of the physical phenomena governing 

the hydrogeological conditions and the movements 

of the slope. 

Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2007, V44, N7, 

JUL, pp 840-857. 

08.1-202 

Formation of hydrozincite, Zn layered double 

hydroxide and Zn phyllosilicates in contaminated 

calcareous soils 

Jacquat O, Vögelin A, Kretzschmar R 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & 

Geophysics , Toxicology 

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15, 

AUG, SS, p A437. 

08.1-203 

The impact of Fe isotope fractionation by 

plants on the isotopic signature of soils 

Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Krämer S M, Bourdon B, 

Kretzschmar R 

Switzerland, Austria 

Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 



08.1-204 

Sulphur behaviour in forest soils near the largest 

SO 2 emitter in northern Europe 

Koptsik G, Alewell C 

Russia, Switzerland 

Forestry , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics , Toxicology , Ecology 

The impact of 60 a of SO 2 emissions from a Ni- 

Cu plant in the Kola Peninsula (Russia) on soil S 

contents was assessed in podzols under pine forests. 

Sulphate desorption and the possible delay 

of acidification reversal was investigated, because 

the plant will be reconstructed in 2006 with an 

expected emission reduction of 90%. Sites were 

sampled along a pollution gradient in the prevailing 

wind direction from 1 to 66 km. The investigated 

podzols stored S mostly in the organic 

form. The concentrations of total and organic S 

in soil organic horizons tended to be higher near 

the smelter but were only weakly correlated with 

S deposition. No relationship between distance to 

smelter and S contents was found for the mineral 

horizons. Sulphate content and desorption behavior 

were highly variable due to natural variations 

of texture and extractable Al and Fe contents of 

the soils. The lack of a clear strong trend with distance 

from the smelter except in the organic layer 

indicated that long range transport and diffuse 

input of SO 4 played a major role rather than point 

source impact. It was concluded that biological 

turnover is most likely the regulating process in 

these soils and thus low to medium release of SO 4 

is expected under decreasing deposition scenarios 

because organic S was the dominant fraction of 

total S in all soils. 

Applied Geochemistry, 2007, V22, N6, JUN, pp 

1095-1104. 

08.1-205 

Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and 

polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments 

based on microcosm experiments with 

C-13-labeled contaminants 

Morasch B, Höhener P, Hunkeler D 


Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology 

A microcosm study was conducted to investigate 

the degradation of mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons 

under in situ-like conditions using 

alluvial sediments from the site of a former cokery. 

Benzene, naphthalene, or acenaphthene were 

added to the sediments as C-13- labeled substrates. 

Based on the evolution of C-13-CO 2 determined by 

gas chromatography isotope-ratio mass spectrometry 

(GC-IRMS) it was possible to prove mineraliza-

116 

tion of the compound of interest in the presence 

of other unknown organic substances of the sediment 

material. This new approach was suitable to 

give evidence for the intrinsic biodegradation of 

benzene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene under 

oxic and also under anoxic conditions, due to the 

high sensitivity and reproducibility of C-13/C-12 

stable isotope analysis. This semi-quantitative 

method can be used to screen for biodegradation 

of any slowly degrading, strongly sorbing compound 

in long-term experiments. 

Environmental Pollution, 2007, V148, N3, AUG, pp 

739-748. 

08.1-206 

Acidification and recovery of soil at a heavily 

impacted forest catchment (Lysina, Czech 

Republic) - SAFE modeling and field results 

Navratil T, Kurz D, Kram P, Hofmeister J, Hruska J 

Czech Republic, Switzerland 


, Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences 

Soil and soil solution chemistry were simulated 

using the dynamic multi-layer soil chemistry 

model SAFE for the Lysina catchment, located 

in the western part of the Czech Republic. Modeled 

soil solution chemistry and properties were 

compared to a 10-year-long time series of monthly 

measurements of soil solution data at 5,15, 20 

and 80 cm depths. Historically high deposition of 

S and N compounds caused a significant decrease 

in soil base saturation and caused severe changes 

in the soil solution chemistry. Since year 1990 

deposition of S and N compounds decreased substantially 

due to improved control on S emissions. 

SAFE predicted an increase in base saturation at 

Lysina in the Oi + Oe and Oa layers, from 36% and 

18% in 1994 to 50% and 22% in 2004, respectively. 

on the other hand, base saturation of the deeper 

soil horizons B and C, which represent the main 

mass of the soil at the Lysina catchment, has decreased 

even further (in B horizon from 4% in 1994 

to 3% in 2004 and from 4% to 2% in horizon C). 

The measured values of base saturation from year 

2004 fit the modeled results of base saturation 

development at the Lysina catchment. if atmospheric 

deposition remains at the 2006 level, the 

predicted base saturation in the B and C horizons 

for the year 2100 will increase by approximately 

2%, to reach only 4.6% and 3.8%, respectively. The 

increasing molar ratio Bc/Al ((Ca + Mg + K)/All in 

soil solution of Oi + Oe, Oa and E horizons during 

the first half of the 21st century represents recovery 

in the top 20 cm of the soil profile, only This 

change may have a positive effect on the health 

status of shallow rooting spruce trees. The Bc/Al 


ratio in soil solutions in the main mass of the soil 

(horizons B and C), however, will remain below 

the critical value (


08.1-208 

Bioavailability of pollutants and soil remediation 

Ortega Calvo J J, Ball W P, Schulin R, Semple K T, 

Wick L Y 

Spain, USA, Switzerland, England, Germany 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology 

Journal of Environmental Quality, 2007, V36, N5, 

SEP-OCT, pp 1383-1384. 

08.1-209 

New method for in situ characterization of 

loose material for landslide mapping purpose 

Pantet A, Parriaux A, Thelin P 

Switzerland 

Geomorphology , Geology , Instruments & Instrumentation 

The assessment of grain size distribution and 

plasticity of loose geological material, during in 

situ geological investigations, is not obvious. Visual 

appreciation allows an approximative quantification 

of the coarse granulometric fractions, 

but not of the fine ones. Field soils determination 

methods suggested until now, are visual and tactile 

tests leading to a very rough estimate, which 

is only qualitative and not very reproducible. The 

new proposed field test (GEOLEP method) allows a 

quick quantification of the fine fraction of loose 

material. It allows the determination of the sand 

fraction (fine and medium grained sands) as well 

as the methylene blue value of the samples. The 

necessary equipment to perform this test is light 

and compact and the time needed to analyze one 

sample is approximately 15 min. Thus it is also 

possible to carry out numerous measurements in 

one day. The calibrations were carried out on a selection 

of 13 natural samples, chosen for their representativeness 

of the typical alpine quaternary 

deposits. The results obtained with GEOLEP method 

are relevant compared with standardized laboratory 

tests; the obtained correlation indexes are 

of 73% for the comparison with laboratory stain 

test results and of 89% with a laboratory method 

using a similar procedure than the field test. The 

correlation we performed with Atterberg’s limits 

tests shows that a rough approximation of plasticity 

index can also be obtained (R-2 = 75%). This 

method thus brings a new tool which should allow 

taking into account the lithological factor (by 

some quantitative and representative variables) in 

a reliable way for the evaluation of landslide hazards. 

(C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

Engineering Geology, 2007, V94, N3-4, NOV 2, pp 

166-179. 

08.1-210 

Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron 

contaminated sites 

Robinson B H, Green S R, Chancerel B, Mills T M, 

Clothier B E 

Switzerland, New Zealand 

Toxicology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences 

Boron (B) is a widespread environmental contaminant 

that is mobile relative to other trace 

elements. We investigated the potential of hybrid 

poplar (Populus sp.) for B phytomanagement using 

a lysimeter experiment and a field trial on 

B-contaminated wood-waste. In both studies, poplars 

enhanced evapotranspiration from the woodwaste, 

reduced B leaching, and accumulated Bin 

the aerial portions of the tree. When grown in 

a substrate containing 30 mg/kg B, poplar leaves 

had an average B concentration of 845 mg/kg, 

while the stems contained 21 mg/kg B. Leaf B 

concentrations increased linearly with leaf age. A 

decomposition experiment revealed that abscised 

leaves released 14% of their B during the winter 

months. Fertiliser application enhanced tree 

growth without decreasing the leaf B concentrations. 

Harvesting alternate rows of trees on a contaminated 

site would reduce leaching from the 

site while removing B. Harvested plant material 

may provide bioenergy, stock fodder, or an amendment 

for B-deficient soils. 

Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N2, NOV, pp 

225-233. 

08.1-211 

Changes in the macro-pore structure of 

restored soil caused by compaction beneath 

heavy agricultural machinery: a morphometric 

study 

Schäffer B, Stauber M, Müller R, Schulin R 

Switzerland 


Compaction can seriously degrade soil in modern 

agriculture. Soil that has been temporarily removed 

and stored is particularly sensitive to compaction 

when restored, although little is known 

about the structural changes in such soils under 

mechanical loads. We investigated the structural 

changes in a restored soil that had been gently cultivated 

for several years and then was trafficked 

by a heavy combine harvester, analysing the macro-pore 

structure by quantitative morphometry of 

three-dimensional microcomputed tomography 

images. Increased trafficking caused decreases in 

both the porosity and connectivity of the macropores. 

The fraction of spherical pores (and thus the 

convexity of the pore space) and the mean pore

118 

separation were increased. Trafficking had no 

clear effect on the orientation of pores. While the 

mean pore diameter tended to decrease, biopores 

were more stable than interaggregate pores originating 

from the packing of soil aggregates. This 

is relevant for the development of structural stability 

in restored soils, as the macro-pores consist 

mainly of interaggregate pores initially, whereas 

biopores develop and increase in proportion only 

gradually over time. Quantitative morphometry 

provides valuable morphological indices for the 

objective assessment of the macro-pore structure 

and changes induced by compaction. 


OCT, pp 1062-1073. 

08.1-212 

Reducing phosphorus losses from over-fertilized 

grassland soils proves difficult in the 

short term 

Schärer M, Stamm C, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Oberson 

A, Flühler H, Sinaj S 

Switzerland 

Water Resources , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology 

, Hydrology 

Phosphorus (P) losses from many agricultural 

soils are driven by fast transport processes, such 

as surface runoff, shallow interflow and macropore 

flow. Close interaction of rain with topsoil layers 

(0-5 cm), rich in available P, results in high P 

concentrations in these rapid runoff pathways. 

This is particularly pronounced in permanent 

grassland soils typically characterized by a P enrichment 

of the topsoil. One option to mitigate P 

losses from grassland is therefore to reduce soil 

P content, particularly available P, in this critical 

surface layer. Omitting application of P fertilizer 

will reduce soil P in the long term but more drastic 

methods may be necessary to achieve P loss 

reductions in shorter time-scales. In this study, 

three management options to reduce P in runoff 

from grassland soils were evaluated in a field experiment 

lasting 2 years on two grassland sites: (i) 

no P inputs, (ii) no P inputs plus soil tillage and 

(iii) no P inputs plus tillage combined with application 

of a P sorbing soil amendment (iron oxide). 

Withholding P inputs did not decrease either the 

available P in the soil or the P concentrations in 

runoff from sprinkler experiments over a 2-year 

period. Both the treatments which included tillage 

caused immediate reductions in both soil 

available P and runoff P, with Fe/OH amendment 

being more effective. However, in the second year 

the effects of both tillage treatments were less apparent 

and only the Fe/OH treatment significantly 

decreased runoff P. The results indicate that the 


long-term enrichment of soils due to P application 

in excess of plant needs is unlikely to be remedied 

by short-term treatments. However, further 

work is required to assess the applicability of our 

conclusion to other sites. 

Soil Use and Management, 2007, V23, SEP, S1, pp 

154-164. 

08.1-213 

Heavy metal contamination along a soil 

transect in the vicinity of the iron smelter of 

Kremikovtzi (Bulgaria) 

Schulin R, Curchod F, Mondeshka M, Daskalova A, 

Keller A 

Switzerland, Bulgaria 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

Based on previous preliminary survey results, 

elevated heavy metal concentrations of the agricultural 

soils of the villages of the Kremikovtzi 

region east of the Bulgarian capital Sofia were 

attributed to pollution from dusts emitted by 

the iron smelter in the centre of the region. Additional 

sampling in a test area indicated that 

high metal concentrations in this area could also 

be of geogenic origin. In order to test this hypothesis, 

we sampled a sequence of 14 soil profiles at 

increasing distance from the smelter along a 2 

km transect through agricultural land outside 

the metallurgical complex of Kremikovtzi. The 

transect extended through two different units of 

soil types: Chromic Luvisols and Alluvial Fluvisols. 

Samples of the fine earth fraction (


important it can be in identifying the origin of 

soil pollution not only to look into areal distribution 

patterns of suspected contaminants, but also 

to investigate their depth profiles as well as that 

of other elements and to account for pedological 

factors and their variability. 

Geoderma, 2007, V140, N1-2, JUN 15, pp 52-61. 

08.1-214 

Slip rates variability and sediment mobilization 

on a shallow landslide in the northern 

Swiss Alps 

Schwab M, Läderach C, Rieke Zapp D, 

Schlunegger F 

Switzerland 

Geology , Geomorphology 

Geomorphic and morphometric data imply that 

process rates of the Schimbrig landslide, located 

in the Entle watershed (Central Switzerland), are 

still limited by the elevation of the LGM base level. 

At present, the Entle watershed is in a stage of adjusting 

to the lowered post-glacial base level as indicated 

by knick zones in the trunk stream. Some 

thousands of years later when these knick zones 

will reach the Schimbrig site, we anticipate a substantial 

increase in process rates and sediment 

flux for the landslide. The pattern of slip rates 

was measured on the Schimbrig landslide over 

a 14-months period. We propose that a Bingham 

plastic model explains much of how measured 

slip rates are linked to the observed topography, 

climatic variations and thickness variability of 

the landslide mass. This model explains why slip 

rates have been highest where the thickness of the 

material is substantially higher. It also explains 

why slip rates are highest in late summer/autumn 

and early spring. It appears then that snow melt 

in spring and decreasing temperatures in late 

summer/autumn potentially result in a high retention 

of the pore water and thus in a low viscosity 

of the material, which, in turns, promotes 

slip rates. Interestingly, an extreme rainstorm like 

the one of August 2005 only had a local impact 

on the landslide mass by triggering small scale 

earth flows and debris flows. This implies that the 

earth slide material does not directly respond to 

an episodic pattern of rainfall. Such precipitation 

events, however, superimpose a smaller-scale imprint 

on the landslide relief. 

Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N2, SEP, 

pp 281-292. 

08.1-215 

Dry-end surface soil moisture variability during 

NAFE’06 

Teuling A J, Uijlenhoet R, Hurkmans R, Merlin O, 

Panciera R, Walker J P, Troch P A 

Switzerland, Netherlands, Australia, USA 

Hydrology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

Characterization of the space-time variability of 

soil moisture is important for land surface and 

climate studies. Here we develop an analytical 

model to investigate how, at the dry-end of the 

soil moisture range, the main characteristics of 

the soil moisture field (spatial mean and variability, 

steady state distribution) depend on the intermittent 

character of low intensity rain storms. 

Our model is in good agreement with data from 

the recent National Airborne Field Experiment 

(NAFE’06) held in the semiarid Australian Murrumbidgee 

catchment. We find a positive linear 

relationship between mean soil moisture and its 

associated variability, and a strong dependency 

of the temporal soil moisture distribution to the 

amount and structure of precipitation. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N17, SEP 

13 ARTN: L17402. 

08.1-216 

Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and 

soil respired CO 2 in a temperate grassland 

labelled with C-13 

Theis D E, Jäggi M, Aeschlimann D, Blum H, 

Frossard E, Siegwolf R T W 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 


The fate of carbon (C) in grassland soils is of particular 

interest since the vast majority in grassland 

ecosystems is stored below ground and respiratory 

C-release from soils is a major component of the 

global C balance. The use of C-13-depleted CO 2 in a 

10-year free- air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) 

experiment, gave a unique opportunity to study 

the turnover of the C sequestered during this experiment. 

Soil organic matter (SOM), soil air and 

plant material were analysed for delta C-13 and C 

contents in the last year of the FACE experiment 

(2002) and in the two following growing seasons. 

After 10 years of exposure to CO 2 enrichment at 

600 ppmv, no significant differences in SOM C 

content could be detected between fumigated 

and non-fumigated plots. A C-13 depletion of 3.4 

parts per thousand was found in SOM (0-12 cm) of 

the fumigated soils in comparison with the control 

soils and a rapid decrease of this difference 

was observed after the end of fumigation. Within 

2 years, 49% of the C in this SOM (0-12 cm) was

120 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Lithosphere 

exchanged with fresh C, with the limitation that 

this exchange cannot be further dissected into respiratory 

decay of old C and freshly sequestered 

new C. By analysing the mechanistic effects of a 

drought on the plant-soil system it was shown 

that rhizosphere respiration is the dominant factor 

in soil respiration. Consideration of ecophysiological 

factors that drive plant activity is therefore 

important when soil respiration is to be investigated 

or modelled. 


DEC, pp 1364-1372. 

08.1-217 

Methanotrophic activity in a diffusive methane/oxygen 

counter- gradient in an unsaturated 

porous medium 

Urmann K, Norina E S, Schroth M H, Zeyer J 

Switzerland 

Toxicology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Agriculture, 

Soil Sciences , Water Resources 

Microbial methane (CH 4) oxidation is a main control 

on emissions of this important greenhouse 

gas from ecosystems such as contaminated aquifers 

or wetlands under aerobic conditions. Due to 

a lack of suitable model systems, we designed a 

laboratory column to study this process in diffusional 

CH 4/O-2 counter-gradients in unsaturated 

porous media. Analysis and simulations of the 

steady-state CH 4, CO 2 and O-2 gas profiles showed 

that in a 15-cm-deep active zone, CH 4 oxidation 

followed first-order kinetics with respect to CH 4 

with a high apparent first-order rate constant of 

similar to 30 h(-1). Total cell counts obtained using 

DAPI-staining suggested growth of methanotrophic 

bacteria, resulting in a high capacity 

for CH 4 oxidation. This together with apparent 

tolerance to anoxic conditions enabled a rapid 

response of the methanotrophic community to 

changing substrate availability, which was induced 

by changes in O-2 concentrations at the top 

of the column. Microbial oxidation was confirmed 

by a similar to 7 parts per thousand enrichment 

in CH 4 stable carbon isotope ratios along profiles. 

Using a fractionation factor of 1.025 +/- 0.0005 for 

microbial oxidation estimated from this shift and 

the fractionation factor for diffusion, simulations 

of isotope profiles agreed well with measured data 

confirming large fractionation associated with 

microbial oxidation. The designed column should 

be valuable for investigating response of methanotrophic 

bacteria to environmental parameters 

in future studies. 

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2007, V94, 

N1-2, OCT 30, pp 126-138. 

08.1-218 

Release of C and N from roots of peas and oats 

and their availability to soil microorganisms 

Wichern F, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T 


Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

Nutrient mobilisation in the rhizosphere is driven 

by soil microorganisms and controlled by the 

release of available C compounds from roots. It is 

not known how the quality of release influences 

this process in situ. Therefore, the present study 

was conducted to investigate the amount and 

turnover of rhizodeposition, in this study defined 

as root-derived C or N present in the soil after 

removal of roots and root fragments, released at 

different growth stages of peas (Pisum sativum L.) 

and oats (Avena sativa L.). Plants were grown in 

soil columns placed in a raised bed under outdoor 

conditions and simultaneously pulse labelled in 

situ with a C-13-glucose-N-15-urea solution using a 

stem feeding method. After harvest, C-13 and N-15 

was recovered in plant parts and soil pools, including 

the microbial biomass. Net rhizodeposition of 

C and N as a percentage of total plant C and N was 

higher in peas than in oats. Moreover, the C-to-N 

ratio of the rhizodeposits was lower in peas, and 

a higher proportion of the microbial biomass and 

inorganic N was derived from rhizodeposition. 

These results suggest a positive plant-soil feedback 

shaping nutrient mobilisation. This process 

is driven by the C and N supply of roots, which has 

a higher availability in peas than in oats. 

Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2007, V39, N11, NOV, pp 

2829-2839. 

08.1-219 

Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic 

matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns 

Zhao L Y L, Schulin R, Weng L, Nowack B 


Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , 

Geochemistry & Geophysics 

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a key component 

involved in metal displacement in soils. In 

this study, we investigated the concentration 

profiles of soil-borne DOC, Cu and Zn at various 

irrigation rates with synthetic rain water under 

quasi steady-state conditions, using repacked soil 

columns with a metal-polluted topsoil and two 

unpolluted subsoils. Soil solution was collected 

using suction cups installed at centimeter intervals 

over depth. In the topsoil the concentrations 

of DOC, dissolved metals (Zn and Cu), major cations 

(Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (NO 3- and SO 4 2-) 

increased with depth. In the subsoil, the Cu and

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Lithosphere | Cryosphere 

Zn concentrations dropped to background levels 

within 2 cm. All compounds were much faster 

mobilized in the first 4 cm than in the rest of the 

topsoil. DOC and Cu concentrations were higher 

at higher flow rates for a given depth, whereas 

the concentrations of the other ions decreased 

with increasing flow rate. The decomposition of 

soil organic matter resulted in the formation of 

DOC, SO 4 2-, and NO 3- and was the main driver of 

the system. Regression analysis indicated that 


08.1-220 

ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products - Part II: Validation 

results using GLI and MODIS data 

Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo 

A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T J, Storvold R, Eide H A, 

Stamnes K, Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F 

Japan, Norway, Switzerland 

Modelling , Remote Sensing , Cryology / Glaciology 

For the validation of snow/ice products of the 

Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II/Global Imager 

(ADEOS-II/GLI), several field campaigns were 

performed for various types of snow conditions 

with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 

(MODIS) and GLI overpasses at four sites 

in Alaska and eastern Hokkaido, Japan from 2001 

to 2005. The target satellite-derived snow parameters 

are snow surface temperature, mass fraction 

of soot, and two types of snow grain size retrieved 

from different spectral channels. The retrieved satellite 

products were compared with in-situ measured 

snow parameters based on snow pit work 

and snow sampling. The satellite- derived snow 

surface temperatures agreed well with in-situ 

measured values with a correlation coefficient 

(R-c) of 0.900 and a root-mean- square error (RMSE) 

of 1.1 K. The satellite-derived mass fractions of 

soot were close to in-situ measured mass fractions 

of snow impurities for the snow layer between the 

surface and down to 7 or 10 cm rather than between 

0 and 2 cm, while the satellite-derived absolute 

values were lower than the in-situ measured 

ones (R-c=0.506 and RMSE=5.0 parts per million by 

weight (ppmw)). This discrepancy is due primarily 

to the difference in the composition of snow impurities 

assumed in the satellite algorithm (soot) 

and measured in-situ (mineral dust) suggesting 

that the satellite retrieval of soot is not producing 

soot concentrations in many cases but rather 

dust. Snow grain sizes retrieved from two satellite 

121 

Cu mobilization was governed by DOC, whereas 

Zn mobilization was primarily determined by Ca 

and to a lesser extent by DOC. Labile Zn and Cu2+ 

concentrations were well predicted by the NICA- 

Donnan model. The results highlight the value of 

high-resolution in-situ measurements of DOC and 

metal mobilization in soil profiles. 

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, 

N14, JUL 15, pp 3407-3418. 

channels lambda = 0.460 and 0.865 pm had better 

accuracy (R-c =0.840 and RMSE = 125 µm) than 

those from a satellite channel at lambda = 1.64 

µm (R-c=0.524 and RMSE = 123 µm) from the comparison 

with simply depth-averaged snow grain 

size. When similar comparisons are made with 

the depth-averaged measured grain size by a 1/e 

weighting using flux transmittance, the results 

for R-c and RMSE are not improved due to some 

difficulties in calculating the depth-averaging by 

a 1/e weighting. For all our satellite products, the 

possible causes of errors are (1) satellite sensor 

calibration and (2) the bidirectional reflectance 

model (directional emissivity model for surface 

temperature) used in the algorithm together with 

the atmospheric correction. Two ways to improve 

the in-situ measurements are (1) the representativeness 

of the measured values and (2) the measuring 

methods. Field measurements also indicated 

that the increased reflectance due to “sun 

crust” observed at wet snow surfaces under clear 

sky could cause an underestimation of satellitederived 

snow grain size. This problem will be 

more severe for the grain size retrieved from the 

channel at lambda = 1.64 µm. 

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, V111, 

N2-3, NOV 30, pp 274-290. 

08.1-221 

Current status of Andean glaciers 

Casassa G, Rivera A, Haeberli W, Jones G, Käser G, 

Ribstein P, Rivera A, Schneider C 

Chile, Switzerland, Canada, Austria, France, Germany 

Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Global and Planetary Change, 2007, V59, N1-4, 

OCT, pp 1-9.

122 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Cryosphere 

08.1-222 

Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the 

alpine snowpack before snowmelt 

Fain X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist 

D, Dommergue A, Ferrari C P, Cairns W, Ebinghaus 

R, Barbante C, Cescon P, Boutron C 

France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, USA 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology / 

Glaciology 

(1) In March 2005, an extensive mercury study was 

performed just before snowmelt at Col de Porte, 

an alpine site close to Grenoble, France. Total 

mercury concentration in the snowpack ranged 

from 80 + /- 08 to 160 +/- 15 ng l(-1), while reactive 

mercury was below detection limit (0.2 ng l(-1)). 

We observed simultaneously a production of gaseous 

elemental mercury (GEM) in the top layer 

of the snowpack and an emission flux from the 

snow surface to the atmosphere. Both phenomena 

were well correlated with solar irradiation, 

indicating photo-induced reactions in the snow 

interstitial air (SIA). The mean daily flux of GEM 

from the snowpack was estimated at similar to 

9 ng m(-2) d(-1). No depletion of GEM concentrations 

was observed in the SIA, suggesting no occurrence 

of oxidation processes. The presence of 

liquid water in the snowpack clearly enhanced 

GEM production in the SIA. Laboratory flux chamber 

measurements enabled us to confirm that 

GEM production from this alpine snowpack was 

first driven by solar radiation (especially UVA and 

UVB radiation), and then by liquid water in the 

snowpack. Finally, a large GEM emission from the 

snow surface occurred during snowmelt, and we 

report total mercury concentrations in meltwater 

of about 72 ng l(-1). 


2007, V112, ND21, NOV 13 ARTN: D21311. 

08.1-223 

Validation of operational AVHRR subpixel 

snow retrievals over the European Alps based 

on ASTER data 

Foppa N, Hauser A, Oesch D, Wunderle S, 

Meister R 

Switzerland 

Remote Sensing , Cryology / Glaciology 

Snow is of great economic and social importance 

for the European Alps. Accurate monitoring of the 

alpine snow cover is a key component in studying 

regional climate change as well as in daily weather 

forecasting and snowmelt runoff modelling. 

These applications require snow cover information 

on a high temporal resolution in near-real 

time. For the European Alps, operational snow 

cover fraction maps are generated on a daily basis 

using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution 

Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 

platforms. Snow cover distribution is inherently 

discontinuous and heterogeneous in this mountainous 

region. We have therefore implemented a 

straightforward multiple endmember unmixing 

approach to estimate fractional snow cover. Subpixel 

proportions are difficult to validate because 

similar products are not available and appropriate 

ground-based observations do not exist. In this 

study, we validate AVHRR subpixel snow retrievals 

using binary classified data sets from the Advanced 

Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 

(ASTER) to establish absolute errors of 

our operational approach at three test sites. Our 

analysis indicates that the AVHRR subpixel maps 

compare well with the aggregated ASTER data, 

showing an overall correlation of 0.78 and providing 

subpixel estimates with a mean absolute error 

of 10.4% fractional snow cover. Discrepancies between 

AVHRR and ASTER snow fraction maps can 

be attributed to varying snow conditions, terrain 

effects and density in forest cover. 

International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2007, 

V28, N21, pp 4841-4865. 

08.1-224 

An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, 

mechanisms and impacts 

Grannas A M, Jones A E, Dibb J, Ammann M, 

Anastasio C, Beine H J, Bergin M, Bottenheim J, 

Boxe C S, Carver G, Chen G, Crawford J H, Domine 

F, Frey M M, Guzman M I, Heard D E, Helmig D, 

Hoffmann M R, Honrath R E, Huey L G, Hutterli M, 

Jacobi H W, Klan P, Lefer B, Mc Connell J, Plane J, 

Sander R, Savarino J, Shepson P B, Simpson W R, 

Sodeau J R, von Glasow R, Weller R, Wolff E W, 

Zhu T 

USA, England, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, France, 

Germany, Czech Republic, Ireland, Peoples R China 


Sciences 

It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays 

an important role in processing atmospheric species. 

Photochemical production of a variety of 

chemicals has recently been reported to occur in 

snow/ice and the release of these photochemically 

generated species may significantly impact the 

chemistry of the overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen 

oxide and oxidant precursor fluxes have been measured 

in a number of snow covered environments, 

where in some cases the emissions significantly 

impact the overlying boundary layer. For example, 

photochemical ozone production (such as that 

occurring in polluted mid-latitudes) of 3-4 ppbv/

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Cryosphere 

day has been observed at South Pole, due to high 

OH and NO levels present in a relatively shallow 

boundary layer. Field and laboratory experiments 

have determined that the origin of the observed 

NOx flux is the photochemistry of nitrate within 

the snowpack, however some details of the mechanism 

have not yet been elucidated. A variety of 

low molecular weight organic compounds have 

been shown to be emitted from sunlit snowpacks, 

the source of which has been proposed to be either 

direct or indirect photo-oxidation of natural 

organic materials present in the snow. Although 

myriad studies have observed active processing 

of species within irradiated snowpacks, the fundamental 

chemistry occurring remains poorly 

understood. Here we consider the nature of snow 

at a fundamental, physical level; photochemical 

processes within snow and the caveats needed for 

comparison to atmospheric photochemistry; our 

current understanding of nitrogen, oxidant, halogen 

and organic photochemistry within snow; the 

current limitations faced by the field and implications 

for the future. 


N16, pp 4329-4373. 

08.1-225 

Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large 

areas using shallow water numerical methods 

and GIS 

Gruber U, Bartelt P 

Switzerland 

Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Instruments & 

Instrumentation 

Snow avalanches threaten settlements and roads 

in steep mountainous areas. Hazard mitigation 

strategies apply numerical models in combination 

with GIS-based methods to determine run out distances 

and pressure maps of snow avalanches in 

three-dimensional terrain. The snow avalanche 

modelling system is usually applied to study 

single avalanche tracks. In this paper we investigate 

the application of a numerical modelling 

system for large area hazard analysis. We begin by 

briefly presenting the depth-averaged equations 

governing avalanche flow. Then, we describe the 

statistical and GIS-based methods that are applied 

to define the initial fracture depths and release 

areas for snow avalanche modelling. We discuss 

the calibration of the avalanche model friction 

coefficients for extreme avalanches in function 

of altitude, avalanche size and topography. Seven 

test sites with areas between 100 and 350 km(2), 

that are well distributed over the different snow 

climates and elevation ranges of Switzerland, 

were used to calibrate the model by comparing 

123 

the simulation results with historic avalanche 

events and existing avalanche hazard maps. We 

then show how the avalanche modelling system 

was applied over the mountainous region of Switzerland 

(25,000 km(2)) to delineate forests with 

protective function against avalanches. 

Environmental Modelling Software, 2007, V22, 

N10, OCT, pp 1472-1481. 

08.1-226 

Retreat scenarios of Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, 

using a combined ice-flow mass-balance 

model 

Huss M, Sugiyama S, Bauder A, Funk M 

Switzerland, Japan 



The future evolution of Unteraargletscher, a large 

valley glacier in the Swiss Alps, is assessed for the 

period 2005 to 2050 using a flowline model. Detailed 

measurements of surface velocity from the 

last decade allow us to relate ice flux to glacier 

thickness and width. Mass balance is calculated 

using a distributed temperature- index model 

calibrated with ice volume changes derived independently 

from comparison of repeated digital 

elevation models. The model was validated for the 

period 1961 to 2005 and showed good agreement 

between the simulated and observed evolution 

of surface geometry. Regional climate scenarios 

with seasonal resolution were used to investigate 

the anticipated response of Unteraargletscher to 

future climate changes. Three mass balance scenarios 

were defined, corresponding to 2.5%, 50%, 

and 97.5% quantiles of a statistical analysis of 16 

different climate model results. We present a forecast 

of the future extent of Unteraargletscher in 

the next five decades and analyze relevant parameters 

with respect to the past. The model predicts 

a retreat of the glacier terminus of 800-1025 in by 

2035, and of 1250-2300 in by 2050. The debris coverage 

of the glacier tongue reduces the retreat rate 

by a factor of three. The thinning, rate increased 

by 50-183% by 2050 depending on the scenario applied, 

compared to the period 1997 to 2005. 

Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 2007, V39, 

N3, AUG, pp 422-431.

124 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Cryosphere 

08.1-227 

Hazard assessment of potential periglacial 

debris flows based on GIS- based spatial modelling 

and geophysical field surveys: A case 

study in the Swiss Alps 

Kneisel C, Rothenbühler C, Keller F, Haeberli W 


Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Geomorphology 

Geology 

Combined geomorphological and geophysical approaches 

were used to perforrn a hazard assessment 

of potential periglacial debris flow. Possible 

debris flow initiation zones were identified within 

a GIS- based model and located based on geomorphic 

attributes which contribute the most to this 

type of instability. In permafrost- affected alpine 

environments, these include the extent and location 

of ground ice and permafrost. In a potential 

debris flow-starting zone in the Upper Engadine 

(moraine/debris rock glacier complex Boval) twodimensional 

electrical resistivity surveys were 

used to detect the presence/absence of permafrost 

and to estimate active- layer depth. The results 

show that the moraine complex represents 

a periglacial debris reservoir which consists of 

frozen and unfrozen debris. The ice-bonded part 

of the moraine is largely protected from sudden 

destabilisation and retrogressive erosion can be 

assumed to be limited. However, future degradation 

or loss of permafrost in the lower parts of the 

debris rock glacier would increase the amount of 

erodible debris and generally reduce mechanical 

stability. 

Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 2007, V18, 

N3, JUL-SEP, pp 259-268. 

08.1-228 

Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien 

Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last 

40 years 

Niederer P, Bilenko V, Ershova N, Hurni H, Yerokhin 

S, Maselli D 

Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan 


Sciences 

The status and dynamics of glaciers are crucial 

for agriculture in semiarid parts of Central Asia, 

since river flow is characterized by major runoff in 

spring and summer, supplied by glacier- and snowmelt. 

Ideally, this coincides with the critical period 

of water demand for irrigation. The present study 

shows a clear trend in glacier retreat between 1963 

and 2000 in the Sokoluk watershed, a catchment of 

the Northern Tien Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan. 

The overall area loss of 28% observed for the 

period 1963-2000, and a clear acceleration of wast- 

age since the 1980s, correlate with the results of 

previous studies in other regions of the Tien Shan 

as well as the Alps. In particular, glaciers smaller 

than 0.5 km(2) have exhibited this phenomenon 

most starkly. While they registered a medium decrease 

of only 9.1% for 1963-1986, they lost 41.5% of 

their surface area between 1986 and 2000. Furthermore, 

a general increase in the minimum glacier 

elevation of 78 m has been observed over the last 

three decades. This corresponds to about one-third 

of the entire retreat of the minimum glacier elevation 

in the Northern Tien Shan since the Little Ice 

Age maximum. 

Climatic Change, 2008, V86, N1-2, JAN, pp 

227-234. 

08.1-229 

Validation of the SNOWPACK model in five different 

snow zones in Finland 

Rasmus S, Gronholm T, Lehning M, Rasmus K, 

Kulmala M 


Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling 

The performance of a snow pack structure model 

SNOWPACK was studied in five locations around 

Finland during two winters. Reasonable agreement 

between modelled and observed snow depth 

and snow pack structure evolution was found 

in all other locations except in coastal Santala. 

Agreement grew when going towards the north; 

better agreements were obtained during the early 

winter than during the melting period. Several 

test runs with changed input data were done for 

Hyytiala. Water equivalent, temperature, grain 

form and grain size were the most sensitive of the 

model output quantities to changes in the input 

data. The use of measured precipitation instead 

of snow depth for driving the mass balance or the 

use of different radiation schemes had relatively 

large effects on the model output. Model sensitivity 

was high when many phase changes were involved 

such as during the melting phase in spring 

or in temperate climate zones. 

Boreal Environment Research, 2007, V12, N4, AUG 

27, pp 467-488. 

08.1-230 

Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale: 

comparison of geomorphological mapping and 

photogrammetric monitoring 

Roer I, Nyenhuis M 


Geomorphology , Geology , Instruments & Instrumentation 

, Cryology / Glaciology 

In their spatial distribution as well as in their 

different states of activity, rockglaciers imply

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Cryosphere 

important information on former and recent 

permafrost conditions. Two different methods 

were applied in one study area (Turtmann Valley, 

Swiss Alps) in order to compare their suitability 

in assessing rockglacier activity. The comparison 

of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric 

monitoring demonstrated a good accordance, 

especially on a regional scale. On a local 

scale, some differences in delimitation of the 

landforms as well as in the degree of activity were 

found. One reason for the observed differences 

is the qualitative character of geomorphological 

mapping resulting from the variable suitability 

of single parameters and combinations thereof in 

the determination of rockglacier activity. Based 

on these results, geomorphological mapping of 

rockglaciers can be improved by data from photogrammetric 

monitoring. Therefore, at best the 

two methods are combined when analysing former 

and present permafrost distribution. 

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2007, V32, 

N12, OCT 30, pp 1747-1758. 

08.1-231 

Influence of different digital terrain models 

(DTMs)on alpine permafrost modeling 

Salzmann N, Gruber S, Hugentobler M, Hölzle M 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Instruments & 

Instrumentation 

The thawing of alpine permafrost due to changes 

in atmospheric conditions can have a severe impact, 

e.g., on the stability of rock walls. The energy 

balance model, PERMEBAL, was developed 

in order to simulate the changes and distribution 

of ground surface temperature (GST) in complex 

high-mountain topography. In such environments, 

the occurrence of permafrost depends greatly on 

the topography, and thus, the digital terrain model 

(DTM) is an important input of PERMEBAL. This 

study investigates the influence of the DTM on the 

modeling of the GST. For this purpose, PERMEBAL 

was run with six different DTMs. Five of the six 

DTMs are based on the same base data, but were 

generated using different interpolators. To ensure 

that only the topographic effect on the GST is calculated, 

the snow module was turned off and uniform 

conditions were assumed for the whole test 

area. The analyses showed that the majority of the 

deviations between the different model outputs 

related to a reference DTM had only small differences 

of up to 1 K, and only a few pixels deviated 

more than 1 K. However, we also observed that the 

use of different interpolators for the generation of 

a DTM can result in large deviations of the model 

output. These deviations were mainly found at 

125 

topographically complex locations such as ridges 

and foot of slopes. 


N4, NOV, pp 303-313. 

08.1-232 

Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the 

global environmental fate and long-range 

transport potential of semivolatile organic 

compounds 

Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F, 

Hungerbühler K 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry & 

Geophysics 

Snow and ice have been implemented in a global 

multimedia box model to investigate the influence 

of these media on the environmental fate and longrange 

transport (LRT) of sernivolatile organic compounds 

(SOCs). Investigated compounds include 

HCB, PC1328, PCB180, PBDE47, PBDE209, alpha- 

HCH, and dacthal. In low latitudes, snow acts as a 

transfer medium taking up chemicals from air and 

releasing them to water or soil during snowmelt. In 

high latitudes, snow and ice shield water, soil, and 

vegetation from chemical deposition. In the model 

version including snow and ice (scenario 2), the mass 

of chemicals in soil in high latitudes is between 27% 

(HCB) and 97% (alpha-HCH) of the mass calculated 

with the model version without snow and ice (scenario 

1). Amounts in Arctic seawater in scenario 2 

are 8% (alpha- HCH) to 21% (dacthal) of the amounts 

obtained in scenario 1. For all investigated chemicals 

except alpha-HCH, presence of snow and ice in the 

model increases the concentration in air by a factor 

of 2(HCB)to 10(PBDE209). Because of reduced net deposition 

to snow-covered surfaces in high latitudes, 

LRT to the Arctic is reduced for most chemicals 

whereas transport to the south is more pronounced 

than in scenario 1 (“southward shift”). The presence 

of snow and ice thus considerably changes the environmental 

fate of SOCs. 


N17, SEP 1, pp 6192-6198. 

08.1-233 

Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures 

at Col du Dome (4250 m, Mont Blanc 

area) 

Vincent C, Le Meur E, Six D, Possenti P, Lefebvre E, 

Funk M 



Glaciology 

Temperatures were measured in two deep boreholes 

drilled at the same location in the ice at Col

126 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Cryosphere | Oceans and Fresh Water 

du Dome (4250 m) in 1994 and 2005, providing 

clear evidence of atmospheric warming. The 1994 

temperature profile was already far from steady 

state conditions. Results from a heat transfer 

model reveal that the englacial temperature increase 

cannot be explained solely by atmospheric 

temperature rise. The latent heat produced by the 

refreezing of surface meltwater below the surface 

also contributes to the englacial temperature increase. 

Although surface melting is normally very 

low at this altitude, this contribution became significant 

after 1980 for temperatures at the top of 

the borehole. Simulations for different climatic 

scenarios show that glaciated areas located between 

3500 and 4250 m could become temperate 

in the future. This warming could have a major 

impact on the stability of hanging glaciers frozen 

to their beds if the melting point is reached. 


AUG 18 ARTN: L16502. 

08.1-235 

Impact of monsoonal rains on spatial scaling 

patterns in water chemistry of a semiarid river 

network 

Acuna V, Dahm C N 


Hydrology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

The chemical composition of surface waters of 

nine streams with drainage sizes ranging from 

44 to 8900 km(2) within a semiarid catchment 

in the southwestern United States was examined 

over the monsoonal season of 2006. Primary goals 

were to determine the impact of monsoonal rains 

on linkages between landscape cover features 

and water chemistry in a semiarid river network 

and to identify whether drainage size influences 

the temporal variability in water chemistry of 

streams. Landscape cover features (geology, soil, 

and vegetation types) were quantified for the subcatchment 

upstream of each study site and the 

riparian ecotone. Processes of binary mixing, dilution, 

and concentration were identified by end 

member mixing analysis (EMMA). Results showed 

that most chemical constituents corresponded 

to geological features at the basin scale, but 

other constituents (TSS and PO 4 3-) corresponded 

more closely to riparian features. Importantly, 

statistical relationships between land cover and 

water chemistry differed between baseflow and 

08.1-234 

Introduction to special section: Permafrost and 

seasonally frozen ground under a changing 

climate 

Zhang T, Nelson F E, Gruber S 



Sciences 

Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, 

2007, V112, NF2, JUN 28 ARTN: F02S01. 

1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 

monsoonal conditions, suggesting that seasonal 

changes in hydrologic routing and water sources 

(e. g., overland flow versus groundwater sources) 

have important consequences for stream chemistry. 

In contrast with mesic drainages, temporal 

variability in water chemistry increased with spatial 

scale. The variety of contributing water sources 

and the relative effect of dilution and concentration 

in each spatial scale may be underlying 

processes that explain differences across spatial 

scales. Observed patterns in the Gila basin suggest 

that climate variability interacts with hydrologic 

routing to influence spatial patterns of stream water 

chemistry in arid basins. Observations made 

here may be similar to other systems with strongly 

seasonal climate patterns, and the underlying 

determinants of stream chemistry change with 

drainage size. 

Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 

2007, V112, NG4, DEC 1 ARTN: G04009. 

08.1-236 

The tracing of riverine U in Arctic seawater 

with very precise U-234 /U-238 measurements 

Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Porcelli D, Halliday A N, 

Andersson P S, Baskaran M 

England, Switzerland, New Zealand, USA 

Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography , 

Hydrology

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 

The riverine flux of U that enters the deep oceans 

is not well constrained since the net losses during 

estuarine mixing are difficult to quantify. Riverine-dissolved 

U normally has a higher U-234/(238) 

U activity ratio (U-234/U-238(ar)) than the uniform 

value that characterizes open ocean seawater and 

could be used as a tracer of riverine inputs if one 

could resolve subtle variations in seawater composition. 

Using new mass spectrometry techniques 

we achieve a long-term reproducibility +/- 0.3 

parts per thousand on U-234/U-238 (ar) which permits 

the tracing of riverine U in seawater samples 

from the Arctic - a partially restricted basin that is 

ideal for such a study. We find that surface waters 

from the Arctic basins carry elevated U-234/(238) 

Uar when compared with deep ocean seawater. 

Samples from the Canada Basin have a significant 

freshwater component and provide evidence that 

the Mackenzie River loses similar to 65% of its U 

in the Mackenzie shelf/estuary zone before entering 

the deeper basin. This is in contrast to samples 

from the Makarov Basin, which provide evidence 

that all of the freshwater input is derived from 

the major Yenisey River alone, despite the proximity 

of the Lena and Ob Rivers. The differing behaviour 

of U between the Mackenzie and Yenisey 

Rivers is most likely a consequence of the strong 

binding of U to dissolved organic matter (DOC) or 

secondary phases in these rivers. The Yenisey River 

appears to transport the majority of the DOC 

through the shelf and into the Makarov Basin. In 

contrast, the Mackenzie River appears to lose a 

significant amount of DOC (> 50%) in the estuary/ 

shelf zone, which may lead to loss of associated 

U. These findings offer a more detailed picture of 

the fresh riverine water flow patterns in the Arctic 

Ocean when compared to other geochemical proxies. 

The non-conservative behaviour of U in the 

Mackenzie River through the shelf/estuaries has 

important implications for U input into oceans 

and the total marine budget. 

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V259, 

N1-2, JUL 15, pp 171-185. 

08.1-237 

Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle 

transport and lacustrine sedimentation 

Anselmetti F S, Bühler R, Finger D, Girardclos S, 

Lancini A, Rellstab C, Sturm M 

Switzerland 

Hydrology , Limnology , Geomorphology , Water 

Resources 

The effects of high-alpine hydropower damming 

on lacustrine sedimentation and transport of 

solid particles were investigated in the glaciated 

Grimsel area and in downstream Lake Brienz, 

127 

providing quantitative denudation rates and sediment 

yield on a source-sink basis. A total of 271 

kt/yr of solid particles entered the Grimsel reservoirs 

on average in the last 71 years, mostly by 

turbiditic underflows that focused sedimentation 

in depocenters upstream of obstacles such as bedrock 

ridges, submerged moraines, or dams. This 

is equivalent to a sediment yield of 2430 t/(km(2) 

yr) in the catchment (111.5 km(2)) or a denudation 

rate of 0.94 mm/yr. A total of 39 kt/yr of the fine 

fraction (

128 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 

experiment, biomass production appeared to be 

co-limited by N and P, while N fertilisation dramatically 

reduced plant species richness; these 

effects became weaker subsequently. Following 

two extreme winter floods in 1993-94 and 1994-95 

and a drought in spring 1996, the effects of fertilisation 

disappeared between 1998 and 2001 and 

then appeared again. Flooding caused an overall 

reduction in species richness (from c. 24 to 15 species 

m(-2)) and an increase in biomass production, 

which were only partly reversed after ten years. 

Conclusions: Long time series are necessary to 

understand vegetation dynamics and nutrient 

limitation in river floodplains, since they are influenced 

by occasional flood and drought events, 

whose effects may persist for more than ten years. 

A future increase in flooding frequency might 

be detrimental to species richness in floodplain 

grasslands. 

Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N5, OCT, 

pp 625-634. 

08.1-239 

Large-scale climatic signatures in lakes across 

Europe: a meta- analysis 

Blenckner T, Adrian R, Livingstone D M, Jennings 

E, Weyhenmeyer G A, George D G, Jankowski T, 

Jarvinen M, Aonghusa Caitriona N, Noges T, Straile 

D, Teubner K 

Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, England, 

Finland, Estonia, Austria 

Zoology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , 

Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology 

Recent studies have highlighted the impact of the 

winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on water 

temperature, ice conditions, and spring plankton 

phenology in specific lakes and regions in Europe. 

Here, we use meta-analysis techniques to test 

whether 18 lakes in northern, western, and central 

Europe respond coherently to winter climate 

forcing, and to assess the persistence of the winter 

climate signal in physical, chemical, and biological 

variables during the year. A meta-analysis 

approach was chosen because we wished to emphasize 

the overall coherence pattern rather than 

individual lake responses. A particular strength 

of our approach is that time-series from each of 

the 18 lakes were subjected to the same robust 

statistical analysis covering the same 23-year period. 

Although the strongest overall coherence in 

response to the winter NAO was exhibited by lake 

water temperatures, a strong, coherent response 

was also exhibited by concentrations of soluble 

reactive phosphorus and soluble reactive silicate, 

most likely as a result of the coherent response 

exhibited by the spring phytoplankton bloom. 

Lake nitrate concentrations showed significant 

coherence in winter. With the exception of the 

cyanobacterial biomass in summer, phytoplankton 

biomass in all seasons was unrelated to the 

winter NAO. A strong coherence in the abundance 

of daphnids during spring can most likely be attributed 

to coherence in daphnid phenology. A 

strong coherence in the summer abundance of 

the cyclopoid copepods may have been related to 

a coherent change in their emergence from resting 

stages. We discuss the complex nature of the 

potential mechanisms that drive the observed 

changes. 

Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N7, JUL, pp 

1314-1326. 

08.1-240 

The ecology of European ponds: defining 

the characteristics of a neglected freshwater 

habitat 

Cereghino R, Biggs J, Oertli B, Declerck S 

France, England, Switzerland, Belgium 

Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , Ecology 

There is growing awareness in Europe of the importance 

of ponds, and increasing understanding 

of the contribution they make to aquatic biodiversity 

and catchment functions. Collectively, they 

support considerably more species, and specifically 

more scarce species, than other freshwater waterbody 

types. Ponds create links (or stepping stones) 

between existing aquatic habitats, but also provide 

ecosystem services such as nutrient interception, 

hydrological regulation, etc. In addition, ponds are 

powerful model systems for studies in ecology, evolutionary 

biology and conservation biology, and 

can be used as sentinel systems in the monitoring 

of global change. Ponds have begun to receive 

greater protection, particularly in the Mediterranean 

regions of Europe, as a result of the identification 

of Mediterranean temporary ponds as a priority 

in the EU Habitats Directive. Despite this, they 

remain excluded from the provisions of the Water 

Framework Directive, even though this is intended 

to ensure the good status of all waters. There is now 

a need to strengthen, develop and coordinate existing 

initiatives, and to build a common framework 

in order to establish a sound scientific and practical 

basis for pond conservation in Europe. The articles 

presented in this issue are intended to explore 

scientific problems to be solved in order to increase 

the understanding and the protection of ponds, to 

highlight those aspects of pond ecology that are 

relevant to freshwater science, and to bring out research 

areas which are likely to prove fruitful for 

further investigation. 

Hydrobiologia, 2008, V597, FEB, pp 1-6.


08.1-241 

Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater 

invertebrates in farm ponds of a southwestern 

French agricultural landscape 

Cereghino R, Ruggiero A, Marty P, Angelibert S 


Biodiversity , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Agriculture, 

Soil Sciences , Ecology , Zoology 

We assessed the importance for biodiversity of 

man-made farm ponds in an agricultural landscape 

in SW France lacking natural wetlands. 

The ponds were originally created to provide a 

variety of societal services (irrigation, visual amenity, 

water for cattle, etc.). We also assessed the 

environmental factors influencing invertebrate 

assemblages in these ponds. Only 18 invertebrate 

taxa out of 114 taxa occurring in the study area 

were common to ponds and rivers indicating that 

the contribution of farm ponds to freshwater biodiversity 

was potentially high. A Self-Organizing 

Map (SOM, neural network) was used to classify 36 

farm ponds in terms of the 52 invertebrate families 

and genera they supported, and to specify 

the influence of environmental variables related 

to land-use and to pond characteristics on the 

assemblage patterns. The SOM trained with taxa 

occurrences showed five clusters of ponds, most 

taxa occurring only in 1-2 clusters of ponds. Abandoned 

ponds tended to support higher numbers 

of taxa, probably because they were allowed to 

undergo a natural succession. Nevertheless, abandoned 

ponds were also amongst the largest, so 

that it remained difficult to separate the effects of 

pond size and abandonment, although both factors 

were likely to interact to favour higher taxon 

richness. The invertebrate communities in the 

ponds appeared to be influenced mainly by widely 

acting environmental factors (e.g. area, regionalization 

of assemblages) with little evidence that 

pond use (e.g. cattle watering, amenity) generally 

influenced assemblage composition. Our results 

support the idea that agricultural landscapes 

containing man- made ponds make a significant 

contribution to freshwater biodiversity indicating 

that protection of farm ponds from threats such 

as in- filling and pollution can make a positive 

contribution to the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity. 

This added value for biodiversity should 

be considered when calculating the economic 

costs and benefits of constructing water bodies 

for human activities. 

Hydrobiologia, 2008, V597, FEB, pp 43-51. 

129 

08.1-242 

The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular 

natural ecosystem threatened by human 

activities 

Conesa H M, Jimenez Carceles F J 

Switzerland, Spain 

Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Marine & 

Freshwater Biology 

The Mar Menor lagoon is one of the most important 

ecological singularities in the Mediterranean 

area. At the same time, it is an area where many 

economic and industrial activities meet. The sum 

of the impacts of mining, agriculture and urban 

development in the surroundings to the lagoon 

during the last decades has affected its ecosystem. 

In this paper, we have reviewed the studies done 

by researchers over two decades regarding the 

impacts of human activities in the lagoon, reporting 

data of contamination levels and the effects 

generated in the ecosystem of the lagoon. The 

discharge of enriched nutrient waters seems to be 

the most important input in the lagoon. Changes 

to more friendly agricultural techniques in the 

surrounding areas are therefore necessary. After 

our review, we can conclude that it is necessary 

to have higher efforts from the public administrations 

and stricter environmental regulations in 

order to preserve, on one hand, the important ecological 

values of the lagoon, and on other hand, 

public health. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, V54, N7, JUL, pp 

839-849. 

08.1-243 

Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment 

and monitoring 

Davidson N C, Finlayson C M 

Switzerland, Sri Lanka 

Marine & Freshwater Biology , Instruments & Instrumentation 

, Remote Sensing , Ecology 

1. Wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring 

are widely recognized as essential tools for a 

range of purposes that underpin sound decisionmaking 

and the management of wetlands so as to 

maintain their ecological character, including the 

critical services they provide to people worldwide. 

2. In recognition of this, the Ramsar Convention 

on Wetlands has adopted a suite of tools designed 

for: (i) describing the ecological character of wetlands; 

(ii) assessing the pressures and associated 

risks of adverse change; and (iii) monitoring the 

extent of any change that occurs as a consequence 

of management actions. 3. As a prelude to considering 

the application of Earth Observation techniques 

to wetlands a review of the needs and purposes 

of inventory, assessment and monitoring is


provided and linked with the wetlands ‘toolkit’ 

that the Convention has developed. In particular 

the usefulness of Earth Observation for undertaking 

such work more widely, and making its results 

more accessible to users, is considered. 4. As 

the wide typological, geographical and temporal 

variability of wetlands poses major challenges for 

inventory and assessment there have been many 

calls for the effective application of Earth Observation. 

In response a number of remote-sensing 

techniques have been developed or are being considered, 

such as the application of satellite-based 

radar, with more recent attention given to the 

application of long-wavelength (L-band) synthetic 

aperture radar. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & 

Sons, Ltd. 

Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 

2007, V17, N3, MAY, pp 219-228. 

08.1-244 

Biodegradation and environmental behavior 

of biodiesel mixtures in the sea: An initial 

study 

Demello J A, Carmichael C A, Peacock E E, Nelson R 

K, Arey J S, Reddy C M 


Toxicology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology 

Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters 

(FAMEs) derived from animal fats or vegetable 

oils, is rapidly moving towards the mainstream 

as an alternative source of energy. However, the 

behavior of biodiesel, or blends of biodiesel with 

fossil diesel, in the marine environment have yet 

to be fully understood. Hence, we performed a series 

of initial laboratory experiments and simple 

calculations to evaluate the microbial and environmental 

fate of FAMEs. Aerobic seawater microcosms 

spiked with biodiesel or mixtures of biodiesel 

and fossil diesel revealed that the FAMEs were 

degraded at roughly the same rate as n-alkanes, 

and more rapidly than other hydrocarbon components. 

The residues extracted from these different 

microcosms became indistinguishable within 

weeks. Preliminary results from physical-chemical 

calculations suggest that FAMEs in biodiesel 

mixtures will not affect the evaporation rates of 

spilled petroleum hydrocarbons but may stabilize 

oil droplets in the water column and thereby facilitate 

transport. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 

reserved. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, V54, N7, JUL, pp 

894-904. 

08.1-245 

Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution 

and biodegradation of a multi-component, 

light nonaqueous-phase liquid 

Dobson R, Schroth M H, Zeyer J 

Switzerland 

Geochemistry & Geophysics , Water Resources , 

Marine & Freshwater Biology 

Light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs) such as 

gasoline and diesel fuel are among the most common 

causes of soil and groundwater contamination. 

Dissolution and subsequent advective transport 

of LNAPL components can negatively impact 

water supplies, while biodegradation is thought 

to be an important sink for this class of contaminants. 

We present a laboratory investigation of 

the effect of a water-table fluctuation on dissolution 

and biodegradation of a multi-component 

LNAPL (85% hexadecane, 5% toluene, 5% ethylbenzene, 

and 5% 2-methylnapthalene on a molar 

basis) in a pair of similar model aquifers (80 cm 

x 50 cm x 3 cm), one of which was subjected to 

a water-table fluctuation. Water-table fluctuation 

resulted in LNAPL and air entrapment below the 

water table, an increase in the vertical extent of 

the LNAPL source zone (by factor 6.7), and an increase 

in the volume of water passing through 

the source zone (by factor similar to 18). Effluent 

concentrations of dissolved LNAPL components 

were substantially higher and those of dissolved 

nitrate lower in the model aquifer where a fluctuation 

had been induced. Thus, water-table fluctuation 

led to enhanced biodegradation activity 

(28.3 mmol of nitrate consumed compared to 16.3 

mmol in the model without fluctuation) as well 

as enhanced dissolution of LNAPL components. 

Despite the increased biodegradation, fluctuation 

led to increased elution of dissolved LNAPL components 

from the system (by factors 10-20). Hence, 

water-table fluctuations in LNAPL-contaminated 

aquifers might be expected to result in increased 

exposure of downgradient receptors to LNAPL 

components. Accordingly, water-table fluctuations 

in contaminated aquifers are probably undesirable 

unless the LNAPL is of minimal solubility 

or the dissolved-phase plume is not expected to 

reach a receptor due to distance or the presence of 

some form of containment. 

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2007, V94, 

N3-4, DEC 7, pp 235-248.


08.1-246 

Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics 

along a large Alpine alluvial corridor 

(Tagliamento River, Northeast Italy) 

Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer D R, 

Tockner K 

Switzerland 

Hydrology , Ecology , Geomorphology 

Riverine floodplains are pulsing ecosystems that 

expand and contract with changing flow. In this 

study we quantified large-scale expansion and 

contraction dynamics of surface waters along 

a 41.5 km braided section of the last remaining 

semi-natural large Alpine gravel-bed river (Tagliamento 

River; NE Italy). To assess surface-subsurface 

exchange patterns We measured discharge and 

vertical hydraulic gradients at multiple locations 

along the corridor. We identified two river sections 

delineated by distinct geomorphic knickpoints. In 

the upper 29 km, Section I (losing zone), surface 

flow decreased on average by 2.5 +/- 0.8 m(3) s(-1) 

per river-km. In the downstream 12.5 km, Section 

II (gaining zone), surface How increased on average 

by 0.3 +/- 0.1 m(3)s(-1) per river-km. The losing 

zone experienced frequent and extensive drying 

and rewetting cycles. The length of the dry river 

section was measured over a 1.5 year period using 

differential GPS. Up to 23 km of Section I fell dry 

at the surface. Frequent and irregular flow pulses 

led to rapid expansions of the wetted channel at 

velocities of up to 3 km h(-1), while the subsequent 

contraction velocities were less than 0-5 km h(-1). 

Water level was linearly regressed against the total 

length of the dry river section (r(2) = 0.74; p 

< 0.0001). This relationship, in combination with 

a continuous stage record, was used to evaluate 

expansion and contraction dynamics over a 4 year 

period. Timing, frequency, magnitude (spatial extent) 

and duration of expansion and contraction 

dynamics reflected the flashy flow regime of the 

Tagliamento River, including a high intra- and 

inter-annual variability of surface drying and rewetting. 

Our study emphasizes that even small 

changes in How can cause major increases or 

decreases of ecosystem size, thereby creating a 

highly dynamic and harsh environment for both 

terrestrial and aquatic organisms. 


N11, OCT 15, pp 1693-1704. 

131 

08.1-247 

Field evidence of a dynamic leakage coefficient 

for modelling river- aquifer interactions 

Doppler T, Franssen H J H, Kaiser H P, Kuhlman U, 

Stauffer F 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Water Resources , Hydrology 

In groundwater flow modelling, the interaction 

between rivers and aquifers is usually modelled 

with spatially and temporally constant leakage 

coefficients. We used conventional model calibration 

techniques to investigate the time-varying 

river-aquifer interactions in the sandy gravel 

aquifer of the upper Limmat valley in Zürich 

(Switzerland). The aim of the study was to determine 

whether the leakage coefficients have to be 

treated as time-dependent in order to adequately 

model the dynamics of the groundwater flow. A 

transient horizontal two-dimensional groundwater 

flow model was established together with a 

one-dimensional hydraulic model for river flow, 

as well as a scheme calculating groundwater recharge 

and lateral inflow from meteorological 

data and a soil water balance model. The groundwater 

flow model was calibrated using hydraulic 

head data from May and June 2004 and July and 

August 2005. The verification period covered 13 

years using hydraulic head data from 90 piezometers. 

The comparison of the model results with 

the measurements in the verification period revealed 

three phenomena concerning river-aquifer 

interaction which all showed up as systematic deviations 

between model and observations. (1) The 

major flood event in May 1999 had a significant 

and persistent influence on the river-aquifer interaction. 

In an impounded river section upstream 

of a weir, the infiltration of river water was enhanced 

by the flooding probably due to erosion 

processes. (2) Seasonal river water temperature 

fluctuations influenced the infiltration rate, due 

to the temperature dependence of hydraulic 

conductivity of the river bed. (3) Depending on 

geometry and hydraulic characteristics of the riverbanks 

the leakage coefficient can be a function 

of the river stage. With higher water levels, additional 

areas can contribute to the infiltration of 

river water. Therefore, in modelling groundwater 

flow with strong river-aquifer interactions, it can 

become necessary to consider dynamic leakage 

coefficients and to recalibrate periodically. 

Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V347, N1-2, DEC 15, 

pp 177-187.


08.1-248 

The GLOWA Jordan river project: Integrated 

research for sustainable water management 

Drexler C, Tielbörger K 


Water Resources , Hydrology 


N3, AUG, pp 274-275. 

08.1-249 

Hydropower production and river rehabilitation: 

A case study on an alpine river 

Fette M, Weber C, Peter A, Wehrli B 

Switzerland 

Hydrology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology 

Despite the numerous benefits of hydropower production, 

this renewable energy source can have serious 

negative consequences on the environment. 

For example, dams act as barriers for the longitudinal 

migration of organisms and transport of 

particulate matter. Accelerated siltation processes 

in the receiving river reduce the vertical connectivity 

between river and groundwater. Hydropeaks, 

caused by short-term changes in hydropower 

operation, result in a negative impact on both 

habitat and organisms, especially during winter 

months when natural discharge is low and almost 

constant. In this study, we report the current deficits 

present in the River Rhone from two different 

scientific perspectives - fish ecology and hydrology. 

Potential rehabilitation solutions in synergy 

with flood protection measures are discussed. We 

focus on the effects of hydropeaking in relation to 

longitudinal and vertical dimensions and discuss 

local river widening as a potential rehabilitation 

tool. The fish fauna in the Rhone is characterized 

by a highly unnatural structure (low diversity, 

impaired age distribution). A high correlation between 

fish biomass and monotonous morphology 

(poor cover availability) was established. Tracer 

hydrology provided further details about the reduced 

permeability of the riverbank, revealing a 

high degree of siltation with K values of about 4.7 

x 10 (-6) m s(-1). Improving the hydrologic situation 

is therefore essential for the successful rehabilitation 

of the Rhone River. To this end, hydropeaks 

in the river reaches must be attenuated. This 

can be realized by a combination of different hard 

technical and soft operational measures such as 

retention reservoirs or slower up and down ramping 

of turbines. 


N4, NOV, pp 257-267. 

08.1-250 

Effects of alpine hydropower operations on 

primary production in a downstream lake 

Finger D, Bossard P, Schmid M, Jaun L, Müller B, 

Steiner D, Schäffer E, Zeh M, Wüest A 

Switzerland 

Limnology , Hydrology , Marine & Freshwater Biology 

, Ecology , Water Resources 

During the past century, the construction of hydropower 

dams in the watershed of Lake Brienz 

has significantly altered the dynamics of turbidity, 

which has important implications for lake 

productivity. To assess these effects, we measured 

in situ carbon assimilation rates and ambient 

light intensities over 18 months. Based on experimental 

data, a numerical model was developed 

to assess gross primary production under present 

light conditions and those under a hypothetical 

case without upstream dams. Light conditions 

for the hypothetical ‘no-dam’ situation were estimated 

from pre-dam Secchi depths and simulated 

‘no-dam’ particle concentrations. Current gross 

primary production is low (similar to 66 gC m(-2) 

yr(-1)), and could increase similar to 44% if the lake 

was less turbid. Disregarding nutrient retention 

in reservoirs, we estimate gross primary production 

would be similar to 35% lower in summer and 

similar to 23% higher in winter in the absence of 

reservoirs. The annual primary production (similar 

to 58 gC m(-2)yr(-1)) would decrease similar to 

12% compared to the current primary production 

with dams. According to model calculations, hydropower 

operations have significantly altered 

the seasonal dynamics, but have little effect on 

annual primary production in Lake Brienz. 

Aquatic Sciences, 2007, V69, N2, JUN, pp 240-256. 

08.1-251 

Comparing effects of oligotrophication and 

upstream hydropower dams on plankton and 

productivity in perialpine lakes 

Finger D, Schmid M, Wüest A 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Hydrology , Water Resources , Marine 

& Freshwater Biology 

In recent decades, many perialpine lakes have 

been affected by oligotrophication due to efficient 

sewage treatment and by altered water turbidity 

due to upstream hydropower operations. Such 

simultaneous environmental changes often lead 

to public debate on the actual causes of observed 

productivity reductions. We evaluate the effects 

of those two changes by a combined approach 

of modeling and data interpretation for a case 

study on Lake Brienz (Switzerland), a typical oligotrophic 

perialpine lake, located downstream


of several hydropower reservoirs. A physical kepsilon 

scheme and a biogeochemical advectiondiffusion-reaction 

model were implemented and 

applied for several hypothetical scenarios with different 

nutrient loads and different particle input 

dynamics. The simulation results are compared to 

long-term biotic data collected from 1999 to 2004. 

The analysis shows that enhanced nutrient supply 

increases the nutritious value of algae, stimulating 

zooplankton growth, while phytoplankton 

growth is limited by stronger top-down control. 

Annually integrated productivity is only slightly 

influenced by altered turbidity, as phosphorous 

limitation prevails. Simulations indicate that the 

spring production peak is delayed because of increased 

turbidity in winter caused by upstream 

hydropower operation. As a consequence, the entire 

nutrient cycle is seasonally delayed, creating 

an additional stress for zooplankton and fish in 

the downstream lake. 

Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N12, DEC 

11 ARTN: W12404. 

08.1-252 

Characterizing water circulation and contaminant 

transport in Lake Geneva using bacteriophage 

tracer experiments and limnological 

methods 

Goldscheider N, Haller L, Pote J, Wildi W, Zopfi J 

Switzerland 

Limnology , Microbiology , Marine & Freshwater 

Biology 

Multi-tracer tests with three types of marine bacteriophages 

(H4/4, H6/1, and H40/1), together with 

various limnological methods, including physicochemical 

depth profiling, surface drifters, deep 

current measurements, and fecal indicator bacteria 

analyses, have been applied to characterize 

water circulation and pathogen transport in the 

Bay of Vidy (Lake Geneva, Switzerland). The experimental 

program was carried out twice, first in November 

2005, when the lake was stratified, and a 

second time during holomixis in February 2006. 

The bacteriophages were injected at three points 

at different depths, where contaminated waters 

enter the lake, including the outlet pipe of a wastewater 

treatment plant, a river, and a stormwater 

outlet. Thereafter, water samples were collected 

in the lake at 2 m depth during a 48 h sampling 

campaign. The results demonstrate that (i) contaminated 

river water spreads rapidly in the bay; (ii) a 

well- developed thermocline is highly effective in 

preventing contamination from the depth to rise 

up to the surface; (iii) rapid vertical mixing and 

pathogen transport occur under thermally homogeneous 

conditions; and (iv) repeated multi-tracer 

133 

tests with bacteriophages are a powerful technique 

to assess water circulation and contaminant transport 

in lakes where high dilution occurs. 


N15, AUG 1, pp 5252-5258. 

08.1-253 

Bubble gas-exchange in an artificially aerated 

lake traced using noble gases 

Holzner C P, Graser N, Kipfer R 

Switzerland 

Limnology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 



08.1-254 

Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in 

freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for 

public health: A review 

Ibelings B W, Chorus I 

Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany 

Marine & Freshwater Biology , Toxicology , Human 

& Public Health 

This review summarizes and discusses the current 

understanding of human exposure to cyanobacterial 

toxins in “seafood” collected from 

freshwater and coastal areas. The review consists 

of three parts: (a) the existing literature on concentrations 

of cyanobacterial toxins in seafood is 

reviewed, and the likelihood of bioaccumulation 

discussed; (b) we derive cyanotoxin doses likely 

to occur through seafood consumption and propose 

guideline values for seafood and compare 

these to guidelines for drinking water; and (c) we 

discuss means to assess, control or mitigate the 

risks of exposure to cyanotoxins through seafood 

consumption. This is discussed in the context of 

two specific procedures, the food specific HACCPapproach 

and the water- specific Water Safety 

Plan approach by the WHO. Risks of exposure to 

cyanotoxins in food are sometimes underestimated. 

Risk assessments should acknowledge this and 

investigate the partitioning of exposure between 

drinking-water and food, which may vary depending 

on local circumstances. 


177-192. 

08.1-255 

Effects of upstream hydropower operation 

and oligotrophication on the light regime of a 

turbid peri-alpine lake 

Jaun L, Finger D, Zeh M, Schurter M, Wüest A 

Switzerland 

Hydrology , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology 

, Ecology , Water Resources


Anthropogenic activities in catchments can alter 

the light regimes in downstream natural waters, 

affecting light attenuation and the perceived optical 

properties of the waters. We analyzed the 

effects of upstream hydropower operation and 

oligotrophication on light attenuation and reflectance 

in Lake Brienz (Switzerland). For this 

purpose, we reconstructed its light regime for the 

pre-dam condition and for periods of 4-fold increased 

primary productivity, based on direct observations 

of light and beam attenuation as well 

as concentrations of optically active compounds, 

especially observed and simulated mineral particle 

concentrations. Based on our assessment, light 

attenuation before the construction of upstream 

dams was double the current value during summer 

and nearly half in winter. This result is consistent 

with pre-dam measurements of Secchi depths 

in the early 1920s. Using a simple optical model, a 

significant increase in reflectance since the 1970s 

was estimated, assuming a 4-fold decrease of optical 

active organic compounds within the lake. As 

reflectance is perceived by human eyes as turbidity, 

this may explain subjective reports by local 

residents of increasing turbidity in recent years. 

Aquatic Sciences, 2007, V69, N2, JUN, pp 212-226. 

08.1-256 

Decadal water mass variations along 20 degrees 

W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean 

Johnson G C, Gruber N 


Oceanography 

Water mass variations in the northeastern Atlantic 

Ocean along 20 degrees W are analyzed with 

pentadal resolution over the past 15 years using 

data from four repeat occupations of a meridional 

hydrographic section running south from Iceland. 

The section was sampled in 1988, 1993, 1998, and 

2003. The results are interpreted in the context of 

changes in air-sea forcing, ocean circulation, and 

water properties associated with the North Atlantic 

Oscillation (NAO) . The NAO index oscillated around 

zero from 1984 to 1988, was strongly positive from 

1989 to 1995, after which it shifted to lower positive, 

and occasionally negative values from 1996 to 2003. 

Previously published studies suggest that after the 

1995-1996 shift of the NAO, the subpolar gyre largely 

retreated to the northwest in the northeastern Atlantic 

Ocean, resulting in an increasingly southeastern 

character of local water masses with time. Water 

property changes extending from the Subpolar 

Mode Water (SPMW) just below the seasonal pycnocline 

through the density range shared by Mediterranean 

Outflow Water and SubArctic Intermediate 

Water (SAIW) along 20 degrees W are consistent 

with changes in wind-driven ocean circulation and 

air-sea heat flux associated with shifts in the NAO, 

especially after accounting for ocean memory. After 

periods of lower NAO index the SPMW is warmer, 

saltier, and lighter. At these same times, large increases 

of apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and 

potential vorticity are found at the SPMW base, consistent 

with SPMW ventilation to lighter densities 

during lower NAO index periods. Deeper and denser 

in the water column, the cold, fresh, and dense 

SAIW signature within the permanent pycnocline 

that was most strongly present in 1993, near the culmination 

of a period of high NAO index, is much 

reduced in 1988 and 1998. In 2003, after a prolonged 

period of lower NAO index, increasing influence of 

warmer, saltier subtropical waters is clear within 

the permanent pycnocline. The deep penetration of 

the changes implies that they are caused primarily 

by circulation changes resulting from NAO-associated 

wind shifts, but changes in air-sea heat flux could 

also have played a role. 

Progress in Oceanography, 2007, V73, N3-4, pp 

277-295. 

08.1-257 

Relationships among recent Alpine Cladocera 

remains and their environment: Implications 

for climate-change studies 

Kamenik C, Szeroczynska K, Schmidt R 

Switzerland, Poland, Austria 

Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Meteorology 

& Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology 

Our objective was to assess the potential of Cladocera 

from mountain lakes for climate reconstruction. 

We related Cladocera from surface sediments 

of Alpine lakes (1,502-2,309 m asl) to 29 abiotic environmental 

variables using statistical methods. The 

environmental dataset included water chemistry, 

lake depth, and bi-hourly water- temperature logs, 

which were used to assess mean monthly water 

temperatures, dates of freezing and breakup, spring 

and autumn mixing. We found 14 different Cladocera 

of the families Bosminidae, Daphniidae, and 

Chydoridae. Lakes without Cladocera (eight lakes) 

were cold and/or ultra-oligotrophic, whereas lakes 

with planktonic and littoral Cladocera (19 lakes) 

were warmer and/or less oligotrophic. Lakes with 

only littoral Cladocera (18 lakes) had intermediate 

water temperatures/trophy. Changes in Cladocera 

assemblages were related to changes in climate, 

nutrients, and/or alkalinity. We found a climate 

threshold at which Bosminidae disappeared in 

95% of the lakes. For climate-change research, we 

propose studying Cladocera along transects that 

include climatic thresholds. 

Hydrobiologia, 2007, V594, DEC, pp 33-46.


08.1-258 

Implementation of a process-based catchment 

model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized 

Himalayan headwater 

Konz M, Uhlenbrook S, Braun L, Shrestha A, Demuth 

S 

Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, Nepal 

Modelling , Hydrology 

The paper presents a catchment modeling approach 

for remote glacierized Himalayan catchments. 

The distributed catchment model TAC 

(D), which is widely based on the HBV model, was 

further developed for the application in highly 

glacierized catchments on a daily timestep and 

applied to the Nepalese Himalayan headwater 

Langtang Khola (360 km(2)). Low laying reference 

stations are taken for temperature extrapolation 

applying a second order polynomial function. 

Probability based statistical methods enable 

bridging data gaps in daily precipitation 

time series and the redistribution of cumulated 

precipitation sums over the previous days. Snow 

and ice melt was calculated in a distributed way 

based on the temperature- index method employing 

calculated daily potential sunshine durations. 

Different melting conditions of snow and ice and 

melting of ice under debris layers were considered. 

The spatial delineation of hydrological response 

units was achieved by taking topographic 

and physiographic information from maps and 

satellite images into account, and enabled to 

incorporate process knowledge into the model. 

Simulation results demonstrated that the model 

is able to simulate daily discharge for a period of 

10 years and point glacier mass balances observed 

in the research area with an adequate reliability. 

The simple but robust data pre-processing and 

modeling approach enables the determination of 

the components of the water balance of a remote, 

data scarce catchment with a minimum of input 

data. 

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2007, V11, 

N4, pp 1323-1339. 

08.1-259 

Effects of impoundment on nutrient availability 

and productivity in lakes 

Matzinger A, Pieters R, Ashley K I, Lawrence G A, 

Wüest A 


Modelling , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology 


We investigate the hydraulic alteration and the 

effect on primary productivity of the Hugh Keenleyside 

Dam built at the outlet of the Arrow Lakes 

(British Columbia, Canada) in 1967. Three dam- 

135 

induced hydraulic changes have been identified 

as relevant: (1) water level increase, (2) leveling of 

the seasonal outflow, and (3) subsurface release of 

water from the dam. The potential effect of these 

alterations on primary productivity were tested 

with a numerical model supported by field observations. 

Hydraulic modifications can reduce lake 

productivity by up to 40%, primarily as a result 

of altered flow path and allowing nutrients to 

pass through the reservoir without entering the 

productive zone near the surface. This productivity 

loss is comparable to the reduction caused 

by nutrient retention behind dams constructed 

upstream of the Arrow Lakes Reservoir. The combined 

productivity loss from both of these two 

mechanisms is significant and may well be responsible 

for the dramatic decline of kokanee (Oncorhynchus 

nerka) observed in the Arrow Lakes 

Reservoir in the 1990s. 

Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, V52, N6, 

NOV, pp 2629-2640. 

08.1-260 

Eutrophication: are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) 

good bioindicators for ponds? 

Menetrey N, Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne 

J B 

Switzerland 

Zoology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Water 

Resources , Biodiversity 

Ephemeroptera larvae are recognized worldwide 

for their sensitivity to oxygen depletion in running 

waters, and are therefore commonly used as 

bioindicators in many monitoring programmes. 

Mayflies inhabiting lentic waters, like lakes and 

ponds, in contrary have been poorly prospected 

in biomonitoring. For this purpose, a better understanding 

of their distribution in lentic habitats 

and of the relations of species presence with 

environmental conditions are needed. Within 

this framework, 104 ponds were sampled in Switzerland. 

The Ephemeroptera are found to be an 

insect order particularly well represented in the 

ponds studied here (93% of the lowland ponds). 

Nevertheless, in terms of diversity, they are relatively 

poorly represented (mean species number 

= 1.9). Two species dominated: Cloeon dipterum 

(Baetidae) and Caenis horaria (Caenidae). The investigations 

contributed to the updating of the 

geographical distribution of the species in Switzerland, 

as many of the observations appear to 

be from new localities. The trophic state of ponds 

appears here to be important for Ephemeroptera 

communities. First, there is a negative relationship 

between total phosphorus (TP) concentrations 

and species richness. Second, the presence of


Caenis horaria or Cloeon dipterum is dependent 

on the trophic state. Caenis horaria is most closely 

associated with low levels of TP concentrations, 

while Cloeon dipterum appears to be less sensitive, 

and is most frequently found in hypertrophic 

conditions. A probable consequence of these relations, 

is that Baetidae are always present when 

Caenidae are also present. Contrastingly, Baetidae 

is observed as the only mayflies family present in 

several ponds. 


08.1-261 

Inorganic carbon fixation by sulfate-reducing 

bacteria in the Black Sea water column 

Neretin L N, Abed R M M, Schippers A, Schubert C 

J, Kohls K, Kuypers M M M 


Microbiology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

The Black Sea is the largest anoxic water basin on 

Earth and its stratified water column comprises 

an upper oxic, middle suboxic and a lower permanently 

anoxic, sulfidic zone. The abundance 

of sulfate- reducing bacteria (SRB) in water samples 

was determined by quantifying the copy 

number of the dsrA gene coding for the alpha 

subunit of the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase 

using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The 

dsrA gene was detected throughout the whole 

suboxic and anoxic zones. The maximum dsrA 

copy numbers were 5 x 10(2) and 6.3 x 10(2) copies 

ml(-1) at 95 m in the suboxic and at 150 m in 

the upper anoxic zone, respectively. The proportion 

of SRB to total Bacteria was 0.1% in the oxic, 

0.8-1.9% in the suboxic and 1.2-4.7% in the anoxic 

zone. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA clones 

showed that most clones from the anoxic zone 

formed a coherent cluster within the Desulfonema-Desulfosarcina 

group. A similar depth profile 

as for dsrA copy numbers was obtained for the 

concentration of non-isoprenoidal dialkyl glycerol 

diethers (DGDs), which are most likely SRBspecific 

lipid biomarkers. Three different DGDs 

were found to be major components of the total 

lipid fractions from the anoxic zone. The DGDs 

were depleted in C-13 relative to the delta C-13 

values of dissolved CO 2 (delta C-13(CO 2)) by 14-19 

parts per thousand. Their delta C-13 values (delta 

C-13(DGD(II-III))) co-varied with depth showing 

the least C-13-depleted values in the top of the 

sulfidic, anoxic zone and the most C-13-depleted 

values in the deep anoxic waters at 1500 m. This 

co-variation provides evidence for CO 2 incorporation 

by the DGD(II-III)-producing SRB, while 

the 1:2 relationship between delta C-13(CO 2) and 

delta C-13(DGD(II-III)) indicates the use of an additional 

organic carbon source. 

Environmental Microbiology, 2007, V9, N12, DEC, 

pp 3019-3024. 

08.1-262 

Impacts of environmental change on water 

resources in the Mt. Kenya region 

Notter B, Macmillan L, Viviroli D, Weingartner R, 

Liniger H P 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Water Resources 

, Modelling 

Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce 

in the Mt. Kenya region. Land use and climate 

change may pose additional challenges to water 

management in the future. In order to assess 

the impacts of environmental change, the NRM3 

Streamflow Model, a simple, semi- distributed, 

grid-based water balance model, is evaluated as 

a too(for discharge prediction in six meso-scale 

catchments on the western slopes of Mt. Kenya, 

and used to analyse the impact of Land use and 

climate change scenarios on water resources. The 

calibration and validation results show an acceptable 

performance of the NRM3 Streamflow Model 

in simulating discharge. Input data represent the 

main (imitation. Rainfall patterns in the mountainous 

catchments are very heterogeneous and 

difficult to capture with the monitoring network. 

River water abstractions make up 80-100% of naturalized 

dry season discharge, but amounts can 

only be approximately estimated. Under the scenarios 

of (and use and climate change examined, 

the total amount as well as the variability of discharge 

wilt increase: Conversion of the forest area 

to crop- or grassland wilt increase annual runoff 

by 11% or 59%, respectively, by mainly increasing 

flood flows and, under cropland, slightly reducing 

Low flows. Climate change as projected by the 

IPCC Task Group on Scenarios for Impact Assessment 

(IPCC-TCGIA, 1999. Guidelines in the use of 

data for climate impact and adaptation assessment. 

Version 1. Prepared by Carter, T.R., Hulme, 

M.., Lal, M., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change, Task Group on Scenarios for Climate Impact 

Assessment.) will result in an increase of annual 

runoff by 26%, with a severe increase in flood 

flows, and a reduction of the lowest flows to about 

a tenth of the current value. 

Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V343, N3-4, SEP 20, 

pp 266-278.


08.1-263 

Influence of temperature and high acetate 

concentrations on methanogenensis in lake 

sediment slurries 

Nozhevnikova A N, Nekrasova V, Ammann A, 

Zehnder A J B, Wehrli B, Holliger C 

Switzerland, Russia 

Limnology , Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

, Marine & Freshwater Biology 

Methanogenesis from main methane precursors 

H-2/CO 2 and acetate was investigated in a temperature 

range of 2-70 degrees C using sediments from 

Lake Baldegg, Switzerland. Psychrophilic, psychrotrophic, 

mesophilic, and thermophilic methanogenic 

microbial communities were enriched 

by incubations for 1-3 months of nonamended 

sediment slurries at 5, 15, 30, and 50 degrees 

C. Isotope experiments with slurries amended 

with C-14-labeled bicarbonate and C-14-2-acetate 

showed that in the psychrophilic community 

(enriched at 5 degrees C), about 95% of methane 

originated from acetate, in contrast to the thermophilic 

community (50 degrees C) where up to 

98% of methane was formed from bicarbonate. In 

the mesophilic community (30 degrees C), acetate 

was the precursor of about 80% of the methane 

produced. When the hydrogen-carbon dioxide 

mixture (H-2/CO 2) was used as a substrate, it was 

directly converted to methane under thermophilic 

conditions (70 and 50 degrees C). Under 

mesophilic conditions (30 degrees C), both pathways, 

hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic, were 

observed. At low temperatures (5 and 15 degrees 

C), H-2/CO 2 was converted into methane by a twostep 

process; first acetate was formed, followed by 

methane production from acetate. When slurries 

were incubated at high partial pressures of H-2/ 

CO 2, the high concentrations of acetate produced 

of more than 20 mM inhibited acetoclastic methanogenesis 

at a temperature below 15 degrees C. 

However, slow adaptation of the psychrophilic 

microbial community to high acetate concentrations 

was observed. 

Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V62, N3, DEC, 

pp 336-344. 

08.1-264 

Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine 

ponds of the Swiss National Park (Cirque 

of Macun) and relation to environmental 

variables 

Oertli B, Indermühle N, Angelibert S, Hinden H, 

Stoll A 

Switzerland 

Zoology , Biodiversity , Marine & Freshwater 

Biology , Ecology 

137 

High-altitude freshwater ecosystems and their biocoenosis 

are ideal sentinel systems to detect global 

change. In particular, pond communities are likely 

to be highly responsive to climate warming. For this 

reason, the Swiss National Park has included ponds 

as part of a long-term monitoring programme of 

the high-alpine Macun cirque. This cirque covers 3.6 

km(2), has a mean altitude of 2,660 m a.s.l., and includes 

a hydrographic system composed of a stream 

network and more than 35 temporary and permanent 

ponds. The first two steps in the programme 

were to (i) make an inventory of the macroinvertebrates 

of the waterbodies in the Macun cirque, 

and (ii) relate the assemblages to local or regional 

environmental variables. Sampling was conducted 

in 25 ponds between 2002 and 2004. The number of 

taxa characterising the region (Macun cirque) was 

low, represented by 47 lentic taxa. None of them 

was endemic to the Alps, although several species 

were cold stenothermal. Average pond richness 

was low (11.3 taxa). Assemblages were dominated 

by Chironomidae (Diptera), and Coleoptera and Oligochaeta 

were also relatively well represented. Other 

groups, which are frequent in lowland ponds, 

had particularly poor species richness (Trichoptera, 

Heteroptera) or were absent (Gastropoda, Odonata, 

Ephemeroptera). Macroinvertebrate assemblages 

(composition, richness) were only weakly influenced 

by local environmental variables. The main 

structuring processes were those operating at regional 

level and, namely, the connectivity between 

ponds, i.e. the presence of a physical connection 

(tributary) and/or small geographical distance between 

ponds. The results suggest that during the 

long-term monitoring of the Macun ponds (started 

in 2005), two kinds of change will affect macroinvertebrate 

assemblages. The first change is related 

to the natural dynamics, with high local- scale turnover, 

involving the metapopulations characterising 

the Macun cirque. The second change is related to 

global warming, leading to higher local and regional 

richness through an increase in the number of 

colonisation events resulting from the upward shift 

of geographical ranges of species. At the same time 

the cold stenothermal species from Macun will be 

subject to extinction. 


08.1-265 

Aquatic macroinvertebrate response along a 

gradient of lateral connectivity in river floodplain 

channels 

Paillex A, Castella E, Carron G 

Switzerland 

Marine & Freshwater Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity, 

Zoology


Large river floodplains potentially include the 

full range of freshwater ecosystems from permanently 

flowing channels to temporary pools and 

springs. Attempts to restore such complex systems 

require tools adapted to assess restoration success. 

In an analysis of invertebrate assemblages in the 

Rhone River floodplain (France), taxonomic-based 

indices (rarefied richness and assemblage composition) 

were compared with functional metrics 

using trait-based ratios as surrogates of ecosystem 

processes. Their ability to respond to a gradient 

of hydrological connectivity was assessed in 7 

cut-off channels. The sampling design included 

2 sites/channel (upstream and downstream), 4 

randomly chosen sampling points (0.5 x 0.5-m 

quadrats) /site, and 2 sampling seasons (spring 

and summer). Water physicochemical and habitat 

variables were recorded when invertebrates were 

sampled. Environmental variables, including water 

conductance, (NH 3-N), submerged vegetation 

cover, diversity of sediment grain size, and organic 

matter content of the sediment, were used to 

construct a synthetic variable describing the hydrological 

connectivity of each site with the main 

river channel. A quadratic regression of rarefied 

taxonomic richness and the connectivity gradient 

was not quite significant, but assemblage composition 

was strongly related to the gradient. Four 

of 8 trait-based metrics; were correlated with the 

connectivity gradient. Values of metrics that are 

surrogates for top-down control of assemblage 

structure and habitat stability (based on functional 

feeding groups) declined along the gradient 

from disconnected sites to more connected sites. 

Values of metrics that are surrogates for voltinism 

and food supply for water- column-feeding fish increased 

with connectivity. Top-down control and 

voltinism surrogates suggested a decline in predator-prey 

relationships and lower habitat stability, 

respectively, in the more connected sites. Assemblage 

composition and some of the trait-based 

metrics were sensitive to a flood that occurred before 

one of the sampling dates. Some of the traitbased 

metrics showed potential for explaining 

floodplain invertebrate assemblages and for monitoring 

postrestoration conditions in floodplain 

water bodies. However, the metrics were developed 

initially for studies of lotic systems and their 

use in heterogeneous floodplain water bodies will 

require further investigation, e.g., delineation of 

reference conditions for trait-based metrics. 

Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 

2007, V26, N4, DEC, pp 779-796. 

08.1-266 

Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera 

Pawlowski J, Fahrni J, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius 

N, Excoffier L, Cedhagen T, Gooday A J 

Switzerland, England, Denmark 

Biodiversity , Ecology , Marine & Freshwater Biology 

Despite its often featureless appearance, the deepocean 

floor includes some of the most diverse 

habitats on Earth. However, the accurate assessment 

of global deep-sea diversity is impeded by 

a paucity of data on the geographical ranges of 

bottom-dwelling species, particularly at the genetic 

level. Here, we present molecular evidence 

for exceptionally wide distribution of benthic 

foraminifera, which constitute the major part of 

deep-sea meiofauna. Our analyses of nuclear ribosomal 

RNA genes revealed high genetic similarity 

between Arctic and Antarctic populations of three 

common deep-sea foraminiferal species (Epistominella 

exigua, Cibicides wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis 

umbonatus), separated by distances of up to 

17 000 km. Our results contrast with the substantial 

level of cryptic diversity usually revealed by 

molecular studies, of shallow- water benthic and 

planktonic marine organisms. The very broad 

ranges of the deep-sea foraminifera that we examined 

support the hypothesis of global distribution 

of small eukaryotes and suggest that deep-sea 

biodiversity may be more modest at global scales 

than present estimates suggest. 

Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N19, OCT, pp 

4089-4096. 

08.1-267 

Earlier onset of the spring phytoplankton 

bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a 

warmer climate 

Peeters F, Straile D, Lorke A, Livingstone D M 


Marine & Freshwater Biology , Meteorology & 

Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography , Biodiversity 

Ecology 

The decoupling of trophic interactions is potentially 

one of the most severe consequences of climate 

warming. In lakes and oceans the timing 

of phytoplankton blooms affects competition 

within the plankton community as well as foodweb 

interactions with zooplankton and fish. Using 

Upper Lake Constance as an example, we present 

a model-based analysis that predicts that in 

a future warmer climate, the onset of the spring 

phytoplankton bloom will occur earlier in the 

year than it does at present. This is a result of the 

earlier occurrence of the transition from strong 

to weak vertical mixing in spring, and of the as-


sociated earlier onset of stratification. According 

to our simulations a shift in the timing of phytoplankton 

growth resulting from a consistently 

warmer climate will exceed that resulting from a 

single unusually warm year. The numerical simulations 

are complemented by a statistical analysis 

of long-term data from Upper Lake Constance 

which demonstrates that oligotrophication has a 

negligible effect on the timing of phytoplankton 

growth in spring and that an early onset of the 

spring phytoplankton bloom is associated with 

high air temperatures and low wind speeds. 

Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N9, SEP, pp 

1898-1909. 

08.1-268 

Water level fluctuations and dynamics of amphibious 

plants at Lake Constance: Long-term 

study and simulation 

Peintinger M, Prati D, Winkler E 


Plant Sciences , Modelling , Limnology , Marine & 


Inundations of lakeshores are classical examples 

of how disturbance can influence community diversity 

and composition. As the occurrence and 

intensity of flooding are predicted to change dramatically 

as a result of climate change, predicting 

the consequences of such changes has become a 

major task for community ecology. Here we present 

abundance data of five species that comprise a 

species-poor community of high conservation value 

at lakeshores of Lake Constance over 17 years, 

during which one of the longest flood periods 

and the lowest water levels since 1890 occurred. 

We used simple regression models and increasingly 

sophisticated Markov chain models plus 

non-linear parameter estimation to put down 

abundance changes to direct effects of flooding 

on population-dynamic parameters and to indirect 

effects of flooding through modification of 

interspecific competition. We found a negative effect 

of flood duration on abundance changes for 

the non-specialist species Agrostis stolonifera and 

Phalaris arundinacea, but no effect on Carex acuta. 

The specialist species, Ranunculus reptans but 

not Littorella uniflora showed a positive effect of 

flooding. Data analysis revealed an unambiguous 

competitive hierarchy with the two graminoid 

species (C acuta, P. arundinacea) being superior, 

and the habitat specialists being most sensitive 

to interspecific competition. We used estimated 

parameters to project the community dynamics 

under different flooding regimes. Long-term projection 

showed that the original community is 

threatened by two non-specialist species (C acuta 

139 

and P. arundinacea). Even if this forecast was influenced 

by various model limitations, it may indicate 

irreversible changes in soil fertility during 

the phase of high eutrophication between 1950 

and 1980. Our study demonstrated that long-term 

abundance releves combined with Markov modelling 

and predictive simulations are an important 

counterpart to detailed short-term studies. The 

combination of empirical and theoretical methods 

elucidates the interaction of biotic and abiotic 

factors in community change. 

Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 

2007, V8, N4, pp 179-196. 

08.1-269 

Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: 

Interannual variability in magnitude, 

temporal patterns, and composition 

Peloquin J A, Smith W O Jr 


Oceanography , Marine & Freshwater Biology 

The continental shelf of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 

is a unique region within the Southern Ocean. 

Phytoplankton growth is believed to be seasonally 

limited, first in austral spring by irradiance, and 

then in summer by biologically available iron. It 

also is historically known to have taxonomically 

distinct regimes: the south-central portion is 

dominated by Phaeocystis antarctica and to the 

west diatoms are abundant. We measured photochemical 

yield to interpret the health of the phytoplankton 

assemblage from 2001-2004 and interfaced 

these measurements with satellite remote 

sensing of pigments. The bloom of 2001-2002 was 

similar in both temporal and spatial distributions 

to the climatological mean of the Ross Sea, with a 

peak in biomass being observed in mid-December 

within the Ross Sea polynyas; F-v/F-m values averaged 

0.43. We found high (0.50-0.65) F-v/F-m for 

most of the seasonal phytoplankton bloom for 

2002-2003, suggesting that it was not seasonally 

iron limited. An unusual, large bloom occurred 

during 2003-2004, with an initial bloom of P. antarctica 

during austral spring followed by an extensive 

diatom bloom in summer that may have 

been enhanced by an intrusion of modified circumpolar 

deep water. On the basis of an analysis 

of the historical SeaWiFS records, accumulation 

of phytoplankton biomass in February may occur 

approximately every 2-4 years, potentially being 

a significant source of carbon on the continental 

shelf. 

Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2007, 

V112, NC8, AUG 23 ARTN: C08013.


08.1-270 

One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef 

reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium 

types in soritid foraminifera 

Pochon X, Garcia Cuetos L, Baker A C, Castella E, 

Pawlowski J 



Recent molecular studies of symbiotic dinoflagellates 

(genus Symbiodinium) from a wide array 

of invertebrate hosts have revealed exceptional 

fine-scale symbiont diversity whose distribution 

among hosts, regions and environments exhibits 

significant biogeographic, ecological and evolutionary 

patterns. Here, similar molecular approaches 

using the internal transcribed spacer-2 

(ITS-2) region were applied to investigate cryptic 

diversity in Symbiodinium inhabiting soritid foraminifera. 

Approximately 1,000 soritid specimens 

were collected and examined during a 12-month 

period over a 40 m depth gradient from a single 

reef in Guam, Micronesia. Out of 61 ITS-2 types 

distinguished, 46 were novel. Most types found 

are specific for soritid hosts, except for three types 

(Cl, C15 and C19) that are common in metazoan 

hosts. The distribution of these symbionts was 

compared with the phylotype of their foraminifera 

hosts, based on soritid small subunit ribosomal 

DNA sequences, and three new phylotypes 

of soritid hosts were identified based on these 

sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of 645 host-symbiont 

pairings revealed that most Symbiodinium 

types associated specifically with a particular 

foraminiferal host genus or species, and that the 

genetic diversity of these symbiont types was positively 

correlated with the genetic diversity found 

within each of the three host genera. Compared 

to previous molecular studies of Symbiodinium 

from other locations worldwide, the diversity reported 

here is exceptional and suggests that Micronesian 

coral reefs are home to a remarkably 

large Symbiodinium assemblage. 

Coral Reefs, 2007, V26, N4, DEC, pp 867-882. 

08.1-271 

Continuous measurement of sediment transport 

in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric 

bedload impact sensors 

Rickenmann D, Mcardell B W 

Switzerland 

Hydrology , Geomorphology 

We report on bedload transport observations using 

piezoelectric bedload impact sensors (PBIS), 

an indirect method of estimating the volume of 

bedload transport of coarse sediment. The PBIS 

device registers vibrations produced by bedload 

(particle diameter >similar to 20 mm) and records 

the signal as a sum of the number of impulses per 

time. Sediment transport at the Erlenbacb stream 

has been continuously monitored with a PBIS array 

starting in 1986. The sensor array spans the 

width of an entire cross-section and is mounted 

Hush with the surface of a check dam immediately 

upstream of a sediment retention basin. We 

compare PBIS data with long-term sedimentation 

records obtained from repeated surveys of 

material stored in the sediment retention basin, 

with artificial sediment input under controlled 

conditions in the field, and also with laboratory 

experiments. The rate of bedload transport is proportional 

to the number of impacts on the sensor 

per unit time. The reliability of the calibration relationship 

increases with the length of the observation 

period, e.g. for higher numbers of impacts 

and larger bedload volumes. Sediment volumes 

for individual flood events estimated with the 

PBIS method are in agreement with volumes estimated 

using an independent empirical method 

based on the effective runoff volume of water, the 

peak water discharge, and the critical discharge 

for the onset of sediment transport. Copyright (c) 

2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 


N9, AUG, pp 1362-1378. 

08.1-272 

Cadmium isotope fractionation in seawater - A 

signature of biological activity 

Ripperger S, Rehkamper M, Porcelli D, Halliday A N 


Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine 


Investigations of cadmium isotope variations in 

the oceans may provide new insights into the factors 

that control the marine distribution and cycling 

of this element. Here we present the results 

of Cd isotope and concentration analyses for 22 

seawater samples from the Atlantic, Southern, Pacific, 

and Arctic Oceans. The results reveal, for the 

first time, large and well resolved Cd isotope fractionations 

in the marine environment. The majority 

of the seawater samples display an inverse 

relationship between dissolved Cd contents and 

isotope compositions, which range from epsilon 

Cd-114 /110 approximate to +3 +/- 0.5 for Cd-rich 

waters (0.8-1.0 nmol/kg) to epsilon Cd-114/110 approximate 

to 38 +/- 6 for surface water with a Cd 

concentration of only 0.003 nmol/kg (all epsilon 

Cd-114/110 data are reported relative to the JMC 

Cd Munster standard). This suggests that the Cd 

isotope variations reflect kinetic isotope effects 

that are generated during closed system uptake


of dissolved seawater Cd by phytoplankton. A 

few samples do not follow this trend, as they exhibit 

extremely low Cd contents (= 900 in depth, despite of Cd concentrations 

that display the expected increase along 

the global deep-water pathway from the Atlantic 

(similar to 0.3 nmol/kg) to the Pacific Ocean (similar 

to 0.9 nmol /kg). This indicates that the biomass, 

which is remineralized in the deeper ocean, 

is also characterized by a very constant Cd isotope 

composition. This observation is in accord with 

the interpretation that the Cd distribution in 

surface waters is primarily governed by Rayleigh 

fractionation during near-quantitative uptake of 

dissolved seawater Cd. 


N3-4, SEP 30, pp 670-684. 

08.1-273 

Density-dependent life history differences in 

a stream mayfly (Deleatidium) inhabiting permanent 

and intermittent stream reaches 

Robinson C T, Buser T 

Switzerland 

Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , Zoology 

A life-history response by the mayfly Deleatidium 

(Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from a permanent-fl 

owing and an intermittent- flowing reach 

of the Selwyn River, New Zealand, to failing water 

conditions was examined using field populations 

and laboratory experiments in January 2006. 

Field populations had similar densities under 

flowing water conditions, but size distributions 

were skewed towards larger larvae in the intermittent 

reach relative to the permanent reach. Under 

field conditions of falling water at the intermittent 

reach, more larvae were caught in the drift 

during the day and more adults at dusk at the 

intermittent than at the permanent reach. A desiccation 

study in the laboratory showed that larvae 

survived up to 3 days under moist conditions, 

whereas larvae died within 3 h under dry conditions. 

Another laboratory experiment revealed 

that both populations increased emergence under 

falling water in the high density treatment 

but not in the ambient density treatment. We 

conclude that a density increase caused by falling 

water cues late instar larvae to hasten emergence, 

141 

an adaptive trait that may reduce population 

mortality from stream drying. 

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater 

Research, 2007, V41, N3, SEP, pp 265-271. 

08.1-274 

Macroinvertebrate assemblages of a high elevation 

stream/lake network with an emphasis 

on the Chironomidae 

Robinson C T, Hieber M, Wenzelides V, Lods Crozet B 

Switzerland 

Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , 

Hydrology , Zoology 

Macroinvertebrate assemblages of inlet and outlet 

streams were examined in a high elevation cirque 

comprising two basins in the Swiss Alps. Average 

taxon richness, with chironomids included as a 

single taxon, was < 8 at most sites. Chironomids 

represented between 26 and 85 % of the individuals 

and at least 50 % of the species collected at the 

different sites with over 22 chironomid species 

identified in total. No differences in the relative 

abundance of common macroinvertebrate taxa 

were found between inlet and outlet streams, 

but composition differed between the north and 

south basin of the cirque. The north basin was 

mostly fed by groundwater and snowmelt, whereas 

the south basin was dominated by glacier-melt 

from rock glaciers. Chironomids were 26 % more 

abundant and had more species in south basin 

than north basin streams, whereas the simuliid 

Prosimulium latimucro was 24 % more abundant 

in north basin streams. Other common taxa, e.g., 

Nemoura sp., Dicranota sp., Crenobia alpina and 

Pseudopsilopteryx zimmeri, also showed substantial 

differences in abundance between the two 

basins. Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae were the 

most common chironomid subfamilies collected 

with Diamesa zernyilcinerella, Pseudodianiesa 

branickii, Pseudodiamesa arctica, Corynoneura 

scutellata, and Tvetenia calvescens together representing 

on average > 10 % of the assemblage at 

most sites. Chironomid abundance typically was 

higher in outlets than inlets. An exception was Diamesa 

zernyilcinerella, which had greater relative 

abundances in inlets (24 %) than outlets (6 %). The 

results suggest that alpine macroinvertebrates, 

chironomids in particular, are sensitive to subtle 

differences in habitat conditions and may thus 

make good sentinels of environmental change to 

alpine waters. 

Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2007, V169, 

N1, pp 25-36.


08.1-275 

Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine 

stream-lake network in Switzerland 

Robinson C T, Matthaei S 

Switzerland 

Limnology , Water Resources , Hydrology 

Water source and lake landscape position can 

strongly influence the physico-chemical characteristics 

of flowing waters over space and time. We 

examined the physico-chemical heterogeneity in 

surface waters of an alpine stream-lake network 

(>2600 m a.s.l.) in Switzerland. The catchment comprises 

two basins interspersed with 26 cirque lakes. 

The larger lakes in each basin are interconnected 

by streams that converge in a lowermost lake 

with an outlet stream. The north basin is primarily 

fed by precipitation and groundwater, whereas 

the south basin is fed mostly by glacial melt from 

rock glaciers. Surface flow of the entire channel 

network contracted by similar to 60% in early autumn, 

when snowmelt runoff ceased and cold temperatures 

reduced glacial outputs, particularly in 

the south basin. Average water temperatures were 

similar to 4 degrees C cooler in the south basin, 

and temperatures increased by about 4-6 degrees C 

along the longitudinal gradient within each basin. 

Although overall water conductivity was low (300 µg 

1(-1) (nitrite + nitrate-nitrogen), whereas particulate 

nitrogen was approximately nine times greater in 

the north basin (seasonal average: 97 µg 1(-1)) than 

in the south basin (seasonal average: 12 µg 1(-1)). 

Total inorganic carbon was low (usually


hydrological soil information is not available at a 

European scale, we reclassified the Soil Geographical 

Database of Europe (SGDBE) at 1:1 million in a 

hydrological manner by adopting the Hydrology Of 

Soil Types (HOST) system developed in the UK. The 

HOST classification describes dominant pathways 

of water movement through soil and was related to 

the base flow index (BFI) of a catchment (the longterm 

proportion of base flow on total stream flow). 

In the original UK study, a linear regression of the 

coverage of HOST classes in a catchment explained 

79% of BFI variability. We found that a hydrological 

soil classification can be built based on the information 

present in the SGDBE. The reclassified SGDBE 

and the regression coefficients from the original UK 

study were used to predict BFIs for 103 catchments 

spread throughout Europe. The predicted BFI explained 

around 65% of the variability in measured 

BFI in catchments in Northern Europe, but the explained 

variance decreased from North to South. 

We therefore estimated new regression coefficients 

from the European discharge data and found that 

these were qualitatively similar to the original estimates 

from the UK. This suggests little variation 

across Europe in the hydrological effect of particular 

HOST classes, but decreasing influence of soil 

on BFI towards Southern Europe. Our preliminary 

study showed that pedological information is useful 

for characterising soil hydrology within Europe and 

the long-term discharge regime of catchments in 

Northern Europe. Based on these results, we draft a 

roadmap for a refined hydrological classification of 

European soils. 

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2007, V11, 

N4, pp 1501-1513. 

08.1-278 

Selecting scenarios to assess exposure of surface 

waters to veterinary medicines in Europe 

Schneider M K, Stamm C, Fenner K 

Switzerland 

Water Resources , Agriculture, Soil Sciences 

Registering a veterinary medicinal product (VMP) in 

the European Union requires assessing its potential 

to contaminate surface waters (SW) on a European 

scale. VMP are spread to land in manure or excreted 

during grazing and may enter SW through runoff, 

erosion, or leaching. Since the factors driving these 

processes vary largely across Europe, it is necessary 

to identify characteristic conditions, so-called scenarios, 

un(er which VMP enter SW. These scenarios 

may guide the parameterization of mechanistic fate 

models to predict environmental concentrations for 

environmental risk assessment. A number of such 

scenarios for pesticides and VMP have been developed 

rather pragmatically. Here, we describe how a 

143 

geo-referenced European database of driving factors 

was used to divide the European environment into 

groups with similar conditions for SW contamination 

by VMP. Out of these groups, relevant exposure 

scenarios in Europe were selected by a simple scoring 

system. Comparing these to the existing scenarios 

showed that a number of situations are not well 

covered. The newly identified scenarios are primarily 

located in hilly areas of Central Europe and the 

Mediterranean, and in Eastern European plains with 

a continental climate. We recommend that they are 

included in the technical guidelines for higher-tier 

assessment of VMP. 


N13, JUL 1, pp 4669-4676. 

08.1-279 

Assessing iron-mediated oxidation of toluene 

and reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants 

in anoxic environments using compound- specific 

isotope analysis 

Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Schwarzenbach R P 

Switzerland 

Geochemistry & Geophysics , Microbiology , Marine 


We evaluated compound-specific isotope analysis 

(CSIA) as a tool to assess the coupling of microbial 

toluene oxidation by Fe(III)- reducing 

bacteria and abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic 

contaminants by biogenic mineral-bound Fe(II) 

species. Examination of the two processes in 

isolated systems revealed a reproducible carbon 

isotope fractionation for toluene oxidation by 

Geobacter metallireducens with a solid Fe(111) 

phase as terminal electron acceptor. We found a 

carbon isotope enrichment factor, epsilon(C), of 

-1.0 +/- 0.1%o, which corresponds to an apparent 

kinetic isotope effect (AKIE(C)) of 1.0073 +/- 0.0009 

for the oxidative cleavage of a C-H bond. Nitrogen 

isotope fractionation of the reduction of nitroaromatic 

compounds (NAC) by mineral-bound Fe(11) 

species yielded a nitrogen isotope enrichment factor, 

EN, of -39.7 +/- 3.4%o for the reduction of an 

aromatic NO 2-group (AKIE(N) = 1.0413 +/- 0.0037) 

that was constant for variable experimental conditions. 

Finally, AKIE values for C and N observed 

in coupled experiments, where reactive Fe(11) was 

generated through microbial activity, were identical 

to those obtained in the isolated experiments. 

This study provides new evidence on isotope fractionation 

behavior during contaminant transformation 

and promotes the use of CSIA for-the elucidation 

of complex contaminant transformation 

pathways in the environment. 


N22, NOV 15, pp 7773-7780.


08.1-280 

Iron-mediated microbial oxidation and abiotic 

reduction of organic contaminants under anoxic 

conditions 

Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Straub K L, Fontana D, 

Schwarzenbach R P 


Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine 


In anoxic environments, the oxidation of organic 

compounds, such as BTEX fuel components, by 

dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction can generate reactive 

mineral-bound Fe(II) species, which in turn 

are able to reduce other classes of organic and inorganic 

groundwater contaminants. In this study, 

we designed and evaluated an anaerobic batch reactor 

that mimicks iron-reducing conditions to investigate 

the factors that favor the coupling of microbial 

toluene oxidation and abiotic reduction of 

nitroaromatic contaminants . We investigated the 

influence of different Fe(III)-bearing minerals and 

combinations thereof on the coupling of these two 

processes. Results from laboratory model systems 

show that complete oxidation of toluene to CO 2 

by Geobacter metallireducens in the presence of 

Fe(III)-bearing minerals leads to the formation of 

mineral-bound Fe(II) species capable of the reduction 

of 4-nitroacetophenone. Whereas significant 

microbial toluene oxidation was only observed in 

the presence of amorphous Fe(III) phases, reduction 

of nitroaromatic compounds only proceeded 

with Fe(II) species bound to crystalline Fe(III) oxides. 

Our results suggest that in anoxic soils and 

sediments containing amorphous and crystalline 

iron phases simultaneously, coupling of microbial 

oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic 

compounds may allow for concurrent natural attenuation 

of different contaminant classes. 


N22, NOV 15, pp 7765-7772. 

08.1-281 

Probabilistic flood forecasting with a limitedarea 

ensemble prediction system: Selected 

case studies 

Verbunt M, Walser A, Gurtz J, Montani A, Schär C 


Modelling , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

A high-resolution atmospheric ensemble forecasting 

system is coupled to a hydrologic model to 

investigate probabilistic runoff forecasts for the 

alpine tributaries of the Rhine River basin (34 550 

km(2)). Five-day ensemble forecasts consisting of 

51 members, generated with the global ensemble 

prediction system (EPS) of the European Centre 

for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), 

are downscaled with the limited-area model Lokal 

Modell (LM). The resulting limited-area ensemble 

prediction system (LEPS) uses a horizontal grid 

spacing of 10 km and provides one-hourly output 

for driving the distributed hydrologic model Precipitation-Runoff-Evapotranspiration-Hydrotope 

(PREVAH) hydrologic response unit (HRU) with a 

resolution of 500 x 500 m(2) and a time step of 1 

h. The hydrologic model component is calibrated 

for the river catchments considered, which are 

characterized by highly complex topography, for 

the period 1997-98 using surface observations, 

and validated for 1999-2002. This study explores 

the feasibility of atmospheric ensemble predictions 

for runoff forecasting, in comparison with 

deterministic atmospheric forcing. Detailed analysis 

is presented for two case studies: the spring 

1999 flood event affecting central Europe due to 

a combination of snowmelt and heavy precipitation, 

and the November 2002 flood in the Alpine 

Rhine catchment. For both cases, the deterministic 

simulations yield forecast failures, while the 

coupled atmospheric-hydrologic EPS provides 

appropriate probabilistic forecast guidance with 

early indications for extreme floods. It is further 

shown that probabilistic runoff forecasts using a 

subsample of EPS members, selected by a cluster 

analysis, properly represent the forecasts using all 

51 EPS members, while forecasts from randomly 

chosen subsamples reveal a reduced spread compared 

to the representative members. Additional 

analyses show that the representation of horizontal 

advection of precipitation in the atmospheric 

model may be crucial for flood forecasts in alpine 

catchments. 

Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N4, AUG, 

pp 897-909. 

08.1-282 

Where a springhead becomes a springbrook - 

a regional zonation of springs 

von Fumetti S, Nagel P, Baltes B 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity 

Hydrology , Zoology 

Springs are important freshwater habitats that 

provide specific abiotic conditions for many species. 

These conditions may change very rapidly 

downstream. Limnologists tend to treat spring 

sources and their adjacent springbrooks as a unity 

because of the lack of clear criteria to separate 

these sections. In this study, we investigated the 

longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrate 

assemblages in ten undisturbed springs in northwestern 

Switzerland at three different distances


from the source. Using non-metric multidimensional 

scaling and analysis of similarities, we detected 

significant differences between the macroinvertebrate 

assemblages of the investigated 

sections in all spring ecosystems, even over short 

distances. These results stress the importance of 

distinguishing between the sequential habitats in 

this upper region of headwaters. Although a complex 

of abiotic factors is responsible for the distribution 

of macroinvertebrates, we consider temperature 

to be of special importance. Based on our 

faunistic data, we propose that the rheocrene-like 

springs in the Jura Mountains consist of two sections: 

the springhead and the springbrook, with 

the springhead consisting of the source and the 

upper part of the adjacent downstream section. 

In accordance with literature and our faunistic 

and temperature data, we place the beginning of 

the springbrook at approximately 5 m from the 

springhead. With this distinction, we justify that 

springheads and springbrooks are unique, discrete 

ecosystems, and as such must be considered 

in conservation legislation. 

Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2007, V169, 

N1, pp 37-48. 

08.1-283 

Nitrate-depleted conditions on the increase in 

shallow northern European lakes 

Weyhenmeyer G A, Jeppesen E, Adrian R, Arvola 

L, Blenckner T, Jankowski T, Jennings E, Noges P, 

Noges T, Straile D 

Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, 

Ireland, Italy, Estonia 

Limnology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine & 


We determined relative nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3- N) 

loss rates in 100 north-mid-European lakes from 

late spring to summer by using the exponential 

function N-2 5 N-1e(-k)((t)(2) - (t)(2)), where N-1 and 

N-2 are NO 3- N concentrations at the beginning 

(t(1)) and the end (t (2)) of the time interval, respectively, 

and k is the specific NO 3- N loss rate. We 

found that k decreased with increasing lake depth. 

Adjusting k to the lake depth (k(adj)), we observed 

that k(adj) was positively related to spring NO 3-N 

concentrations, but this relationship became insignificant 

at mean lake depths exceeding 12.5 m. 

A relationship between k(adj) and spring NO 3-N 

concentrations in lakes shallower than 12.5 m implies 

that changes in spring NO 3-N concentrations 

influence the NO 3- N loss rate and thereby summer 

NO 3- N concentrations. Time series from one 

Estonian, one German, and 14 Swedish lakes shallower 

than 12.5 m since 1988 revealed that May 

to August NO 3- N concentrations have decreased 

145 

over time everywhere, and the number of time periods 

exhibiting a NO 3- N depleted condition, i.e., 

NO3-N levels below 10 µ g L-1, in these lakes has 

tripled since 1988. We explained the decreasing 

NO 3- N concentrations by a reduction in external 

nitrogen loading including atmospheric deposition, 

and by changes in climate. The observed prolongation 

of NO 3- N depleted conditions might be 

one possible explanation for the increasing occurrence 

of nitrogen- fixing cyanobacteria in a variety 

of lake ecosystems. 

Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, V52, N4, JUL, 

pp 1346-1353. 

08.1-284 

Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine 

trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf 

of Lake Victoria 

Witte F, Wanink J H, Kishe Machumu M, Mkumbo 

O C, Goudswaard P C, Seehausen O 

Netherlands, Tanzania, Switzerland 


Zoology 

Lake Victoria had a fish fauna dominated by 500+ 

species of haplochromine cichlids that made up 

more than 80% of the fish mass. The five main 

trophic groups caught with bottom trawlers in 

the sub- littoral areas of the Mwanza Gulf were: 

detritivores, zooplanktivores, insectivores, molluscivores 

and piscivores. The detritivores (13+ 

species) formed the most important guild, making 

up 60-80% of the number of individuals, followed 

by the zooplanktivores (12+ species), which 

comprised 10-30%. In the 1980s the haplochromines 

from the sub-littoral and offshore areas (estimated 

at some 200 species) vanished almost completely. 

Commercial trawl fishery, the upsurge 

of the introduced Nile perch, and an increase of 

eutrophication were potential causes of this decline. 

In the 1990s, when Nile perch was heavily 

fished, a recovery of some haplochromine species 

was observed. We studied the decline and partial 

recovery of the different haplochromine trophic 

groups in the northern part of the Mwanza Gulf. 

The rate at which the trophic groups declined differed; 

the relatively large piscivores, insectivores 

and molluscivores were the first to disappear from 

the catches. The small detritivores and zooplanktivores 

declined at lower rates, especially the latter 

group. From the beginning of the 1990s a resurgence 

of both groups was observed. By 2001, 

the zooplanktivores had reached their previous 

level of abundance, but their diversity declined 

from more than 12 species to only three. Though 

four detritivorous species began being regularly 

caught again, they constituted only about 15% of


the number of individuals, while the zooplanktivores 

made up more than 80%. The patterns of 

decline and recovery indicate that, though fishery 

played a role locally, predation by Nile perch and 

eutrophication were the main factors determining 

the fate of the haplochromines. However, it 

has so far been impossible to establish the causal 

relationship between the two, and the relative 

impact of each of these phenomena separately. 

The potential effects of the changed trophic dominance, 

and the importance of the haplochromines 

for the ecosystem and a sustainable fishery, 

are discussed. 

Aquatic Ecosystem Health Management, 2007, 

V10, N4, pp 416-433. 

08.1-285 

Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water 

sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance 

of isotope exchange reactions with ambient 

water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP 

Site 1130) 

Wortmann U G, Chernyavsky B, Bernasconi S M, 

Brunner B, Böttcher M E, Swart P K 

Canada, Switzerland, USA, Germany 

Geology , Modelling , Geochemistry & Geophysics , 

Microbiology 

Microbially mediated sulfate reduction affects the 

isotopic composition of dissolved and solid sulfur 

species in marine sediments. Experiments and field 

data show that the delta O-18(SO 4) 2- composition is 

also modified in the presence of sulfate-reducing microorganisms. 

This has been attributed either to a 

kinetic isotope effect during the reduction of sulfate 

to sulfite, cell-internal exchange reactions between 

enzymatically-activated sulfate (APS), and /or sulfite 

with cytoplasmic water. The isotopic fingerprint of 

these processes may be further modified by the cellexternal 

reoxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, 

and the subsequent disproportionation to sulfide 

and sulfate or by the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. 

Here we report delta O-18(SO 4) 2- values from interstitial 

water samples of ODP Leg 182 (Site 1130) and 

provide the mathematical framework to describe 

the oxygen isotope fractionation of sulfate during 

microbial sulfate reduction. We show that a purely 

kinetic model is unable to explain our delta(OSO 4 2-)- 

O-18 data, and that the data are well explained by a 

model using oxygen isotope exchange reactions. We 

propose that the oxygen isotope exchange occurs between 

APS and cytoplasmic water, and/or between 

sulfite and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) during 

APS formation. Model calculations show that cell external 

reoxidation of reduced sulfur species would 

require up to 3000 mol/m(3) of an oxidant at ODP 

Site 1130, which is incompatible with the sediment 

geochemical data. In addition, we show that the 

volumetric fluxes required to explain the observed 

delta O-18(SO 4) 2- data are on average 14 times higher 

than the volumetric sulfate reduction rates (SRR) 

obtained from inverse modeling of the porewater 

data. The ratio between the gross sulfate flux into 

the microbes and the net sulfate flux through the 

microbes is depth invariant, and independent of sulfide 

concentrations. This suggests that both fluxes 

are controlled by cell density and that cell-specific 

sulfate reduction rates remain constant with depth. 


N17, SEP 1, pp 4221-4232. 

08.1-286 

Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated 

water resources management 

Yang H, Zehnder A 

Switzerland 

Political Sciences , Economics , Water Resources 

In its broadest sense, virtual water refers to the water 

required for the production of food commodities. Issues 

relating to virtual water have drawn much attention 

in scientific communities and the political 

sphere since the mid 1990s. This paper provides a 

critical review of major research issues and results 

in the virtual water literature and pinpoints the remaining 

questions and the direction of research in 

future virtual water studies. We conclude that virtual 

water studies have helped to raise the awareness 

of water scarcity and its impact on food security and 

to improve the understanding of the role of food 

trade in compensating for water deficit. However, 

the studies so far have been overwhelmingly concerned 

with the international food trade, and many 

solely quantified virtual water flows associated with 

food trade. There is a general lack of direct policy 

relevance to the solutions to water scarcity and food 

insecurity, which are often local, regional, and river 

basin issues. The obscurity in the conceptual basis of 

virtual water also entails some confusion. The methodologies 

and databases of the studies are often 

crude, affecting the robustness and reliability of the 

results. Looking ahead, future virtual water studies 

need to enhance the policy relevance by strengthening 

their linkages with national and regional water 

resources management. Meanwhile, integrated 

approaches taking into consideration the spatial 

and temporal variations of blue and green water resources 

availability and the complexity of natural, 

socioeconomic, and political conditions are necessary 

in assessing the trade-offs of the virtual water 

strategy in dealing with water scarcity. To this end, 

interdisciplinary efforts and quantitative methods 

supported by improved data availability are greatly 

important. 

Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N12, DEC 5 

ARTN: W12301.


08.1-287 

Hydrological modelling of the chaohe basin 

in china: Statistical model formulation and 

Bayesian inference 

Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C, Yang H 

Switzerland 

Hydrology , Modelling 

Calibration of hydrologic models is very difficult 

because of measurement errors in input and response, 

errors in model structure, and the large 

number of non-identifiable parameters of distributed 

models. The difficulties even increase in arid 

regions with high seasonal variation of precipitation, 

where the modelled residuals often exhibit 

high heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. On 

the other hand, support of water management by 

hydrologic models is important in and regions, 

particularly if there is increasing water demand 

due to urbanization. The use and assessment of 

model results for this purpose require a careful 

calibration and uncertainty analysis. Extending 

earlier work in this field, we developed a procedure 

to overcome (i) the problem of non-identifiability 

of distributed parameters by introducing 

aggregate parameters and using Bayesian inference, 

(ii) the problem of heteroscedasticity of errors 

by combining a Box-Cox transformation of 

results and data with seasonally dependent error 

variances, (iii) the problems of autocorrelated errors, 

missing data and outlier omission with a 

continuous-time autoregressive error model, and 

(iv) the problem of the seasonal variation of error 

correlations with seasonally dependent characteristic 

correlation times. The technique was tested 

with the calibration of the hydrologic sub-model 

of the Soil and Water Assessment Toot (SWAT) in 

the Chaohe Basin in North China. The results demonstrated 

the good performance of this approach 

to uncertainty analysis, particularly with respect 

to the fulfilment of statistical assumptions of the 

error model. A comparison with an independent 

error model and with error models that only considered 

a subset of the suggested techniques clearly 

showed the superiority of the approach based 

on all the features (i)-(iv) mentioned above. 

Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V340, N3-4, JUL 15, 

pp 167-182. 

08.1-288 

Bayesian uncertainty analysis in distributed 

hydrologic modeling: A case study in the Thur 

River basin (Switzerland) 

Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Hydrology , Instruments & Instrumentation 

147 

Calibration and uncertainty analysis in hydrologic 

modeling are affected by measurement errors in 

input and response and errors in model structure. 

Recently, extending similar approaches in discrete 

time, a continuous time autoregressive error 

model was proposed for statistical inference and 

uncertainty analysis in hydrologic modeling. The 

major advantages over discrete time formulation 

are the use of a continuous time error model for 

describing continuous processes, the possibility of 

accounting for seasonal variations of parameters 

in the error model, the easier treatment of missing 

data or omitted outliers, and the opportunity 

for continuous time predictions. The model was 

developed for the Chaohe Basin in China and had 

some features specific for this semiarid climatic 

region (in particular, the seasonal variation of parameters 

in the error model in response to seasonal 

variation in precipitation). This paper tests and 

extends this approach with an application to the 

Thur River basin in Switzerland, which is subject 

to completely different climatic conditions. This 

application corroborates the general applicability 

of the approach but also demonstrates the necessity 

of accounting for the heavy tails in the distributions 

of residuals and innovations. This is done 

by replacing the normal distribution of the innovations 

by a Student t distribution, the degrees of 

freedom of which are adapted to best represent 

the shape of the empirical distribution of the innovations. 

We conclude that with this extension, 

the continuous time autoregressive error model 

is applicable and flexible for hydrologic modeling 

under different climatic conditions. The major 

remaining conceptual disadvantage is that this 

class of approaches does not lead to a separate 

identification of model input and model structural 

errors. The major practical disadvantage is the 

high computational demand characteristic for all 

Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. 

Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N10, OCT 2 

ARTN: W10401. 

08.1-289 

Salinization of groundwater in the Nefzawa 

oases region, Tunisia: results of a regionalscale 

hydrogeologic approach 

Zammouri M, Siegfried T, El Fahem T, Kriaa S, 

Kinzelbach W 

Tunisia, Switzerland, Germany, Nigeria 

Water Resources , Hydrology , Modelling 

Groundwater pumped from the semi-confined 

Complexe Terminal (CT) aquifer is an important 

production factor in irrigated oases agriculture in 

southern Tunisia. A rise in the groundwater salinity 

has been observed as a consequence of increas-


ing abstraction from the aquifer during the last 

few decades. All sources of contamination were 

investigated using hydrochemical data available 

from the 1980s. Water samples were taken from 

drains and observation wells tapping both the 

CT and the phreatic aquifers and analyzed with 

regard to chemistry, temperature, isotopes and 

other environmental tracers. Local salinization 

mechanisms are suggested, i.e. the upwelling of 

saline water from the underlying, confined Continental 

Intercalaire (CI) aquifer, as well as backflow 

of agricultural drainage water. At this stage, the 

main salt pan, the Chott el Djerid, is not a contamination 

source. A finite difference model was 

also developed to simulate groundwater flow and 

contaminant transport in the oases. Calibration 

for the period 1950-2000 was carried out in order 

to adjust geological and chemical system parameters. 

The simulation of planned extraction projects 

predicts a worsening of the present situation. 

Maintenance of the present abstraction regime 

will not reduce or stop the salinity increase. 

Hydrogeology Journal, 2007, V15, N7, NOV, pp 

1357-1375. 

08.1-290 

Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the Swiss 

Alps 

Zappa M, Kan C 

Switzerland 


Cryology / Glaciology , Hydrology 

The hydrological response of Swiss river basins 

to the 2003 European summer heatwave was 

evaluated by a combined analysis of historical 

discharge records and specific applications of distributed 

hydrological modeling. In the summer 

of 2003, the discharge from headwater streams 

of the Swiss Central Plateau was only 40%-60% of 

the long-term average. For alpine basins runoff 

was about 60%-80% of the average. Glacierized basins 

showed the opposite behavior. According to 

the degree of glacierization, the average summer 

runoff was close or even above average. The hydrological 

model PREVAH was applied for the period 

1982-2005. Even if the model was not calibrated for 

such extreme meteorological conditions, it was 

well able to simulate the hydrological responses 

of three basins. The aridity index phi describes 

feedbacks between hydrological and meteorological 

anomalies, and was adopted as an indicator of 

hydrological drought. The anomalies of phi and 

temperature in the summer of 2003 exceeded the 

1982-2005 mean by more than 2 standard deviations. 

Catchments without glaciers showed negative 

correlations between phi and discharge R. 

In basins with about 15% glacierization, phi and 

R were not correlated. River basins with higher 

glacier percentages showed a positive correlation 

between phi and R. Icemelt was positively correlated 

with phi and reduced the variability of discharge 

with larger amounts of meltwater. Runoff 

generation from the non-glaciated sub-areas was 

limited by high evapotranspiration and reduced 

precipitation. The 2003 summer heatwave could 

be a precursor to similar events in the near future. 

Hydrological models and further data analysis 

will allow the identification of the most sensitive 

regions where heatwaves may become a recurrent 

natural hazard with large environmental, social 

and economical impacts. 

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2007, 

V7, N3, pp 375-389. 

08.1-291 

Insights into the management of sea turtle 

internesting area through satellite telemetry 

Zbinden J A, Aebischer A, Margaritoulis D, Arlettaz 

R 

Switzerland, Greece 

Zoology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , 

Biodiversity 

Female sea turtles typically lay several clutches 

during each nesting season and rest in the time 

between laying clutches (the internesting period) 

in the waters off the nesting beach. Adequate protection 

of turtles in the internesting area requires 

knowledge on their spatial behaviour and was so 

far hampered by methodological limitations. Satellite 

telemetry data of exceptionally high quality 

allowed us to scrutinize internesting area use of 

four logger-head sea turtles nesting in the Bay of 

Laganas (Zakynthos, Greece). We assessed the efficacy 

of two zones of a marine reserve with distinct 

levels of protection (boats are excluded from one 

zone). Most of the obtained locations of three of the 

four turtles were within the bay, a result consistent 

with a strategy to minimize energy expenditure. 

T Turtles showed no obvious preference for the 

highly protected area of the bay. The availability 

of warmer water in the less protected area may be 

more crucial than avoidance of boat disturbance. 

Biological Conservation, 2007, V137, N1, JUN, pp 

157-162.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Energy Balance 


08.1-292 

Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin 

cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes 

Fusina F, Spichtinger P, Lohmann U 

Switzerland 



(1) In this study we investigate the radiative impact 

of ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs, i.e., cloud 

free air masses in the upper troposphere that are 

supersaturated with respect to ice) and thin cirrus. 

For this purpose we use corrected radiosonde 

data obtained from routine measurements over 

the meteorological observatory in Lindenberg, 

Germany. The radiative effect of the measured ice 

supersaturation is determined. By constructing 

an idealized profile from the measurement data 

the radiative properties of ISSRs and thin cirrus 

containing ice supersaturation were studied. The 

impact of ISSRs on the surface forcing is negligible 

but locally, within the vertical profile, changes 

in the heating rates up to 1 K d (-1) for typical values 

of 130% relative humidity with respect to ice 

compared to the saturated profiles are found. This 

is also important for the local dynamics within 

the supersaturated layers. The outgoing longwave 

radiation due to the enhanced water vapor content 

inside ISSRs decreases up to 0.8 W m(-2). The 

radiative impact of thin cirrus is much stronger. 

Thin cirrus influence the surface budget, the top 

of the atmosphere radiation and the vertical profile 

of the heating rates. Changes in the outgoing 

longwave radiation and in the reflected shortwave 

flux at top of the atmosphere up to 64 W m(-2) and 

79 W m(-2), respectively, are possible. Changes in 

the surface flux (downward) up to 89 W m(-2) are 

found. The maximal heating rate differences between 

thin cirrus and ISSR amount to 15 K d(-1). 

The radiative impact of thin cirrus clouds depends 

strongly on cloud ice content and the size 

of the ice crystals. Additionally, the radiative impact 

of cirrus formed by parameterizations not allowing 

ice supersaturations in large-scale models 

is estimated. The errors due to artificially formed 

cirrus are quite large; differences up to 3 K d(-1) in 

the vertical heating profiles and up to 38 and 40 

W m(-2) in the outgoing longwave radiation and 

the surface flux, respectively, are found. Thus we 

recommend using physically based parameterizations 

in GCMs which allow ice supersaturation. 


2007, V112, ND24, DEC 15 ARTN: D24514. 

149 

08.1-293 

Year-round observation of longwave radiative 

flux divergence in Greenland 

Hoch S W, Calanca P, Philipona R, Ohmura A 

Switzerland 


Longwave radiative flux divergence within the lowest 

50 m of the atmospheric boundary layer was 

observed during the Eidgenossische Technische 

Hochschule (ETH) Greenland Summit experiment. 

The dataset collected at 72 degrees 35’N, 38 degrees 

30’W, 3203 m MSL is based on longwave radiation 

measurements at 2 and 48 m that are corrected for 

the influence of the supporting tower structure. 

The observations cover all seasons and reveal the 

magnitude of longwave radiative flux divergence 

and its incoming and outgoing component under 

stable and unstable conditions. Longwave radiative 

flux divergence during winter corresponds to 

a radiative cooling of -10 K day(-1), but values of -30 

K day(-1) can persist for several days. During summer, 

the mean cooling effect of longwave radiative 

flux divergence is small (-2 K day(-1)) but exhibits a 

strong diurnal cycle. With values ranging from -35 

K day(-1) around midnight to 15 K day(-1) at noon, 

the heating rate due to longwave radiative flux divergence 

is of the same order of magnitude as the 

observed temperature tendency. However, temperature 

tendency and longwave radiative flux divergence 

are out of phase, with temperature tendency 

leading the longwave radiative flux divergence by 3 

h. The vertical variation of the outgoing longwave 

flux usually dominates the net longwave flux divergence, 

showing a strong divergence at nighttime 

and a strong convergence during the day. The divergence 

of the incoming longwave flux plays a secondary 

role, showing a slight counteracting effect. 

Fog is frequently observed during summer nights. 

Under such conditions, a divergence of both incoming 

and outgoing fluxes leads to the strongest radiative 

cooling rates that are observed. Considering all 

data, a correlation between longwave radiative flux 

divergence and the temperature difference across 

the 2-48-m layer is found. 

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 

2007, V46, N9, SEP, pp 1469-1479. 

08.1-294 

Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity 

at Earth, 1428-2005 

Mccracken K G, Beer J 



(1) The instrumental cosmic ray data recorded in 

the interval 1933-1965 by S. E. Forbush and H. V. 

Neher and cosmogenic 10 Be data are merged with

150 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Energy Balance 

the neutron monitor data since 1951 to study the 

long- and short-term variations in the galactic cosmic 

radiation intensity for the interval 1428-2005. 

It is shown that the ionization chamber data 

published by S. E. Forbush were deliberately detrended 

to remove long- term changes. The highaltitude 

ionization chambers used by H. V. Neher 

during this interval were well calibrated and their 

data exhibit a substantial decrease between 1933 

and 1954 that is consistent with the long- term 

trends in the cosmogenic 10 Be data. Using the 

specific yield functions appropriate to neutron 

monitors, ionization chambers, and 10 Be, the 

nonlinear relationships between these data types 

are determined. It is shown that the nonlinearities 

are large and will introduce serious errors if 

ignored. An intercalibrated record (the “pseudo- 

Climax neutron monitor record’’) is developed for 

the interval 1428-2005. It is used to study several 

features of the long- term periodicities in the cosmic 

radiation, after discussion of residual effects 

due to meteorological effects, and the production 

of 10 Be by solar cosmic rays. It is shown that (1) 

the average intensity in the neutron monitor energy 

range for the interval 1954-1996 is similar to 

16% less than the average for the period 1428-1944 

and that it shows a consistency and depth of 

modulation that had not occurred in the previous 

580 years. (2) The residual cosmic ray modulation 

was low throughout the Gleissberg cycle 

1540-1645, considerably higher for the next two 

Gleissberg Cycles, and highest of all since 1944. (3) 

The cosmogenic data imply that solar activity was 

anomalously low throughout the whole interval 

1428-1715, the amplitude of the solar activity during 

the Gleissberg cycle 1540-1645 being similar to 

50% of that during the following two Gleissberg 

cycles and similar to 25% of that in the post-1954 

era. (4) It is proposed that the steadily increasing 

cosmic ray modulation since 1428 constitutes a 

quarter cycle of the previously identified 2300 year 

periodicity in the cosmogenic data. (5) The cosmic 

ray intensity decreased in two steps between 1889 

and 1901 and 1944 and 1954, in broad agreement 

with the two-step increase in heliomagnetic field 

strength determined by Schrijver et al. (2002). It 

is proposed that the “pseudo-Climax neutron record’’ 

will be of benefit in the normalization of 

other cosmogenic records to the neutron monitor 

record starting in 1951. 

Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics, 

2007, V112, NA10, OCT 5 ARTN: A10101. 

08.1-295 

Modelling the ground heat flux of an urban 

area using remote sensing data 

Rigo G, Parlow E 

Switzerland 

Urban Studies , Remote Sensing , Modelling , Meteorology 


During the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment 

(BUBBLE) conducted in 2002, micrometeorological 

in-situ data were collected for different 

sites using a variety of instruments. This provides 

a unique data set for urban climate studies. Nevertheless, 

the spatial distribution of energy and 

heat fluxes can only be taken into account with 

remote sensing methods or numerical models. 

Therefore, multiple satellite images from different 

platforms (NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS and LAND- 

SAT ETM+) were acquired, processed and analysed. 

In addition, a high resolution digital elevation 

model (DEM) and a 1 m resolution digital surface 

model (DSM) of a large part of the city of Basel 

was utilized. This paper focuses on the calculation 

and modelling of the ground (or storage) heat 

flux density using remotely sensed data combined 

with in-situ measurements using three different 

approaches. First, an empirical regression function 

was generated to estimate the storage heat 

flux from NDVI values second approach used the 

Objective Hysteresis Model (OHM) which is often 

used for in-situ measurements. The last method 

used information of the geometric parameters of 

urban street canyons, computed from the high 

resolution digital urban surface model. Modelled 

and measured data are found to be in agreement 

within +/- 30 Wm(-2) and result in a coefficient of 

determination (R-2) of 0.95. 

Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2007, V90, 

N3-4, NOV, pp 185-199.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Coupled Systems and Cycles 


08.1-296 

An Earth-system perspective of the global 

nitrogen cycle 

Gruber N, Galloway J N 


Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , 

Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

With humans having an increasing impact on the 

planet, the interactions between the nitrogen cycle, 

the carbon cycle and climate are expected to 

become an increasingly important determinant 

of the Earth system. 

Nature, 2008, V451, N7176, JAN 17, pp 293-296. 

08.1-297 

Comparison of quantification methods to measure 

fire-derived (black /elemental) carbon in 

soils and sediments using reference materials 

from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere 

Hammes K, Schmidt M W I, Smernik R J, Currie L 

A, Ball W P, Nguyen T H, Louchouarn P, Houel S, 

Gustafsson O, Elmquist M, Cornelissen G, Skjemstad 

J O, Masiello C A, Song J, Peng P, Mitra S, 

Dunn J C, Hatcher P G, Hockaday W C, Smith 

Dwight M, Hartkopf Fröder C, Böhmer A, Lueer B, 

Huebert B J, Amelung W, Brodowski S, Huang L, 

Zhang W, Gschwend P M, Flores C D X, Largeau C, 

Rouzaud J N, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kaiser 

K, Rodionov A, Gonzalez Vila F J, Gonzalez Perez J 

A, de La Rosa J M, Manning D A C, Lopez Capel E, 

Ding L 

Switzerland, Germany, USA, Sweden, Spain, Canada, 

France, England, Peoples R China, Australia 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Black carbon (BC), the product of incomplete 

combustion of fossil fuels and biomass (called elemental 

carbon (EC) in atmospheric sciences), was 

quantified in 12 different materials by 17 laboratories 

from different disciplines, using seven different 

methods. The materials were divided into 

three classes: (1) potentially interfering materials, 

(2) laboratory-produced BC-rich materials, and (3) 

BC-containing environmental matrices (from soil, 

water, sediment, and atmosphere). This is the first 

comprehensive intercomparison of this type (multimethod, 

multilab, and multisample) , focusing 

mainly on methods used for soil and sediment 

BC studies. Results for the potentially interfering 

materials (which by definition contained no firederived 

organic carbon) highlighted situations 

where individual methods may overestimate BC 

concentrations. Results for the BC-rich materials 

(one soot and two chars) showed that some of the 

methods identified most of the carbon in all three 

151 

materials as BC, whereas other methods identified 

only soot carbon as BC. The different methods 

also gave widely different BC contents for the environmental 

matrices. However, these variations 

could be understood in the light of the findings 

for the other two groups of materials, i.e., that 

some methods incorrectly identify non-BC carbon 

as BC, and that the detection efficiency of each 

technique varies across the BC continuum. We 

found that atmospheric BC quantification methods 

are not ideal for soil and sediment studies as 

in their methodology these incorporate the definition 

of BC as light-absorbing material irrespective 

of its origin, leading to biases when applied to 

terrestrial and sedimentary materials. This study 

shows that any attempt to merge data generated 

via different methods must consider the different, 

operationally defined analytical windows of 

the BC continuum detected by each technique, 

as well as the limitations and potential biases of 

each technique. A major goal of this ring trial was 

to provide a basis on which to choose between the 

different BC quantification methods in soil and 

sediment studies. In this paper we summarize the 

advantages and disadvantages of each method. In 

future studies, we strongly recommend the evaluation 

of all methods analyzing for BC in soils and 

sediments against the set of BC reference materials 

analyzed here. 

Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N3, AUG 

31 ARTN: GB3016. 

08.1-298 

Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage 

variations in regional climate simulations over 

Europe 

Hirschi M, Seneviratne S I, Hagemann S, Schär C 


Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Hydrology , 


Land-surface processes play a major role in the 

climate system, and their validation is crucial to 

improve current climate models. Here we investigate 

the seasonal evolution of terrestrial water 

storage (TWS) (includes all water stored on land) 

in an ensemble of 30-year- long climate simulations 

from the PRUDENCE archive (9 regional and 

2 global models), representing current and future 

climatic conditions. For validation purposes we 

employ a recently published basin-scale waterbalance 

(BSWB) data set of diagnosed monthly 

TWS variations, where the term variations refers 

to monthly changes in TWS. The analysis is conducted 

in five large-scale European domains composed 

of major river basins. This analysis shows 

that the climatology of most models lies within

152 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Coupled Systems and Cycles 

the interannual variability of the BSWB data set 

in the investigated regions, but the different models 

sometimes display considerable discrepancies 

in the seasonal evolution of TWS. In particular, 

we find that all models suffer from a considerable 

underestimation of interannual TWS variability. 

The deviations of the individual models from the 

BSWB data set can be linked to biases in the hydrological 

fluxes (i.e., precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration). 

The simulated future changes for 

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 

(IPCC) A2 scenario suggest an enhancement of the 

seasonal cycle of TWS, with drier soils in summer. 

Mainly in the Central European domain, several 

models show a reduction of the year-to-year variability 

of summer TWS variations, indicating an 

exhaustion of the models’ soil water reservoirs by 

the end of summer under future climatic conditions. 


2007, V112, ND22, NOV 30 ARTN: D22109. 

08.1-299 

Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model 

simulations of the land surface water budget 

and its components over the GEWEX-CEOP 

regions 

Irannejad P, Henderson Sellers A 

Iran, Australia, Switzerland 


Hydrology 

The land surface water balance components simulated 

by 20 atmospheric global circulation models 

(AGCMs) participating in phase II of the Atmospheric 

Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) 

are analyzed globally and over seven Global Energy 

and Water Cycle Experiment Coordinated 

Enhanced Observing Period basins. In contrast to 

the conclusions from analysis of AMIP I, the results 

presented here suggest that the group average 

of available AGCMs does not outperform all 

individual AGCMs in simulating the surface water 

balance components. Analysis shows that the 

available reanalysis products are not appropriate 

for evaluation of AGCMs’ simulated land surface 

water components. The worst simulation of the 

surface water budget is in the Murray-Darling, the 

most arid basin, where all the reanalyses and seven 

of the AGCMs produce a negative surface water 

budget, with evaporation alone exceeding precipitation 

and soil moisture decreasing over the 

whole AMIP II period in this basin. The spatiotemporal 

correlation coefficients between observed 

and AGCM- simulated runoff are smaller than 

those for precipitation. In almost all basins (except 

for the two most arid basins), the spatiotem- 

poral variations of the AGCMs’ simulated evaporation 

are more coherent and agree better with 

observations, compared to those of simulated precipitation. 

This suggests that differences among 

the AGCMs’ surface water budget predictions are 

not solely due to model- generated precipitation 

differences. Specifically, it is shown that different 

land surface parameterization schemes partition 

precipitation between evaporation and runoff differently 

and that this, in addition to the predicted 

differences in atmospheric forcings, is responsible 

for different predictions of basin-scale water budgets. 

The authors conclude that the selection of 

a land surface scheme for an atmospheric model 

has significant impacts on the predicted continental 

and basin-scale surface hydrology. 

Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N3, JUN, 

pp 304-326. 

08.1-300 

Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques 

for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes 

Moffat A M, Papale D, Reichstein M, Hollinger D 

Y, Richardson A D, Barr A G, Beckstein C, Braswell 

B H, Churkina G, Desai A R, Falge E, Gove J H, 

Heimann M, Hui D, Jarvis A J, Kattge J, Noormets 

Asko, Stauch V J 

Germany, Italy, USA, Canada, England, Switzerland 

Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture, 

Soil Sciences 

We review 15 techniques for estimating missing 

values of net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) in 

eddy covariance time series and evaluate their 

performance for different artificial gap scenarios 

based on a set of 10 benchmark datasets from six 

forested sites in Europe. The goal of gap filling is 

the reproduction of the NEE time series and hence 

this present work focuses on estimating missing 

NEE values, not on editing or the removal of suspect 

values in these time series due to systematic 

errors in the measurements (e.g., nighttime flux, 

advection). The gap filling was examined by generating 

50 secondary datasets with artificial gaps 

(ranging in length from single half- hours to 12 

consecutive days) for each benchmark dataset and 

evaluating the performance with a variety of statistical 

metrics. The performance of the gap filling 

varied among sites and depended on the level of aggregation 

(native half-hourly time step versus daily), 

long gaps were more difficult to fill than short 

gaps, and differences among the techniques were 

more pronounced during the day than at night. 

The non-linear regression techniques (NLRs), the 

look-up table (LUT), marginal distribution sampling 

(MDS), and the semiparametric model (SPM) 

generally showed good overall performance. The


artificial neural network based techniques (ANNs) 

were generally, if only slightly, superior to the other 

techniques. The simple interpolation technique 

of mean diurnal variation (MDV) showed a moderate 

but consistent performance. Several sophisticated 

techniques, the dual unscented Kalman filter 

(UKF), the multiple imputation method (MIM), 

the terrestrial biosphere model (BETHY), but also 

one of the ANNs and one of the NLRs showed high 

biases which resulted in a low reliability of the 

annual sums, indicating that additional development 

might be needed. An uncertainty analysis 

comparing the estimated random error in the 10 

benchmark datasets with the artificial gap residuals 

suggested that the techniques are already at or 

very close to the noise limit of the measurements. 

Based on the techniques and site data examined 

here, the effect of gap filling on the annual sums 

of NEE is modest, with most techniques falling 

within a range of +/- 25 g C m(-2) year(-1.) 

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, V147, 

N3-4, DEC 10, pp 209-232. 

08.1-301 

Impact of circulation on export production, 

dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen 

in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the 

Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison 

Project (OCMIP-2) 

Najjar R G, Jin X, Louanchi F, Aumont O, Caldeira K, 

Doney S C, Dutay J C, Follows M, Gruber N, Joos F, 

Lindsay K, Maier Reimer E, Matear R J, Matsumoto 

K, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Orr J C, Plattner G K, 

Sarmiento J L, Schlitzer R, Slater R D, Weirig M F, 

Yamanaka Y, Yool A 

USA, France, Switzerland, Algeria, Germany, Australia, 

Belgium, Japan, England 

Modelling , Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

Results are presented of export production, dissolved 

organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen 

simulated by 12 global ocean models participating 

in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon-cycle 

Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple 

biogeochemical model is utilized in different 

coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. The 

model mean (+/- 1 sigma) downward flux of organic 

matter across 75 m depth is 17 +/- 6 Pg C yr(-1). 

Model means of globally averaged particle export, 

the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface 

semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 

and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are 

in good agreement with observation- based estimates, 

but particle export and surface DOC are 

153 

too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity 

of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) 

the correlation of surface DOC and export with 

circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon 

inventory and deep-ocean radiocarbon, (2) very 

large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean 

export, and (3) greater export production, fraction 

of export as DOM, and SNO in models with 

explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep-ocean 

oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is 

poorly correlated with other model indices. Crossmodel 

means of several biogeochemical metrics 

show better agreement with observation-based 

estimates when restricted to those models that 

best simulate deep-ocean radiocarbon. Overall, 

the results emphasize the importance of physical 

processes in marine biogeochemical modeling 

and suggest that the development of circulation 

models can be accelerated by evaluating them 

with marine biogeochemical metrics. 

Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N3, AUG 

8 ARTN: GB3007. 

08.1-302 

Experimental assessment of N 2O background 

fluxes in grassland systems 

Neftel A, Flechard C, Ammann C, Conen F, Emmenegger 

L, Zeyer K 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

In the absence of, or between, fertilization events 

in agricultural systems, soils are generally assumed 

to emit N 2O at a small rate, often described 

as the ‘background’ flux. In contrast, net uptake of 

N 2O by soil has been observed in many field studies, 

but has not gained much attention. Observations 

of net uptake of N 2O form a large fraction 

(about half) of all individual flux measurements 

in a long- term time series at our temperate fertilized 

grassland site. Individual uptake fluxes from 

chamber measurements are often not statistically 

significant but mean values integrated over longer 

time periods from days to weeks do show a clear 

uptake. An analysis of semi- continuous chamber 

flux data in conjunction with continuous measurements 

of the N 2O concentration in the soil profile 

and eddy covariance measurements suggests that 

gross production and gross consumption of N 2O 

are of the same order, and as consequence only a 

minor fraction of N 2O molecules produced in the 

soil reaches the atmosphere. 

Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 

2007, V59, N3, JUL, pp 470-482.

154 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Coupled Systems and Cycles 

08.1-303 

Effects of increased soil water availability on 

grassland ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes 

Risch A C, Frank D A 


Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Plant Sciences 

There is considerable interest in how ecosystems 

will respond to changes in precipitation. Alterations 

in rain and snowfall are expected to influence 

the spatio-temporal patterns of plant and soil 

processes that are controlled by soil moisture, and 

potentially, the amount of carbon (C) exchanged 

between the atmosphere and ecosystems. Because 

grasslands cover over one third of the terrestrial 

landscape, understanding controls on grassland 

C processes will be important to forecast how 

changes in precipitation regimes will influence 

the global C cycle. In this study we examined how 

irrigation affects carbon dioxide (CO 2) fluxes in 

five widely variable grasslands of Yellowstone National 

Park during a year of approximately average 

growing season precipitation. We irrigated plots 

every 2 weeks with 25% of the monthly 30-year average 

of precipitation resulting in plots receiving 

approximately 150% of the usual growing season 

water in the form of rain and supplemented irrigation. 

Ecosystem CO 2 fluxes were measured with 

a closed chamber-system once a month from May- 

September on irrigated and unirrigated plots in 

each grassland. Soil moisture was closely associated 

with CO 2 fluxes and shoot biomass, and was 

between 1.6% and 11.5% higher at the irrigated 

plots (values from wettest to driest grassland) during 

times of measurements. When examining the 

effect of irrigation throughout the growing season 

(May-September) across sites, we found that 

water additions increased ecosystem CO 2 fluxes 

at the two driest and the wettest sites, suggesting 

that these sites were water-limited during the 

climatically average precipitation conditions of 

the 2005 growing season. In contrast, no consistent 

responses to irrigation were detected at the 

two sites with intermediate soil moisture. Thus, 

the ecosystem CO 2 fluxes at those sites were not 

water-limited, when considering their responses 

to supplemental water throughout the whole season. 

In contrast, when we explored how the effect 

of irrigation varied temporally, we found that irrigation 

increased ecosystem CO 2 fluxes at all the 

sites late in the growing season (September). The 

spatial differences in the response of ecosystem 

CO 2 fluxes to irrigation likely can be explained 

by site specific differences in soil and vegetation 

properties. The temporal effects likely were due to 

delayed plant senescence that promoted plant and 

soil activity later into the year. Our results suggest 

that in Yellowstone National Park, above-normal 

amounts of soil moisture will only stimulate CO 2 

fluxes across a portion of the ecosystem. Thus, depending 

on the topographic location, grassland 

CO 2 fluxes can be water-limited or not. Such information 

is important to accurately predict how 

changes in precipitation/soil moisture will affect 

CO 2 dynamics and how they may feed back to the 

global C cycle. 

Biogeochemistry, 2007, V86, N1, OCT, pp 91-103. 

08.1-304 

Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of 

trace gases in the boundary layer over the 

tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during 

the GABRIEL field campaign 

Stickler A, Fischer H, Bozem H, Gurk C, Schiller C, 

Martinez Harder M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Williams 

J, Eerdekens G, Yassaa N, Ganzeveld L, Sander R, 

Lelieveld J 

Switzerland, Germany, Canada 


We present a comparison of different Lagrangian 

and chemical box model calculations with measurement 

data obtained during the GABRIEL campaign 

over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the 

Amazon rainforest in the Guyanas, October 2005. 

Lagrangian modelling of boundary layer (BL) air 

constrained by measurements is used to derive a 

horizontal gradient (approximate to 5.6 pmol/mol 

km(-1)) of CO from the ocean to the rainforest (east 

to west). This is significantly smaller than that derived 

from the measurements (16-48 pmol/mol 

km(-1)), indicating that photochemical production 

from organic precursors alone cannot explain the 

observed strong gradient. It appears that HCHO 

is overestimated by the Lagrangian and chemical 

box models, which include dry deposition but not 

exchange with the free troposphere (FT). The relatively 

short lifetime of HCHO implies substantial 

BL-FT exchange. The mixing-in of FT air affected 

by African and South American biomass burning 

at an estimated rate of 0.12 h(-1) increases the CO 

and decreases the HCHO mixing ratios, improving 

agreement with measurements. A mean deposition 

velocity of 1.35 cm/s for H 2O 2 over the ocean 

as well as over the rainforest is deduced assuming 

BL-FT exchange adequate to the results for CO. 

The measured increase of the organic peroxides 

from the ocean to the rainforest (approximate to 

0.66 nmol/mol d(-1)) is significantly overestimated 

by the Lagrangian model, even when using high 

values for the deposition velocity and the entrainment 

rate. Our results point at either heterogeneous 

loss of organic peroxides and/or their radical 

precursors, underestimated photodissociation


or missing reaction paths of peroxy radicals not 

forming peroxides in isoprene chemistry. We 

calculate a mean integrated daytime net ozone 

production (NOP) in the BL of (0.2+/-5.9) nmol/mol 

(ocean) and (2.4+ /-2.1) nmol/mol (rainforest). The 

NOP strongly correlates with NO and has a positive 

tendency in the boundary layer over the rainforest. 


N14, pp 3933-3956. 

08.1-305 

Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere 

exchange of nitrogen species 

Sutton M A, Nemitz E, Erisman J W, Beier C, Butterbach 

Bahl K, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F, 

Skiba U, Di Marco C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana J F, 

Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher 

M W, Neftel A, Flechard C R, Herrmann B, 

Calanca P, Schjoerring J K, Daemmgen U, Horvath 

L, Tang Y S, Emmett B A, Tietema A, Penuelas J, 

Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T, 

Campbell C L, Olesen J E, Dragosits U, Theobald M 

R, Levy P, Mobbs D C, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N, 

Smith J U, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, Reis S 

Scotland, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, France, 

Italy, England, Switzerland, Hungary, Wales, Spain, 

Finland 



Recent research in nitrogen exchange with the 

atmosphere has separated research communities 

according to N form. The integrated perspective 

needed to quantify the net effect of N on greenhouse-gas 

balance is being addressed by the Nitro- 

Europe Integrated Project (NEU). Recent advances 

have depended on improved methodologies, while 

ongoing challenges include gas-aerosol interactions, 

organic nitrogen and N-2 fluxes. The NEU 

strategy applies a 3-tier Flux Network together 

with a Manipulation Network of global-change experiments, 

linked by common protocols to facilitate 

model application. Substantial progress has 

been made in modelling N fluxes, especially for 

N 2O, NO and bi-directional NH 3 exchange. Landscape 

analysis represents an emerging challenge 

to address the spatial interactions between farms, 

fields, ecosystems, catchments and air dispersion 

/deposition. European up-scaling of N fluxes is 

highly uncertain and a key priority is for better 

data on agricultural practices. Finally, attention is 

needed to develop N flux verification procedures 

to assess compliance with international protocols. 


125-139. 

155 

08.1-306 

Sensitivity of carbon cycling in the European 

Alps to changes of climate and land cover 

Zierl B, Bugmann H 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Ecology 

Assessments of the impacts of global change on 

carbon stocks in mountain regions have received 

little attention to date, in spite of the considerable 

role of these areas for the global carbon cycle. We 

used the regional hydro-ecological simulation system 

RHESSys in five case study catchments from 

different climatic zones in the European Alps to 

investigate the behavior of the carbon cycle under 

changing climatic and land cover conditions derived 

from the SRES scenarios of the IPCC. The focus 

of this study was on analyzing the differences 

in carbon cycling across various climatic zones of 

the Alps, and to explore the differences between 

the impacts of various SRES scenarios (A1FI, A2, B1, 

B2), and between several global circulation models 

(GCMs, i.e., HadCM3, CGCM2, CSIRO2, PCM). 

The simulation results indicate that the warming 

trend generally enhances carbon sequestration in 

these catchments over the first half of the twenty- 

first century, particularly in forests just below 

treeline. Thereafter, forests at low elevations 

increasingly release carbon as a consequence of 

the changed balance between growth and respiration 

processes, resulting in a net carbon source at 

the catchment scale. Land cover changes have a 

strong modifying effect on these climate- induced 

patterns. While the simulated temporal pattern of 

carbon cycling is qualitatively similar across the 

five catchments, quantitative differences exist due 

to the regional differences of the climate and land 

cover scenarios, with land cover exerting a stronger 

influence. The differences in the simulations 

with scenarios derived from several GCMs under 

one SRES scenario are of the same magnitude as 

the differences between various SRES scenarios 

derived from one single GCM, suggesting that the 

uncertainty in climate model projections needs to 

be narrowed before accurate impact assessments 

under the various SRES scenarios can be made at 

the local to regional scale. We conclude that the 

carbon balance of the European Alps is likely to 

shift strongly in the future, driven mainly by land 

cover changes, but also by changes of the climate. 

We recommend that assessments of carbon cycling 

at regional to continental scales should make sure 

to adequately include sub-regional differences of 

changes in climate and land cover, particularly in 

areas with a complex topography. 

Climatic Change, 2007, V85, N1-2, NOV, pp 

195-212.

156 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Past Global Changes 


08.1-307 

Pleistocene ice and paleo-strain rates at Taylor 

Glacier, Antarctica 

Aciego S M, Cuffey K M, Kavanaugh J L, Morse D L, 

Severinghaus J P 

USA, Switzerland, Canada 

Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology 

Ice exposed in ablation zones of ice sheets can 

be a valuable source of samples for paleoclimate 

studies and information about long-term ice dynamics. 

We report a 28-km long stable isotope 

sampling transect along a flowline on lower Taylor 

Glacier, Antarctica, and show that ice from 

the last glacial period is exposed here over tens 

of kilometers. Gas isotope analyses on a small 

number of samples confirm our age hypothesis. 

These chronostratigraphic data contain information 

about past ice dynamics and in particular 

should be sensitive to the longitudinal strain rate 

on the north flank of Taylor Dome, averaged over 

millennia. The imprint of climatic changes on ice 

dynamics may be discernible in these data. 

Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N3, NOV, pp 

303-313. 

08.1-308 

Sequencing events across the Permian-Triassic 

boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) 

Algeo T J, Hannigan R, Rowe H, Brookfield M, Baud 

A, Krystyn L, Ellwood B B 

USA, Canada, Switzerland 

Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology , 

Paleontology 

The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) section at 

Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) comprises a > 

100-m-thick, apparently conformable succession 

of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments deposited 

in a deep-shelf or ramp setting. This section, 

although long important in debates concerning 

placement of the PTB, has not previously been the 

focus of an integrated chemostratigraphic study. 

In the present study, samples from a 20-m-thick 

interval straddling the PTB were analyzed for major- 

and trace-element concentrations, TOC-TIC, 

REEs, and organic delta C-13-delta N-15 to investigate 

contemporaneous environmental changes. 

The Guryul Ravine section exhibits a sequence of 

discrete events that provide potentially important 

information about the character and cause(s) of 

the PTB. Two transient negative C-isotopic excursions 

within the upper changxingensis zone predate 

the Late Permian event horizon (LPEH, i.e., the 

global mass extinction event) by similar to 200-400 

kyr and are associated with the onset of a major 

eustatic rise and with secondary extinction peaks. 

These excursions may record minor environmen- 

tal disturbances prior to the main end-Permian 

crisis, supporting an intrinsic mechanism such 

as volcanism and climate change rather than an 

extrinsic mechanism such as a bolide impact. The 

onset of a large (similar to -4.0 to -4.5%), sustained 

negative C-isotope shift marks the LPEH, which is 

located at the Zewan-Khunamub formation contact 

similar to 260 cm below the biostratigraphically 

defined PTB, The Guryul Ravine section 

exhibits a stepwise extinction pattern, with the 

largest peak between the LPEH and PTB and a secondary 

peak just above the PTB, a pattern similar 

to that observed in the Meishan D GSSP. 

Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 

2007, V252, N1-2, AUG 20, pp 328-346. 

08.1-309 

Sub-orbital sea-level change in early MIS 5e: 

New evidence from the Gulf of Corinth, Greece 

Andrews J E, Portman C, Rowe P J, Leeder M R, 

Kramers J D 


Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , 

Geology 

New evidence from uplifted marine isotope stage 

(MIS) 5e carbonate deposits in the Gulf of Corinth 

demonstrate two rapid, sub-orbitally forced, sealevel 

oscillations in the early part of MIS 5e. Microbial 

bioherms with inter-grown marine coralline 

algae are interpreted as early highstand deposits. 

Presence of thin vadose flowstone (speleothem) 

coating inter-bioherm surfaces mark a short-lived 

regression of > 10 m, followed by sea-level recovery 

and reestablishment of the highstand, marked 

by coralline algae coating inter-bioherm cavity 

surfaces. These marine algae are then coated 

by a younger vadose flowstone, thick enough to 

provide an uncontaminated U/Th date of 134.8 +/- 

12.0 ka. The dated flowstone is itself encrusted by 

marine fauna and the entire sequence overlain by 

highstand marine sediments and marine aragonite 

cements dated to 114-118 ka, part of the sustained 

MIS 5e highstand. The age of the younger 

flowstone demonstrates that the early highstand 

occurred before 134.8 +/- 2.0 ka, and uplift arguments 

suggest that the bioherms are unlikely to 

be older than similar to 136 ka. These data are 

consistent with the notion that most of termination 

II (TII) sea- level rise had occurred before 

135 ka; indeed they suggest sea-level at this time 

reached about 2-4 (+/- 4) m below present sea-level, 

6-18 (+/- 4) m higher than previous estimates. This 

early highstand was itself punctuated by a rapid 

sea-level oscillation of > 10 m (as yet undated), 

and this oscillation, supported by new TII sealevel 

data from the Red Sea (Siddall, M., Bard, E.,

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Past Global Changes 

Rohling, E.J., Hemleben, C., 2006, Sea-level reversal 

during termination 11, Geology, 34, 817-820.), 

probably occurred in about 1000 yr. The flowstone 

dated at 134.8 2.0 ka is interpreted to record the 

early part of the ‘Aladdin’s Cave’ regressive event 

from Papua New Guinea, although in Greece only 

the first 16 m of the event is recorded. The new 

data presented here support a recently published 

Red Sea TII sea- level curve: they also highlight minor 

discrepancies in the absolute dating of these 

early MIS 5e sea-level events worldwide. 


N3-4, JUL 30, pp 457-468. 

08.1-310 

Age and significance of former low-altitude 

corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands 

Ballantyne C K, Hall A M, Phillips W, Binnie S, 

Kubik P W 

Scotland, USA, Switzerland 

Geomorphology , Paleontology , Cryology / 

Glaciology 

Geomorphological mapping provides evidence for 

two former low-level corrie glaciers on Hoy, both 

defined by end moraines. Five Be-10 exposure ages 

obtained from sandstone boulders on moraine 

crests fall within the range 12.4 +/- 1.5 ka to 10.4 

+/- 1.7 ka (weighted mean 11.7 +/- 0.6 ka), confirming 

that these glaciers developed during the Loch 

Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stade (LLS) of 12.9-11.5 

cal. ka BP, and demonstrate the feasibility of using 

this approach to establish the age of LLS glacier 

limits. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of 

one of the glaciers (99 m) is the lowest recorded 

for any LLS glacier, and the area-weighted mean 

ELA for both (141 m) is consistent with a general 

northward ELA decrease along the west coast 

of Britain. The size of moraines fronting these 

small (


cover) and pollen for the Juniperus site (eg, r(2) = 

0.76 between crown cover and arboreal pollen, AP) 

and the Picea site (r(2) = 0.85), whereas the linkage 

is weaker at the Juglans site (r(2) = 0.35) and 

in mixed forests (r(2) = 0.32). The results of the 

surface samples of moss polsters are compared 

and discussed with surface samples of lake sediments 

that were taken at the same locations. We 

use vegetational maps from around the lakes to 

discuss the link between vegetation and pollen at 

extra-local scales (800 m around the sites). These 

comparisons show that AP underestimates the effective 

tree cover around all sites, with in extreme 

cases densely forested areas corresponding to AP 

values as low as < 60; 30%. We explain this finding 

by the prevalent background pollen load that 

derives from the dry lowland and slope steppes 

(Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae). Our investigation 

may improve the reconstruction of 

Quaternary vegetation and climate history of 

these forest belts in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia) on 

the basis of fossil pollen assemblages from mire 

and lake sediments. It provides new insights into 

the pollen reflection of forest isles (eg, on humid 

slopes or mountain tops) that are surrounded by 

continental steppes; a vegetational situation that 

may be used as an analogue for the conditions 

during the full glacial in Eurasia and Northern 

America. 

Holocene, 2007, V17, N5, JUL, pp 599-611. 

08.1-313 

Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines 

that may have formed during the 

Younger Dryas, 8.2cal ka, and Little Ice Age 

events 

Benson L, Madole R, Kubik P W, Mcdonald R 


Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

, Geomorphology , Geology 

Surface-exposure (Be-10) ages have been obtained 

on boulders from three post-Pinedale end-moraine 

complexes in the Front Range, Colorado. Boulder 

rounding appears related to the cirque-to-moraine 

transport distance at each site with subrounded 

boulders being typical of the 2-km-long Chicago 

Lakes Glacier, subangular boulders being typical 

of the 1-km-long Butler Gulch Glacier, and angular 

boulders being typical of the few-hundred-mlong 

Isabelle Glacier. Surface-exposure ages of angular 

boulders from the Isabelle Glacier moraine, 

which formed during the Little Ice Age (LIA) according 

to previous lichenometric dating, indicate 

cosmogenic inheritance values ranging from 

0 to similar to 3.0 Be-10 ka. (1) Subangular boulders 

from the Butler Gulch end moraine yielded 

surface-exposure ages ranging from 5 to 10.2 Be-10 

ka. We suggest that this moraine was deposited 

during the 8.2 cal ka event, which has been associated 

with outburst floods from Lake Agassiz and 

Lake Ojibway, and that the large age range associated 

with the Butler Gulch end moraine is caused 

by cosmogenic shielding of and(or) spalling from 

boulders that have ages in the younger part of the 

range and by cosmogenic inheritance in boulders 

that have ages in the older part of the range. The 

surface-exposure ages of eight of nine subrounded 

boulders from the Chicago Lakes area fall within 

the 13.0-11.7 Be-10 ka age range, and appear to 

have been deposited during the Younger Dryas 

interval. The general lack of inheritance in the 

eight samples probably stems from the fact that 

only a few thousand years intervened between the 

retreat of the Pinedale glacier and the advance of 

the Chicago Lakes glacier; in addition, bedrock in 

the Chicago Lakes cirque area may have remained 

covered with snow and ice during that interval, 

thus partially shielding the bedrock from cosmogenic 

radiation. 

Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N11-12, 

JUN, pp 1638-1649. 

08.1-314 

Palaeoclimate-induced range shifts may explain 

current patterns of spatial genetic variation 

in renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, 

Asteraceae) 

Bergh N G, Hedderson T A, Linder H P, Bond W J 

South Africa, Switzerland 

Paleontology , Microbiology , Plant Sciences , Meteorology 


The impact of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on 

the distributions of plant species in the Greater 

Cape Floristic Region is largely unknown. We used 

a molecular fingerprinting tool, inter-simple sequence 

repeat (ISSR) PCR to examine the spatial 

distribution of genetic variation in the common 

and widespread shrub Elytropoppus rhinocerotis. 

We wished to test the hypothesis that refugia 

for the species were located in areas which were 

buffered from marked variations in precipitation 

between glacial and interglacial periods. Populations 

from less protected areas, in contrast, should 

have suffered size reductions or extinctions during 

the dry Holocene optimum. We detected a 

large amount of genetic variation in the species, 

which was apportioned largely amongst individuals 

within populations rather than amongst populations 

or regions, as expected for an outcrossing 

and well-dispersed plant species. However, there 

was significant spatial structure and an uneven 

distribution of diversity across the range. Geo-


graphic distance is a very poor predictor of genetic 

distance between localities, especially towards 

the cast of the range. This may be due to range 

alteration over the time-scale reflected by ISSR 

polymorphism. Inter-SSR variation declined from 

south to north in the western arm of the range, 

consistent with the prediction of Holocene aridification 

starting first and being most extreme in 

the north. Areas shown by the marker to harbour 

populations with high levels of variability include 

most parts of the eastern arm of the range, and 

the Kamiesberg highlands. Possible explanations 

for the observed patterns of ISSR variation are discussed. 

Taxon, 2007, V56, N2, MAY, pp 393-408. 

08.1-315 

Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction 

back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved 

sediments of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern 

Swiss Alps) 

Blass A, Bigler C, Grosjean M, Sturm M 

Switzerland, Sweden 

Limnology , Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

Paleontology 

A quantitative high-resolution autumn (September-November) 

temperature reconstruction for 

the southeastern Swiss Alps back to AD 1580 is 

presented here. We used the annually resolved 

biogenic silica (diatoms) flux derived from the accurately 

dated and annually sampled sediments of 

Lake Silvaplana (46 degrees 27’N, 9 degrees 48’E, 

1800 m a.s.l.). The biogenic silica flux smoothed 

by means of a 9-yr running mean was calibrated 

(r=0.70, p < 0.01) against local instrumental temperature 

data (AD 1864-1949). The resulting reconstruction 

(+/- 2 standard errors= 0.7 degrees C) indicates 

that autumns during the late Little Ice Age 

were generally cooler than they were during the 

20th century. During the cold anomaly around 

AD 1600 and during the Maunder Minimum, however, 

the reconstructed autumn temperatures did 

not experience strong negative departures from 

the 20th-century mean. The warmest autumns 

prior to 1900 occurred around AD 1770 and 1820 

(0.75 degrees C above the 20th-century mean). Our 

data agree closely with two other autumn temperature 

reconstructions for the Alps and for Europe 

that are based on documentary evidence and are 

completely unrelated to our data, revealing a very 

consistent picture over the centuries. 

Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N2, SEP, pp 

184-195. 

159 

08.1-316 

Signature of explosive volcanic eruptions in 

the sediments of a high- altitude Swiss lake 

Blass A, Grosjean M, Livingstone D M, Sturm M 

Switzerland 

Paleontology , Limnology , Geology 

The analysis of 125 years of well-dated varved sediments 

in Lake Silvaplana, located at 1,791 m a.s.l. 

in the Upper Engadine region of south-eastern 

Switzerland, reveals that 7 out of the 8 climatically 

relevant explosive volcanic eruptions between 

A.D. 1880 and 2004 were followed by distinct 

peaks in median grain-size. Although the underlying 

mechanisms are yet unclear, an analysis of 

local meteorological data suggests that this phenomenon 

is unlikely to be related to any change 

in air temperature associated with the eruptions, 

but instead may be related to an increase in autumn 

precipitation subsequent to the eruptions 

that led to the erosion and fluvial transport of particles 

larger than normal. 

Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008, V39, N1, JAN, pp 

35-42. 

08.1-317 

A European pattern climatology 1766-2000 

Casty C, Raible C C, Stocker T F, Wanner H, Luterbacher 

J 

Switzerland 


Paleontology 

Using monthly independently reconstructed gridded 

European fields for the 500 hPa geopotential 

height, temperature, and precipitation covering 

the last 235 years we investigate the temporal and 

spatial evolution of these key climate variables 

and assess the leading combined patterns of climate 

variability. Seasonal European temperatures 

show a positive trend mainly over the last 40 years 

with absolute highest values since 1766. Precipitation 

indicates no clear trend. Spatial correlation 

technique reveals that winter, spring, and autumn 

covariability between European temperature and 

precipitation is mainly influenced by advective 

processes, whereas during summer convection 

plays the dominant role. Empirical Orthogonal 

Function analysis is applied to the combined 

fields of pressure, temperature, and precipitation. 

The dominant patterns of climate variability for 

winter, spring, and autumn resemble the North 

Atlantic Oscillation and show a distinct positive 

trend during the past 40 years for winter and 

spring. A positive trend is also detected for summer 

pattern 2, which reflects an increased influence 

of the Azores High towards central Europe 

and the Mediterranean coinciding with warm


and dry conditions. The question to which extent 

these recent trends in European climate patterns 

can be explained by internal variability or are a 

result of radiative forcing is answered using cross 

wavelets on an annual basis. Natural radiative 

forcing (solar and volcanic) has no imprint on annual 

European climate patterns. Connections to 

CO 2 forcing are only detected at the margins of 

the wavelets where edge effects are apparent and 

hence one has to be cautious in a further interpretation. 

Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N7-8, DEC, pp 

791-805. 

08.1-318 

Reconstructing recent environmental changes 

from proglacial lake sediments in the western 

Alps (Lake blanc huez, 2543 m a.s.l., grandes 

rousses massif, france) 

Chapron E, Faien X, Magand O, Charlet L, Debret 

M, Melieres M A 


Paleontology , Geology , Geomorphology 

The evolution of high-altitude glaciers and human 

activities in the Grandes Rousses massif is 

documented by high-resolution seismic reflection 

profiling and multiproxy analysis of short 

sediment cores in proglacial Lake Blanc Huez. 

These lacustrine data are compared with historical 

chronicles, geomorphological features and 

glaciological studies in this region of the western 

Alps and they allow the documentation of recent 

environmental changes. The specific geometry 

of high-amplitude reflections in the uppermost 

seismic unit, the lithology of short cores and the 

available limnological data in the lake suggest 

that elastic particles eroded by the glaciers and 

transported in suspension by glacial melt waters 

in early summer essentially develop homopycnal 

flood events in the lake. A conceptual model 

linking fluctuations of glacier equilibrium line 

altitudes in the catchment area with sedimentary 

facies retrieved in the lake basin is proposed. 

This approach allows reconstructing continuous 

glacier fluctuations since AD1820-1850 and suggests 

several phases of glacier fluctuations during 

the Little Ice Age (LIA). These reconstructions are 

based on changes in lacustrine sediment laminations, 

density, magnetic susceptibility, reflectance 

spectra, organic matter and Arsenic content. The 

age-depth model of short sediment cores is provided 

by Pb-210, 117CS and Am-241 radionuclide 

dating. This chronology is further supported by 

identifying in lacustrine sediments the impact of 

(i) the nearby M 5.3 Corren on earthquake in AD 

1962, (ii) the development of the ski resort at high- 

altitude close to the lake and (iii) the last advance 

of glaciers during the LIA in AD1820-1850 and the 

following phase of glacier retreat observed in the 

alpine region at the end of the LIA in AD 1880. Frequent 

sandy layers enriched in organic matter and 

associated with fluctuations in the Arsenic concentrations 

may result from hydraulic remobilisation 

of Middle Age mine tailings at the lake shore 

by snow melt or heavy rain fall events during the 

LIA. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 


2007, V252, N3-4, SEP 3, pp 586-600. 

08.1-319 

Long-term interactions between Mediterranean 

climate, vegetation and fire regime at 

Lago di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy) 

Colombaroli D, Marchetto A, Tinner W 



Sciences , Paleontology , Ecology 

1. A Holocene sedimentary sequence from a coastal 

lake in the Mediterranean area (Lago di Massaciuccoli, 

Tuscany, Italy, 0 m a.s.l.) was sampled 

for pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses. 

Contiguous 1-cm samples represent an estimated 

time interval of c. 13 years, thus providing a highresolution 

sequence from 6100 to 5400 cal. years 

BP. 2. Just before 6000 cal. years BP, sub-Mediterranean 

and Mediterranean forests were present together 

with fir (Abies alba), a submontane species 

that is today absent at low altitudes in the Mediterranean. 

A sharp vegetational change occurred 

after 6000 cal. years BP involving a drastic decline 

of Abies alba around the site. 3. Time-series analyses 

suggest that increased fire activity at this time 

caused a strong decline in Abies alba, a highly 

fire-sensitive species. During 100 years of higher 

fire incidence, diverse (predominantly evergreen) 

forest communities were converted to low- diversity 

fire-prone shrub communities. 4. Cross-correlations 

reveal that fire during the mid-Holocene 

hindered the expansion of holm oak (Quercus 

ilex), the most common tree species today in Mediterranean 

environments. While the factors that 

triggered the Holocene expansion of this species 

in the Mediterranean area are unclear, our results 

do not support the hypothesis that fire was key 

for holm oak expansion. 5. Diatom analyses of 

the same sediment core provide an independent 

palaeoenvironmental proxy for palaeoclimatic 

reconstruction. A change in the eutrophy and 

salinity of the lake occurred just before 6000 cal. 

years BP, suggesting that a climatic shift towards 

aridity may have triggered the observed change 

in hydrology and possibly also in fire regime. 6.


Over the millennia fire has decisively contributed 

to the establishment of the present fire-adapted 

vegetation type (macchia). Native fire-sensitive 

species were displaced or repressed, and arboreal 

vegetation became less diverse. Combined ecological 

and palaeoecological data may help to assess 

possible future scenarios of biosphere responses 

to global change. Our results imply that the forecasted 

global warming and fire increase may trigger 

irrecoverable biodiversity losses and shifts in 

vegetational composition within a few decades or 

centuries at most. In particular, fire and drought- 

sensitive vegetation types, such as the relict forests 

of Abies alba in the Apennines, seem particularly 

threatened by large-scale displacement. 

Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N4, JUL, pp 

755-770. 

08.1-320 

Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use: 

a case study of ‘brusada’ (burn) in southern 

Switzerland 

Conedera M, Vassere S, Neff C, Meurer M, Krebs P 


History , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Paleontology 

Toponyms are frequently the outcome of a creative 

process, a subjective interpretation by the 

local inhabitants at the time of naming. They often 

survive changes in the local landscape, thus 

becoming historical documents of landscape dynamics 

or changes in land use. In this contribution 

we provide a systematic synchronic analysis 

of the toponym brusada (burn) in Canton Ticino. 

In total, 182 instances of place names containing 

brusada were recorded, of which 102 cases (56.0%) 

were localised. Based on oral information provided 

by the local people or on archival documents, it 

was possible to group the selected toponyms into 

different meaning classes such as burnt building, 

exposed sites, pasture-land and others without 

any indication (classified here as generic). On the 

basis of etymological, topographic, documentary, 

bibliographic, and historic evidence, as well 

as proxy-archives (such as charcoal in lake sediments), 

we hypothesise that most of the toponyms 

associated with pasture-land - and probably also a 

large portion of the generic toponyms - are directly 

or indirectly related to the habit of using fire 

to clear brushwood to improve pasture-land or to 

eliminate trees. In the study area, the practice of 

pasture-fires appears to have been a very well controlled 

and targeted activity in medieval times. In 

contrast, pasture-fires became very frequent and 

uncontrolled in the second half of the nineteenth 

century up until the Second World War. Our study 

161 

confirms the usefulness and suitability of toponymy, 

in combination with other disciplines, for 

ecohistorical reconstructions of past environmental 

and land-use changes. 

Journal of Historical Geography, 2007, V33, N4, 

OCT, pp 729-748. 

08.1-321 

Multiproxy late quaternary stratigraphy of 

the Nile deep-sea turbidite system - Towards a 

chronology of deep-sea terrigeneous systems 

Ducassou E, Capotondi L, Murat A, Bernasconi 

S M, Mulder T, Gonthier E, Migeon S, Duprat J, 

Giraudeau J, Mascle J 

France, Italy, Switzerland 

Geology , Paleontology 

Understanding the recent formation of a sedimentary 

system such as a deep-sea turbidite system 

(DSTS) requires an accurate stratigraphic control 

on deposits. Due to the important terrigeneous input 

which disrupts the sedimentary record, DSTS 

is an environment where stratigraphic control 

is difficult to assess. Most of the time, traditional 

stratigraphic tools are not accurate enough. This 

has led to a rather limited number of studies concerning 

stratigraphy in DSTS. In this study, we examine 

several hemipelagic long piston cores collected 

from the Nile DSTS (eastern Mediterranean), 

in order to understand the recent evolution of the 

complex sedimentary system in this area. The first 

aim of this study is to show how to obtain a reliable 

timeframe in DSTS. Indeed, we provided a detailed 

ecostratigraphical scheme based on planktonic foraminiferal 

distribution, oxygen isotope records and 

lithostratigraphy (sapropels and tephra) of three 

cores where the sedimentation is least disturbed. 

We have identified 29 foraminiferal ecozones during 

the last 250,000 years BP, with an approximately 

2000-year time resolution. The time span of each 

ecozone was constrained by the oxygen isotope 

record, C-14 AMS radiometric data, tephrochronology 

and the sapropel chronology. These high-resolution 

ecostratigraphical time subdivisions have 

been applied in discontinuous mixed hemipelagic/ 

turbiditic sequences of a levee record. This example 

shows how to date gravity events, formation and 

time periods of sedimentary accumulations. (c) 

2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

Sedimentary Geology, 2007, V200, N1-2, AUG 1, 

pp 1-13. 

08.1-322 

Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal 

buildups in south Guizhou, China 

Enpu G, Samankassou E, Changqing G, Yongli Z 

Baoliang S


Switzerland, Peoples R China 

Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater Biology 

Pennsylvanian phylloid algal reefs are widespread 

and well exposed in south Guizhou, China. Here 

we report on reefs ranging from 2 to 8 m thickness 

and 30-50 m lateral extension. Algae, the 

main components, display a wide spectrum of 

growth forms, but are commonly cyathiform 

(cup-shaped) and leaf-like (undulate plates). The 

algal reef facies is dominated by boundstone. Algal 

thalli form a dense carpet whose framework 

pores are filled with marine cement and peloidal 

micrite. The peloidal matrix is dense, partly laminated 

or clotted with irregular surfaces and often 

gravity defying. Algal reefs in Guizhou differ from 

examples reported to date by the high biodiversity 

of organisms other than phylloids: e.g., the 

intergrowth of algae with corals (some of which 

are twice the size of algal thalli) and numerous 

large brachiopods. This contrasts to previous 

views that phylloid algal “meadows” dominated 

the actual seafloor, excluding other biota. Also, 

the pervasive marine cements (up to 50%) including 

botryoidal cement are noteworthy. Algal reefs 

developed at platform margins, a depositional 

environment similar to that of modern Halimeda 

mounds in Java, Australia and off Bahamas, and to 

that of time-equivalent examples reported from 

the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Whereas nutrients 

appear decisive in the growth of Halimeda 

reefs, algal reefs reported herein seemingly grew 

under conditions of low nutrient levels. Overall, 

algal reefs in Guizhou challenge previous views 

on growth forms, diversity patterns, and depositional 

environments and add to the spectrum of 

these partly puzzling biogenic structures. 

Facies, 2007, V53, N4, NOV, pp 615-623. 

08.1-323 

Long-term drought severity variations in 

Morocco 

Esper J, Frank D, Buentgen U, Verstege A, Luterbacher 

J 

Switzerland 


Sciences , Paleontology 

Cedrus atlantica ring width data are used to reconstruct 

long-term changes in the Palmer Drought 

Severity Index (PDSI) over the past 953 years in 

Morocco, NW Africa. The reconstruction captures 

the dry conditions since the 1980s well and places 

this extreme period within a millennium-long 

context. PDSI values were above average for most 

of the 1450-1980 period, which let recent drought 

appear exceptional. However, our results also indicate 

that this pluvial episode of the past millen- 

nium was preceded by generally drier conditions 

back to 1049. Comparison of PDSI estimates with 

large-scale pressure field reconstructions revealed 

steady synoptic patterns for drought conditions 

over the past 350 years. The long-term changes 

from initially dry to pluvial to recent dry conditions 

are similar to PDSI trends reported from N 

America, and we suggest that they are related to 

long-term temperature changes, potentially teleconnected 

with ENSO variability and forced by 

solar irradiance changes. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N17, SEP 

5 ARTN: L17702. 

08.1-324 

Modern pollen assemblages as climate indicators 

in southern Europe 

Finsinger W, Heiri O, Valsecchi V, Tinner W, 

Lotter A F 

Netherlands, Switzerland 


, Paleontology 

Aim and Location Our aim is to develop pollen-climate 

inference models for southern Europe and 

to test their performance and inference power by 

cross-validation with modern climate data. Surface 

sediments collected from lakes along a climate 

gradient from the winter-cold/summer-wet 

Alps to winter-wet/summer-dry Sicily were analysed 

for modern pollen assemblages. Methods For 

each lake, mean monthly temperatures, seasonal 

precipitation and site-specific climate uncertainties 

have been estimated. Pollen-climate relationships 

were studied using numerical analyses, and 

inference models were derived by partial least 

squares (PLS) and weighted-averaging PLS (WA-PLS) 

regressions for January and July temperatures (T), 

and for winter, spring and summer precipitation 

(P). In order to assess whether these variables are 

also of ecological importance for vegetation in the 

subregions, we split the data set into an Alpine 

and a Mediterranean subset. Results Low bootstrap 

cross-validated root mean square errors of 

prediction (RMSEP) for January T (1.7 degrees C), 

July T (2.1 degrees C) and summer P (38 mm), as 

well as low RMSEPs expressed as a percentage of 

the gradient length (8-9%), indicate a good inference 

power. Models revealed excellent to good 

performance statistics for January T, July T and 

summer P (r(2)= 0.8), and for winter and spring P 

(r(2) =c. 0.5). We show that the variables with the 

highest explanatory power differ between the two 

subregions. These are summer T and P for the Alpine 

set, and January T, winter P and July T for the 

Mediterranean set. Main conclusions The study 

reveals the influence of climatic conditions dur-


ing the growing season on modern pollen assemblages 

and indicates the potential of pollen data 

for long-term climate reconstructions of parameters 

such as winter precipitation and temperature, 

which seem to be the main factors having 

an influence on the variability of Mediterranean 

climate. These models may therefore provide important 

information on past regional climate variability 

in southern Europe. 


SEP, pp 567-582. 

08.1-325 

Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust 

emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage 

using the deep EPICA ice cores from the 

Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica 

Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Wegner A, 

Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Severi 

M, Wolff E, Littot G, Röthlisberger R, Mulvaney 

R, Hutterli M A, Kaufmann P, Federer U, Lambert 

F, Bigler M, Hansson M, Jonsell U, de Angelis M, 

Boutron C, Siggaard Andersen M L, Steffensen J P, 

Barbante C, Gaspari V, Gabrielli P, Wagenbach D 

Germany, Italy, England, Switzerland, Sweden, 

France, Denmark 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics , Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology 

Continuous sea salt and mineral dust aerosol records 

have been studied on the two EPICA (European 

Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) deep ice 

cores. The joint use of these records from opposite 

sides of the East Antarctic plateau allows for an 

estimate of changes in dust transport and emission 

intensity as well as for the identification of 

regional differences in the sea salt aerosol source. 

The mineral dust flux records at both sites show a 

strong coherency over the last 150 kyr related to 

dust emission changes in the glacial Patagonian 

dust source with three times higher dust fluxes in 

the Atlantic compared to the Indian Ocean sector 

of the Southern Ocean (SO). Using a simple conceptual 

transport model this indicates that transport 

can explain only 40% of the atmospheric dust 

concentration changes in Antarctica, while factor 

5-10 changes occurred. Accordingly, the main 

cause for the strong glacial dust flux changes in 

Antarctica must lie in environmental changes in 

Patagonia. Dust emissions, hence environmental 

conditions in Patagonia, were very similar during 

the last two glacials and interglacials, respectively, 

despite 2-4 degrees C warmer temperatures 

163 

recorded in Antarctica during the penultimate 

interglacial than today. 2-3 times higher sea salt 

fluxes found in both ice cores in the glacial compared 

to the Holocene are difficult to reconcile 

with a largely unchanged transport intensity and 

the distant open ocean source. The substantial 

glacial enhancements in sea salt aerosol fluxes 

can be readily explained assuming sea ice formation 

as the main sea salt aerosol source with 

a significantly larger expansion of (summer) sea 

ice in the Weddell Sea than in the Indian Ocean 

sector. During the penultimate interglacial, our 

sea salt records point to a 50% reduction of winter 

sea ice coverage compared to the Holocene both 

in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean sector of the SO. 

However, from 20 to 80 ka before present sea salt 

fluxes show only very subdued millennial changes 

despite pronounced temperature fluctuations, 

likely due to the large distance of the sea ice salt 

source to our drill sites. 


N1-2, AUG 15, pp 340-354. 

08.1-326 

Adjustment for proxy number and coherence 

in a large-scale temperature reconstruction 

Frank D, Esper J, Cook E R 



(1) Proxy records may display fluctuations in climate 

variability that are artifacts of changing replication 

and interseries correlation of constituent 

time-series and also from methodological considerations. 

These biases obscure the understanding 

of past climatic variability, including estimation of 

extremes, differentiation between natural and anthropogenic 

forcing, and climate model validation. 

Herein, we evaluate as a case-study, the Esper et al. 

(2002) extra-tropical millennial-length temperature 

reconstruction that shows increasing variability 

back in time. We provide adjustments considering 

biases at both the site and hemispheric scales. The 

variance adjusted record shows greatest differences 

before 1200 when sample replication is quite low. A 

reduced amplitude of peak warmth during Medieval 

Times by about 0.4 degrees C (0.2 degrees C) 

at annual (40-year) timescales slightly re-draws the 

longerterm evolution of past temperatures. Many 

other regional and large-scale reconstructions appear 

to contain variancerelated biases. 


AUG 29 ARTN: L16709.


08.1-327 

Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific 

abyss during the last deglaciation 

Galbraith E D, Jaccard S L, Pedersen T F, Sigman D 

M, Haug G H, Cook M, Southon J R, Francois R 

Canada, USA, Switzerland 

Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Oceanography 

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were 

significantly lower during glacial periods than 

during intervening interglacial periods, but the 

mechanisms responsible for this difference remain 

uncertain. Many recent explanations call 

on greater carbon storage in a poorly ventilated 

deep ocean during glacial periods(1-5), but direct 

evidence regarding the ventilation and respired 

carbon content of the glacial deep ocean is sparse 

and often equivocal(6). Here we present sedimentary 

geochemical records from sites spanning the 

deep subarctic Pacific that-together with previously 

published results(7)- show that a poorly ventilated 

water mass containing a high concentration 

of respired carbon dioxide occupied the North Pacific 

abyss during the Last Glacial Maximum. Despite 

an inferred increase in deep Southern Ocean 

ventilation during the first step of the deglaciation 

(18,000-15,000 years ago)(4,8), we find no 

evidence for improved ventilation in the abyssal 

subarctic Pacific until a rapid transition similar 

to 14,600 years ago: this change was accompanied 

by an acceleration of export production from the 

surface waters above but only a small increase in 

atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (8). We 

speculate that these changes were mechanistically 

linked to a roughly coeval increase in deep water 

formation in the North Atlantic (9-11), which 

flushed respired carbon dioxide from northern 

abyssal waters, but also increased the supply of 

nutrients to the upper ocean, leading to greater 

carbon dioxide sequestration at mid-depths and 

stalling the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide 

concentrations. Our findings are qualitatively 

consistent with hypotheses invoking a deglacial 

flushing of respired carbon dioxide from an isolated, 

deep ocean reservoir(1-5,12), but suggest that 

the reservoir may have been released in stages, 

as vigorous deep water ventilation switched between 

North Atlantic and Southern Ocean source 

regions. 

Nature, 2007, V449, N7164, OCT 18, pp 890-U9. 

08.1-328 

Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence 

for global climatic change in the wake of the 

end-Permian biotic crisis 

Galfetti T, Hochuli P A, Brayard A, Bucher H, Weissert 

H, Vigran J O 


Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology 

, Geology 

One of the most important carbon cycle perturbations 

following the end-Permian mass extinction 

event straddles the Smithian-Spathian boundary 

(SSB) (Olenekian, Early Triassic). This anomaly 

is characterized by a prominent positive carbon 

isotope excursion known from Tethyan marine 

rocks. Its global significance is established here 

by a new high paleolatitude record (Spitsbergen). 

Paleontological evidence, such as Boreal palynological 

data (Barents Sea, Norway) and global patterns 

of ammonoid distribution, indicates a synchronous 

major change in terrestrial and marine 

ecosystems near the SSB. The reestablishment of 

highly diverse plant ecosystems, including the 

rise of woody gymnosperms and decline of the 

formerly dominating lycopods, is interpreted as 

an effect of a major climate change. This hypothesis 

is supported by modeling of ammonoid paleobiogeography, 

the distribution patterns of which 

are interpreted as a proxy for sea surface temperatures 

(SST). The latest Smithian thus appears to 

have been a time of a warm and equable climate 

as expressed by an almost flat pole to equator SST 

gradient. In contrast, the steep Spathian SST gradient 

suggests latitudinally differentiated climatic 

conditions. We propose that this drastic climate 

change and the global carbon cycle perturbation 

were triggered by a massive end-Smithian CO 2 injection. 

The SSB event could therefore represent 

one of the causes for stepwise and delayed recovery 

of marine and terrestrial biotas in the wake of 

the end- Permian biotic crisis. 

Geology, 2007, V35, N4, APR, pp 291-294. 

08.1-329 

Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost 

with Cl-36 

Gilichinsky D A, Nolte E, Basilyan A E, Beer J, Blinov 

A V, Lazarev V E, Kholodov A L, Meyer H, Nikolskiy 

P A, Schirrmeister L, Tumskoy V E 

Russia, Germany, Switzerland 


A new method of permafrost dating with the cosmogenic 

radionuclide Cl-36 is presented. In the 

first application, syngenetic ice wedges are dated 

using the ratio of Cl-36 and Cl concentrations in 

ice as the signal. Cl-36 is produced in the atmo-


sphere by nuclear reactions of cosmic rays on argon. 

Stable chlorine enters the atmosphere from 

the oceans. Their ratio does not depend on chloride 

concentration in precipitations and on sublimation 

of snow. In situ production of Cl-36 in 

permafrost ice via cosmic ray-induced reactions 

and neutron capture are calculated and the dating 

age limit is estimated as 3 million years. Cl-36/ 

Cl ratios in permafrost samples from cape Svyatoy 

Nos (Laptev Sea coast), North-Eastern Siberia, are 

measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Analysis 

of the first results and the calculated dates 

support the feasibility of the Cl-36 permafrost dating 

method. 


JUN, pp 1547-1556. 

08.1-330 

Assimilation of the plutonic roots of the Andean 

arc: Evidence from CO 2-rich fluid inclusions 

in olivines 

Ginibre C, Dungan M A 

Switzerland 


Paleontology 


N15, AUG, SS, p A325. 

08.1-331 

Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous phylloid 

algae in southern Guizhou, SW China 

Gong E, Mang Y, Guan C, Samankassou E, Sun B, 

Sun B L 

Peoples R China, Switzerland 

Ecology , Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater 

Biology 

Phylloid algae are important reef-builders in the 

late Carboniferous. This paper focuses on the paleoecology 

of phylloid algae in the Late Carboniferous 

on well-exposed reefs in Ziyun County, 

Guizhou Province. Phylloid algae growing closely 

packed are attached via holdfast or similar structure 

to substrate. They were growing in environments 

such as shallow water, photic zone and below 

the wave base with medium energy currents. 

They have a variety of morphological forms, such 

as single cup-shaped, cabbage-shaped and clustering 

cup-shaped. The thalli are of certain tenacity 

and intensity. In the areas dominated by phylloid 

algae, other marine organisms are relatively 

scarce. Obviously, phylloid algae are stronger competitors 

for living space than other co-occurring 

organisms. 

Acta Geologica Sinica English Edition, 2007, V81, 

N4, AUG, pp 566-572. 

165 

08.1-332 

Late Quaternary river development in the 

southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment 

from the Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast 

Nigeria) 

Gumnior M, Preusser F 


Paleontology , Geology , Hydrology 

The Komadugu river system is the major Nigerian 

tributary to Lake Chad. its large alluvial complex 

represents an important archive of the late Quaternary 

environmental history of the Chad Basin. 

Modern floodplains are incised into an older fluvial 

terrace that extends over 5000 km(2). Evidence 

from satellite images suggests that the ancient 

river system was dammed up by the Bama Beach 

Ridge during high stands of mega Lake Chad. This 

caused the formation of extensive wetlands with 

a chaotic network of relic channels. The first set 

of luminescence ages presented here fits well, into 

the previously established environmental history 

of the Chad Basin. Both the early and mid-Holocene 

pluvial periods as well as a final relatively humid 

period during the late Holocene are reflected 

by point bar to overbank deposits or channel fills. 

The onset of the Holocene was characterised by 

erosion of older dune fields as indicated by grain- 

size distributions of the alluvium. Satellite images 

and sedimentological observations show that 

the floodplain was dominated by meandering 

channels shifted by frequent avulsion, reflecting 

a high variability in precipitation and discharge 

patterns at the beginning and end of Holocene 

humid periods. 

Journal of Quaternary Science, 2007, V22, N7, 

OCT, pp 709-719. 

08.1-333 

Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the 

southern Alps, Ticino Switzerland 

Hajdas I, Schlumpf N, Minikus Stary N, Hagedorn F, 

Eckmeier E, Schoch W, Burga C, Bonani G, Schmidt 

M W I, Cherubini P 

Switzerland 


, Forestry , Plant Sciences , Paleontology 

Radiocarbon dating of macroscopic charcoal is a 

useful toot for paleocliniatic and paleoecologic reconstructions. 

Here we present results of C-14 dating 

of charcoals found in charcoal-rich soils of Ticino 

and the Misox Valley (southern Switzerland) 

which indicate that the Late Glacial and early 

Holocene fires coincided with warm phases in the 

North Atlantic region and low lake levels in the 

Central Europe. Late Holocene charcoals found 

in these soils document an earlier than believed


presence of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) 

in southern Switzerland. Sweet chestnut trees 

play a key role in Mediterranean woodlands, and 

for longer than two millennia have been used as a 

food source. Based on palynological evidence it is 

commonly believed that in southern Switzerland 

C. sativa was first introduced 2000 years ago by 

the Romans, who cultivated it for wood and fruit 

production. Our results indicate that this tree 

species was present on the southern slopes of the 

Alps similar to 1500 years earlier than previously 

assumed, and therefore was likely introduced independently 

from cultivation by the Romans. 

Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research 

Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and 

Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 398-402. 

08.1-334 

Cosmogenic Be-10-ages from the Store Koldewey 

island, NE Greenland 

Hakansson L, Graf A, Strasky S, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P 

W, Hjort C, Schlüchter C 

Switzerland, Sweden, USA 

Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geology 

Earlier work in northeast Greenland has suggested 

a limited advance of the Greenland Ice Sheet 

during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, 

this concept has recently been challenged by marine 

geological studies, indicating grounded ice on 

the continental shelf at this time. New Be-10-ages 

from the Store Koldewey island, northeast Greenland, 

suggest that unscoured mountain plateaus 

at the outer coast were covered at least partly by 

cold-based ice during the LGM. It is, however, still 

inconclusive whether this ice was dynamically 

connected to the Greenland Ice Sheet or not. Regardless 

of the LGM ice sheet extent, the Be-10 results 

from Store Koldewey add to a growing body 

of evidence suggesting considerable antiquity of 

crystalline unscoured terrain near present and 

Pleistocene ice sheet margins. 

Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography, 

2007, V89A, N3, pp 195-202. 

08.1-335 

Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic 

oceanic circulation of the Tethys: The delta 

C-13 record from marine sections in Iran 

Horacek M, Richoz S, Brandner R, Krystyn L, 

Spoetl C 


Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography 

, Geology 

Stable carbon isotope curves derived from Lower 

Triassic carbonate rocks from three Iranian sections 

are established to investigate changes in the 

carbon cycle during the Early Triassic in this area. 

The sections are located in the south-center (Abadeh), 

north (Amol), and northwest (Zal) of Iran. 

All three curves show a similar pattern starting 

out with high delta C-13 values in the uppermost 

Permian decreasing across the Permian-Triassic 

boundary, an increase toward more positive values 

during the Griesbachian that slowly increase 

further up during the Dienerian, followed by a 

positive excursion to values as high as +8%o near 

the Dienerian/Smithian boundary. During the 

Smithian values return to below O%o, whereas 

second positive excursion to values higher than + 

3%o is recorded at the Smithian /Spathian boundary, 

again followed by a drop in delta C-13 into 

the Spathian and a final excursion to positive 

values at the Spathian /Anisian boundary. The 

results from these Iranian sections are consistent 

with previous studies from Italy and China, thus 

strongly suggesting that the recorded delta C-13 

variability represents at least Tethys-wide geochemical 

signals. Moreover, the new curves reveal 

evidence of hich-amplitude, frequent oscillations 

pointing toward rapid and profound changes in 

the global carbon cycle during the Lower Triassic. 

Stratification of the ocean interrupted by episodic 

overturning transporting deep water to the ocean 

surface is a viable mechanism to account for the 

recorded isotope variations. Provided that the delta 

C-13 curve is representative of the global Lower 

Triassic ocean. it has high potential for accurately 

dating sedimentary successions via chemostratigraphy. 


2007, V252, N1-2, AUG 20, pp 355-369. 

08.1-336 

1. Flaje-Kiefern (Krusne Hory Mountains): Late 

Glacial and Holocene vegetation development 

Jankovska V, Kunes P, van der Knaap W O 

Czech Republic, Switzerland 

Paleontology , Forestry , Plant Sciences 

Grana, 2007, V46, N3, pp 214-216. 

08.1-337 

Microgram level radiocarbon (C-14) determination 

on carbonaceous particles in ice 

Jenk T M, Szidat S, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H W, 

Wacker L, Synal H A, Saurer M 

Switzerland 

Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

Paleontology , Instruments & Instrumentation 

In climate research the interest on carbonaceous 

particles has increased over the last years because 

of their influence on the radiation balance of the 

earth. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of available


data regarding their concentrations and sources 

in the past. Such data would be important for a 

better understanding of their effects and for estimating 

their influence on future climate. Here, 

a technique is described to extract carbonaceous 

particles from ice core samples with subsequent 

separation of the two main constituents into organic 

carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for 

analysis of their concentrations in the past. This 

is combined with further analysis of OC and EC 

C-14/C-12 ratios by accelerator mass spectrometry 

(AMS), what can be used for source apportionment 

studies of past emissions. We further present how 

C-14 analysis of the OC fraction could be used in 

the future to date any ice core extracted from a 

high-elevation glacier. Described sample preparation 

steps to final analysis include the combustion 

of micrograms of water- insoluble carbonaceous 

particles, primary collected by filtration of melted 

ice samples, the graphitisation of the obtained 

CO 2 to solid AMS target material and final AMS 

measurements. Possible fractionation processes 

were investigated for quality assurance. Procedural 

blanks were reproducible and resulted in 

carbon masses of 1.3 +/- 0.6 µ g OC and 0.3 +/- 0.1 µ 

g EC per filter. The determined fraction of modern 

carbon (f(M)) for the OC blank was 0.61 0.13. The 

analysis of processed IAEA-C6 and IAEA-C7 reference 

material resulted in f(M) = 1.521 +/- 0.011 and 

delta C-13 = -10.85 0.19%, and f(M) = 0.505 +/- 0.011 

and delta C-13 = - 14.21 0.19 parts per thousand, 

respectively, in agreement with consensus values. 

Initial carbon contents were thereby recovered 

with an average yield of 93%. 



Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 518-525. 

08.1-338 

Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability 

over the past 800,000 years 

Jouzel J, Masson Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, 

Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola 

J M, Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet J C, Johnsen S, 

Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Lüthi D, Oerter H, Parrenin 

F, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander 

J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B, 

Steffensen J P, Stenni B, Stocker T F, Tison J L, 

Werner M, Wolff E W 

France, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland, 

Italy, Belgium, England 

Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology 


A high-resolution deuterium profile is now available 

along the entire European Project for Ice 

Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core, extending 

167 

this climate record back to marine isotope stage 

20.2, similar to 800,000 years ago. Experiments 

performed with an atmospheric general circulation 

model including water isotopes support 

its temperature interpretation. We assessed the 

general correspondence between Dansgaard-Oeschger 

events and their smoothed Antarctic counterparts 

for this Dome C record, which reveals the 

presence of such features with similar amplitudes 

during previous glacial periods. We suggest that 

the interplay between obliquity and precession 

accounts for the variable intensity of interglacial 

periods in ice core records. 

Science, 2007, V317, N5839, AUG 10, 

pp 793-796. 

08.1-339 

Applying SAR-IRSL methodology for dating 

fine-grained sediments from lake El’gygytgyn, 

north-eastern Siberia 

Juschus O, Preusser F, Melles M, Radtke U 


Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Paleontology 

Lake El’gygytgyn is situated in a 3.6 Ma old impact 

crater in northeastern Siberia and probably represents 

one of the most complete archives of Arctic 

climate change. Investigated here is the potential 

of infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) 

using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) 

approach for dating sediments from this lake. 

Independent age control is available from a published 

age model of a parallel core that is based on 

tuning sediment proxies with regional insolation 

and the results of previous multiple aliquot IRSL 

dating. Although the site is located within volcanic 

bedrock, anomalous fading seems to have 

little effect on the calculated ages. The modelled 

water content for the entire time of burial is seen 

as the most prominent uncertainty at this particular 

site. Despite these potential error sources, 

SAR-IRSL ages are in acceptable agreement with 

the given timeframe and clearly point to the possibility 

to establish independent chronologies at 

this site up to at least 400,000 years. 

Quaternary Geochronology, 2007, V2, N1-4, SI, pp 

187-194. 

08.1-340 

Unfractionated excess air: The result of incomplete 

dissolution of entrapped air? 

Klump S, Cirpka O A, Kipfer R 

Switzerland 

Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 


AUG, SS, p A496.


08.1-341 

Excess air as a potential tracer for paleohydrological 

conditions 

Klump S, Grundl T, Purtschert R, Kipfer R 


Paleontology , Hydrology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 



08.1-342 

Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and 

transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel 

coupling: Evidence from inner gorges in the 

Swiss Alps 

Korup O, Schlunegger F 

Switzerland 

Paleontology , Geomorphology , Geology 

The formation of inner gorges cut into bedrock 

has been explained as relief rejuvenation by fluvial 

incision in response to rapid base level drop, 

repeated glaciations, frequent pore pressuredriven 

landsliding focused at hillslope toes, or 

catastrophic outburst flows from natural dam 

failures. Prominent inner gorges occur in soft 

Mesozoic Bundner schist and lower Tertiary 

flysch units of the formerly glaciated Alpenrhein 

catchment, eastern Swiss Alps. Their channel and 

hillslope morphologies differ from basins characterized 

by strong glacial or landslide imprints, 

while formally resembling the theoretically predicted 

transient response of detachment-limited 

bedrock rivers to rapid base level fall by headward 

knickpoint migration. Assuming a postglacial onset 

of fluvial bedrock incision into a Last Glacial 

Maximum surface in response to base level drop 

induced by downwasting of trunk valley glaciers 

requires downcutting rates E > 20 mm yr(-1) and 

requires hillslopes to adjust by frequent landsliding 

toward development of a threshold state. We 

test this scenario using data on surface uplift, 

geomorphometry, geomorphic hillslope coupling, 

and probabilistic slope stability models. We find 

that adjustment of inner gorge walls through 

landsliding is mainly strength limited and structurally 

controlled, and threshold conditions are 

restricted to the lower 25% of local hillslope relief. 

Mass movement processes on upper hillslopes remain 

largely decoupled from channel incision despite 

inferred postglacial specific sediment yields 

of 10(4) m(3) km(-2) yr(-1) from the studied basins. 

Conversely, several constraints imposed by fluvial 

bedrock detachment, postglacial sediment yields, 

and bedrock landsliding argue for a pre-Holocene 

origin for at least some of the inner gorges in the 

area. This implies partial protection of fluvial 

gorge topography by subglacial sediment fill during 

the last (Wurm) extensive glaciation and implies 

that glaciers were insufficient to fully eradicate 

fluvially sculpted bedrock topography. This 

leads us to conclude that lithology and major climate 

oscillations should be considered as further 

alternative controls on inner gorge formation. 


2007, V112, NF3, SEP 27 ARTN: F03027. 

08.1-343 

Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition 

of atmospheric oxygen over Marine 

Isotopic Stage 4 

Landais A, Masson Delmotte V, Combourieu 

Nebout N, Jouzel J, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Dahl 

Jensen D, Johnsen S 

Israel, France, Switzerland, Denmark 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology 

, Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry & 

Geophysics 

During rapid events of the last glacial period (DO 

events), dramatic changes are recorded at high 

and low latitudes. Without a precise common 

timescale, links between changes in Greenland 

temperature and changes in biosphere productivity, 

hydrology regimes and sea level are difficult 

to establish. The composition of atmospheric 

oxygen (delta O-18(atm)) is influenced by global 

sea level changes, the global hydrologic cycle and 

the biosphere productivity. Since delta O-18(atm) 

is measured in ice cores it gives the opportunity 

to investigate the underlying processes with no 

timescale uncertainty. Here, we present the first 

high resolution (50 yrs) record of the isotopic composition 

of atmospheric oxygen (delta O-19(atm)) 

measured in the air trapped in a Greenland ice 

core (NorthGRIP). Our record covers a sequence of 

DO events (18-19-20) corresponding to the Marine 

Isotopic Stage 4, similar to 75 to 60 ka ago. Our 

measurements reveal rapid changes of delta O- 

18(atm) associated with the DO events. With a few 

additional measurements of the third isotope of 

oxygen (O-17) during the DO event 19, we exclude 

the hypothesis that sea level changes are responsible 

for the isotopic variations. They originate 

more likely from large changes in relative humidity 

and latitudinal repartition of the continental 

vegetation over the DO events. 


N1-2, JUN 15, pp 101-113.


08.1-344 

Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest 

beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications 

for deglaciation chronology 

Lepper K, Fisher T G, Hajdas I, Lowell T V 


Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geology 

Glacial Lake Agassiz has been implicated as the 

tritmer for numerous episodes of abrupt climate 

change at the close of the last ice age, yet the beginning 

age of the lake has never been determined. 

Here we report the first numerical age data on the 

Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial 

Lake Agassiz. Organic remains from lakes, bogs, 

and channels distal to, and inset to, the Big Stone 

Moraine require that glacial activity at this moraine 

ceased prior to 12,000 C-14 yr B.P. (13,950 cal 

(calendar) yr). A site near New Effington, South Dakota 

(United States), implies full glacial recession 

north of the topographic divide prior to 11,810 C-14 

yr B.P. (13,670 cal yr), synchronous with the beginning 

of glacial Lake Agassiz. Lake Agassiz shorelines 

inset to the moraine yield optically stimulated luminescence 

(OSL) ages from 14,200-12,600 yr cal. 

Lower strandlines are younger, but the similarity of 

ages suggests that initial lake lowering was faster 

than OSL ages can currently resolve. Nevertheless, 

the OSL ages represent the first numerical age assignments 

for the Herman, Norcross, and Upham 

beach ridges, setting the stage for future numerical 

age assignments within the Lake Agassiz basin. 

These two dating methods yield strongly consistent 

results within stated uncertainties. The age of 

the Big Stone Moraine implies an interval of rapid 

retreat for the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide 

Ice Sheet during the BiAling-Allerod warm interval. 

The overlapping ages for the uppermost beach 

levels and abandonment of the highest Lake Agassiz 

spillway indicate a rapidly evolving lake until at 

least 13,500 yr cal. 

Geology, 2007, V35, N7, JUL, pp 667-670. 

08.1-345 

Variable Be-10 fluxes in lacustrine sediments 

from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: a solar 

record? 

Ljung K, Bjorck S, Muscheler R, Beer J, Kubik P W 

Sweden, USA, Switzerland 

Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , 

Oceanography , Paleontology 

A 650-yr-long sediment sequence from a crater 

lake on Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic, was 

analysed for its Be-10 content. Based on C-14 dating, 

and sedimentary, geochemical, magnetic 

and palynological records, the period between 

900 and 1450 AD appears to have been unusually 

169 

stable in terms of sedimentation and vegetation 

and therefore this period was chosen for analysis 

of the Be-10 content. During this period of highly 

organic sedimentation and closed vegetation, the 

pattern of Be-10 flux variations follows the Be-10 

fluctuations from the GRIP ice core and estimated 

C-14 production rates well. However, before and 

after this stable period, variable sedimentation 

rates have to be accounted for to obtain results 

that are comparable to the established Be-10/C-14 

records. Our data show not only the possibility of 

obtaining detailed enough Be-10 flux data from 

sedimentary sequences to reconstruct past solar 

forcing but also how sensitive this type of record 

is to sedimentary and environmental changes. If 

suitable archives can be found, they have the potential 

to improve reconstructions of solar activity 

far back in time. 


APR, pp 829-835 

08.1-346 

Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in 

Sphagnum 

Loader N J, Mccarroll D, van der Knaap W O, 

Robertson I, Gagen M 

Wales, Switzerland 

Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Geology 

To understand more fully the nature of isotopic 

fractionation in mosses and to explore the potential 

of stable isotope analyses of selected peat 

constituents for palaeoenvironmental research, 

we present results from a study of inter- and intraplant 

delta C-13 variability in Sphagnum spp. Subdivisions 

of stem, pendant and horizontal branch 

elements of modern Sphagnum capillifolium 

plants revealed consistent and statistically significant 

differences in their isotopic composition. Sequential 

(downstem) analysis of a further cohort 

of four modern Sphagnum capillifolium plants 

also reveals evidence of common forcing on the 

isotopic composition of sequentially formed stem 

and branch increments. This relationship was 

tested further by analysis of a series of branch and 

stem samples manually recovered from Sphagnum 

fuscum preserved within a late Holocene (AD 

2003-1970) peat monolith from a European mire. 

The high degree of isotopic coherence observed 

between plants supports the analysis of Sphagnum 

in palaeoecological investigations. However 

inter- and intra-plant variability between both 

branch and stem. sections emphasize the need for 

representative sampling, replication and sample 

homogeneity when conducting palaeoecological 

studies. 

Holocene, 2007, V17, N3, APR, pp 403-410.

170 

08.1-347 

Detailed record of the mid-Oxfordian (Late 

Jurassic) positive carbon- isotope excursion in 

two hemipelagic sections (France and Switzerland): 

A plate tectonic trigger? 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Bernasconi S M, Pellenard P, 

Collin P Y, Weissert H 


Paleontology , Oceanography , Geology , Geochemistry 

& Geophysics 

The Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) was a time of widespread 

change in Jurassic marine (carbonate) sedimentation 

patterns. A marked positive excursion 

in delta C-13 is dated as Middle Oxfordian in age. 

In this study we investigate if changes in carbonate 

sedimentation coincided with altered carbon 

cycling and climate. We use C-isotope records as 

a proxy for the evolution of the carbon cycle and 

compare delta C-13- trends with the evolution of 

sedimentation in a segment of the opening Tethys 

seaway. One of the studied sections is located in 

the Subalpine basin of France (Trescleoux and 

Oze), the other in the Swiss Jura mountains (Liesberg). 

Carbon-isotope stratigraphy of carbonate 

carbon locates the peak values of the Middle Oxfordian 

positive excursion to the antecedens and 

parandieri subzones of the plicatilis and transversarium 

ammonite zones, respectively. Causes of 

the excursion remain enigmatic. The excursion 

seems not to coincide with a global oceanic anoxic 

event, but regionally enhanced organic carbon 

accumulation during the Early and early Middle 

Oxfordian may be the cause of the increase in 

delta C-13. The excursion occurs during a time of 

progressive climate warming, and its peak values 

coincide with the first calcareous sediments recurring 

after a period of reduced carbonate accumulation 

in the Early and early Middle Oxfordian. 

The excursion is also time-equivalent to a major 

reorganisation of global ocean currents: the opening 

Atlantic and Tethys oceans combined with rising 

sea level led to the formation of an efficient 

circumglobal seaway. We conclude that this favoured 

the widespread recurrence of carbonate 

producers by providing new habitats. As a result, 

C-carb burial increased, leading to a lower C- org/ 

C-carb burial rate and therefore to stabilisation 

and decrease in delta C-13 in the Middle Oxfordian. 

Thus, the mid-Oxfordian positive excursion 

in carbonate C-isotopes may reflect changes in the 

carbon cycle that were triggered by a copious reorganisation 

of the ocean current system caused by 

major plate tectonic movements. 


2007, V248, N3-4, MAY 25, pp 459-472. 


08.1-348 

Impact of methane seeps on the local carbonisotope 

record: a case study from a Late Jurassic 

hemipelagic section 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Logvinovich D, Bernasconi S 

M, Weissert H 

Switzerland 

Geology , Paleontology , Geochemistry & 

Geophysics 

An Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) hemipelagic succession 

from Beauvoisin (SE France) contains a 

pronounced, short-lived negative excursion in 

the bulk-carbonate carbon-isotope record, with 

an amplitude of 47 parts per thousand. it was 

shown previously that the Beauvoisin paleoenvironment 

was impacted by hydrocarbon seepage. 

New isotopic data corroborate that methane was 

a significant constituent of these hydrocarbons. 

The negative excursion was caused by transient 

enhanced precipitation of 13 C-depleted carbonate, 

mediated by anaerobic oxidation of methane. 

Despite its local diagenetic origin, the Beauvoisin 

excursion is similar in shape and duration to globally 

recognized negative C-isotope excursions that 

have been related to catastrophic, massive dissociation 

of methane hydrate. Shape and duration 

of negative excursions therefore cannot be used 

as an argument when determining their origin if 

they have not been shown to represent a global 

perturbation of the carbon cycle. 

Terra Nova, 2007, V19, N4, AUG, pp 259-265. 

08.1-349 

Plate tectonic trigger of changes in pCO(2) 

and climate in the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic): 

Carbon isotope and modeling evidence 

Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Schäffer P, Bernasconi S M, 

Weissert H 


Modelling , Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics 

The transition from the Middle to the Late Jurassic 

was characterized by significant changes 

in oceanography and climate and by changes in 

global carbon cycle as shown in the C-isotope 

record. A prominent mid-Oxfordian positive excursion 

in bulk carbonate carbon isotope values 

(delta C-13(carb)) With an amplitude of more than 

1% has been documented from many sections in 

the Northern Tethys realm. In this study we present 

new bulk organic matter C-isotope data (delta 

C-13 (org)) from northwestern Tethys that do not 

record the mid-Oxfordian positive excursion in 

carbonate carbon. On the contrary, delta C-13 

(org) decreases during the interval of the most

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Past Global Changes 171 

rapid increase in delta C-13(carb). We demonstrate 

that this decrease is not due to a changing marine-terrestrial 

organic carbon partitioning but 

that the contrasting isotope trends record peculiar 

environmental and climate changes which 

occurred near the beginning of the Late Jurassic. 

Using a simple carbon cycle model we show 

that an increase in atmospheric p CO(2) starting 

at modem levels could be the cause of contrasting 

trends in delta C-13(carb) and delta C-13(org). 

We suggest that a reorganisation of ocean currents 

related to the opening and/or widening of 

the Tethys-Atlantic-Pacific seaway, and a massive 

spread of shallow-sea carbonate production led 

to higher pCO(2). Model simulations indicate that 

this increase in pCO(2) may have triggered changes 

in the biological carbon pump and in organic 

carbon burial that can explain the Middle Oxfordian 

C-isotope record. 


N1-2, JUN 15, pp 44-60. 

08.1-350 

New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference 

along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr 

Loulergue L, Parrenin F, Blunier T, Barnola J M, 

Spahni R, Schilt A, Raisbeck G, Chappellaz J 




Gas is trapped in polar ice sheets at similar to 50-120 

m below the surface and is therefore younger than 

the surrounding ice. Firn densification models 

are used to evaluate this ice age-gas age difference 

(Delta age) in the past. However, such models need 

to be validated by data, in particular for periods 

colder than present day on the East Antarctic plateau. 

Here we bring new constraints to test a firn 

densification model applied to the EPICA Dome C 

(EDC) site for the last 50 kyr, by linking the EDC 

ice core to the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) 

ice core, both in the ice phase (using volcanic horizons) 

and in the gas phase (using rapid methane 

variations). We also use the structured Be-10 peak, 

occurring 41 kyr before present (BP) and due to 

the low geomagnetic field associated with the 

Laschamp event, to experimentally estimate the 

Delta age during this event. Our results seem to 

reveal an overestimate of the Delta age by the firn 

densification model during the last glacial period 

at EDC. Tests with different accumulation rates 

and temperature scenarios do not entirely resolve 

this discrepancy. Although the exact reasons for 

the Delta age overestimate at the two EPICA sites 

remain unknown at this stage, we conclude that 

current densification model simulations have def- 

icits under glacial climatic conditions. Whatever 

the cause of the Delta age overestimate, our finding 

suggests that the phase relationship between 

CO 2 and EDC temperature previously inferred for 

the start of the last deglaciation (lag of CO 2 by 800 

+/- 600 yr) seems to be overestimated. 

Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N3, pp 527-540. 

08.1-351 

Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface 

ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland 

Luetscher M, Bolius D, Schwikowski M, Schotterer 

U, Smart P L 


Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology 

The presence of cave ice is documented in many 

karst regions but very little is known about the age 

range of this potential paleoclimate archive. This 

case study from the Monlesi ice cave, Swiss Jura 

Mountains, demonstrates that dating of cave ice 

is possible using a multi-parameter approach. Ice 

petrography, debris content and oxygen isotope 

composition have the potential for identification 

of annual growth layers, but require a continuous 

core from the ice deposits, limiting application 

of this approach. Furthermore, complete melting 

of ice accumulations from individual years 

may occur, causing amalgamation of several annual 

bands. Use of H-3 content of the ice and C-14 

dating of organic debris present in the ice proved 

to be of limited utility, providing rather broad 

bounds for the actual age. Initial estimates based 

on Pb-210 analyses from clear ice samples gave 

results comparable to those from other methods. 

The most reliable techniques applied were the determination 

of ice turnover rates, and the dating 

of anthropogenic inclusions (a roof tile) in the ice. 

These suggest, respectively, that the base of the 

cave ice was a minimum of 120 and a maximum 

of 158 years old. Therefore, our data support the 

idea that mid-latitude and low-altitude subsurface 

ice accumulations result from modern deposition 

processes rather than from presence of 

Pleistocene relict ice. 

Journal of Glaciology, 2007, V53, N182, 

pp 374-384. 

08.1-352 

Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from 

Cariaco Basin for terminations I and V: Local 

and global implications 

Meckler N A , Haug G H, Sigman D M, Plessen B, 

Peterson L C, Thierstein H R 

Switzerland, Germany, USA 

Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography 

, Paleontology


(1) For the last deglaciation and Termination 

V (the initiation of MIS 11 at around 430 ka) we 

report high-resolution sedimentary nitrogen 

isotope (delta N-15)records from Cariaco Basin 

in the Caribbean Sea. During both terminations 

the previously reported interglacial decrease in 

delta N-15 clearly lags local changes such as water 

column anoxia as well as global increases in 

denitrification by several thousand years. On top 

of the glacial-interglacial change, several delta 

N-15 peaks were observed during the last deglaciation. 

The deglacial signal in Cariaco Basin can be 

best explained as a combination of (1) local variations 

in suboxia and water column denitrification 

as the reason for the millennial-scale peaks, (2) a 

deglacial maximum in mean ocean nitrate delta 

N-15, and (3) increasing N-2 fixation in response 

to globally increased denitrification causing the 

overall deglacial delta N-15 decrease. In the Holocene, 

much of the decrease in delta N-15 occurred 

between 6 and 3 ka, coinciding with an expected 

precession-modulated increase in African dust 

transport to the tropical North Atlantic and the 

Caribbean. This begs the hypothesis that N-2 fixation 

in this region increased in response to interglacial 

maxima in denitrification elsewhere but 

that this response strengthened with increased 

mid- Holocene iron input. It remains to be seen 

whether the data for MIS 11 support this interpretation. 

Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N4, DEC 

15 ARTN: GB4019. 

08.1-353 

Grape harvest dates as a proxy for Swiss April 

to August temperature reconstructions back to 

AD 1480 

Meier N, Rutishauser T, Pfister C, Wanner H, Luterbacher 

J 

Switzerland 

Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 


We present an annually resolved record of grape 

harvest dates for Switzerland. The strong negative 

relationship between grape harvest dates 

and April August temperatures allowed a new 

reconstruction, with associated uncertainties, to 

be derived back to 1480. Calibration (1928 -1979) 

was performed with monthly data from the Basel 

and Geneva stations and verified over 1980 

-2006. Twelve days of grape harvest difference 

correspond to around 1 degrees C April - August 

temperature difference. Periods cooler (late grape 

harvest dates) than the 1961 -1990 mean are reconstructed 

during the 17th century and at the beginning 

of the 19th century. Warmer conditions were 

experienced in the early 18th century and during 

the recent decades, in agreement with grape harvest 

temperature reconstructions from France and 

other independent temperature estimates. On 

decadal (annual) time-scales the earliest harvests 

were in the 1580s (2003) and the latest vintages in 

the 1740s (1816). Large tropical volcanic eruptions 

led to significantly later grape harvest dates (cooling) 

one to two years after the event. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N20, OCT 

24 ARTN: L20705. 

08.1-354 

Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during 

the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento 

end moraine system (eastern Alps) 

Monegato G, Ravazzi C, Donegana M, Pini R, Calderoni 

G, Wick L 


Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , 

Geomorphology 

The glacial history of the Tagliamento morainic 

amphitheater (southeastern Alpine foreland, Italy) 

during the last glacial maximum (LGM) has 

been reconstructed by means of a geological survey 

and drillings, radiocarbon dating and pollen 

analysis in the amphitheater and in the sandur. 

Two phases of glacial culmination, separated by a 

distinct recession, are responsible for glacial landforms 

and related sediments in the outer part of 

the amphitheater. The age of the younger advance 

fits the chronology of the culmination of the last 

glaciation in the Alps, well established between 

24 and 21 cal ka BP (20 to 17.5 C-14 ka BP), whereas 

the first pulse between 26.5 and 23 cal ka BP (22 

to 21 (14C) ka BP), previously undated, was usually 

related to older (pre-LGM) glaciations by previous 

authors. Here, the first pulse is the most extensive 

LGM culmination, but is often buried by the subsequent 

pulse. The onset and final recession of the 

late Wurm Alpine glaciation in the Tagliamento 

amphitheater are synchronous with the established 

global glacial maximum between 30 and 19 

cal ka BP. The two-fold LGM glacial oscillation is interpreted 

as a millennial-scale modulation within 

the late Warm glaciation, caused by oscillations in 

inputs of southerly atmospheric airflows related 

to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Phases of enhanced 

southerly circulation promoted increased rainfall 

and ice accumulation in the southern Alps. 

Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N2, SEP, pp 

284-302.


08.1-355 

European ammonoid diversity questions the 

spreading of anoxia as primary cause for the 

Cenomanian/Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass 

extinction 

Monnet C, Bucher H 

Switzerland 

Marine & Freshwater Biology , Geology , 

Paleontology , Biodiversity 

Ammonoid diversity patterns show that the 

spreading of oceanic anoxia is not the initial and 

major kill mechanism for the Cenomanian /Turonian 

mass extinction as usually suggested. In the 

Anglo-Paris Basin and the Vocontian Basin, the 

drop of ammonoid species richness starts around 

the middle/late Cenomanian boundary, i.e. 0.75 

myr before the occurrence of anoxic deep-water 

sediments. The stepwise extinction of first heteromorphs 

and then acanthoceratids is incompatible 

with the rise of the oxygen minimum zone. Moreover, 

shelf environments of these basins remained 

well oxygenated during the Cenomanian/Turonian 

boundary interval. Thus, we stress that other 

causative mechanisms initiated the ammonoid 

extinction even if anoxia subsequently participated 

in the demise of marine ecosystems. 

Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N1, 

JUN, pp 137-144. 

08.1-356 

Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and 

nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2 

Mort H P, Adatte T, Föllmi K B, Keller G, Steinmann 

P, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D 

Switzerland, USA, Germany 

Oceanography , Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics 


Four sections documenting the impact of the late 

Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) were 

studied in basins with different paleoenvironmental 

regimes. Accumulation rates of phosphorus 

(P) bound to iron, organic matter, and authigenic 

phosphate are shown to rise and arrive at a 

distinct maximum at the onset of OAE 2, with an 

associated increase in delta C-13 values. Accumulation 

rates of P return to preexcursion values in 

the interval where the delta C-13 record reaches 

its first maximum. An offset in time between the 

maximum in P accumulation and peaks in organic 

carbon burial, hydrogen indices, and C-org/P-react 

molar ratios is explained by the evolution of OAE 2 

in the following steps. (1) An increase in productivity 

increased the flux of organic matter and P into 

the sediments; the preservation of organic matter 

was low and its oxidation released P, which was 

predominantly mineralized. (2) Enhanced produc- 

173 

tivity and oxidation of organic matter created dysoxic 

bottom waters; the preservation potential for 

organic matter increased, whereas the sediment 

retention potential for P decreased. (3) The latter 

effect sustained high primary productivity, which 

led to an increase in the abundance of free oxygen 

in the ocean and atmosphere system. After the 

sequestration of CO 2 in the form of black shales, 

this oxygen helped push the ocean back into equilibrium, 

terminating black shale deposition and 

removing bioavailable P from the water column. 

Geology, 2007, V35, N6, JUN, pp 483-486. 

08.1-357 

The Cenomanian/Turonian anoxic event at the 

Bonarelli level in Italy and Spain: enhanced 

productivity and/or better preservation? 

Mort H, Jacquat O, Adatte T, Steinmann P, Föllmi K 

B, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D 


Paleontology , Geology , Oceanography 

The upper Cenomanian pelagic sediments of Furlo 

in the northern Apennines, Italy, are characterized 

by a 1.5-m-thick organic-rich stratigraphic horizon 

called the Bonarelli Level, which represents 

the second major oceanic anoxic event in the 

Cretaceous (OAE 2). The Bonarelli Level is depleted 

in carbonates and consists essentially of biogenic 

quartz, phyllosilicates, and organic matter, with 

values of TOC reaching 18%. The age of the Furlo 

section is constrained by correlating its delta C-13 

curve with that of the well-dated Pueblo (USA) 

and Eastbourne (UK) sections. The presence of all 

the planktonic foraminiferid zones and details of 

the OAE 2 delta C-13 excursion indicates a relatively 

continuous but reduced sedimentation rate 

across the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary. 

Sediment and TOC mass accumulation rates have 

been calculated and suggest a sedimentation 

break in the upper Bonarelli Level. This may be an 

artifact of the diachronous FAD of the planktonic 

foraminiferid Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica and 

suggests that in some sections the delta C-13 curve 

may provide more reliable age control for dating 

the C/T boundary. In order quantitatively to explain 

the carbon isotope curve and the measured 

TOC mass accumulation rate, a simple dynamic 

model of the isotope effects of organic versus inorganic 

carbon burial was developed. In order to 

verify the consistency of the model we correlated 

the modeled Output of the Furlo section with 

that of the Manilva section, in southeast Spain. 

The modeling shows that increasing productivity 

only partially explains the measured delta C-13 

excursion and is not the only factor relevant to 

black shales deposition. Preservation may play a


central role, especially in the later stages of OAE 2. 

Phosphorus and TOC accumulation patterns in the 

Bonarelli Level in both Furlo and Manilva suggest a 

similar process although other factors may also be 

involved. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 

Cretaceous Research, 2007, V28, N4, AUG, 

pp 597-612. 

08.1-358 

Glacial in situ survival in the Western Alps and 

polytopic autopolyploidy in Biscutella laevigata 

L. (Brassicaceae) 

Parisod C, Besnard G 

Switzerland 

Cryology / Glaciology , Plant Sciences , Paleontology 

, Microbiology 

Past climatic changes and especially the ice ages 

have had a great impact on both the distribution 

and the genetic composition of plant populations, 

but whether they promoted speciation is still controversial. 

The autopolyploid complex Biscutella 

laevigata is a classical example of polyploidy linked 

to glaciations and is an interesting model to explore 

migration and speciation driven by climate 

changes in a complex alpine landscape. Diploid 

taxa survived the last glacial maximum in several 

never-glaciated areas and autotetraploids are clearly 

dominant in the central parts of the Alps; however, 

previous range-wide studies failed to identify 

their diploid ancestor(s). This study highlights the 

phylogeographical relationships of maternal lineages 

in the Western Alps and investigates the polyploidy 

process using plastid DNA sequences (trn StrnG 

and trnK-intron) combined with plastid DNA 

length polymorphism markers, which were transferable 

among Brassicaceae species. Twenty- one 

distinct plastid DNA haplotypes were distinguished 

in 67 populations densely sampled in the Western 

Alps and main lineages were identified by a median-joining 

network. The external Alps harboured 

high levels of genetic diversity, while the Central 

Alps contained only a subset of haplotypes due to 

postglacial recolonization. Several haplotypes were 

restricted to local peripheral refugia and evidence 

of in situ survival in central nunataks was detected 

by the presence of highly differentiated haplotypes 

swamped by frequent ones. As hierarchical genetic 

structure pointed to an independent evolution of 

the species in different biogeographical districts, 

and since tetraploids displayed haplotypes belonging 

to different lineages restricted to either 

the northern or the southern parts of the Alpine 

chain, polytopic autopolyploidy was also apparent 

in the Western Alps. 

Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N13, JUL, 

pp 2755-2767. 

08.1-359 

The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA dome C ice 

core 

Parrenin F, Barnola J M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano 

E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S, 

Jouzel J, Kawamura K, Lemieux Dudon B, Loulergue 

L, Masson Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit J R, Raisbeck 

G, Raynaud D, Ruth U, Schwander J, Severi 

M, Spahni R, Steffensen J P, Svensson A, Udisti R, 

Waelbroeck C, Wolff E 

France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Japan, Denmark, 

England 



The EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in 

Antarctica) Dome C drilling in East Antarctica has 

now been completed to a depth of 3260 m, at only 

a few meters above bedrock. Here we present the 

new EDC3 chronology, which is based on the use 

of 1) a snow accumulation and mechanical flow 

model, and 2) a set of independent age markers 

along the core. These are obtained by pattern 

matching of recorded parameters to either absolutely 

dated paleoclimatic records, or to insolation 

variations. We show that this new time scale 

is in excellent agreement with the Dome Fuji and 

Vostok ice core time scales back to 100 kyr within 

1 kyr. Discrepancies larger than 3 kyr arise during 

MIS 5.4, 5.5 and 6, which points to anomalies 

in either snow accumulation or mechanical flow 

during these time periods. We estimate that EDC3 

gives accurate event durations within 20% (2 sigma) 

back to MIS11 and accurate absolute ages with 

a maximum uncertainty of 6 kyr back to 800 kyr. 


08.1-360 

Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization 

around the Middle-Late Jurassic 

transition 

Rais P, Louis Schmid B, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H 

Switzerland 

Paleontology , Oceanography , Geology 

A Middle to Upper Jurassic succession of submarine 

hardgrounds overlain by nodular limestones 

is exposed in the Jura mountains and in 

the Helvetic of the Swiss Alps. These sediments 

were accumulated along the northern shelf of 

the cast-west trending Tethys seaway. Submarine 

hardgrounds and nodular limestones were also 

formed on the Brianconnais High, today outcropping 

in the middle Perminic nappe pile of the 

Alps. Hardgrounds record strong and persistent 

current activity along the northern Tethys shelf 

and on the Brianconnais High during the Callovian 

and Early Oxfordian. The transition from


hardgrounds to nodular limestones corresponds 

to a major reorganization of Tethys oceanography. 

The change occurred in Plicatilis ammonite Zone 

(Middle Oxfordian). Carbon isotope stratigraphy, 

calibrated against an ammonite-dated reference 

section in the French Subalpine Basin, serves as 

a correlation tool between ammonite-dated sections 

and successions with poor biostratigraphic 

resolution. Correlation demonstrates that the end 

of hardground formation was synchronous over 

wide parts of the northern Tethys. The change 

in shelf sedimentation coincides with a positive 

carbon isotope excursion with an amplitude of 

1.5%o. The change in Cisotope stratigraphy indicates 

that observed reorganization of current patterns 

along the northern Tethys shelf was coupled 

with global change in oceanography and climate. 

We propose that the change in northern Tethys 

sedimentation was caused by opening of new seaways 

at a time of progressive collapse of Pangaea. 

(c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 


2007, V251, N3-4, AUG 8, pp 527-546. 

08.1-361 

Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt 

climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium 

10 

Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, Jouzel J, Stocker T F 


Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Cryology / Glaciology 

A new, decadally resolved record of the Be-10 peak 

at 41 kyr from the EPICA Dome C ice core (Antarctica) 

is used to match it with the same peak 

in the GRIP ice core (Greenland). This permits a 

direct synchronisation of the climatic variations 

around this time period, independent of uncertainties 

related to the ice age-gas age difference 

in ice cores. Dansgaard-Oeschger event 10 is in the 

period of best synchronisation and is found to be 

coeval with an Antarctic temperature maximum. 

Simulations using a thermal bipolar seesaw model 

agree reasonably well with the observed relative 

climate chronology in these two cores. They 

also reproduce three Antarctic warming events 

observed between A1 and A2. 


175 

08.1-362 

Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships 

in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino, 

Switzerland) 

Reynolds Henne C E, Siegwolf R T W, Treydte K S, 

Esper J, Henne S, Saurer M 

Switzerland 

Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry 

Climate reconstructions based on stable isotopes 

in tree rings commonly rely on the assumption 

that climate-isotope relations are stable over time. 

However, studies of tree ring growth have revealed 

trends thought to result from either physiological 

changes or changes in the climate-growth relationship. 

We investigated whether or not similar 

trends exist for tree ring stable isotopic ratios using 

a statistical approach. Correlations between 

climate (temperature and precipitation amount) 

and tree ring cellulose delta C-13 and delta O-18 

of oak and pine from Ticino, Switzerland, were 

calculated for the period AD 1660 - 2000. Climate 

calibration of tree rings was enabled by long-term 

monthly resolved temperature and precipitation 

data sets on the basis of instrumental and documentary 

proxy data. Overall, five findings have 

been identified: (1) Isotopic ratios in tree rings 

most strongly reflect conditions of the current 

growing season, (2) temporally stable climate signals 

are found in pine delta C-13 only, (3) all other 

correlations between tree ring isotopes and climate 

are temporally unstable and characterized 

by shifts in correlation sign and strength, (4) climate 

signals in oak are strongest in the 20th century, 

and (5) tree ring delta C-13 reflects local climatic 

conditions while delta O-18 is influenced by 

large- scale synoptic circulation. The nonstationary 

relationships observed could reflect changes 

in the relationship between the climate variables 

or a physiological adaptation to warmer conditions. 

Our results provide a cautionary note for 

the calibration of long tree ring series with 20th 

century relationships, at least for trees located at 

ecologically nonextreme sites. 

Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N4, NOV 

2 ARTN: GB4009. 

08.1-363 

Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic 

“snowball” glacial epoch 

Rieu R, Allen P A, Ploetze M, Pettke T 

Spain, England, Switzerland 


Glaciology , Modelling , Paleontology 

The profound glaciations of the Neoproterozoic 

Cryogenian period (ca. 850-544 Ma) represent an 

extreme climatic mode when, it is claimed, Earth


was fully or almost completely covered with ice 

for millions of years. We show that the geochemistry 

and mineralogy of finegrained Neoproterozoic 

sedimentary rocks in Oman are best explained by 

climatic oscillations that drove variations in the 

intensity of chemical weathering on contemporary 

land surfaces. The cold climate modes of the 

Cryogenian were therefore cyclical, punctuated 

with welldefined warm-humid interglacial periods. 

The hydrological cycle and the routing of sediment 

were active throughout the glacial epoch, 

which requires substantial open ocean water. This 

reconstruction represents a significantly different 

target for numerical climate models at this critical 

time in the evolution of Earth’s biosphere. 


08.1-364 

EDML1: a chronology for the EPICA deep ice 

core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, 

over the last 150 000 years 

Ruth U, Barnola J M, Beer J, Bigler M, Blunier T, 

Castellano E, Fischer H, Fundel F, Huybrechts P, 

Kaufmann P, Kipfstuhl S, Lambrecht A, Morganti A, 

Oerter H, Parrenin F, Rybak O, Severi M, Udisti R, 

Wilhelms F, Wolff E 

Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England, Denmark, 

Belgium 


A chronology called EDML1 has been developed 

for the EPICA ice core from Dronning Maud Land 

(EDML). EDML1 is closely interlinked with EDC3, the 

new chronology for the EPICA ice core from Dome-C 

(EDC) through a stratigraphic match between EDML 

and EDC that consists of 322 volcanic match points 

over the last 128 ka. The EDC3 chronology comprises 

a glaciological model at EDC, which is constrained 

and later selectively tuned using primary dating 

information from EDC as well as from EDML, the 

latter being transferred using the tight stratigraphic 

link between the two cores. Finally, EDML1 was 

built by exporting EDC3 to EDML. For ages younger 

than 41 ka BP the new synchronized time scale 

EDML1/EDC3 is based on dated volcanic events and 

on a match to the Greenlandic ice core chronology 

GICC05 via Be-10 and methane. The internal consistency 

between EDML1 and EDC3 is estimated to be 

typically similar to 6 years and always less than 450 

years over the last 128 ka (always less than 130 years 

over the last 60 ka), which reflects an unprecedented 

synchrony of time scales. EDML1 ends at 150 ka BP 

(2417 m depth) because the match between EDML 

and EDC becomes ambiguous further down. This 

hints at a complex ice flow history for the deepest 

350 m of the EDML ice core. 


08.1-365 

Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition 

in southern South America (Isla Navarino, 

Chile) 

Sapkota A, Cheburkin A K, Bonani G, Shotyk W 


Paleontology , Geology 

To characterize dust deposition in southern 

South America for the Holocene, a 542 cm long 

core from a peat bog in southern Chile (Oreste 

bog. Isla Navarino) was studied. Peat formation 

started similar to 11 160 C-14 yr before present 

(BP). The titanium (Ti) concentration in bulk peat, 

combined with dry bulk density, and peat accumulation 

rate, were used to calculate the mineral 

accumulation rate (MAR) in the Oreste bog. The 

distribution of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and 

titanium (Ti) showed that mineral accumulation 

for the last c. 6000 yr was predominantly atmospheric 

with a record of effectively constant deposition 

(0.43 +/- 0.12g/m(2) per yr). Similarly, Ti 

and zirconium (Zr) concentrations in the acid 

insoluble ash (AIA) were also effectively constant 

and agreed well with the MAR for the last six millennia, 

except at c. 4200 cal. yr BP, where Zr was 

enriched relative to Ti. Here, Scanning Electron 

Microscope (SEM) micrographs A showed that the 

AIA was dominated by volcanic particles (> 20-40 

µm), with the Mt Burney eruption identified as 

the most likely source. In contrast with this anomalous 

zone, SEM studies showed that the mineral 

particles found in the majority of the sample were 

predominantly fine grained (< 20 ton) and rounded. 

Derived from surficial sediment and supplied 

by long-range atmospheric transport, they reflect 

the climate stability for the past 6000yr. 

Holocene, 2007, V17, N5, JUL, pp 561-572. 

08.1-366 

Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature 

inference and indicator pollen tracking ca. 

4,000 years of climate/land use dependency in 

the southern Austrian Alps 

Schmidt R, Kamenik C, Roth M 

Austria, Switzerland 

Paleontology , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater 

Biology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

Diatom and chrysophyte cyst-based reconstructions 

of the dates of spring and autumn lakemixing 

enabled us to estimate spring (STanom) 

and autumn (AT(anom)) temperature anomalies 

as well as ice-cover of the last ca. 4,000 years in 

a lake sediment core (Oberer Landschitzsee, 2,076 

m a.s.l.) from the southern slopes of the Austrian 

Central Alps. The two independently inferred temperature 

anomalies were significantly correlated.


On average, spring and autumn temperatures 

were lower during the two millennia B.C than during 

0-1,300 A.D. Marked spring and autumn temperature 

minima occurred at about 1,300 and 600 

B.C. At about 1,300 A.D, STanom declined again. 

Spring-temperature anomalies during Roman 

and Medieval times equaled or slightly exceeded 

the modern values and paralleled tree-line and 

glacier fluctuations. The de-coupling of autumn 

and spring climates, which began during the Medieval 

period, might indicate changes in major 

circulation modes. It was assumed that the North- 

Atlantic influence, triggering winter-rain climate 

in the Northern Mediterranean, became weaker 

during Medieval times, resulting in a trend towards 

warmer autumns and overall more continental 

climate conditions in the study area. Four 

pulses of land use, inferred from indicator pollen, 

occurred during (1) the Early to Late Bronze, (2) 

the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age 

(Hallstatt), (3) Late Iron Age (La Tene, Celtic time) 

to Roman times, and (4) during high to late Medieval 

times. Climate seemed to be an important, 

though complex, trigger of Alpine land use. 

Journal of Paleolimnology, 2007, V38, N4, NOV, pp 

541-554. 

08.1-367 

Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice 

cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature 

matching 

Severi M, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, 

Traversi R, Udisti R, Ruth U, Fischer H, Huybrechts 

P, Wolff E, Parrenin F, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Steffensen 

J P 

Italy, Germany, England, France, Switzerland, Denmark, 

Belgium 


A common time scale for the EPICA ice cores from 

Dome C (EDC) and Dronning Maud Land (EDML) 

has been established. Since the EDML core was not 

drilled on a dome, the development of the EDML1 

time scale for the EPICA ice core drilled in Dronning 

Maud Land was based on the creation of a detailed 

stratigraphic link between EDML and EDC, 

which was dated by a simpler 1D ice-flow model. 

The synchronisation between the two EPICA ice 

cores was done through the identification of several 

common volcanic signatures. This paper describes 

the rigorous method, using the signature 

of volcanic sulfate, which was employed for the 

last 52 kyr of the record. We estimated the discrepancies 

between the modelled EDC and EDML 

glaciological age scales during the studied period, 

by evaluating the ratio R of the apparent duration 

of temporal intervals between pairs of isochrones. 

177 

On average R ranges between 0.8 and 1.2 corresponding 

to an uncertainty of up to 20% in the 

estimate of the time duration in at least one of 

the two ice cores. Significant deviations of R up 

to 1.4-1.5 are observed between 18 and 28 kyr before 

present (BP), where present is defined as 1950. 

At this stage our approach does not allow us unequivocally 

to find out which of the models is affected 

by errors, but assuming that the thinning 

function at both sites and accumulation history 

at Dome C (which was drilled on a dome) are correct, 

this anomaly can be ascribed to a complex 

spatial accumulation variability (which may be 

different in the past compared to the present day) 

upstream of the EDML core. 


08.1-368 

A high-resolution, absolute-dated deglacial 

speleothem record of Indian Ocean climate 

from Socotra Island, Yemen 

Shakun J D, Burns S J, Fleitmann D, Kramers J D, 

Matter A, Al Subary A 

USA, Switzerland, Germany, Yemen 

Paleontology , Geology , Geochemistry & 

Geophysics 

Stalagmite M1-5 from Socotra Island, Yemen in 

the northwest Indian Ocean provides a robust, 

high-resolution paleoclimate record from similar 

to 27.4-11.1 ka based on 717 stable isotope and 28 

Th-230 measurements. Variations in M1-5 oxygen 

isotope ratios (delta O-18) are interpreted to be 

primarily driven by an amount effect related to 

changes in the mean position and/or intensity of 

convection of the intertropical convergence zone, 

the island’s only source of precipitation. The M 

1-5 delta O-18 time series is strongly correlated 

to the Greenland ice cores, similar to an older 

Socotra speleothem deposited from 53-40 ka (S.J. 

Bums, D. Fleitmann, A. Matter, J. Kramers, A. Al- 

Subbary, Indian Ocean climate and an absolute 

chronology over Dansgaard/Oeschger events 9 to 

13, Science 301 (2003) 1365-1367), indicating that 

a North Atlantic-Indian Ocean cold-dry/warm-wet 

teleconnection persisted through the end of the 

last glacial period. Peak aridification occurred at 

similar to 23 ka and a gradual increase in moisture 

thereafter was interrupted by an abrupt drying 

event at similar to 16.4 ka, perhaps related to 

Heinrich event 1. Indian Ocean rainfall increased 

dramatically during the Bolling period and then 

decreased continuously and gradually through 

the Allerod and Younger Dryas. The Holocene began 

abruptly with increased precipitation at 11.4 

ka and was followed by a major but short-lived 

drying during the Preboreal Oscillation at similar


to 11.2 ka. M1-5 is highly correlated to the Dongge 

Cave record from 15.5-11 ka, suggesting much of 

the Indian Ocean monsoon region responded similarly 

to the major climate changes of the last deglaciation. 

The transitions into the Younger Dryas 

and to a lesser extent the Bolling are remarkably 

gradual in M1-5, as they are in all other Asian speleothem 

records, occurring over several centuries. 

These gradual transitions are in striking contrast 

to high-resolution records from around the North 

Atlantic basin where the transitions are extremely 

abrupt and generally occur in under a century. 

This spatially variable pattern of climate change 

is consistent with an Atlantic origin for these deglacial 

climate events. 


N3-4, JUL 30, pp 442-456. 

08.1-369 

Climate changes and volcanic signals during 

the Bronze Age: A stalagmite record 

Siklosy Z, Demeny A, Vennemann T W, Hegner E, 

Kramers J D, Leel Ossy Sz 

Hungary, Switzerland 


Paleontology 



08.1-370 

Hyalinea marmarica, a new species of benthic 

foraminifera from the sea of Marmara (Turkey) 

Spezzaferri S, Yanko Hombach V 


Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater Biology 

Traditionally, the benthic foraminifera Hyalinea 

balthica (Schroter) has been considered a species 

with high intraspecific variability, possibly related 

to climatic changes, and, therefore, a potential 

indicator of paleoclimate in the Mediterranean 

Sea. However, a stable and characteristic morphology 

very different from the syntype of the species 

can be observed in specimens from the Sea 

of Marmara. By identification and documentation 

of this morphology and a subsequent comparison 

to specimens similar to the type species, clear 

differences between the two groups have been established. 

Hyalinea marmarica n. sp. is proposed 

as an example of possible environment- related 

speciation in benthic foraminifera. It differs from 

H. balthica in having less numerous chambers in 

the last whorl (maximum of eight), depressed sutures 

at least in the last four chambers, a moderate 

increase in chamber size as added, a subacute 

profile and accessory apertures on the peripheral 

margin. Speciation could have occurred between 

14 and 12 ka. At this time, increasingly efficient 

connections were progressively established between 

the Sea of Marmara and the Eastern Mediterranean 

Sea, allowing Hyalinea balthica to migrate 

into the Sea of Marmara. Here this species 

might have modified its morphology in response 

to the extreme environmental conditions. 

Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 2007, V37, N4, 

OCT, pp 309-317. 

08.1-371 

Mesolithic agriculture in Switzerland? A critical 

review of the evidence 

Tinner W, Nielsen E H, Lotter A F 


Paleontology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant 

Sciences , Ecology 

Accumulating palaeobotanical evidence points to 

agricultural activity in Central Europe well before 

the onset of the Neolithic, commonly dated at ca 

5500-5200 cal BC. We reinvestigated an existing 

pollen profile from Soppensee with refined taxonomical 

resolution by further subdividing the 

Cerealia pollen type into Triticum t. and Avena t. 

because the sediments at this site currently provide 

the highest temporal resolution and precision 

for the period of interest among all sites in 

Switzerland. Our new results are in agreement 

with previous high-resolution investigations from 

Switzerland showing scattered but consistent 

presence of pollen of Cerealia, Plantago lanceolata, 

and other cultural plants or weeds during 

the late Mesolithic period (6700-5500 cal BC). 

Chronologically, this palynological evidence for 

sporadic agricultural activities coincides with a 

major break in material culture at ca 6700 cal BC 

(i.e. the transition from early to late Mesolithic). 

Here, we review possible arguments against palaeobotanical 

evidences of Mesolithic agriculture 

(e.g. chronological uncertainties, misidentification, 

contamination, long-distance transport) 

and conclude that none of these can explain the 

consistent pollen pattern observed at several sites. 

The palynological evidence can, of course, not 

prove the existence of pre-ceramic agriculture in 

Central Europe. However, it is so coherent that 

this topic should be addressed by systematic archaeolbotanical 

analyses in future archaeological 

studies. If our interpretation should turn out to 

be true, our conclusions would have fundamental 

implications for the Neolithic history of Europe. 

Currently, it is intensely debated whether Central 

European agriculture developed locally under the 

influence of incoming ideas from areas where 

Neolithic farming had already developed earlier 

(e.g. southeastern Europe) or whether it was in-


troduced by immigrating farmers. On the basis 

of our results, we suggest that agriculture developed 

locally throughout the late Mesolithic and 

Neolithic. Mesolithic trading networks connecting 

Southern and Central Europe also support the 

hypothesis of a slow and gradual change towards 

sessile agriculture, probably as a result of incoming 

ideas and regional cultural transformation 


MAY, pp 1416-1431. 

08.1-372 

Signal strength and climate calibration of a 

European tree-ring isotope network 

Treydte K, Frank D, Esper J, Andreu L, Bednarz Z, 

Berninger F, Boettger T, Dalessandro C M, Etien N, 

Filot M, Grabner M, Guillemin M T, Gutierrez E, 

Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela 

Brundin M, Krapiec M, Leuenberger M, Loader 

N J, Masson Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S, 

Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds Henne 

C E, Rinne K T, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen 

E, Stievenard M, Switsur V R, Szczepanek M, 

Szychowska Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse J S, 

Weigl M, Schleser G H 

Switzerland, Spain, Poland, Canada, Germany, Italy, 

France, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Wales, Lithuania, 

England 

Plant Sciences , Instruments & Instrumentation , 

Paleontology 

We present the first European network of tree ring 

delta C-13 and delta O-18, containing 23 sites from 

Finland to Morocco. Common climate signals are 

found over broad climatic-ecological ranges. In temperate 

regions we find positive correlations with 

summer maximum temperatures and negative 

correlations with summer precipitation and Palmer 

Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) with no obvious 

speciesspecific differences. Regional delta C-13 and 

delta O-18 chronologies share high common variance 

in year-to-year variations. Long-term variations, 

however, exhibit differences that may reflect 

spatial variability in environmental forcings, age 

trends and/or plant physiological responses to increasing 

atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Rotated 

principal component analysis (RPCA) and climate 

field correlations enable the identification of four 

subregions in the delta O-18 network - northern 

and eastern Central Europe, Scandinavia and the 

western Mediterranean. Regional patterns in the 

delta C-13 network are less clear and are timescale 

dependent. Our results indicate that future reconstruction 

efforts should concentrate on delta O-18 

data in the identified European regions. 

Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N24, DEC 

19 ARTN: L24302. 

179 

08.1-373 

Oncoid growth and distribution controlled 

by sea-level fluctuations and climate (Late 

Oxfordian, Swiss Jura Mountains) 

Vedrine S, Strasser A, Hug W 

Switzerland 


, Geology 

Abundant lagoonal oncoids occur in the Late Oxfordian 

Hauptmumienbank Member of the Swiss 

Jura Mountains. Four oncoid types are observed 

in the studied sections and classified according to 

the oncoid surface morphology, the structure and 

composition of the cortex, and the texture and fauna 

of the encasing sediment. Micrite-dominated 

oncoids (types 1 and 2) have a smooth surface. Type 

1 has a rather homogeneous cortex and occurs in 

moderate-energy environments. Type 2 presents 

continuous or discontinuous micritic laminae. It 

is associated with a low-diversity fauna and occurs 

in high-energy facies. Bacinella and Lithocodium 

oncoids (types 3 and 4) display a lobate surface. 

They are dominated by microencrusters (Bacinella 

irregularis and Lithocodium aggregatum) and are 

found in low-energy facies. The stratigraphic and 

spatial distribution of these oncoid types shows a 

correlation with the sequence-stratigraphic evolution 

of the studied interval, and thus with relative 

sea-level fluctuations. It can be shown that 

these sea-level fluctuations were controlled by 

orbital cycles with 100- and 20-kyr periodicities. 

At the scale of 100- and 20-kyr sequences, types 

1 and 2 oncoids are preferentially found around 

sequence boundaries and in transgressive deposits, 

while types 3 and 4 oncoids are preferentially 

found around maximum floodings and in highstand 

deposits. This implies that changes of water 

energy and water depth were direct controlling 

factors. Discrepancies in oncoid distribution 

point to additional controlling factors. Platform 

morphology defines the distribution and type of 

the lagoon where the oncoids flourished. A low 

accumulation rate is required for oncoid growth. 

Additionally, humidity changes in the hinterland 

act on the terrigenous influx, which modifies water 

transparency and trophic level and thus plays 

a role in the biotic composition and diversity in 

the oncoid cortex. 

Facies, 2007, V53, N4, NOV, pp 535-552.


08.1-374 

Interactions between climate and vegetation 

during the Lateglacial period as recorded by 

lake and mire sediment archives in Northern 

Italy and Southern Switzerland 

Vescovi E, Ravazzi C, Arpenti E, Finsinger W, Pini R, 

Valsecchi V, Wick L, Ammann B, Tinner W 

Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands 

Cryology / Glaciology , Geology , Paleontology , 

History 

We reconstruct the vegetational history of the 

southern side of the Alps at 18,000-10,000 cal yr BP 

using previous and new ANIS-dated stratigraphic 

records of pollen, stomata, and macrofossils. To address 

potential effects of climatic change on vegetation, 

we compare our results with independent 

paleoclimatic series (e.g. isotope and chironomid 

records from the Alps and the Alpine forelands). 

The period before 16,000 cal yr BP is documented 

only at the lowland sites. The previous studies 

used for comparison with our new Palughetto 

record, however, shows that Alpine deglaciation 

must have started before 18,000-17,500 cal yr BP 

south of the Alps and that deglaciated sites were 

colonized by open woods and shrublands (Juniperits, 

tree Betula, Larix, Pinus cembra) at ca 17,500 

cal yr BP. The vegetational history of a new site 

(Palughetto, 1040 m a.s.l.) is consistent with that 

of previous investigations in the study region. 

Our results show three conspicuous vegetational 

shifts delimited by statistically significant pollen 

zones, at ca 14,800-14,400, 13,300-12,800 and 

11,600-11,200 cal yr BP. At sites situated above 1000 

m a.s.l. (e.g. Palughetto, Pian di Gembro) forests 

expanded in alpine environments at ca 14,500 cal 

yr BP (onset of Bolling period, GI-1 in the Greenland 

ice record). At the same time, rather closed 

treeline communities of the lowlands were replaced 

by dense stands of Pinus sylvestris and Betula. 

These early forests and shrublands consisted 

of Larix, P. cembra, Juniperus, P. sylvestris, Pinus 

mugo, and Betula, and had become established 

at ca 16,000 cal yr BP, probably in response to a 

temperature increase. If combined with other records 

from the Southern Alps, our data suggest 

that treeline ascended by ca 800-1000 m in a few 

centuries at most, probably as a consequence of 

climatic warming at the beginning of the Bolling 

period. At 13,100-12,800 cal yr BP the onset of a 

long- lasting decline of P. sylvestris was accompanied 

by the expansion of Quercus and other thermophilous 

tree taxa below ca 600 m a.s.l. This vegetational 

change was probably induced by a shift 

to warmer climatic conditions before the onset of 

the Younger Dryas, as indicated by independent 

paleoclimatic records. Only a few centuries later, 

at ca 12,700-12,500calyr BP, an expansion of herbaceous 

taxa occurred in the lowlands as well as 

at higher altitudes, documenting an opening of 

forested habitats. This change coincided with the 

beginning of the Younger Dryas cooling (GS-1), 

which according to the paleoclimatic series (e.g. 

oxygen isotope series), started at 12,700-12,600 

cal yr BP and lasted for about 1000 years. Environments 

south of the Alps responded markedly to 

climatic warming at the onset of the Holocene 

(11,600-11,500 cal yr BP). Thermophilous trees that 

had declined during the Younger Dryas re-expanded 

very rapidly in the lowlands and reached the 

high altitude sites below ca 1500 m a.s.l. within a 

few centuries at most. Our study implies that the 

synchronous vegetational changes observed over 

wide areas were probably a consequence of abrupt 

climatic shifts at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum 

(LGM) and during the Lateglacial. We emphasize 

that important vegetational changes such 

as the expansion of forests occurred millennia before 

the onset of similar processes in northwestern 

and central Europe. 


JUN, pp 1650-1669. 

08.1-375 

Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as 

monitors of a paleohydrological regime in 

the Dead Sea basin 

Waldmann N, Starinsky A, Stein M 


Paleontology , Geology , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Lakes Samra, Lisan and the Dead Sea occupied the 

Dead Sea basin during the Last Interglacial (similar 

to 140-75ka BP), last glacial (similar to 70-14 ka 

BP) and Holocene periods, respectively. The age 

of Lake Lisan and Samra was determined by U-Th 

dating of primary aragonites comprising parts of 

the lacustrine sedimentary sequences. The lakes 

have periodically deposited sequences of layered 

calcitic marls (Lake Sarnra) or laminated primary 

aragonite (Lake Lisan). The deposition of aragonite 

as the primary carbonate phase reflects the contribution 

of the incoming freshwater (loaded with 

bi-carbonate) and high Mg-, Ca-chloride brine that 

originated from the subsurface vicinity of the 

Dead Sea basin. Deposition of calcitic marls suggests 

a minor effect of the brines. The Ca-chloride 

subsurface brine has been migrating in and out 

of the wall rocks of the Dead Sea basin, reflecting 

the regional hydrological conditions. During 

most of the last glacial period and during the late 

Holocene, sufficient precipitation above the Judea 

Mountains pushed the subsurface Cachloride


brines into the lakes causing the deposition of 

aragonite. During the Last Interglacial period the 

rain that precipitated above the Judea Mountains 

was insufficient to induce brine flow toward Lake 

Samra. It appears that sporadic floods provided 

calcium, bicarbonate and detritus to produce the 

Samra calcitic marls. Travertines deposited at the 

Samra-Lisan boundary indicate the early stage in 

the resumption of groundwater (springs) activity 

that led to the resurgence of Ca-chloride brine 

and rise of Lake Lisan. Similar variations in the 

regional rain precipitation and hydrological activity 

probably characterized the long-term geochetnical 

evolution of Pleistocene lacustrine waterbodies 

in the Dead Sea basin, enabling the use of 

the carbonates as paleo-hydrological monitors. 


SEP, pp 2219-2228. 

08.1-376 

16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history 

from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland) 

Wehrli M, Tinner W, Ammann B 

Switzerland 

Paleontology , History , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences , Plant Sciences 

Past vegetation dynamics and human impact from 

the Lateglacial to the present are reconstructed 

by pollen analysis of a core 12 in long from the 

raised bog Egelsee, central Switzerland (770 in 

a.s.l.). The depth-age model of the core is based on 

29 AMS C-14 dates. The oldest dated macrofinssil 

has an age of 13 080 +/- 105 radiocarbon yr BP (15 

370 cal. yr BP); extrapolation leads to a basal age 

of the core of 16 200 cal. yr BP. The biostratigraphy 

shows a typical vegetation development for 

Central Europe from open pioneer vegetation to 

Betula-Pinus forests in the Lateglacial, thermophilous 

mixed deciduous forests in the early Holocene, 

then mesophilous Abies-Fagus forests, and 

finally to the present cultural landscape. The initial 

population expansion of Abies alba may have 

coincided with climatic change at c. 8500 cal. yr 

BP. The mass expansion of Abies alba at 8 100 cal. 

yr BP may have been triggered by the 8.2-ka event 

and coincided with the empirical limit of Fagus 

silvatica, indicating initial population expansions. 

The succession of ecosystems with different 

plant composition is confirmed by detrended 

correspondence analysis (DCA): the main changes 

in the DCA axis I and 2 correspond to the transition 

phases between the different ecosystems. 

DCA axis I has an eigenvalue of lambda(1) = 0.46 

and is significantly correlated (r = 0.82) to the 

non-arboreal pollen percentage curve. Rarefac- 

181 

tion analysis shows a high pollen diversity in the 

Lateglacial, lower pollen diversity in the Holocene 

before human impact, and increasing pollen diversity 

correlated with increasing human impact. 

Very little is known about the archaeology of the 

montane belt in central Switzerland. This study 

provides new data concerning human impact and 

settlement history in this area. Human activities 

are indicated by cereal pollen (earliest Hordeum/ 

Triticum type at 4700 cal. yr BP). Distinct pulses of 

anthropogenic forest clearances can be observed 

from the Neolithic period onwards. 

Holocene, 2007, V17, N6, SEP, pp 747-761. 

08.1-377 

Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity 

of the EDML deep- drilling site, Antarctica 

Wesche C, Eisen O, Oerter H, Schulte D, 

Steinhage D 


Cryology / Glaciology , Geomorphology , 

Paleontology 

Interpretation of ice-core records requires accurate 

knowledge of the past and present surface 

topography and stress-strain fields. The European 

Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) drilling 

site (75.0025 degrees S, 0.0684 degrees E; 2891.7 m) 

in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is located in 

the immediate vicinity of a transient and forking 

ice divide. A digital elevation model is determined 

from the combination of kinematic GPS measurements 

with the GLAS12 datasets from the ICESat. 

Based on a network of stakes, surveyed with static 

GPS, the velocity field around the drilling site is 

calculated. The annual mean velocity magnitude 

of 12 survey points amounts to 0.74 m a(-1). Flow 

directions mainly vary according to their distance 

from the ice divide. Surface strain rates are determined 

from a pentagon-shaped stake network 

with one center point close to the drilling site. 

The strain field is characterized by along-flow 

compression, lateral dilatation and vertical layer 

thinning. 

Journal of Glaciology, 2007, V53, N182, 

pp 442-448. 

08.1-378 

Leaf area index for northern and eastern 

North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a 

data-model comparison 

Williams J W, Gonzales L M, Kaplan J O 


Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Meteorology 


Aim To estimate the effects of full-glacial atmospheric 

CO 2 concentrations and climate upon


leaf area index (LAI), using both global vegetation 

models and palaeoecological data. Prior simulations 

indicate lowered LAIs at the Last Glacial 

Maximum (LGM), but this is the first attempt to 

corroborate predictions against observations. Location 

Eastern North America and eastern Beringia. 

Methods Using a dense surface pollen data set 

and remotely sensed LAIs from the Moderate Resolution 

Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, 

we evaluate the ability of analogue-based 

techniques to reconstruct modern LAIs from pollen 

data. We then apply analogue techniques to 

LGM pollen records, calculate the ratio of LGM to 

modern LAIs (RLAI) and compare reconstructed 

RLAIs to RLAIs simulated by BIOME4. Sensitivity 

experiments with BIOME4 distinguish the effects 

of CO 2 and climate on glacial LAIs. Results Modern 

LAIs are skilfully predicted (r(2) = 0.83). Data 

and BIOME4 indicate that LAIs at the LGM were up 

to 12% lower than modern values in eastern North 

America and 60-94% lower in Beringia. In eastern 

North America, LGM climates partially counteracted 

CO 2-driven decreases in LAI, while in Beringia 

both contributed to lowered LAIs. Main conclusions 

In both regions climate is the primary 

driver of LGM LAIs. The decline in eastern North 

America LAIs is smaller than previously reported, 

so regional vegetation feedbacks to LGM climate 

may have been less significant than previously 

supposed. CO 2 exerts both physiological and community 

effects upon LAI, by regulating resource 

availability for leaf production and by influencing 

the competitive balance among species and hence 

the composition and structure of plant communities. 

Pollen-based reconstructions using analogue 

methods do not incorporate the physiological effect 

and so are upper estimates of full-glacial LAIs. 

BIOME4 sensitivity experiments indicate that the 

community and physiological effects together 

caused 10% to 20% decrease in LAIs at the LGM, so 

simulated RLAIs that are 80-100% of reconstructed 

RLAIs are regarded as consistent with data. 


JAN, pp 122-134. 

08.1-379 

A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming 

at hemispheric scales using tree ring data 

Wilson R, D’arrigo R, Buckley B, Büntgen U, Esper J, 

Frank D, Luckman B, Payette S, Vose R, Youngblut D 

Scotland, USA, Switzerland, Canada 


, Plant Sciences , Forestry 

No current tree ring (TR) based reconstruction of 

extratropical Northern Hemisphere (ENH) temperatures 

that extends into the 1990s captures the 

full range of late 20th century warming observed 

in the instrumental record. Over recent decades, 

a divergence between cooler reconstructed and 

warmer instrumental large-scale temperatures 

is observed. We hypothesize that this problem is 

partly related to the fact that some of the constituent 

chronologies used for previous reconstructions 

show divergence against local temperatures 

in the recent period. In this study, we compiled TR 

data and published local /regional reconstructions 

that show no divergence against local temperatures. 

These data have not been included in other 

large-scale temperature reconstructions. Utilizing 

this data set, we developed a new, completely 

independent reconstruction of ENH annual temperatures 

(1750-2000). This record is not meant to 

replace existing reconstructions but allows some 

degree of independent validation of these earlier 

studies as well as demonstrating that TR data can 

better model recent warming at large scales when 

careful selection of constituent chronologies is 

made at the local scale. Although the new series 

tracks the increase in ENH annual temperatures 

over the last few decades better than any existing 

reconstruction, it still slightly under predicts 

values in the post-1988 period. We finally discuss 

possible reasons why it is so difficult to model 

post- mid-1980s warming, provide some possible 

alternative approaches with regards to the instrumental 

target and detail several recommendations 

that should be followed in future large-scale 

reconstruction attempts that may result in more 

robust temperature estimates. 


2007, V112, ND17, SEP 11 ARTN: D17103. 

08.1-380 

Relation between rock uplift and denudation 

from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in 

the Central Alps of Switzerland 

Wittmann H, von Blanckenburg F, Kruesmann T, 

Norton K P, Kubik P W 


Geology , Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology 

A north-south traverse through the Swiss Central 

Alps reveals that denudation rates correlate with 

recent rock uplift rates in both magnitude and 

spatial distribution. This result emerges from a 

study of in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10 in riverborne 

quartz in Central Alpine catchments. As a 

prerequisite, we took care to investigate the potential 

influence of shielding from cosmic rays due 

to snow, glaciers, and topographic obstructions; 

to calculate a possible memory from Last Glacial 

Maximum (LGM) glaciation; and to identify a 

watershed size that is appropriate for systematic


sampling. Mean denudation rates are 0.27 +/- 0.14 

mm/ a for the Alpine foreland and 0.9 +/- 0.3 mm/ 

a for the crystalline Central Alps. The measured 

cosmogenic nuclide-derived denudation rates 

are in good agreement with post-LGM lake infill 

rates and are about twice as high as denudation 

rates from apatite fission track ages that record 

denudation from 9 to 5 Ma. In general, denudation 

rates are high in areas of high topography 

and high crustal thickness. The similarity in the 

spatial distribution and magnitude of denudation 

rates and those of rock uplift rates can be interpreted 

in several ways: (1) Postglacial rebound or 

climate change has introduced a transient change 

in which both uplift and denudation follow each 

other with a short lag time; (2) the amplitude of 

glacial to interglacial changes in both is small and 

is contained in the scatter of the data; (3) both are 

driven by ongoing convergence where their similarity 

might hint at some form of long-term quasi 

steady state; or (4) enhanced continuous Quaternary 

erosion and isostatic compensation of the 

mass removed accounts for the distribution of 

present-day rock uplift. 


2007, V112, NF4, NOV 29 ARTN: F04010. 

183 

08.1-381 

The prelude of the end-Permian mass extinction 

predates a postulated bolide impact 

Yin H, Feng Q, Baud A, Xie S, Benton M J, Lai X, 

Bottjer D J 

Peoples R China, Switzerland, England, USA 

Paleontology , Geology 

The mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic 

Boundary (PTB) is said to have been abrupt and 

probably caused by an extraterrestrial impact. 

However, evidence from the Global Stratotype Section 

and Point (GSSP) of the base of the Induan 

at Meishan, China, shows that the biotic crisis began 

prior to the level, in beds 25 and 26 at which 

the postulated impact event occurred. Evidence 

of such an earlier biotic crisis occurs in other sections 

in South China, and in central and western 

Tethyan regions. This event is characterized by 

the extinction of a range of faunas, including corals, 

deep-water radiolarians, most fusulinids and 

pseudotirolitidammonoids, and many Permian 

brachiopods. In all sections, this extinction level 

is usually a few decimeters to meters below that 

of the main mass extinction in the event beds (25 

and 26) at Meishan, and their correlatives elsewhere. 

This earlier extinction event happened before 

the postulated bolide impact at the level of 

beds 25 and 26, and constrains interpretation of 

the mechanisms that brought about this greatest 

mass extinction. 

International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2007, V96, 

N5, OCT, pp 903-909.

184 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Human Dimensions 


08.1-382 

Linking extreme climate events and economic 

impacts: Examples from the Swiss Alps 

Beniston M 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

This paper focuses upon topics related to current 

and possible future extreme weather events 

in order to highlight the links between climatic 

change and its economic impacts. Most of the examples 

given here are drawn from observations 

in Switzerland and the Alpine region that have 

a wealth of climatic, environmental and socioeconomic 

data. These enable detailed studies to 

be undertaken on trends in mean and extreme 

climates and their impacts. Model simulations for 

a “greenhouse climate” suggest that risks associated 

with various forms of extreme events that 

affect the Alps may increase in the future, which 

could lead to high damage costs. In addition to the 

direct impacts of extremes, it is also necessary to 

take into account the increasing economic value 

of infrastructure located in zones potentially at 

risk. The final part of the paper addresses some of 

the issues that are related to fully integrated modeling 

approaches that are aimed at assessing the 

costs of damage in the wake of an extreme event. 

(C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 

Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, pp 

5384-5392. 

08.1-383 

Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated 

age-related decline in lung function 

Downs S H, Schindler C, Liu L J S, Keidel D, Bayer 

Oglesby L, Brutsche M H, Gerbase M W, Keller 

R, Kuenzli N, Leuenberger P, Probst Hensch N M, 

Tschopp J M, Zellweger J P, Rochat T, Schwartz J, 

Ackermann Liebrich U 

Switzerland, USA, Spain 

Human & Public Health , Medicine , Meteorology & 

Atmospheric Sciences 

Background Air pollution has been associated 

with impaired health, including reduced lung 

function in adults. Moving to cleaner areas has 

been shown to attenuate adverse effects of air 

pollution on lung function in children but not 

in adults. Methods We conducted a prospective 

study of 9651 adults (18 to 60 years of age) randomly 

selected from population registries in 1990 

and assessed in 1991, with 8047 participants reassessed 

in 2002. There was complete information 

on lung volumes and flows (e. g., forced vital capacity 

(FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second 

(FEV1), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC, and forced 

expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the FVC 

(FEF25-75)), smoking habits, and spatially resolved 

concentrations of particulate matter that was 

less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) 

from a validated dispersion model assigned to 

residential addresses for 4742 participants at 

both the 1991 and the 2002 assessments and in 

the intervening years. Results Overall exposure 

to individual home outdoor PM10 declined over 

the 11-year follow-up period (median, -5.3 µg per 

cubic meter; interquartile range, -7.5 to -4.2). In 

mixed-model regression analyses, with adjustment 

for confounders, PM10 concentrations at 

baseline, and clustering within areas, there were 

significant negative associations between the decrease 

in PM10 and the rate of decline in FEV1 (P 

= 0.045), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC (P = 0.02), 

and FEF25-75 (P = 0.001). The net effect of a decline 

of 10 µg of PM10 per cubic meter over an 11-year 

period was to reduce the annual rate of decline in 

FEV1 by 9% and of FEF25-75 by 16%. Cumulative 

exposure in the interval between the two examinations 

showed similar associations. Conclusions 

Decreasing exposure to airborne particulates appears 

to attenuate the decline in lung function related 

to exposure to PM10. The effects are greater 

in tests reflecting small-airway function. 

New England Journal of Medicine, 2007, V357, 

N23, DEC 6, pp 2338-2347. 

08.1-384 

Climate change-related health impacts in the 

Hindu Kush-Himalayas 

Ebi K L, Woodruff R, von Hildebrand A, Corvalan C 

USA, Australia, India, Switzerland 

Human & Public Health , Social Sciences 

Our goal was to identify the climate change-related 

health risks and vulnerable populations specific 

to the mountainous regions of the Hindu Kush- 

Himalayas. We reviewed published information of 

the likely health consequences of climate change 

in mountain regions, especially the findings of a 

workshop for countries in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya 

region, organized by the World Health Organization, 

World Meteorological Organization, United 

Nations Environment Programme, and United Nations 

Development Programme. The main climaterelated 

risks in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 

include the expansion of vector-borne diseases as 

pathogens take advantage of new habitats in altitudes 

that were formerly unsuitable. Diarrheal diseases 

could become more prevalent with changes 

in freshwater quality and availability. More extreme 

rainfall events are likely to increase the 

number of floods and landslides with consequent 

death and injuries. A unique risk is sudden floods

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Human Dimensions 

from high glacier lakes, which cause substantial 

destruction and loss of life. Because glaciers are the 

main source of freshwater for upland regions and 

downstream countries, the long-term reduction in 

annual glacier snowmelt is expected to heighten 

existing water insecurity in these areas. Climate 

change also is bringing some benefits to mountain 

populations, including milder winters and longer 

growing seasons. Populations in mountain regions 

have unique combinations of vulnerabilities to 

climate change. The extent of the health impacts 

experienced will depend on the effectiveness of 

public health efforts to identify and implement 

low-cost preparedness and response measures, and 

on the speed at which emissions of greenhouse gas 

emissions can be reduced. 

Ecohealth, 2007, V4, N3, SEP, pp 264-270. 

08.1-385 

Lasting management of the countryside. The 

lessons that new regional natural parks must 

take from the experience of old communities 


Switzerland 

Ecology , Social Sciences 

Le paysage est de plus en plus perçu comme une 

ressource. À ce titre, il est nécessaire de trouver 

des instruments juridiques, politiques ou 

économiques susceptibles de gérer cette « ressource-paysage 

» sur le long terme. Le gouvernement 

suisse a introduit récemment l’instrument 

des parcs naturels régionaux, organisés selon le 

modèle français, dans sa législation de protection 

de la nature et du paysage. Une mise en regard 

des nouveaux parcs avec des structures de gestion 

beaucoup plus anciennes, les bourgeoisies et les 

corporations, permet de mettre en évidence les 

forces et les faiblesses de chacun de ces instruments 

dans leur contribution à résoudre les rivalités 

d’usage entre acteurs utilisant ou influençant 

la ressource paysage. Cette comparaison permet 

de formuler des recommandations pratiques concernant 

la gestion de cette ressource. 

Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine 


08.1-386 

The sustainable management of the landscape: 

the lessons the new regional nature 

parks must draw from the experience of the 

old corporations 


Switzerland 

Social Sciences , Ecology 

The landscape is increasingly perceived as a resource. 

For this reason, it is necessary to find le- 

185 

gal, political and economic instruments that will 

succeed in managing this > in the long term. The Swiss government recently 

introduced the instrument of regional nature 

parks into the legislation governing nature 

and landscape preservation; the proposed parks 

are organized on the basis of the French model. 

The examination of the new parks from the perspective 

of much older management structures, 

i.e. the civic municipalities (bourgeoisies) and 

corporations, makes it possible to demonstrate 

the strengths and weaknesses of each of these instruments 

in their contribution to die resolution 

of use rivalries between actors who use or influence 

the resource landscape. This comparison 

also enables the formulation of practical recommendations 

regarding the management of this 

resource. 

Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine 


08.1-387 

Recognising the complexities of ecosystem 

management and the ecosystem service concept 

Ghazoul J 

Switzerland 

Forestry , Plant Sciences , Social Sciences 

Ecosystem management emphasises ecosystem 

service concepts in order to improve land management 

and to justify nature conservation. This 

approach rests on the assumption that conserving 

ecosystem services can deliver net benefits 

for human welfare in terms of economic development. 

To retain credibility, the advocates of 

ecosystem service concepts must acknowledge 

the constraints that may limit the reliability of 

this assumption, including trade-offs with other 

land- use benefits. The fact that ecosystem service 

concepts have not been well integrated into management 

implies that such initiatives have not 

been persuasive among land managers and agriculturalists. 

I argue that this is due to the combination 

of a failure by scientists, conservationists, 

and other advocates of the ecosystem management 

approach to account for the trade-offs and 

opportunity costs inherent in land management, 

and a lack of willingness to accept that managing 

for ecosystem services may place constraints on 

future management options. However, the ecosystem 

service concept has the opportunity to make 

substantial contributions toward more effective 

management by influencing thinking among policy 

makers, land managers, and the wider public. 

Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society, 

2007, V16, N3, pp 215-221.


08.1-388 

Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and 

development 

Grey D, Sadoff C W 

India, Sri Lanka, Switzerland 

Economics , Social Sciences , Water Resources 

Achieving basic water security, both harnessing 

the productive potential of water and limiting 

its destructive impact, has always been a societal 

priority. To capture this duality, water security 

is defined here as the availability of an acceptable 

quantity and quality of water for health, 

livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled 

with an acceptable level of water-related risks to 

people, environments and economies. This paper 

looks broadly at those countries that have 

achieved water security, the paths they chose and 

the costs they paid, and those countries that have 

not achieved water security and how this constrains 

economies and societies. It defines three 

typologies: countries that have harnessed hydrology, 

those hampered by hydrology and those that 

are hostage to hydrology. It finds that countries 

remaining hostage to hydrology are typically 

among the world’s poorest. They face “difficult” 

hydrologies often characterized by high inter- and 

intra-annual rainfall and runoff variability, where 

the level of institutional and infrastructure investment 

needed is very high and the ability to invest 

is low. This paper seeks to capture the dynamics 

of achieving water security in a hypothetical water 

and growth “S-curve”, which illustrates how a 

minimum platform of investments in water institutions 

and infrastructure can produce a tipping 

point beyond which water makes an increasingly 

positive contribution to growth and how that tipping 

point will vary in different circumstances. 

As there are inevitable trade-offs, achieving water 

security is never without social and environmental 

costs; in some countries these are significant, 

often unforeseen and even unacceptable. This 

brief analysis suggests that the only historically 

demonstrated path to achieving water security 

at the national level has been through investment 

in an evolving balance of complementary 

institutions and infrastructure, but that lessons 

exist for following this basic path in more sustainable 

and balanced ways. Insights are provided for 

balancing and sequencing investments, adapting 

to changing values and priorities, and pushing 

down the social and environmental costs. The 

paper concludes that most water-insecure countries 

today face far greater challenges than those 

that achieved water security in the last century 

and are wealthy countries today. They face more 

difficult hydrologies and a greater understanding 

of and therefore greater responsibility for, the social 

and environment trade-offs inherent in water 

management. As the costs of poor countries not 

achieving water security, in terms of human suffering, 

sustained poverty, constrained growth and 

social unrest, would be very high, achieving water 

security is a challenge that must be recognized 

and must be met. 

Water Policy, 2007, V9, N6, pp 545-571. 

08.1-389 

Carbon constraints in the fourteenth and 

twenty-first centuries 

Hoffmann V, Busch T 

Switzerland 

Economics , History 

Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2007, V11, N3, SUM, 

pp 4-6. 

08.1-390 

Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory 

landscape planning 

Höppner C, Frick J, Buchecker M 

Switzerland 

Social Sciences 

Participation has become an important issue in 

landscape planning. Within the relevant literature, 

an increasing number of authors emphasise 

the meaning of psycho-social effects such as the 

building of trust and engagement for planning 

projects. Yet, empirical studies examining psycho-social 

effects of participatory techniques in 

landscape planning are still an exception and are 

often conceptually and methodologically limited. 

The present paper addresses these gaps by adapting 

a mixed method design consisting of repeated 

measurement (n = 35) and qualitative interviews 

(n = 11). In the course of a municipal Landscape 

Development Concept (LDC) in Switzerland, short- 

term effects were assessed regarding participants’ 

(a) trust in other persons involved, (b) confidence 

in the outcomes of the LDC, and (c) intention to 

participate. Significant changes were found on 

trust in involved persons and on the confidence 

in the general benefit of the LDC. The intention 

to participate did not change significantly. Information 

events had no significant effect on participants, 

whereas workshops had a significant effect 

on participants’ trust. Trust of workshop attendees 

decreased during the planning process, which 

may partly represent a shift from enthusiastic expectations 

to a more realistic view, and must not 

be regarded as a negative outcome, since it prevents 

participants from serious frustration. The 

paper concludes that a long-term participation 

strategy, providing different participatory arenas


and settings, is essential in order to comprehensively 

affect all dimensions of trust and to foster 

engagement. 

Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, V83, N2-3, 

NOV 19, pp 196-207. 

08.1-391 

Local learning-networks on energy efficiency 

in industry - Successful initiative in Germany 

Jochem E, Gruber E 


Energy & Fuels , Political Sciences , Economics 

Profitable energy-efficiency potentials are often 

not exploited in industry since management 

tends not to focus on energy issues. Sharing experiences 

between companies reveals possibilities 

for reducing the transaction costs involved. For 

this purpose, regionally or locally-organised learning 

networks of companies have been established. 

Social mechanisms are used to motivate management 

to pay more attention to energy efficiency in 

Switzerland and Germany. The main elements of 

the activities include initial consultation for each 

company with an experienced engineer, agreement 

on a common target for energy-efficiency 

improvement, regular meetings with technical 

presentations and an exchange of experiences, 

yearly control of energy consumption and CO 2 

emissions as well as scientific monitoring and 

evaluation of the process. The results of some evaluations 

show that substantial progress has been 

made in implementing organisational measures 

and investments in energy efficiency in the participating 

companies. The reasons for these achievements 

are discussed and conclusions drawn about 

the opportunities and limits of this instrument. 

Finally, a recommendation is made to implement 

this instrument on a broader level. 

Applied Energy, 2007, V84, N7-8, JUL-AUG, pp 

806-816. 

08.1-392 

Objectives of public participation: Which actors 

should be involved in the decision making 

for river restorations? 

Junker B, Buchecker M, Müller Böker U 

Switzerland 

Political Sciences , Water Resources , Hydrology 

(1) River restoration as a measure to improve both 

flood protection and ecological quality has become 

a common practice in river management. 

This new practice, however, has also become a 

source of conflicts arising from a neglect of the 

social aspects in river restoration projects. Therefore 

appropriate public involvement strategies 

have been recommended in recent years as a way 

187 

of coping with these conflicts. However, an open 

question remains: Which stakeholders should be 

involved in the decision-making process? This, in 

turn, raises the question of the appropriate objectives 

of public participation. This study aims to 

answer these questions drawing on two case studies 

of Swiss river restoration projects and a related 

representative nationwide survey. Our findings 

suggest that public involvement should not be restricted 

to a small circle of influential stakeholder 

groups. As restoration projects have been found 

to have a substantial impact on the quality of life 

of the local population, avoiding conflicts is only 

one of several objectives of the involvement process. 

Including the wider public provides a special 

opportunity to promote social objectives, such as 

trust building and identification of people with 

their local environment. 

Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N10, OCT 

31 ARTN: W10438. 

08.1-393 

Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming 

of adaptation to climate change 

into development assistance 

Klein R J T, Eriksen S E H, Naess L O, Hammill A, 

Tanner T M, Robledo C, O’brien K L 

Sweden, Norway, England, Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Economics , 

Political Sciences 

The need to mainstream adaptation to climate 

change into development planning and ongoing 

sectoral decision-making is increasingly recognised, 

and several bilateral and multilateral development 

agencies are starting to take an interest. 

Over the past years at least six development agencies 

have screened their project portfolios, generally 

with two goals in mind: (1) to ascertain the 

extent to which existing development projects 

already consider climate risks or address vulnerability 

to climate variability and change, and (2) to 

identify opportunities for incorporating climate 

change explicitly into future projects. As each 

portfolio screening was conducted independently, 

the broader lessons emerging from the screenings 

have not been systematically analysed. In this 

paper we assess the screening activities to date, 

focusing on both the results and the methods 

applied. Based on this assessment we identify opportunities 

for development agencies to expand 

their current focus on the links between climate 

and development. Most agencies already consider 

climate change as a real but uncertain threat 

to future development, but they have given less 

thought to how different development patterns 

might affect vulnerability to climate change. The


screenings undertaken have shown the need to 

take a comprehensive approach to adaptation and 

its integration into development planning and 

sectoral decision-making, and a number of policy 

initiatives have been taken to promote such integration. 

We provide some initial guidance as to 

how portfolio screening can be carried out in a 

way that would allow agencies to assess systematically 

the relevance of climate change to their 

ongoing and planned development projects. 

Climatic Change, 2007, V84, N1, SEP, pp 23-44. 

08.1-394 

A MERGE model with endogenous technological 

change and the cost of carbon stabilization 

Kypreos S 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Two stylized backstop systems with endogenous 

technological learning (ETL) are introduced in the 

“model for evaluating regional and global effects” 

(MERGE): one for the electric and the other for the 

non- electric markets. Then the model is applied to 

analyze the impacts of ETL on carbon-mitigation 

policy, contrasting the resulting impacts with the 

situation without ETL. We model research and development 

(R&D) spending and learning subsidies 

for the demonstration and deployment stage as 

control variables, and we investigate the ability of 

this extra spending to create path-dependent experience 

and knowledge to aid in the implementation 

of carbon-free technologies. Based on model 

estimations and sensitivity analyses, we conclude 

that increased commitments for the development 

of new technologies to advance along their learning 

curves has a potential for substantial reductions 

in the cost of mitigating climate change and 

thereby helping to reach safe concentrations of 

carbon in the atmosphere. ( 

Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, pp 

5327-5336. 

08.1-395 

Characterization of source-specific air pollution 

exposure for a large population-based 

Swiss Cohort (SAPALDIA) 

Liu L J S, Curjuric I, Keidel D, Heldstab J, Künzli N, 

Bayer Oglesby L, Ackermann Liebrich U, Schindler C 

Switzerland, USA, Spain 

Human & Public Health , Medicine 

BACKGROUND: Although the dispersion model approach 

has been used in some epidemiologic studies 

to examine health effects of traffic- specific air 

pollution, no study has evaluated the model predictions 

vigorously. METHODS: We evaluated total 

and traffic-specific particulate matter < 10 and < 2.5 

pm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10, PM2.5), nitrogren 

dioxide, and nitrogen oxide concentrations 

predicted by Gaussian dispersion models against 

fixed-site measurements at different locations, 

including traffic-impacted, urban-background, 

and alpine settings between and across cities. The 

model predictions were then used to estimate 

individual subjects’ historical and cumulative exposures 

with a temporal trend model. RESULTS: 

Modeled PM10 and NO 2 predicted at least 55% 

and 72% of the variability of the measured PM10 

and NO 2, respectively. Traffic- specific pollution 

estimates correlated with the NOx measurements 

(R-2 >= 0.77) for background sites but not for traffic 

sites. Regional background PM10 accounted for 

most PM10 mass in all cities. Whereas traffic PM10 

accounted for < 20% of the total PM10, it varied 

significantly within cities. The modeling error for 

PM10 was similar within and between cities. Traffic 

NOx accounted for the majority of NOx mass in 

urban areas, whereas background NOx accounted 

for the majority of NOx in rural areas. The within-city 

NO 2 modeling error was larger than that 

between cities. CONCLUSIONS: The dispersion 

model predicted well the total PM10, NOx, and 

NO 2 and traffic-specific pollution at background 

sites. However, the model underpredicted traffic 

NOx and NO 2 at traffic sites and needs refinement 

to reflect local conditions. The dispersion model 

predictions for PM10 are suitable for examining 

individual exposures and health effects within 

and between cities. 

Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, V115, 

N11, NOV, pp 1638-1645. 

08.1-396 

Climate risks and peak oil: Challenge for the 

trans disciplinary research 

Maibach M, Guyer M, Kläy A 

Switzerland 

Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , 

Multidisciplinary Sciences 


2007, V16, N3, pp 229-231. 

08.1-397 

Does climate policy promote development? 


Switzerland 

Political Sciences , Economics , Meteorology & 

Atmospheric Sciences 

Climatic Change, 2007, V84, N1, SEP, pp 1-4.


08.1-398 

Climate or development: is ODA diverted from 

its original purpose? 


Switzerland 


Political Sciences 

We analyze the interaction of climate and development 

policy that has taken place since the early 

1990s. Increasing dissatisfaction about the results 

of traditional development cooperation and the appeal 

of climate policy as a new policy field led to a 

rapid reorientation of aid flows. At the turn of the 

century, over 7% of aid flows were spent on greenhouse 

gas emissions mitigation. However, the contribution 

of emissions mitigation projects to the 

central development objective of poverty reduction 

as specified in the Millennium Development Goals 

is limited and other project types are likely to be 

much more effective. Adaptation to climate change 

can be expected to have higher synergies with poverty 

alleviation than mitigation, primarily through 

its impact on health, the conservation of arable 

land and the protection against natural disasters. 

An analysis of the Clean Development Mechanism 

shows that projects addressing the poor directly 

are very rare; even small renewable energy projects 

in rural areas tend to benefit rich farmers and 

the urban population. Use of development aid for 

CDM projects and / or their preparation via capacity 

building is thus clearly not warranted. We further 

analyze whether the use of development aid for climate 

policy could be justified as a countermeasure 

against the emission increase related to successful 

development itself. However, countries that are 

achieving an improvement of human development 

from a low level are unlikely to increase their energy 

consumption substantially. Only at a level where the 

middle class expands rapidly, energy consumption 

and greenhouse gas emissions soar. Thus targeting 

middle class energy consumption by appliance efficiency 

standards and public transport-friendly 

urban planning are the most effective measures to 

address developing country emissions. Rural renewable 

energy provision in poor countries has a much 

higher impact on poverty, but a much lower impact 

on greenhouse gas emissions. We conclude that 

while there are valid reasons for long-term collaboration 

with emerging economies on greenhouse gas 

mitigation, there should be a separate budget line 

for such activities to avoid “obfuscation” of a decline 

of resources aimed at poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, 

mitigation will remain attractive for donors because 

it ensures quick disbursements and relatively 

simple measures of success. Moreover, mitigation activities 

in developing countries provide politicians 

189 

in industrialized countries with a welcome strategy 

to divert the attention of their constituencies from 

the lack of success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions 

domestically. 


08.1-399 

Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection 

with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a 

North- and South-facing altitudinal gradient 

on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland 

Moran Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair 

P F, Moret J, Gern L 

Switzerland 

Zoology , Medicine , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

Questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks were collected 

monthly from 2003 to 2005 on the north- and southfacing 

slopes of Chaumont Mountain in Neuchatel, 

Switzerland, at altitudes varying from 620 to 1,070 

in. On the south-facing slope, questing tick density 

was higher than on the north-facing slope, and it 

decreased with altitude. Density tended to increase 

with altitude on the north-facing slope. Saturation 

deficit values higher than 10 mmHg and lasting 

for >2 mo were often recorded on the south-facing 

slope, explaining seasonal patterns of questing tick 

activity. The overall prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi 

sensu lato was 22.4%, and prevalence differed 

according to exposure and among years. No difference 

was noticed between nymphs and adults. Four 

Borrelia species were identified. Mixed infections 

were detected in 52 ticks, B. garinii and B. valaisiana 

(n = 21) and B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi s.s. (n 

= 20) were the most frequent associations observed. 

The density of infected ticks varied from 3.6 to 78.7 

infected nymphs per 1 00 m(2) and from 0.6 to 16.9 

infected adults per 100 m(2), both slopes combined. 

The study on the south-facing slope was a followup 

of a previous study carried out at the same location 

during 1999-2001. Comparison of climatic 

data between the two periods showed a marked 

increase in saturation deficit. Substantial differences 

in density and phenology of ticks also were 

observed. At high elevations, ticks were significantly 

more abundant during the current study. This 

can be explained by rising temperatures recorded 

during summer at altitude, reaching values similar 

to those registered in the first study beneath. 

At the lowest altitude, adults were significantly less 

abundant, probably due to long-lasting high saturation 

deficits that impaired nymphal survival. The 

density of Borrelia-infected ticks was higher than 

in the previous study. 

Journal of Medical Entomology, 2007, V44, N4, 

JUL, pp 683-693.


08.1-400 

Integrated assessment of global climate 

change with learning-by-doing and energyrelated 

research and development 

Müller Fürstenberger G, Stephan G 



Energy & Fuels 

This paper presents a small-scale version of an Integrated 

Assessment Model (IAM) of global climate 

change, which is based on a global, regionally differentiated 

computable general equilibrium (CGE) 

model with endogenous technological change. 

This model can be viewed as a basic framework 

for analyzing a broad range of economic issues related 

to climate change, in particular since technological 

change is represented in two ways: on 

the one hand, there is learning-by- doing (LbD) in 

non-fossil energy supply technologies, and on the 

other hand there is research and development 

(R&D)-driven energy- saving technical progress 

in production. Computational experiments are 

added for illustrating the role of technological 

innovation in a world both with and without cooperation 

in the solution of the global climate 

problem. 

Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, 

pp 5298-5309. 

08.1-401 

CDM potential of bagasse cogeneration in 

India 

Purohita P, Michaelowa A 


Engineering , Energy & Fuels , Economics 

So far, the cumulative capacity of renewable energy 

systems such as bagasse cogeneration in India 

is far below their theoretical potential despite 

government subsidy programmes. One of the major 

barriers is the high investment cost of these 

systems. The Clean Development Mechanism 

(CDM) provides industrialized countries with an 

incentive to invest in emission reduction projects 

in developing countries to achieve a reduction in 

CO 2 emissions at lowest cost that also promotes 

sustainable development in the host country. Bagasse 

cogeneration projects could be of interest 

under the CDM because they directly displace 

greenhouse gas emissions while contributing 

to sustainable rural development. This study assesses 

the maximum theoretical as well as the 

realistically achievable CDM potential of bagasse 

cogeneration in India. Our estimates indicate 

that there is a vast theoretical potential of CO 2 

mitigation by the use of bagasse for power generation 

through cogeneration process in India. 

The preliminary results indicate that the annual 

gross potential availability of bagasse in India is 

more than 67 million tonnes (MT). The potential 

of electricity generation through bagasse cogeneration 

in India is estimated to be around 34TWh 

i.e. about 5575MW in terms of the plant capacity. 

The annual CER potential of bagasse cogeneration 

in India could theoretically reach 28 MT. Under 

more realistic assumptions about diffusion of 

bagasse cogeneration based on past experiences 

with the government-run programmes, annual 

CER volumes by 2012 could reach 20 26 million. 

The projections based on the past diffusion trend 

indicate that in India, even with highly favorable 

assumptions, the dissemination of bagasse cogeneration 

for power generation is not likely to reach 

its maximum estimated potential in another 20 

years. CDM could help to achieve the maximum 

utilization potential more rapidly as compared to 

the current diffusion trend if supportive policies 

are introduced. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 

Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N10, OCT, 

pp 4779-4798. 

08.1-402 

The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration 

as CDM projects in Indonesia 

Restuti D, Michaelowa A 


Economics , Energy & Fuels 

Surplus bagasse in Indonesian sugar mills is potential 

for arid- connected electricity-generating 

projects under Clean Development Mechanism 

(CDM) scheme. In addition, it is further perceived 

to considerably support the efforts to address 

prevailing crises in domestic sugar industry and 

power generation sector. This paper aims at analyzing 

the economic potential of bagasse cogeneration 

as CDM projects in Indonesia with the 

main deliverables of total emission reductions 

per year and Certified Emission Reduction (CFR) 

earnings. The analysis was made by following the 

applicable methodologies and based on publicly 

available data from official and other sources on 

the websites. The results show that with the electricity 

displacement potential at 260,253 MWh, 

Indonesia could generate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) 

emission reductions as much as 240,774 (large 

scale) or 198,177 tCO(2) (small scale) per annum 

from the recently-employed low efficiency cogeneration 

leading to the earnings of about US$1.36 

or 1.12 million, respectively. Out of 6 regional 

grids where the electricity from the project activities 

can be grid-connected, the primary emission 

reductions potentials are encountered in Java-Bali


and Southern Sumatera grids. Additionally, various 

barriers in technical, institutional, financial, 

and other aspects have been identified as the justifications 

to pass the additionality test. 

Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N7, JUL, pp 3952-3966. 

08.1-403 

Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on 

mortality: An analysis within the APHEA 

project 

Samoli E, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, Anderson H R, 

Schindler C, Forsberg B, Vigotti M A, Vonk J, Kosnik 

M, Skorkovsky J, Katsouyanni K 

Greece, USA, England, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, 

Netherlands, Slovenia, Czech Republic 

Medicine , Human & Public Health 

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the short-term effects 

of carbon monoxide on total and cardiovascular 

mortality in 19 European cities participating 

in the APHEA-2 (Air Pollution and Health: A European 

Approach) project. METHODS: We examined 

the association using hierarchical models implemented 

in two stages. In the first stage, data from 

each city were analyzed separately, whereas in the 

second stage the cityspecific air pollution estimates 

were regressed on city-specific covariates 

to obtain overall estimates and to explore sources 

of possible heterogeneity. We evaluated the sensitivity 

of our results by applying different degrees 

of smoothing for seasonality control in the cityspecific 

analysis. RESULTS: We found significant 

associations of CO with total and cardiovascular 

mortality. A 1-mg/m(3) increase in the 2-day mean 

of CO, levels was associated with a 1.20% (95% confidence 

interval (CI), 0.63-1.77%) increase in total 

deaths and a 1.25% (95% CI, 0.30-2.21%) increase 

in cardiovascular deaths. There was indication of 

confounding with black smoke and nitrogen dioxide, 

but the pollutant- adjusted effect of CO on 

mortality remained at least marginally statistically 

significant. The effect of CO on total and cardiovascular 

mortality was observed mainly in western 

and southern European cities and was larger 

when the standardized mortality rate was lower. 

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this large study are 

consistent with an independent effect of CO on 

mortality. The heterogeneity found in the effect 

estimates among cities may be explained partly by 

specific city characteristics. 

Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, V115, 

N11, NOV, pp 1578-1583. 

191 

08.1-404 

A synopsis of land use, land-use change and 

forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol 

and Marrakech Accords 

Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S, 

Canadell J, Ciccarese L, Dutschke M, Fiedler J, 

Fischlin A, Fearnside P, Forner C, Freibauer A, Frumhoff 

P, Hoehne N, Kirschbaum M U F, Labat A, Marland 

G, Michaelowa A, Montanarella L, Moutinho 

P, Murdiyarso D, Pena N, Pingoud K, Rakonczay Z, 

Rametsteiner E, Rock J, Sanz M J, Schneider U A, 

Shuidenko A, Skutsch M, Smith P, Somogyi Z, Trines 

E, Ward M, Yamagata Y 

Austria, USA, Australia, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, 

Brazil, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium, 

Spain, Netherlands, Scotland, Hungary, New Zealand, 

Japan 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Political Sciences , International 

Relations , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

The complexities inherent in land use, land-use 

change and forestry (LULUCF) activities have led 

to contentious and prolonged debates about the 

merits of their inclusion in the 2008-2012 first 

commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Yet the 

inclusion of these activities played a key role in 

agreement on the general framework of the Kyoto 

Protocol, and LULUCF will likely continue to play 

a substantial part in negotiations on national 

commitments post-2012. The Marrakech Accords 

dictate which LULUCF activities are to be included 

under the Kyoto Protocol and provide rules on how 

they are to be accounted in the first commitment 

period. However, these rules have limitations and 

drawbacks that may be avoided in the structure 

of future commitments beyond 2012. Through 

adherence to the objectives of the United Nations 

Framework Convention on Climate. Change (UN- 

FCCC), and the incorporation of several critical 

features, a future framework can more effectively 

address the mitigation challenges and opportunities 

of this sector. 

Environmental Science Policy, 2007, V10, N4, JUN, 

pp 271-282. 

08.1-405 

How is climate change perceived in relation 

to other socioeconomic and environmental 

threats in Nairobi, Kenya? 

Shisanya C A, Khayesi M 

Kenya, Switzerland 

Social Sciences , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric 

Sciences 

This article examines the perception of climate 

change, in relation to 21 other socioeconomic 

and environmental problems, on the part of 132


respondents to a survey conducted in the city of 

Nairobi, Kenya. Factor analysis, used to condense 

these interrelated problems into a few dimensions, 

identified two overriding threats: the first being to 

socioeconomic security, and the second to the physical 

environment. Threats to socioeconomic security 

explained 76.6% of the variance in the rating of environmental 

and socioeconomic problems facing Nairobi, 

with very high factor loadings from corruption, 

unemployment, crime, street children, garbage, 

transport, poverty, pollution of Nairobi River, HIV/ 

AIDS and immorality/promiscuity. Threats to the 

physical and living environment explained 22.2% of 

the variance in the rating of environmental and socioeconomic 

problems facing Nairobi. We were led 

to conclude that the respondents did not perceive 

climate change as being a significant problem in 

Nairobi. The global concern about climate change 

appeared like a mere drop in the oceanic context 

pervaded by problems of poverty, unemployment, 

crime and corruption, etc. which Nairobi faces, as 

does Kenya as a whole. Our conclusion is partially reflected 

in the priorities of the Kenyan government, 

which focus on poverty alleviation, the fight against 

crime and graft, improved access to education, and 

on addressing health problems; it also poses a challenge 

to the climate change community to find ways 

to making interventions relevant to local socioeconomic 

reality facing a developing country city like 

Nairobi. There may be a need to reconsider ‘whose 

reality counts’ (borrowing from Robert Chambers, 

Whose reality counts? Putting the first last, Intermediate 

Technology Publications, London, p 122, 1997) 

in addressing climate change: should protracted 

Kyoto protocol negotiations be given priority or 

should a long lasting solution be sought to socioeconomic 

problems facing developing world cities such 

as Nairobi? We recommend that the ongoing efforts 

at integrating climate risk management, as components 

of climate-sensitive sustainable development, 

be studied in many settings, with a focus on the 

developing world which is the most vulnerable, in 

order to inform decision-making and development 

of intervention measures. 

Climatic Change, 2007, V85, N3-4, DEC, 

pp 271-284. 

08.1-406 

The future of the Swiss Alps: A participatory 

sustainability assessment of agricultural and 

landscape scenarios 

Soliva R 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Social Sciences , Ecology 

In the Swiss Alps, as in other European Alpine 

regions, agricultural decline is leading to land 

abandonment and natural reforestation, which 

may have wider implications for a sustainable 

development of these areas. A sustainability assessment 

of three scenarios involving discussions 

with a local stakeholder group was performed 

as part of a case study in the Swiss canton of 

Grisons. The first scenario, called “liberalisation”, 

assumed withdrawal of all agricultural support. 

A second scenario, called “biodiversity”, assumed 

full replacement of agricultural support by biodiversity 

payments. These two scenarios were compared 

with a “trend” scenario, i.e., continuation 

of current trends. The liberalisation scenario was 

found to have the most negative consequences 

on livelihoods as well as social and environmental 

aspects, and it was completely rejected by the 

local stakeholder group. The trend scenario was 

best received, although it does not substantially 

contribute to sustainable development. The biodiversity 

scenario was the most controversial 

scenario, with positive environmental outcomes 

but negative cultural and social consequences. 

Using scenarios in a participatory sustainability 

assessment was found helpful both as a research 

technique and for stimulating a debate about the 

future of European mountain areas. 


2007, V16, N2, pp 122-129. 

08.1-407 

Output and abatement effects of allocation 

readjustment in permit trade 

Sterner T, Müller A 

Sweden, USA, Switzerland 

Economics , Political Sciences , International Relations 

In permit trading systems, free initial allocation 

is common practice. A recent example is the European 

Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading 

Scheme (EU-ETS). We investigate effects of different 

free allocation schemes on incentives and 

identify significant perverse effects on abatement 

and output employing a simple multi- period 

model. Firms have incentives for strategic action 

if allocation in one period depends on their actions 

in previous ones and thus can be influenced 

by them. These findings play a major role where 

trading schemes become increasingly popular 

as environmental or resource use policy instruments. 

This is of particular relevance in the EU- 

ETS where the current period is a trial-period 

before the first commitment period of the Kyoto 

protocol. Finally, this paper fills a gap in the literature 

by establishing a consistent terminology for 

initial allocation. 

Climatic Change, 2008, V86, N1-2, JAN, pp 33-49.


08.1-408 

Does the current Clean Development Mechanism 

(CDM) deliver its sustainable development 

claim? An analysis of officially registered 

CDM projects 

Sutter C, Parreno J C 

Switzerland 

Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

This article presents an analytical framework for 

analyzing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 

projects in terms of their contribution to employment 

generation, equal distribution of CDM 

returns, and improvement of local air quality. It 

assesses 16 officially registered CDM projects with 

regard to whether they fulfill the two objectives 

required by the Kyoto Protocol: greenhouse gas 

emission reductions and contribution to sustainable 

development in the host country. While a 

large part (72%) of the total portfolio’s expected 

Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) are likely to 

represent real and measurable emission reductions, 

less than 1% are likely to contribute significantly 

to sustainable development in the host 

country. According to our analysis, there are currently 

no UNFCCC registered CDM projects that 

are likely to fulfill the Kyoto Protocol’s twofold objective 

of simultaneously delivering greenhouse 

gas (GHG) emission reduction and contributing to 

sustainable development. 


08.1-409 

Technology in climate policy and climate models 

- Introduction 

Thalmann P 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology 

& Atmospheric Sciences , Political Sciences 

Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, 

pp 5263-5266. 

08.1-410 

Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere 

reserves by local residents in Switzerland and 

Ukraine 

Wallner A, Bauer N, Hunziker M 

Switzerland 

Social Sciences , Ecology 

In a cross-cultural study perceptions of local 

people living in the surroundings of biosphere reserves 

in Switzerland and Ukraine were examined 

using the method of qualitative interviews. In 

the UNESCO Biosphere Entlebuch in Switzerland 

people stated that they hoped for a better regional 

economic development due to the existence of 

the biosphere reserve. However, at the same time 

193 

people feared further restrictions regarding landuse. 

In the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve located 

in Transcarpathia/Ukraine people tended to connect 

certain conditions - such as the high price for 

wood - directly to the existence of the biosphere 

reserve, when in fact these conditions and the 

biosphere reserve were separate, parallel developments. 

In both case studies three key-categories 

influencing local residents’ perceptions and evaluations 

of biosphere reserves could be identified. 

These categories are (1) the economic situation, (2) 

the history of nature protection, and (3) the power 

balance between the involved stakeholders. Paying 

close attention to those three categories will 

help planners and managers of protected areas to 

better understand the reasoning of local residents 

for or against a biosphere reserve in their area. 

Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, V83, N2-3, 

NOV 19, pp 104-114. 

08.1-411 

The concept of sustainable development - consequences 

for social theory. Research desiderata 

and a proposal for a research strategy in 

social geography 

Zierhofer W 

Switzerland 

Economics , Social Sciences 

The concept of sustainable development - consequences 

for social theory. Research desiderata and 

a proposal for a research strategy in social geography 

According to the mainstream of modern 

social sciences, nature and environment are opposed 

to the social and not regarded as part of the 

disciplinary object field. This view is profoundly 

challenged by the regulative idea of sustainable 

development, since it urges reconciliation of ecological, 

economic and social demands. This paper 

discusses the state of the art of integrating nature, 

environment or the biophysical world into 

the basics of social theory. It shows further that 

so far the relations between society and environment 

have so far not been sufficiently conceptualized 

on the level of collective or aggregated interactions, 

and thus the macro-level of social theory. 

In respect of this research desideratum, the paper 

presents a research strategy, which sets out from 

the concept of “ecological regimes”. 

Erdkunde, 2007, V61, N3, JUL-SEP, pp 239-247.

194 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 


08.1-412 

Thermo-economic optimization of a solid oxide 

fuel cell, gas turbine hybrid system 

Autissier N, Palazzi F, Marechal F, van Herle J, Favrat D 

Switzerland 

Engineering , Energy & Fuels 

Large scale power production benefits from the 

high efficiency of gas-steam combined cycles. 

fit the lower power range, fuel cells are a good 

candidate to combine with gas turbines. Such 

systems can achieve efficiencies exceeding 60%. 

High-temperature solid oxide fuel cells SOFC) offer 

good opportunities for this coupling. In this 

paper a systematic method to select a design according 

to user specifications is presented. The 

most attractive configurations of this technology 

coupling art? identified using a thermoeconomic 

multi-objective optimization approach. The SOFC 

model includes detailed computation of losses of 

the electrodes and thermal management. The system 

is integrated using pinch based methods. A 

thermo-econonnic approach is then used to compute 

the integrated system performances, size, 

and cost. This allows to perform the optimization 

of the system with regard to two objectives: 

minimize the specific cost and maximize the efficiency 

Optimization results prove the existence 

of designs with costs from 2400 $ / kW for a 44% 

efficiency to 6700 $ /kW for a 70% efficiency. Several 

design options are analyzed regarding, among 

others fuel processing, pressure ratio, or turbine 

inlet temperature. The model of a pressurized 

SOFC-mu GT hybrid cycle combines a state-of-theart 

planar SOFC with a high- speed micro-gas turbine 

sustained by air bearings. 

Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2007, 

V4, N2, MAY, pp 123-129. 

08.1-413 

Effect of pressure and fuel-air unmixedness 

on NOx emissions from industrial gas turbine 

burners 

Biagioli F, Güthe F 

Switzerland 

Energy & Fuels , Engineering 

The effect of fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions 

from industrial lean premixed gas turbine 

burners fueled with natural gas is analyzed in the 

pressure range from 1 to 30 bar. The analysis is 

based on a model where NOx production is split, 

according to a Darnkohler number criterion, into 

a “prompt” (fast) contribution generated within 

the very narrow instantaneous heat release region 

(flamelet) and a “postflame” (slow) one, generated 

in the combustion products. Using GRIM 

chemical kinetics, it is found that (a) the prompt 

NOx contribution is approximately a factor of 

3 less sensitive to adiabatic flame temperature 

variations than postflame NOx and (b) prompt 

and postflame NOx change with pressure respectively 

according to an exponent alpha(PR) similar 

or equal to -0.45 and alpha(PF) similar or equal to 

0.67. It is shown that total NOx emissions change 

from being mostly of prompt type at 1 bar to being 

mostly of postflame type at 30 bar, so that the 

effect of fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions 

significantly increases with increasing pressure. 

The combination of these findings yields a negative 

NOx pressure exponent under fully premixed 

conditions across a rather large range of equivalence 

ratios but a positive one for levels of fuel-air 

unmixedness typical of industrial burners. This 

result is confirmed by the application of the NOx 

model in the large eddy simulation of the ALSTOM 

EV double cone burner, which gives, in line with 

experimental data, an NOx pressure exponent 

growing, with equivalence ratio, from similar or 

equal to 0.1 to similar or equal to 0.67. 

Combustion and Flame, 2007, V151, N1-2, OCT, 

pp 274-288. 

08.1-414 

Consumption and efficiency of a passenger car 

with a hydrogen/oxygen PEFC based hybrid 

electric drivetrain 

Büchi F N, Paganelli G, Dietrich P, Laurent D, Tsukada 

A, Varenne P, Delfino A, Koetz R, Freunberger 

S A, Magne P A, Walser D, Olsommer D 

Switzerland 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Engineering, 

Energy & Fuels 

The main factors for reducing the consumption 

of a vehicle are reduction of curb weight, air drag 

and increase in the drivetrain efficiency. Highly 

efficient drivetrains can be developed based on 

PEFC technology and curb weight may be limited 

by an innovative vehicle construction. In this paper, 

data on consumption and efficiency of a fourplace 

passenger vehicle with a curb weight of 1 

850 kg and an H-2/O-2 fed PEFC/Supercap hybrid 

electric powertrain are presented. Hydrogen consumption 

in the New European Driving Cycle is 

0.67 kg H-2/100 km, which corresponds to a gasoline 

equivalent cosumption of 2.51/100 km. When 

including the energy needed to supply pure oxygen, 

the calculated consumption increases from 

0.67 to 0.69-0.79 kg H-2/100 km, depending on the 

method of oxygen production. 

Fuel Cells, 2007, V7, N4, AUG, pp 329-335.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 

08.1-415 

Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 2. 

Catalytic behavior in the reduction of NO by 

H-2 under lean conditions 

Chiarello G L, Ferri D, Grunwaldt J D, Forni L, Baiker A 


Engineering , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

A 0.5 wt% Pd/LaCoO3, prepared by flame-spray pyrolysis 

(FP), was tested as catalyst for the low-temperature 

selective reduction of NO by H-2 in the 

presence of excess O-2. In particular, the effect of 

the precalcination and prereduction temperature 

on catalytic activity was compared with that of a 

similar Pd/LaCoO3 sample prepared by impregnation 

with a Pd solution of FP-prepared LaCoO3. 

The FP-made catalyst allowed full NO conversion 

at 150 degrees C, with 78% selectivity to N-2, thus 

outperforming the catalytic behavior of the corresponding 

sample prepared by impregnation. 

The higher activity of the FP-made catalyst has 

been attributed to the formation of segregated Co 

metal particles, not present in the impregnated 

sample, formed during the precalcination at 800 

degrees C, followed by reduction at 300 degrees C. 

Two reaction mechanisms can be deduced from 

the temperature-programmed experiments. The 

first of these, occurring at lower temperatures, indicates 

cooperation between the Pd and Co metal 

particles, with formation of active nitrates on cobalt, 

successively reduced by hydrogen spillover 

from Pd. The second, occurring at higher temperature, 

allows 50% conversion of NO, with >90% selectivity 

to N-2, and involves N adatoms formed by 

dissociative NO adsorption over Pd. Prereduction 

at 600 degrees C led to a slight increase in catalytic 

activity, due to the formation of a Pd-Co alloy, 

which is more stable on reoxidization compared 

with Pd alone. Moreover, the cooperative reaction 

mechanism seems to be favored by the proximity 

of Co and Pd in metal particles. 

Journal of Catalysis, 2007, V252, N2, DEC 10, 

pp 137-147. 

08.1-416 

Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 1. 

Structure, thermal stability and reducibility 

Chiarello G L, Grunwaldt J D, Ferri D, Krumeich R, 

Oliva C, Forni L, Baiker A 


Engineering , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 

Nanosized LaCoO3 (LCO) and 0.5 wt% Pd/LaCoO3 

(PdLCO) were synthesized in a single step by 

flame-spray pyrolysis (FP) and characterized by 

N-2 adsorption-desorption at 77 K (BET), electron 

microscopy (HRTEM, STEM-EDXS), in situ XRD, in 

situ fluorescence XANES and EXAFS (around the 

195 

Pd K-edge), EPR, and H-2 TGA-TPR. The stability 

of the perovskite structure under different treatments 

and the location of Pd were addressed by 

calcination at 600 and 800 degrees C and successive 

reduction in 10% H-2/He to 300 and 600 degrees 

C. The as-prepared Pd LCO exhibited a high 

surface area (ca. 100 m(2)/g). Palladium appeared 

to be finely dispersed on the FP material and was 

partially incorporated in the perovskite lattice. 

Calcination at 800 degrees C caused sintering and 

substantial incorporation of Pd at the B-site of the 

ABO(3) framework. EXAFS revealed that the Pd-O 

distance was shorter than in PdO and further decreased 

with increasing calcination temperature, 

simultaneously with the appearance of a Pd-La 

contribution. The reduction process involved 

both Pd and Co. In the 100-300 degrees C range, 

the reduction of Co3+ to Co2+ (from LaCoO3 to 

La2CO 2O 5) and the segregation of Pd in the form 

of metal particles occurred. The reduction of Co 

was already reversible at 120 degrees C, and the 

perovskite structure was restored after exposure 

to oxygen. In contrast, Pd remained in the metallic 

state. Therefore, the final structure of PdLCO 

after mild reoxidation consisted of Pd and Co particles 

supported on LaCoO3- In contrast, reduction 

at 600 degrees C led to the formation of a Pd-Co 

alloy. The composition of PdLCO reduced at different 

temperatures is likely to strongly influence 

the catalytic processes involved in combustion exhaust 

after treatment. 

Journal of Catalysis, 2007, V252, N2, DEC 10, 

pp 127-136. 

08.1-417 

Increase of passenger car engine efficiency 

with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-natural 

gas mixtures: A thermodynamic 

analysis 

Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C, 

Boulouchos K 

Switzerland 


In this study a state of the art passenger car natural 

gas engine was optimised for hydrogen natural 

gas mixtures and high exhaust gas recirculation 

(EGR) rates in the part load domain. With optimal 

combinations of spark timing (ST) and EGR 

rate the achievements are significant efficiency 

increase with substantially lower engine-out NOx 

while total unburned hydrocarbons or CO-engineout 

emissions are not affected. Comprehensive investigations 

of the parameter space using design 

of experiments (DoE) algorithms provided a complete 

picture of the potential of such applications. 

Combustion analysis on the other hand allowed to


identify improvements on the basis of accelerated 

combustion caused by the hydrogen as well as the 

reduced gas exchange losses due to EGR and associated 

less required throttling for a given engine 

output. The best combinations of EGR rate, hydrogen-fraction 

in the fuel and ST exhibited optimal 

in- cylinder pressure characteristics accompanied 

by moderate combustion peak temperatures and 

low expansion cylinder temperatures. (c) 2007 International 

Association for Hydrogen Energy. 

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 

V32, N14, SI, SEP, pp 3073-3083. 

08.1-418 

Multi-regional long-term electricity supply 

scenarios with fusion 

Gnansounou E, Bednyagin D 

Switzerland 


This paper examines the global potential for deployment 

of fusion power through elaboration 

of multi-regional long-term electricity market 

scenarios for the time horizon 2100. The probabilistic 

simulation dynamic programming model 

PLANELEC-Pro was applied in order to determine 

the expansion plans of the power generation systems 

in different world regions that adequately 

meet the projected electricity demand at minimum 

cost given the quality-of-service and CO 2 

emissions constraints. It was found that the deployment 

of total 330 - 950 GWe of fusion power 

world-wide could allow for reducing 1.8 - 4.3 % of 

global CO 2 emissions from electricity generation, 

while entailing a slight increase of levelized system 

electricity cost (by approx. 0.1 - 0.4 is an element 

of(cents)/ kWh). By the end of century, the 

estimated share of fusion in regional electricity 

mixes varies from 1.5 to 23% depending on the 

region. It is concluded that economic analysis of 

fusion technology should be complemented with 

the evaluation of the whole fusion RTD program 

in terms of social rate of return taking into account 

its external “spillover” benefits. 

Fusion Science and Technology, 2007, V52, N3, 

OCT, pp 388-392. 

08.1-419 

Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical 

equilibrium calculations and 

experimental investigation 

Halmann M, Frei A, Steinfeld A 



The production of aluminum by the electrolytic 

Hall-Heroult process suffers from high energy 

requirements, the release of perfluorocarbons, 

and vast greenhouse gas emissions. The alternative 

carbothermic reduction of alumina, while 

significantly less energy- intensive, is complicated 

by the formation of aluminum carbide and oxycarbides. 

In the present work, the formation of Al, 

as well as Al 2OC, Al 4O 4C, and Al 4C 3 was proven by 

experiments on mixtures of Al 2O 3 and activated 

carbon in an Ar atmosphere submitted to heat 

pulses by an induction furnace. Thermochemical 

equilibrium calculations indicate that the 

Al 2O 3-reduction using carbon as reducing agent is 

favored in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen. 

The temperature threshold for the onset of 

aluminum production is lowered, the formation 

of Al 4C 3 is decreased, and the yield of aluminum 

is improved. Significant further enhancement in 

the carbothermic reduction of Al 2O 3 is predicted 

by using CH 4 as the reducing agent, again in the 

presence of limited amounts of oxygen. In this 

case, an important by-product is syngas, with a 

H-2/CO molar ratio of about 2, suitable for methanol 

or Fischer-Tropsch syntheses. Under appropriate 

temperature and stoichiometry of reactants, 

the process can be designed to be thermo-neutral. 

Using alumina, methane, and oxygen as reagents, 

the co-production of aluminum with syngas, to 

be converted to methanol, predicts fuel savings of 

about 68% and CO 2 emission avoidance of about 

91%, vis-A-vis the conventional production of Al 

by electrolysis and of methanol by steam reforming 

of CH 4. When using carbon (such as coke or 

petcoke) as reducing agent, fuel savings of 66% 

and CO 2 emission avoidance of 15% are predicted. 

Preliminary evaluation for the proposed process 

indicates favorable economics, and the required 

high temperatures process heat is readily attainable 

using concentrated solar energy. 

Energy, 2007, V32, N12, DEC, pp 2420-2427. 

08.1-420 

Secondarv effects of catalytic diesel particulate 

filters: Copper- induced formation of 

PCDD/Fs 

Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Gujer E, Honegger P, Zeyer 

K, Gfeller U, Wichser A, Kohler M, Schmid P, 

Emmenegger L, Ulrich A, Wenger D, Petermann J L, 

Czerwinski J, Mosimann T, Kasper M, Mayer A 

Switzerland 

Engineering, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, 

Human & Public Health 

Potential risks of a secondary formation of polychlorinated 

dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) were 

assessed for two cordierite- based, wall-through 

diesel particulate filters (DPFs) for which soot 

combustion was either catalyzed with an iron- or 

a copper-based fuel additive. A heavy duty diesel


engine was used as test platform, applying the 

eightstage ISO 8178/4 C1 cycle. DPF applications 

neither affected the engine performance, nor did 

they increase NO, NO 2, CO, and CO 2 emissions. 

The latter is a metric for fuel consumption. THC 

emissions decreased by about 40% when deploying 

DPFs. PCDD/F emissions, with a focus on tetra- 

to octachlorinated congeners, were compared under 

standard and worst case conditions (enhanced 

chlorine uptake). The iron-catalyzed DPF neither 

increased PCDD/F emissions, nor did it change the 

congener pattern, even when traces of chlorine 

became available. In case of copper, PCDD/F emissions 

increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude 

from 22 to 200 to 12 700 pg I-TEO./L with fuels of 

< 2, 14, and 110 µg/g chlorine, respectively. Mainly 

lower chlorinated DD/Fs were formed. Based on 

these substantial effects on PCDD/F emissions, the 

copper-catalyzed DPF system was not approved for 

workplace applications, whereas the iron system 

fulfilled all the specifications of the Swiss procedures 

for DPF approval (VERT). 


N16, AUG 15, pp 5789-5794. 

08.1-421 

Towards multi-source multi-product energy 

systems 

Hemmes K, Zachariah Wolff J L, Geidl M, Andersson 

G 

Netherlands, Switzerland 

Energy & Fuels , Engineering , Modelling 

Historically, energy conversion was seen as a onedimensional 

system, in the sense that one form 

of energy was converted into another form. Byproducts 

of the conversions such as heat were 

disregarded and/or treated as waste. Cogeneration 

is a first step towards system improvement since 

the ‘waste heat’ is recovered and used as a valuable 

product. Trigeneration systems, which take 

the concept even further, are proposed for the simultaneous 

production of chemicals, power, and 

heat, and are integrated into larger systems, such 

as chemical plants, to achieve increased overall 

performance. In these systems electricity may just 

be a by-product. However, co- and trigeneration 

systems are still characterized by a single input. 

In this paper we further extend this concept and 

explore the potential role of multi-source multiproduct 

(MSMP) systems. 

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 

V32, N10-11, JUL-AUG, pp 1332-1338. 

197 

08.1-422 

An energy management method for the food 

industry 

Müller D C A, Marechal F M A, Wolewinski T, 

Roux P J 

Switzerland 

Economics , Energy & Fuels , Engineering 

This article presents a method aimed at tracking 

energy saving opportunities in the food-processing 

industry through a combination of top-down 

and bottom-up approaches. On the one hand, the 

top-down modelling method aims at correlating 

the measured energy consumptions with the final 

products and auxiliaries as well as at allocating 

the energy bills among major consumers. This 

approach will, therefore, set priorities for energy 

saving actions. On the other hand, the bottom-up 

approach, which is based on the thermodynamic 

requirements of the process operations, is used to 

define the energy requirements of these consumers. 

A comparison of the measured consumptions 

and the energy requirements enables the identification 

of energy saving opportunities. In the case 

study presented in this article, these opportunities 

have been evaluated using thermo-economic 

modelling tools and range from good housekeeping 

measures and optimised process operations to 

energy saving investments. 

Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, V27, N16, 

NOV, pp 2677-2686. 

08.1-423 

H 2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on 

ZnO/Zn-redox: Quenching the effluents from 

the ZnO dissociation 

Müller R, Steinfeld A 

Switzerland 

Geochemistry & Geophysics , Engineering 

The production of zinc by thermal dissociation of 

zinc oxide has been experimentally investigated 

in the range of 1700-1950 K using a 10 kW solar 

chemical reactor directly exposed to concentrated 

solar radiation. The gaseous products Zn(g) and 

O-2 exiting the reactor underwent rapid cooling 

by flowing through an annular water-cooled 

quench unit and by injection of Ar. XRD analysis 

along with SEM and TEM images of the solid products 

deposited at the quenching zone revealed 

the formation of spherical particles of sizes in the 

0.1-30 µm range, with their surface covered with 

smaller edged structures, which are characteristic 

of Zn(g) undergoing condensation followed by 

Zn(l)/Zn(s) oxidation and coalescence. 

Chemical Engineering Science, 2008, V63, N1, JAN, 

pp 217-227.


08.1-424 

Towards an improved architectural quality 

of building integrated solar thermal systems 

(BIST) 

Munari Probst M C , Roecker C 

Switzerland 


Architectural integration is a major issue in the 

development and spreading of solar thermal technologies. 

Yet the architectural quality of most 

existing building integrated solar thermal systems 

(BIST) is quite poor, which often discourages 

potential new users. In this paper, the results of 

a large web survey on architectural quality, addressed 

to more than 170 European architects 

and other building professionals are presented 

and commented. Integration criteria and design 

guidelines established and confirmed through 

the analysis of these results are proposed. Subsequently, 

a novel methodology to design future 

solar thermal collectors systems suited to building 

integration is described, showing a new range 

of design possibilities. The methodology focuses 

on the essential teamwork between architects and 

engineers to ensure both energy efficiency and 

architectural integrability, while playing with 

the formal characteristics of the collectors (size, 

shape, colour, etc.). Finally a practical example of 

such a design process conducted within the European 

project SOLABS is given; the resulting collector 

is described, and integration simulations are 

presented. 

Solar Energy, 2007, V81, N9, SI, pp 1104-1116. 

08.1-425 

Biofuels must deliver on their promise of sustainability 

Opal C 

Switzerland 


Power Engineer, 2007, V21, N3, JUN-JUL, p 18. 

08.1-426 

A methodology for thermo-economic modeling 

and optimization of solid oxide fuel cell 

systems 

Palazzi F, Autissier N, Marechal F M A, Favrat D 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Energy & Fuels , Engineering 

In the context of stationary power generation, fuel 

cell-based systems are being foreseen as a valuable 

alternative to thermodynamic cycle-based power 

plants, especially in small scale applications. As 

the technology is not yet established, many aspects 

of fuel cell development are currently investigated 

worldwide. Part of the research focuses on 

integrating the fuel cell in a system that is both 

efficient and economically attractive. To address 

this problem, we present in this paper a thermoeconomic 

optimization method that systematically 

generates the most attractive configurations of 

an integrated system. In the developed methodology, 

the energy flows are computed using conventional 

process simulation software. The system is 

integrated using the pinch based methods that 

rely on optimization techniques. This defines the 

minimum of energy required and sets the basis to 

design the ideal heat exchanger network. A thermo-economic 

method is then used to compute the 

integrated system performances, sizes and costs. 

This allows performing the optimization of the 

system with regard to two objectives: minimize 

the specific cost and maximize the efficiency. A 

solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system of 50 kW integrating 

a planar SOFC is modeled and optimized 

leading to designs with efficiencies ranging from 

34% to 44%. The multi- objective optimization 

strategy identifies interesting system configurations 

and their performance for the developed 

SOFC system model. The methods proves to be 

an attractive tool to be used both as an advanced 

analysis tool and as support to decision makers 

when designing new systems. 

Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, V27, N16, 

NOV, pp 2703-2712. 

08.1-427 

Dynamics of a solar thermochemical reactor 

for steam-reforming of methane 

Petrasch J, Steinfeld A 

Switzerland 

Engineering , Modelling , Plant Sciences 

A nonlinear dynamic model is developed for a 

steam/methane-reforming reactor that uses concentrated 

solar radiation as the source of high- 

temperature process heat. The model incorporates 

a set of lumped- parameter reservoirs for mass and 

energy. For each reservoir, the unsteady mass and 

energy conservation equations are formulated, 

which couple conduction, convection, and radiation 

heat transfer with the temperature dependent 

chemical conversion. Radiative exchange, 

the dominant heat transfer mode at above 800 K, 

is solved by a band- approximation Monte Carlo 

technique. The dynamic model is applied to predict 

the transient behavior of a 400kW prototype 

solar reformer in operational modes of purging, 

thermal testing, startup, chemical reaction, shutdown, 

and cyclical operation. Time constants vary 

between 2 s for species transport and 1 x 10(5) s for 

thermal energy transport through ceramic insulation. 

Validation is accomplished by comparing


modeled and experimentally measured outlet gas 

temperatures obtained from reactor tests in a solar 

tower facility. 

Chemical Engineering Science, 2007, V62, N16, 

AUG, pp 4214-4228. 

08.1-428 

Development steps for parabolic trough solar 

power technologies with maximum impact on 

cost reduction 

Pitz P R, Dersch J, Milow B, Tellez F, Ferriere A, 

Langnickel U, Steinfeld A, Karni J, Zarza E, Popel O 

Germany, Spain, France, Switzerland, Israel, Russia 


Besides continuous implementation of concentrating 

solar power plants (CSP) in Europe, which 

stipulate cost reduction by mass production effects, 

further R&D activities are necessary to 

achieve the cost competitiveness to fossil power 

generation. The European Concentrated Solar 

Thermal Roadmap (ECOSTAR) study that was conducted 

by European research institutes in the field 

of CSP intends to stipulate the direction for R&D 

activities in the context of cost reduction. This paper 

gives an overview about the methodology and 

the results for one of the seven different CSP system 

concepts that are currently under promotion 

worldwide and considered within ECOSTAR. The 

technology presented here is the Parabolic trough 

with direct steam generation (DSG), which may be 

considered as an evolution of the existing parabolic 

systems with thermal oil as heat transfer 

fluid. The methodology is explained using this exemplary 

system, and the technical improvements 

are evaluated according to their cost- reduction 

potential using a common approach, based on an 

annual performance model. Research priorities 

are given based on the results. The simultaneous 

implementation of three measures is required in 

order to achieve the cost-reduction target: Technical 

improvement by R&D, upscaling of the unit 

size, and mass production of the equipment. 

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Transactions of 

the Asme, 2007, V129, N4, NOV, pp 371-377. 

08.1-429 

Optimum battery size for fuel cell hybrid electric 

vehicle - Part I 




This study explores different hybridization levels 

of a midsized vehicle powered by a polymer 

electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. The energy 

buffer considered is a lead-acid-type battery. The 

effects of the battery size on the overall energy 

199 

losses for different drive cycles are determined 

when dynamic programming determines the optimal 

current drawn from the fuel cell system. 

The different hybridization levels are explored 

for two cases: (i) when the batter), is only used 

to decouple the fuel cell system from the voltage 

and current demands from the traction motor to 

allow the, fuel cell system to operate as close to 

optimally as possible and (ii) when regenerative 

braking is included in the vehicle with different 

efficiencies. The optimal power-split policies are 

analyzed to quantify all the energy losses and 

their paths in an effort to clarify the hybridization 

needs for a fuel cell vehicle. Results show that 

without any regenerative braking, hybridization 

will not decrease, fuel consumption unless the 

vehicle is driving in a mild drive cycle (city drive 

with low speeds) . However, when the efficiency of 

the regenerative braking increases, the fuel consumption 

(total energy losses) can be significantly 

lowered by choosing an optimal battery size. 


V4, N2, MAY, pp 167-175. 

08.1-430 

Optimum Battery Size for Fuel Cell Hybrid 

Electric Vehicle With Transient Loading Consideration—Part 

II 




This study presents a simplified model of a midsized 

vehicle powered by a polymer electrolyte 

membrane fuel cell stack together with a leadacid 

battery as an energy buffer. The model is 

used with dynamic programming in order to 

find the optimal coordination of the two power 

sources while penalizing transient excursions 

in oxygen concentration in the fuel cell and the 

state of charge in the battery. The effects of the 

battery size on the overall energy losses for different 

drive cycles are determined, and the optimal 

power split policies are analyzed to quantify 

all the energy losses and their paths in an ‘effort 

to clarify the hybridization needs for a fuel cell 

vehicle with constraints on dynamically varying 

variables. Finally, a causal nonpredictive controller 

is presented. The battery sizing results from 

the dynamic programming optimizations and the 

causal controller are compared. 


V4, N2, MAY, pp 176-184.

200 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics 


08.1-431 

What is a green solvent? A comprehensive 

framework for the environmental assessment 

of solvents 

Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K 

Switzerland 

Economics 

Solvents define a major part of the environmental 

performance of processes in chemical industry 

and also impact on cost, safety and health issues. 

The idea of “green’’ solvents expresses the goal 

to minimize the environmental impact resulting 

from the use of solvents in chemical production. 

Here the question is raised of how to measure how 

“green’’ a solvent is. We propose a comprehensive 

framework for the environmental assessment of 

solvents that covers major aspects of the environmental 

performance of solvents in chemical production, 

as well as important health and safety 

issues. The framework combines the assessment 

of substance-specific hazards with the quantification 

of emissions and resource use over the full 

life-cycle of a solvent. The proposed framework 

is demonstrated on 26 organic solvents. Results 

show that simple alcohols (methanol, ethanol) or 

alkanes (heptane, hexane) are environmentally 

preferable solvents, whereas the use of dioxane, 

acetonitrile, acids, formaldehyde, and tetrahydrofuran 

is not recommendable from an environmental 

perspective. Additionally, a case study is 

presented in which the framework is applied for 

the assessment of various alcohol -water or pure 

alcohol mixtures used for solvolysis of p-methoxybenzoyl 

chloride. The results of this case study 

indicate that methanol - water or ethanol -water 

mixtures are environmentally favourable compared 

to pure alcohol or propanol water mixtures. 

The two applications demonstrate that the presented 

framework is a useful instrument to select 

green solvents or environmentally sound solvent 

mixtures for processes in chemical industry. The 

same framework can also be used for a comprehensive 

assessment of new solvent technologies as 

soon as the present lack of data can be overcome. 

Green Chemistry, 2007, V9, N9, pp 927-934. 

08.1-432 

Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on 

model microorganisms under improved and 

field SODIS conditions 

Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L, 

Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, Fenandez W, Iriarte 

M, Birrer C, Stahel W A, Wegelin M 

Switzerland 

Water Resources , Microbiology , Modelling , 

Engineering 

SODIS is a solar water disinfection process which 

works by exposing untreated water to the sun in 

plastic bottles. Field experiments were carried 

out in Cochabamba, Bolivia, to obtain standard 

UV-A (320-405 nm) dose values required to inactivate 

non-spore forming bacteria, spores of Bacillus 

subtilis, and wild type coliphages. inactivation 

kinetics for non-spore forming bacteria are 

similar under SODIS conditions, exhibiting dose 

values ranging between 15 and 30 Wh m(-2) for 1 

log(10) (90%) inactivation, 45 to 90 Wh m(-2) for 3 

log(10) (99.9%), and 90 to 180 Wh m(-2) for 6 log(10) 

(99.9999%) inactivation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

was found to be the most resistant and Salmonella 

typhi, the most sensitive of the non- sporulating 

organisms studied here. Phages and spores serve 

as model organisms for viruses and parasite cysts. 

A UV-A dose of 85 to 210 wh m(-2) accumulated 

during one to two days was enough to inactivate 1 

log(10) (90%) of these strong biological structures. 

The process of SODIS depended mainly on the radiation 

dose (Wh m(-2)) an organism was exposed 

to. An irradiation intensity exceeding some 12 W 

m(-2) did not increase the inactivation constant. A 

synergistic effect of water temperatures below 50 

degrees C was not observed. Data plotting from 

various experiments on a single graph proved to 

be a reliable alternative method for analysis. inactivation 

rates determined by this method were revealed 

to be within the same range as individual 

analysis. 

Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology 

Aqua, 2007, V56, N4, JUN, pp 245-256. 

08.1-433 

Cumulative energy extraction from the natural 

environment (CEENE): a comprehensive life 

cycle impact assessment method for resource 

accounting 

Dewulf J, Bosch M E, de Meester B, van der Vorst 

G, van Langenhove H, Hellweg S, Huijbregts M A J 

Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands 

Energy & Fuels , Ecology 

The objective of the paper is to establish a comprehensive 

resource- based life cycle impact assessment 

(LCIA) method which is scientifically 

sound and that enables to assess all kinds of resources 

that are deprived from the natural ecosystem, 

all quantified on one single scale, free of 

weighting factors. The method is based on the 

exergy concept. Consistent exergy data on fossils, 

nuclear and metal ores, minerals, air, water, land 

occupation, and renewable energy sources were 

elaborated, with well defined system boundaries. 

Based on these data, the method quantifies the exergy 

“taken away” from natural ecosystems, and is

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics 

thus called the cumulative exergy extraction from 

the natural environment (CEENE). The acquired 

data set was coupled with a state-of-the art life 

cycle inventory database, ecoinvent. In this way, 

the method is able to quantitatively distinguish 

eight categories of resources withdrawn from the 

natural environment: renewable resources, fossil 

fuels, nuclear energy, metal ores, minerals, water 

resources, land resources, and atmospheric resources. 

Third, the CEENE method is illustrated 

for a number of products that are available in ecoinvent, 

and results are compared with common 

resource oriented LCIA methods. The application 

to the materials in the ecoinvent database showed 

that fossil resources and land use are of particular 

importance with regard to the total CEENE score, 

although the other resource categories may also 

be significant. 


N24, DEC 15, pp 8477-8483. 

08.1-434 

The environmental relevance of capital goods 

in life cycle assessments of products and 

services 

Frischknecht R, Althaus H J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck 

T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T 

Switzerland 

Economics 

Goal and Scope. Many life cycle assessment case 

studies neglect the production of capital goods 

that are necessary to manufacture a good or to 

provide a service. In ISO standards 14040 and 

14044 the capital goods are explicitly part of the 

product system. Thus, it is doubtful if capital 

goods can be excluded per se as has been done 

in quite a number of case studies and LCA databases. 

There is yet no clear idea about if and when 

capital goods play an important role in life cycle 

assessments. The present paper evaluates the contribution 

of capital goods in a large number and 

variety of product and service systems. A classification 

of product and service groups is proposed 

to give better guidance on when and where capital 

goods should be included or can be neglected. 

Methods. The life cycle inventory database ecoinvent 

data v1.2 forms the basis for the assessment 

of the environmental importance of capital goods. 

The importance is assessed on the basis of several 

hundreds of cradle-to-gate LCAs of heat and electricity 

supply systems, of materials extraction 

and production, of agricultural products, and of 

transport and waste management services. The 

importance within product (and service) groups is 

evaluated with statistical methods by comparing 

the LCA results including and excluding capital 

201 

goods. The assessment is based on characterised 

cumulative LCI results using the CML baseline 

characterisation factors of the impact categories 

of global warming, acidification, eutrophication, 

human toxicity, freshwater acquatic toxicity, terrestrial 

ecotoxicity, ionising radiation, and land 

competition, based on proxy indicators (fossil and 

nuclear) cumulative energy demand, and based 

on the endpoint indicators Eco-indicator 99 (H, 

A) mineral resources, human health, eco system 

quality and totals. Results. The analysis confirms 

the fact that capital goods cannot be excluded per 

se. On one hand, toxicity related environmental 

impacts such as freshwater ecotoxicity or human 

toxicity are more sensitive towards an inclusion 

or exclusion of capital goods. On the other, certain 

products like photovoltaic and wind electricity 

are very much or even completely affected by 

capital goods contributions, no matter which 

indicator is chosen. Nuclear electricity, agricultural 

products and processes, and transport services 

often behave differently (showing a higher 

or lower share of capital goods contribution) than 

products from other sectors. Discussions. Some 

indicators analysed in this paper show a rather 

similar behaviour across all sectors analysed. This 

is particularly true for ‘mineral resources’, and 

- to a lesser extent - for ‘Eco- indicator 99 total’, 

‘acidification’ and ‘climate change’. On the other 

hand, ‘land use’ and ‘freshwater ecotoxicity’ show 

the most contrasting behaviour with shares of 

capital goods’ impacts between less than 1% and 

more than 98%. Recommendations. Capital goods 

must be included in the assessment of climate 

change impacts of non-fossil electricity, agricultural 

products and processes, transport services 

and waste management services. They must be 

included in any sector regarding the assessment 

of toxic effects. Energy analyses (quantifying the 

non- renewable cumulative energy demand) of 

agricultural products and processes, of wooden 

products and of transport services should include 

capital goods as well. The mixing of datasets including 

and excluding capital goods is no problem 

as long as their share on total impacts is low 

and partial omissions do not lead to a significant 

imbalance in comparative assertions. Perspectives. 

If in doubt whether or not to include capital 

goods, it is recommended to check two things: 

(1) whether maintenance and depreciation costs 

of capital equipment form a substantial part of 

the product price (Heijungs et al. 1992a), and (2) 

whether actual environmental hot spots occur 

along the capital goods’ supply chain. 


2007, V12, 1, AUG, pp 7-17.


08.1-435 

New concepts of Be-10 AMS at low energies 

Grajcar M, Döbeli M, Kubik P W, Synal H A, 

Wacker L, Suter M 

Switzerland 

Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering , 


Isotopic ratios of Be-10/Be-9 with a background 

sensitivity of 2 x 10 (-14) can now be measured 

with the 0.6 MV Tandem accelerator of PST /ETH 

Zürich using BeF2 instead of BeO as sample material 

and injecting BeF- to suppress the boron 

detector count rate. A new, high-resolution gas 

ionization detector with a thin silicon nitride 

entrance window and special preamplifier design 

are essential in order to achieve this sensitivity. A 

particle transmission of 50% is possible for charge 

state 1+. Due to the maximum count rate that 

can be accepted by the detector the BeF- currents 

are limited to a few hundred nA. Measurements 

of Be-10 in rainwater samples performed under 

these conditions at the low terminal voltage of 

0.6 MV with the new compact AMS system show 

good agreement with results using the conventional 

Be-10 measurement setup on the 6 MV facility. 

Thus, this type of small scale equipment can 

now also be applied for Be-10 AMS as long as Be-10/ 

Be-9 ratios are sufficiently high and measurement 

time is not a limiting factor. Instead, using BeO 

and the degrader foil technique with a silicon 

nitride membrane the boron count rate can also 

be suppressed sufficiently but the Be-10/Be-9 background 

level is limited to 10 (-13) by scattered Be-9 

and the overall transmission is less than 5%. 



Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 173-177. 

08.1-436 

Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of 

metals in life cycle assessment (LCA) 

Haye S, Slaveykova V I, Payet J 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology 

Life cycle impact assessment aims to translate the 

amounts of substance emitted during the life cycle 

of a product into a potential impact on the environment, 

which includes terrestrial ecosystems. 

This work suggests some possible improvements in 

assessing the toxicity of metals on soil ecosystems 

in life cycle assessment (LCA). The current available 

data on soil ecotoxicity allow one to calculate the 

chronic terrestrial HC50(EC50) (hazardous concentration 

affecting 50% of the species at their EC50 

level, i.e. the level where 50% of the individuals of 

the species are affected) of nine metals and metal- 

loids (As(III) or (V), Be(II), Cr(III) or (VI), Sb(III) or (V), 

Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II)). Contrarily to what is 

generally advised in LCIA, the terrestrial HC50 of 

metals shall not be extrapolated from the aquatic 

HC50, using the Equilibrium Partitioning method 

since the partition coefficient (Kd) of metals is 

highly variable. The experimental ecotoxicology 

generally uses metallic salts to contaminate artificial 

soils but the comparison of the EC50 or NOEC 

obtained for the same metal with different salts 

reveals that the kind of salt used insignificantly 

influences these values. In contrast, depending 

on the metallic fraction of concern, the EC50 may 

vary, as for cadmium: the EC50 of Folsotnia candida, 

expressed as free Cd in pore water is almost 

2.5 orders of magnitude lower than that expressed 

as total metal. A similar result is obtained with 

Eisenia fetida, confirming the importance of metals 

speciation in assessing their impact on soils. 

By ranking the metals according to the difference 

between their terrestrial and aquatic HC50 values, 

two groups are distinguished, which match the 

hard soft acids and bases (HSAB) concept. This allows 

to estimate their affinity for soil components 

and potential toxicity according to their chemical 

characteristics. 

Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N8, JUL, pp 1489-1496. 

08.1-437 

Challenges for forestry and forest research 

- How to promote effective cooperation between 

science and practice? 

Jäger J, Pluess A, Klank C, Ghazoul J 


Forestry , Plant Sciences , Social Sciences 

Wie vielerorts steht in der Schweiz das Waldmanagement 

angesichts des Klimawandels und 

gesellschaftlicher Änderungen vor großen Herausforderungen. 

Die verschiedenen Ansprüche an 

den Wald wie rentable Holznutzung, Risikominderung, 

Freizeit oder Erhaltung der Biodiversität 

bergen ein Konfliktpotenzial. Wie können und 

sollen Forstwirtschaft und forstliche Forschung 

die Probleme angehen? 


2007, V16, N4, pp 261-266. 

08.1-438 

Environmental impacts of conventional and 

sustainable investment funds compared using 

input-output life-cycle assessment 

Köllner T, Suh S, Weber O, Moser C, Scholz R W 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Economics , Ecology 

This study compares equity funds that are managed 

according to sustainability goals with con-


ventionally managed funds with respect to their 

environmental impacts. Overlap in the portfolios 

of sustainable equity funds and conventional equity 

funds can be very large. Further, the sector 

allocation of both types of funds is generally very 

similar, because portfolio managers follow a chosen 

benchmark to minimize risk. These two effects 

may result in no difference existing between 

the two types of funds in terms of their environmental 

impact and damage (null hypothesis of 

this research). This study comparatively assesses 

the environmental impact of portfolios of 26 investment 

funds: 13 sustainable investment funds 

and 13 conventional funds, which are managed 

according to the benchmark MSCI World. The 

study applies input output life-cycle assessment 

(IO-LCA) in combination with a simulation of company- 

specific environmental performance. The 

environmental impact is evaluated per functional 

unit for each fund, measured as the risk- adjusted 

financial performance. The statistical analysis 

showed that the analyzed sustainable investment 

funds performed better with respect to environmental 

impact assessment but worse in economic 

risk-adjusted performance (RAP) over the period 

2000-2004. In 2004, however, the RAP of the selected 

sustainable investment funds showed better 

performance. Both samples considerably overlap 

for the environmental and economic parameters. 

The results suggest that the environmental impact 

of sustainable investment funds in the sample is 

slightly less than that of conventional funds. 

Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2007, V11, N3, SUM, 

pp 41-60. 

08.1-439 

Problem-oriented environmental research: The 

view of geography and landscape ecology on 

science and application 

Leser H 

Switzerland 

Ecology , Modelling 

Environmental research is a broad field of study. On 

the one hand, environmental research is carried 

out on the basis of specialised approaches and on 

the other, on an integrative (i.e. holistic) approach. 

In this contribution about environmental research, 

landscape ecology is understood as a man-naturespace 

system, the subject of which is the functional 

connection of nature, technology and society, according 

to Ernst Neef. Landscape ecology defines it 

as the so-called “landscape ecosystem”. This model 

comprises the three very complex subsystems: the 

geosystem, biosystem, and anthroposystem. This 

complex subject of environmental research can only 

be adequately examined if the approach is integra- 

203 

tive. This in turn means that the various sciences 

must scrutinise their approaches and methods, so 

that they do not over-specialise, and that they cooperate 

on a transdisciplinary basis. The results of 

this transdisciplinary research work are directed to 

the various sciences as well as the different fields of 

practice. 


2007, V16, N3, pp 200-207. 

08.1-440 

Linking models of land use, resources, and 

economy to simulate the development of 

mountain regions (ALPSCAPE) 

Lundstroem C, Kytzia S, Walz A, Gret Regamey A, 

Bebi P 

Switzerland 

Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Economics 

We present a framework of a scenario-based model 

that simulates the development of the municipality 

of Davos (Swiss Alps). ‘We illustrate our method 

with the calculation of the scenario for 2050 “Decrease 

in subsidies for mountoin agriculture and 

liberalization of markets.” The main objective was 

to link submodels of land-use allocation (regression-based 

approach), material and energy flows 

submodels (Material and Energy Flux Analysis), 

and economic submodels (Input- Output Analysis). 

Letting qualitative and quantitative information 

flow from one SUbmodel to the next, following the 

storyline describing a scenario, has proven to be 

suitable for linking submodels. The succession of 

the submodels is then strongly dependent on the 

scenario. Qualitative information flows are simulated 

with microsimulations of actor choices. Links 

between the submodels show different degrees of 

robustness: although the links involving microsimulations 

are the weakest, the uncertainty introduced 

by the land-use allocation model is actually 

advantageous because it allows one possible change 

in the landscape in the future to be simulated. The 

modeling results for the scenario here presented 

show that the disappearance of agriculture only 

marginally affects the region’s factor income, but 

that the consequences for the self-sufficiency rate, 

for various landscape-related indicators and ecosystem 

services, and for the economy in the long term 

may be considerable. These benefits compensate 

for agriculture’s modest direct economic value. 

The framework presented can potentially be applied 

to any region and scenario. This framework 

provides a basis for a learning package that allows 

potential detrimental consequences of regional development 

to be anticipated at an early stage. 

Environmental Management, 2007, V40, N3, SEP, 

pp 379-393.


08.1-441 

Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles 

in the environment 

Nowack B, Bucheli T D 

Switzerland 

Engineering 

The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles 

(NP) in industrial and household applications 

will very likely lead to the release of such materials 

into the environment. Assessing the risks of 

these NP in the environment requires an understanding 

of their mobility, reactivity, ecotoxicity 

and persistency. This review presents an overview 

of the classes of NP relevant to the environment 

and summarizes their formation, emission, occurrence 

and fate in the environment. The engineered 

NP are thereby compared to natural products 

such as soot and organic colloids. To date only 

few quantitative analytical techniques for measuring 

NP in natural systems are available, which results 

in a serious lack of information about their 

occurrence in the environment. Results from ecotoxicological 

studies show that certain NP have 

effects on organisms under environmental conditions, 

though mostly at elevated concentrations. 

The next step towards an assessment of the risks 

of NP in the environment should therefore be to 

estimate the exposure to the different NP. It is 

also important to notice that most NP in technical 

applications are functionalized and therefore 

studies using pristine NP may not be relevant for 

assessing the behavior of the NP actually used. 

Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N1, NOV, 

pp 5-22. 

08.1-442 

Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication 

industry: A review 

Scharnhorst W 

Switzerland 

Economics , Engineering 

Background, Goal and Scope. Today, after the technologically 

and commercially successful breakthrough 

of electronic telecommunication facilities, 

rapid and globally untrammelled information 

exchange has become an indispensable service in 

daily life. Associated with the tremendous growth 

in electronic telecommunication hardware (GS- 

MAssociation 2005), however, was and continues 

to be an increasing awareness of the environmental 

effects related to both the operation and the 

production, as well as the End-of-Life (EoL) treatment 

of such communication equipment. Environmental 

concerns, for example, have resulted 

in various governmental regulations such as the 

WEEE- (CEC 2003b) and the RoHS-directives (CEC 

2003a). To analyse, interpret and improve the environmental 

performance of electronic telecommunication 

equipment, life cycle assessment (LCA) is 

increasingly recognised as one promising analytical 

tool. Based on a thorough review of the scientific 

work and by discussing industrial views, this 

paper is intended to determine the key milestones 

achieved, to analyse the current research situation 

and to outline the key challenges concerning 

LCA and electronic telecommunication industries. 

Method. Starting with a brief reflection of 

the LCA approach, the particularities in context 

with telecommunication products’ are discussed. 

Exemplary for various stakeholders participating 

in the supply chain of telecommunication means 

recent industry perspectives are also presented. 

Results. In the core section of the proposed paper, 

the pertinent scientific literature on LCA and electronic 

telecommunication means is reviewed and 

the most impressive achievements are documented. 

Particular attention is dedicated to subcomponents 

of individual electronic telecommunication 

devices (e.g. Printed Wiring Board Assemblies 

(PWBA) of mobile phones), components of mobile 

communication networks (e.g. Base Transceiver 

Stations (BTS)) and entire networks concentrating 

on product comparisons, inventory approaches, 

impact assessment method development, result 

interpretations and presentation, and usability 

of LCA in decision- making. Discussion. From the 

reviewed scientific literature and industry views, 

it was found that telecommunication products, 

in general, represent complex objects requiring 

a well thought-out performance of the LCA tool. 

It has been shown that today there is a lack of 

stakeholder involvement resulting in LCA studies 

which only partly fulfil the expectations of 

the contractors. In this spirit it was recognised, at 

present, that most of the LCA studies on telecommunication 

equipment result in bulky and stakeholder 

unspecific compilations of findings impossible 

to be used in rapid decision-making. This 

aspect may explain why LCA so far is not or only 

partly integrated into decision-making of globally 

integrated industries, such as in telecommunication 

industries. Conclusions. In summary, it can 

be stated that LCA represents a promising alternative 

to analyse, to interpret and essentially to adjust 

the environmental performance of electronic 

telecommunication products. The review showed 

that there is a need to focus research efforts in 

order to arrive at sound improvements of the 

LCA methodology. Perspectives. The conclusions 

from the presented review suggest concentrating 

in particular on further development of the LCA 

methodology with respect to efficiency, effectivity


and flexibility. This challenge is associated with 

the need for LCA to be understood as a process 

rather than a discontinuously applicable tool, 

attending industrial processes, in essence to contribute 

to improved environmental performances 

of products. In this context, particular attention 

should be paid to proper stakeholder involvement 

and continuous exchange of concentrated information 

relevant for the respective stakeholder. 


2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 75-86. 

08.1-443 

Agricultural decline, landscape change, and 

outmigration: Debating the sustainability of 

three scenarios for a Swiss mountain region 

Soliva R 

Switzerland 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Multidisciplinary Sciences 

, Political Sciences , Economics 

As in many other mountain areas, peripheral regions 

of the Swiss Alps are experiencing outmigration, 

especially of younger people, due to lack of 

opportunities. Winter tourism, often the backbone 

of regional economies, is declining in many small- 

and medium-sized resorts. At the same time, agricultural 

decline is leading to land abandonment 

and natural reforestation, which may have implications 

for the sustainability of development in 

these areas. In a case study of the European Union 

(EU) BioScene research project, 3 agricultural and 

land use scenarios were developed for the Surses 

valley in the Canton of Grisons and assessed with 

respect to their sustainability implications, including 

discussions with a local stakeholder group. In 

mitigating outmigration from this peripheral area, 

it is important that local people can identify with 

the development taking place in their region, and 

with the landscape in which they live. Based on the 

discussion of the scenarios with local stakeholders 

and the sustainability assessment, it was possible 

to formulate policy recommendations. 


N2, MAY, pp 124-129. 

08.1-444 

Advances in particle identification in AMS at 

low energies 

Suter M, Döbeli M, Grajcar M, Müller A, Stocker M, 

Sun G, Synal H A, Wacker L 

Switzerland 

Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering , Paleontology 


Special gas ionisation detectors have been developed 

for ANIS at low energies (0.3-3 MeV). By using 

very thin silicon nitride foils as entrance windows 

205 

and low-noise preamplifiers, significant improvements 

in the performance has been obtained. In 

addition, electronic noise has been reduced by a 

compact design which minimises cable length 

and input capacitance. The resolution has been 

systematically studied as a function of energy for 

various projectiles ranging from protons to uranium. 

Energy straggling in the thin entrance foil is 

only a minor contribution to the total energy resolution. 

For heavier ions z(p) > 6 the resolution is 

limited by the statistical nature of the ionisation 

process in the counter gas. For light elements, the 

electronic noise is the dominant contribution to 

the resolution. Particle identification with Delta 

E - E techniques has been studied as well. Good 

isobar separation for Be-10-B-10 can be obtained 

in the energy range of 0.3-0.8 MeV. Also isobaric 

molecules such as BeH and CH can be identified 

in the energy range of I MeV. These advances in 

detector performance represent an essential step 

forward in the development of multi-isotope AMS 

facilities at low energies. The detector development 

has also a potential for application in other 

fields of research where good energy resolution 

and particle identification is needed. 



Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 165-172. 

08.1-445 

MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS 

system 

Synal H A, Stocker M, Suter M 

Switzerland 

Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering , 


A novel tabletop AMS system with overall dimensions 

of only 2.5 x 3 m (2) has been built and tested. 

The mini radiocarbon dating System (MICADAS) is 

based on a vacuum insulated acceleration unit that 

uses a commercially available 200 kV power supply 

to generate acceleration fields in a tandem configuration. 

At the high-energy end, ions in charge 

state 1(+) are selected and interfering molecules of 

mass 14 amu are destroyed in multiple collisions. 

The new system is now fully operational. It is the 

prototype of a new generation of radiocarbon spectrometers 

which fulfill the requirements for radiocarbon 

dating applications as well as for the less 

demanding C-14/C-12 isotopic ratio measurements 

as needed, e.g. in biomedical applications. A detailed 

description of the system is given and results 

of performance tests are discussed. 



Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 7-13.


08.1-446 

Restoring dense vegetation can slow mountain 

erosion to near natural benchmark levels 

Vanacker V, von Blanckenburg F, Govers G, Molina 

A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Kubik P W 

Germany, Belgium, Switzerland 

Geomorphology , Geology , Agriculture, Soil 

Sciences 

Tropical mountain areas may undergo rapid land 

degradation as demographic growth and intensified 

agriculture cause more people to migrate 

to fragile ecosystems. To assess the extent of the 

resulting damage, an erosion rate benchmark 

against which changes in erosion can be evaluated 

is required. Benchmarks reflecting natural 

erosion rates are usually not provided by conventional 

sediment fluxes, which are often biased due 

to modern land use change, and also miss large, 

episodic events within the measuring period. To 

overcome this, we combined three independent 

assessment tools in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, 

an area that is severely affected by soil erosion. 

First, denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides 

in river sediment average over time periods 

of 1-100 k.y. and establish a natural benchmark of 

only 150 +/- 100 t km(-2) yr(-1). Second, we find that 

land use practices have increased modern sediment 

yields as derived from reservoir sedimentation 

rates, which average over periods of 10-100 yr 

to as much as 15 x 10(3) t km(-2)yr(-1). Third, our 

land cover analysis has shown us that vegetation 

cover exerts first-order control over present-day 

erosion rates at the catchment scale. Areas with 

high vegetation density erode at rates that are 

characteristically similar to those of the natural 

benchmark, regardless of whether the type of 

vegetation is native or anthropogenic. Therefore, 

our data suggest that even in steep mountain environments 

sediment fluxes can slow to near their 

natural benchmark levels with suitable revegetation 

programs. A set of techniques is now in place 

to evaluate the effectiveness of erosion mitigation 

strategies. 


08.1-447 

Wooden building products in comparative LCA 

Werner F, Richter K 

Switzerland 


Background, Aim and Scope. We revised the results 

of approx. 20 years of international research 

on the environmental impact of the life cycle of 

wood products used in the building sector compared 

to functionally equivalent products from 

other materials. Main Features. Original studies 

either technical reports or scientific papers in 

English or German were considered. This literature 

was obtained via an extensive literature review 

(February 2006), via a consultation of compilations 

of life cycle assessments (LCA) of wood 

products (e.g. elaborated during the COST action 

E9) and from secondary literature. The resulting 

list of literature is considered to be quite complete 

and therefore covers the most relevant original 

comparative LCA studies of wood products in the 

building sector in Europe, Northern America and 

Australia. The documentation of the studies differs 

considerably in terms of completeness (life 

cycle stages included, assessment methods), transparency 

(description of methodological assumptions, 

characteristics of the products, available 

data, etc.) and scientific rigor (e.g. related to the 

functional equivalency). All encountered original 

studies are cited and their scope and transparency 

is shortly described. For the environmental ranking 

of wood products compared to functionally 

equivalent products, only quantitative, transparently 

described studies with no obvious methodological 

flaws were included, preferably covering 

the whole life cycle and conducted according to 

the ISO series of standards 14’040ff. For the assessment, 

the contribution of each product to 

an impact category was compared to the mean 

of all functionally equivalent products included 

in a study. Results and Discussion. Among the 

most important results are: fossil fuel consumption, 

potential contributions to the greenhouse 

effect and quantities of solid waste tend to be 

minor for wood products compared to competing 

products; impregnated wood products tend to 

be more critical than comparative products with 

respect to toxicological effects and/or photosmog 

depending on the type of preservative; incineration 

of wood products can cause higher impacts 

of acidification and eutrophication than other 

products, whereas thermal energy can be recovered; 

although composed wood products such as 

particle board or fibreboard make use of a larger 

share of wood of a tree compared to products out 

of solid wood, there is a high consumption of fossil 

energy associated with the production of fibres 

and particles/chips as well as with the production 

of glues, resins, etc. In LCAs of whole buildings, 

the materials used outside the areas of applicability 

of wood dominate the environmental 

profile of the building; current methods used for 

the impact assessment do not allow to consider 

(also favourable) impacts of forests, such as land 

occupation, impacts on biodiversity, purification 

of air, etc. Conclusions. Wood products that have 

been installed and are used in an appropriate way


tend to have a favourable environmental profile 

compared to functionally equivalent products 

from other materials. For the dispersion and application 

of these conclusions, it is necessary to 

adapt LCA to a form, which can be used on a regular 

basis for the decision making of different actors 

in the construction sector. Perspectives. LCA 

methodology in general (the series of standards 

ISO 14’040ff) and for the environmental assessment 

of wood products in particular have been developed 

and consolidated considerably in Europe 

and Northern America during the last decade; 

the more and more representative and reliable 

LCI data for wood products and competing products 

has become available. For the future use of 

the environmental value of wood products within 

sustainable development, the general perception 

of the beneficiary use of wood products has to be 

increased at various stages of decision-making. 


2007, V12, N7, NOV, pp 470-479. 

207

208 

Index of Authors 

Aaltonen V 08.1-70 

Abbaspour K C 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 

Abdaladze O 08.1-108 

Abdelmoula M 08.1-192 

Abed R M M 08.1-261 

Aciego S M 08.1-307 

Ackermann Liebrich U 08.1-383 , 08.1-395 

Acuna V 08.1-235 

Adatte T 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 

Adrian R 08.1-239 , 08.1-283 

Aebischer A 08.1-291 

Aeschlimann D 08.1-216 

Aguilar E 08.1-11 

Ahlholm J 08.1-128 

Akimoto H 08.1-68 

Akiyoshi H 08.1-24 

Al Subary A 08.1-368 

Albrecht M 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 

Alewell C 08.1-204 

Alfarra M R 08.1-1 , 08.1-14 , 

08.1-79 

Alföldi T 08.1-143 

Algeo T J 08.1-308 

Alioth L 08.1-199 

Allaart M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Allan J D 08.1-79 

Allen P A 08.1-363 

Allman D J 08.1-62 

Almanza G 08.1-432 

Alonso A 08.1-152 

Alsum E M 08.1-171 

Althaus H J 08.1-434 

Amado R 08.1-143 

Amelung W 08.1-297 

Ammann A 08.1-263 

Ammann B 08.1-374 , 08.1-376 

Ammann C 08.1-96 , 08.1-302 

Ammann H 08.1-182 

Ammann M 08.1-66 , 08.1-224 

Ammann W 08.1-142 

Amundson N R 08.1-2 

An S I 08.1-69 

Anastasio C 08.1-224 

Ancellet G 08.1-60 

Andersen M B 08.1-236 

Andersen S B 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Anderson H R 08.1-403 

Andersson G 08.1-421 

Andersson P S 08.1-236 

Andreani Aksoyoglu S 08.1-40 , 08.1-44 

Andreu L 08.1-181 , 08.1-372 

Andrews E 08.1-70 

Andrews J E 08.1-309 

Andriambololonera S 08.1-101 

Angelibert S 08.1-241 , 08.1-264 

Annis J L 08.1-10 

Anselmetti F S 08.1-196 , 08.1-237 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Authors 

Aoki T 08.1-220 

Aonghusa Caitriona N 08.1-239 

Appenzeller C 08.1-41 

Archer E 08.1-82 

Arey J S 08.1-244 

Arias G 08.1-432 

Ariztegui D 08.1-196 

Arlettaz R 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 , 

08.1-291 

Arnaldos R 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 

Arnold U 08.1-130 

Arp H P H 08.1-3 

Arpenti E 08.1-374 

Arvola L 08.1-283 

Aschwanden J 08.1-83 

Ashley K I 08.1-259 

Assigbetse K 08.1-134 

Astorga Llorens C 08.1-44 

Attie J L 08.1-28 

Augenstein I 08.1-107 

Aumont O 08.1-301 

Austin J 08.1-24 

Autissier N 08.1-412 , 08.1-426 

Aviron S 08.1-84 , 08.1-85 

Bacchi B 08.1-58 

Backman L 08.1-18 

Badot P M 08.1-147 

Bae M S 08.1-4 

Bahlmann E 08.1-222 

Bahreini R 08.1-79 

Baiker A 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 

Bailey D 08.1-107 

Bakayoko A 08.1-152 

Baker A C 08.1-270 

Baker M B 08.1-5 

Balinga M P B 08.1-152 

Ball W P 08.1-208 , 08.1-297 

Ballantyne C K 08.1-310 

Baltensperger U 08.1-1 , 08.1-6 , 

08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 

08.1-52 , 08.1-71 

Baltes B 08.1-282 

Barbante C 08.1-222 , 08.1-325 

Barnola J M 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-359 , 08.1-364 

Barr A G 08.1-135 , 08.1-300 

Barrie L A 08.1-29 , 08.1-38 

Bartelt P 08.1-225 

Basilyan A E 08.1-329 

Baskaran M 08.1-236 

Bassin S 08.1-86 

Battipaglia G 08.1-87 

Baud A 08.1-308 , 08.1-381 

Bauder A 08.1-226 

Bauer C 08.1-434 

Bauer N 08.1-410 

Bauerfeind M 08.1-61

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Authors 209 

Baumann Stanzer K 08.1-23 

Baur A 08.1-88 

Baur B 08.1-88 , 08.1-89 

Baur P 08.1-119 

Bayer Oglesby L 08.1-383 , 08.1-395 

Bazeley White E 08.1-126 

Beagley S R 08.1-24 

Bebi P 08.1-159 , 08.1-440 

Becagli S 08.1-325 , 08.1-367 

Beckstein C 08.1-300 

Bednarz Z 08.1-372 

Bednyagin D 08.1-418 

Beer J 08.1-294 , 08.1-329 , 

08.1-345 , 08.1-359 , 

08.1-364 

Beer R 08.1-311 , 08.1-312 

Beffrey G 08.1-23 

Beier C 08.1-305 

Beierkuhnlein C 08.1-126 

Beine H J 08.1-224 

Belalcazar L C 08.1-78 

Beltman B 08.1-238 

Benech B 08.1-23 

Beniston M 08.1-7 , 08.1-182 , 

08.1-183 , 08.1-382 

Benito J L 08.1-108 

Benson L 08.1-313 

Benton M J 08.1-381 

Berg C 08.1-148 

Berg G 08.1-148 

Bergamaschi P 08.1-305 

Bergamini A 08.1-90 

Berger H 08.1-23 

Bergh N G 08.1-314 

Bergin M 08.1-224 

Bergmann H 08.1-143 

Bernard N 08.1-147 

Bernasconi S M 08.1-285 , 08.1-321 , 

08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 

08.1-349 , 08.1-360 

Berner Z 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 

Berninger F 08.1-372 

Berthelin J 08.1-134 

Besnard G 08.1-358 

Best A S 08.1-91 

Bey I 08.1-28 

Bhartia P K 08.1-60 

Biagioli F 08.1-413 

Biedermann R 08.1-127 

Biggs J 08.1-240 

Bigler C 08.1-92 , 08.1-315 

Bigler M 08.1-325 , 08.1-364 

Biksham G 08.1-93 

Bilenko V 08.1-228 

Billeter R 08.1-94 , 08.1-107 

Binnie S 08.1-310 

Binzenhöfer B 08.1-127 

Bird N 08.1-404 

Birrer C 08.1-432 

Bjorck S 08.1-345 

Black T A 08.1-135 

Blackard J A 08.1-194 

Blass A 08.1-315 , 08.1-316 

Blenckner T 08.1-239 , 08.1-283 

Blindheim S 08.1-70 

Blinov A V 08.1-329 

Blum H 08.1-216 

Blunier T 08.1-343 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-359 , 08.1-364 

Bodeker G E 08.1-24 , 08.1-39 , 

08.1-60 

Boettger T 08.1-372 

Böhmer A 08.1-297 

Bohn B 08.1-66 

Bojkov B 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Bolius D 08.1-351 

Boller M 08.1-64 

Bolliger J 08.1-90 , 08.1-175 

Bollschweiler M 08.1-95 

Boltshauser A 08.1-100 

Bonani G 08.1-333 , 08.1-365 

Bond W J 08.1-314 

Bongers F 08.1-152 

Bonilla J L 08.1-168 

Bonnard Ch 08.1-201 

Bontadina F 08.1-166 

Boone A 08.1-67 

Borel J L 08.1-108 

Borrmann S 08.1-79 

Bosch M E 08.1-433 

Bossard P 08.1-250 

Böttcher M E 08.1-285 

Bottenheim J 08.1-224 

Bottjer D J 08.1-381 

Boulouchos K 08.1-417 

Boumard F 08.1-8 

Bourdon B 08.1-203 

Boutron C 08.1-222 , 08.1-325 

Boville B A 08.1-24 

Bower K 08.1-71 , 08.1-79 

Bower K N 08.1-14 , 08.1-52 

Boxe C S 08.1-224 

Boyd I 08.1-34 , 08.1-63 

Bozem H 08.1-304 

Braathen G O 08.1-44 

Braesicke P 08.1-24 

Brandner R 08.1-335 

Brandt J 08.1-97 

Braswell B H 08.1-300 

Braun L 08.1-258 

Brayard A 08.1-328 

Breitenmoser U 08.1-193 

Breitenmoser Wursten C 08.1-193 

Brenner M 08.1-196

210 

Brenninkmeijer C A M 08.1-8 

Breon F M 08.1-28 

Brito O 08.1-100 

Brodbeck S 08.1-130 

Brodowski S 08.1-297 

Brönnimann S 08.1-9 , 08.1-10 , 

08.1-73 

Brooker R 08.1-108 

Brookfield M 08.1-308 

Brown S 08.1-404 

Brueggemann N 08.1-305 

Brühl C 08.1-24 

Brunet M 08.1-11 , 08.1-20 

Brunner A 08.1-96 

Brunner B 08.1-285 

Brunner F 08.1-277 

Brutsche M H 08.1-383 

Buchecker M 08.1-390 , 08.1-392 

Bucheli T D 08.1-441 

Bucher H 08.1-328 , 08.1-355 

Büchi F N 08.1-414 

Buchmann B 08.1-74 

Buchmann N 08.1-86 , 08.1-113 

Buckley B 08.1-379 

Buentgen U 08.1-323 

Bugmann H 08.1-157 , 08.1-188 , 

08.1-306 

Bühler R 08.1-237 

Bühler S A 08.1-12 

Bunce R G H 08.1-97 

Büntgen U 08.1-379 

Burel F 08.1-85 

Burga C 08.1-333 

Burgess P J 08.1-151 

Bürgi M 08.1-98 , 08.1-175 , 

08.1-176 

Burns S J 08.1-368 

Burtscher H 08.1-26 , 08.1-46 

Busch T 08.1-389 

Buser T 08.1-273 

Bussotti F 08.1-99 

Butchart N 08.1-24 

Butterbach Bahl K 08.1-305 

Caballero R 08.1-100 

Caboussat A 08.1-2 

Cachorro V E 08.1-70 

Caffrey P 08.1-72 

Cairns B J 08.1-186 

Cairns W 08.1-222 

Calanca P 08.1-182 , 08.1-183 , 

08.1-293 , 08.1-305 

Caldeira K 08.1-301 

Caldeira M C 08.1-126 

Calderoni G 08.1-354 

Callmander M W 08.1-101 

Calpini B 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Campanelli M 08.1-70 


Campbell C L 08.1-305 

Canadell J 08.1-404 

Canagaratna M R 08.1-79 

Capello C 08.1-431 

Capotondi L 08.1-321 

Carmichael C A 08.1-244 

Carraro G 08.1-312 

Carron G 08.1-265 

Carver G 08.1-224 

Casassa G 08.1-221 

Cascio C 08.1-99 

Caspersen J P 08.1-177 

Castella E 08.1-265 , 08.1-270 

Castellano E 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 

08.1-364 , 08.1-367 

Casty C 08.1-317 

Cattani O 08.1-338 

Cedhagen T 08.1-266 

Cellier P 08.1-305 

Cereghino R 08.1-240 , 08.1-241 

Cescon P 08.1-222 

Chamecki M 08.1-13 

Chancerel B 08.1-210 

Chandra S 08.1-60 

Changqing G 08.1-322 

Chappellaz J 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-359 

Chapron E 08.1-318 

Charlet L 08.1-318 

Chatelain C 08.1-152 

Chaves M M 08.1-104 

Cheburkin A K 08.1-365 

Chen G 08.1-224 

Chernyavsky B 08.1-285 

Cherubini P 08.1-54 , 08.1-87 , 

08.1-333 

Cherubinic P 08.1-181 

Chiarello G L 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 

Chimani B 08.1-23 

Chipperfield M P 08.1-24 

Chorover J 08.1-197 

Chorus I 08.1-254 

Choularton T 08.1-14 , 08.1-71 

Chow F K 08.1-75 

Christodoulakis D 08.1-164 

Churkina G 08.1-300 

Chylek P 08.1-15 

Ciccarese L 08.1-404 

Cirpka O A 08.1-340 

Clappier A 08.1-78 

Claude H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Clement A 08.1-69 

Clothier B E 08.1-210 

Coch T 08.1-176 

Coe H 08.1-14 , 08.1-79 

Coelho Inockdo S 08.1-100 

Coetzee G 08.1-39 , 08.1-60


Cofield R E 08.1-39 

Coldea G 08.1-108 

Collaud Coen M 08.1-16 

Collin P Y 08.1-347 

Colombaroli D 08.1-319 

Combourieu Nebout N 08.1-343 

Comiskey J A 08.1-152 

Conedera M 08.1-320 

Conen F 08.1-302 

Conesa H M 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 

08.1-242 

Connolly P 08.1-14 , 08.1-52 , 

08.1-71 

Consiglio T K 08.1-101 

Cook E R 08.1-326 

Cook M 08.1-327 

Cordero E 08.1-24 

Cornelissen G 08.1-297 

Cornelius N 08.1-266 

Corstanje R 08.1-198 

Cortay R 08.1-152 

Corvalan C 08.1-384 

Cotrufo F 08.1-305 

Cotrufo M F 08.1-87 

Cottrell L 08.1-79 

Cozic J 08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 

08.1-52 , 08.1-55 , 

08.1-71 

Crawford I 08.1-14 

Crawford J H 08.1-224 

Cremene C 08.1-88 

Cripps M G 08.1-144 

Croci Maspoli M 08.1-17 

Crosier J 08.1-14 

Crutzen P 08.1-8 

Csencsics D 08.1-189 

Cuddy D T 08.1-39 

Cuevas E 08.1-60 

Cuffey K M 08.1-307 

Curchod F 08.1-213 

Curjuric I 08.1-395 

Currie L A 08.1-297 

Czerwinski J 08.1-420 

D‘alessandro C M 08.1-181 

D‘arrigo R 08.1-379 

Dabas A 08.1-23 

Daemmgen U 08.1-305 

Daffer W H 08.1-39 

Dahl Jensen D 08.1-343 

Dahm C N 08.1-235 

Dalessandro C M 08.1-372 

Dameris M 08.1-24 

Damski J 08.1-18 

Danna B 08.1-66 

Daskalova A 08.1-213 

Dauer T 08.1-8 

David J S 08.1-104 

David T S 08.1-104 

Davidson N C 08.1-243 

Davies H C 08.1-17 , 08.1-22 , 

08.1-37 , 08.1-50 

Davies J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 , 

08.1-63 

Davis C P 08.1-12 

de Angelis M 08.1-325 

de Backer H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

de Batist M 08.1-276 

de Blust G 08.1-97 , 08.1-107 

de Frutos A M 08.1-70 

de La Rosa J M 08.1-297 

de Meester B 08.1-433 

de Vries W 08.1-305 

Debret M 08.1-318 

Decarlo P F 08.1-79 

Deckers J 08.1-446 

Deckert R 08.1-24 

Declerck S 08.1-240 

Decrem M 08.1-105 

Defilippi R 08.1-107 

Defourny P 08.1-180 

Dejung S 08.1-432 

Delfino A 08.1-414 

Della Marta P M 08.1-11 , 08.1-19 , 

08.1-20 , 08.1-56 

Demello J A 08.1-244 

Demeny A 08.1-369 

Demerjian K L 08.1-4 , 08.1-79 

Demuth S 08.1-258 

Denoth M 08.1-106 

Dersch J 08.1-428 

Desai A R 08.1-300 

Dessler A E 08.1-21 

Deushi M 08.1-24 

Dewulf J 08.1-433 

Di Carmine C 08.1-70 

Di Marco C 08.1-305 

Dibb J 08.1-224 

Didone M 08.1-22 

Diemer M 08.1-94 

Dieng L 08.1-134 

Dier H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Dietrich P 08.1-414 

Dietrich S 08.1-191 

Dilley M 08.1-82 

Dimitrakopoulos P G 08.1-126 

Dimopoulos P 08.1-417 

Ding L 08.1-297 

Dix B 08.1-8 

Döbeli M 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 

Dobson R 08.1-245 

Docherty K 08.1-79 

Doering M 08.1-246

212 

Doi H 08.1-68 

Doka G 08.1-434 

Domine F 08.1-224 

Dommergue A 08.1-222 

Don A 08.1-169 

Donegana M 08.1-354 

Doney S C 08.1-301 

Dong B 08.1-69 

Donoghue M 08.1-138 

Doppler T 08.1-247 

Dormann C F 08.1-107 

Dorninger M 08.1-23 

Dorokhov V 08.1-60 

Doucet J L 08.1-152 

Douet V 08.1-399 

Downs S H 08.1-383 

Dragosits U 08.1-305 

Drewnick F 08.1-79 

Drexler C 08.1-248 

Dreyfus G 08.1-338 , 08.1-359 

Drobinski P 08.1-23 

Drouin B J 08.1-39 

Dubey M 08.1-15 

Dubois D 08.1-143 

Ducassou E 08.1-321 

Duelli P 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 

08.1-176 

Dufrene M 08.1-180 

Düggelin C 08.1-130 

Dullinger S 08.1-108 

Duncan B 08.1-60 

Dungan M A 08.1-330 

Dunlea E 08.1-79 

Dunn J C 08.1-297 

Duponnois R 08.1-134 

Duprat J 08.1-321 

Dürr B 08.1-23 

Dutay J C 08.1-301 

Dutschke M 08.1-404 

Dzepina K 08.1-79 

Eberl L 08.1-148 

Ebert M 08.1-52 

Ebi K L 08.1-384 

Ebinghaus R 08.1-8 , 08.1-222 

Ecker K 08.1-114 

Eckmeier E 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 , 

08.1-333 

Edwards T C 08.1-194 

Eerdekens G 08.1-304 

Egli M 08.1-192 , 08.1-199 

Ehrmann O 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 

Eide H A 08.1-220 

Eisen O 08.1-377 

El Fahem T 08.1-289 

El Madidi S 08.1-150 

Elena Rossello R 08.1-97 

Elith J 08.1-124 


Ellwood B B 08.1-308 

Elmquist M 08.1-297 

Elshorbany Y 08.1-66 

Emde C 08.1-12 

Emmenegger L 08.1-113 , 08.1-302 , 

08.1-420 

Emmett B A 08.1-305 

Ennos R A 08.1-133 

Enpu G 08.1-322 

Epstein H E 08.1-111 

Erhardt A 08.1-88 

Eriksen S E H 08.1-393 

Eriksson P 08.1-12 

Erisman J W 08.1-305 

Ershova N 08.1-228 

Esper J 08.1-323 , 08.1-326 , 

08.1-362 , 08.1-372 , 

08.1-379 

Esperschuetz J 08.1-112 

Esswein H 08.1-131 

Etien N 08.1-372 

Eugster W 08.1-113 

Evans K F 08.1-12 

Excoffier L 08.1-266 

Eyring V 08.1-24 , 08.1-42 

Fabbro T 08.1-138 

Fahrig L 08.1-160 

Fahrni J 08.1-266 

Faien X 08.1-318 

Fain X 08.1-222 

Falge E 08.1-300 

Falourd S 08.1-338 

Famulari D 08.1-305 

Favrat D 08.1-412 , 08.1-426 

Faz A 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 

Fearnside P 08.1-404 

Federer U 08.1-325 

Feist D G 08.1-25 

Feldmeyer C E 08.1-114 

Feller U 08.1-115 , 08.1-117 

Fenandez W 08.1-432 

Feng Q 08.1-381 

Fenner K 08.1-278 

Fenner S 08.1-139 

Fereday D R 08.1-56 

Fernandez N 08.1-121 

Ferrachat S 08.1-45 

Ferrari C P 08.1-222 

Ferri D 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 

Ferriere A 08.1-428 

Fette M 08.1-249 

Fiebig M 08.1-55 

Fiedler J 08.1-404 

Fierz M 08.1-26 

Filipiak M J 08.1-39 

Filippi D 08.1-8 

Filot M 08.1-372


Findlay C S 08.1-160 

Finger D 08.1-237 , 08.1-250 , 

08.1-251 , 08.1-255 

Finlayson C M 08.1-243 

Finn J A 08.1-126 

Finsinger W 08.1-324 , 08.1-374 

Fischer E M 08.1-200 

Fischer H 08.1-8 , 08.1-304 , 

08.1-325 , 08.1-338 , 

08.1-359 , 08.1-364 , 

08.1-367 

Fischer M 08.1-163 , 08.1-191 

Fischer U 08.1-431 

Fischlin A 08.1-404 

Fisher T G 08.1-344 

Flamant C 08.1-23 

Flechard C 08.1-302 

Flechard C R 08.1-305 

Fleitmann D 08.1-368 

Flemming J 08.1-40 

Fleuti E 08.1-61 

Fliebbach A 08.1-143 

Fliessbach A 08.1-112 

Flores C D X 08.1-297 

Flühler H 08.1-123 , 08.1-212 

Flynn M 08.1-14 , 08.1-71 

Föllmi K B 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 

Follows M 08.1-301 

Fomin V V 08.1-173 

Fontana D 08.1-280 

Fook L S 08.1-39 

Foppa N 08.1-57 , 08.1-223 

Forner C 08.1-404 

Forni L 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 

Forsberg B 08.1-403 

Fowler D 08.1-305 

Francois B 08.1-201 

Francois R 08.1-327 

Frank D 08.1-323 , 08.1-326 , 

08.1-372 , 08.1-379 

Frank D A 08.1-158 , 08.1-303 

Franke H 08.1-8 

Franssen H J H 08.1-247 

Frei A 08.1-419 

Freibauer A 08.1-404 

Frelechoux F 08.1-116 

Frenzel M 08.1-107 

Frescino T S 08.1-194 

Freunberger S A 08.1-414 

Frey M M 08.1-224 

Frick G 08.1-72 

Frick J 08.1-390 

Friess H 08.1-77 

Friess U 08.1-8 

Frioud M 08.1-23 , 08.1-70 

Frischknecht R 08.1-434 

Frith S M 08.1-24 

Fritsche J 08.1-222 

Froeberg L 08.1-89 

Froidevaux L 08.1-34 , 08.1-39 , 

08.1-60 

Frossard E 08.1-212 , 08.1-216 

Frumhoff P 08.1-404 

Fuentes I 08.1-432 

Füglistaler S 08.1-21 

Fuhrer J 08.1-54 , 08.1-86 , 

08.1-182 , 08.1-183 

Fuhrer O 08.1-27 

Fujita S 08.1-359 

Fujiwara M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Fuller R A 08.1-39 

Fundel F 08.1-325 , 08.1-364 

Funk M 08.1-226 , 08.1-233 

Furger M 08.1-23 

Fusina F 08.1-292 

Gabrielli P 08.1-325 

Gagen M 08.1-346 

Gäggeler H W 08.1-337 

Galbraith E D 08.1-327 

Galfetti T 08.1-328 

Galiana A 08.1-134 

Gallagher M W 08.1-14 , 08.1-71 , 

08.1-305 

Galle A 08.1-117 

Gallet J C 08.1-338 

Galloway J N 08.1-296 

Gander A 08.1-125 

Gander M J 08.1-118 

Ganzeveld L 08.1-304 

Garcia Cuetos L 08.1-270 

Garcia G 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 

Garcia Pichel F 08.1-197 

Garcia R R 08.1-24 

Gaspari V 08.1-325 

Gattinger A 08.1-112 

Gaumont Guay D 08.1-135 

Gausa M 08.1-70 

Gautier L 08.1-152 

Gavin D G 08.1-92 

Gazarini L C 08.1-104 

Gedamke S 08.1-48 

Geer A J 08.1-25 

Gehrig R 08.1-16 , 08.1-46 

Geidl M 08.1-421 

Gellrich M 08.1-119 , 08.1-156 

Generoso S 08.1-28 

George C 08.1-66 

George D G 08.1-239 

Gerbase M W 08.1-383 

Gerber J D 08.1-385 , 08.1-386 

Gerlach R 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 

Gern L 08.1-399 

Gettelman A 08.1-24 

Gfeller U 08.1-420

214 

Ghazoul J 08.1-120 , 08.1-387 , 

08.1-437 

Ghosn D 08.1-108 

Giaccai D 08.1-192 

Gil A 08.1-100 

Gilbert D 08.1-147 

Gilichinsky D A 08.1-329 

Gillet F 08.1-116 

Gimenez O 08.1-167 

Gimmi U 08.1-98 

Ginibre C 08.1-330 

Giorgetta M A 08.1-24 

Girardclos S 08.1-237 

Giraudeau J 08.1-321 

Gnansounou E 08.1-418 

Godin Beekmann S 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Goldscheider N 08.1-252 

Gong E 08.1-331 

Gong S L 08.1-29 , 08.1-38 

Gonseth Y 08.1-175 

Gonthier E 08.1-321 

Gonzales L M 08.1-378 

Gonzalez Perez J A 08.1-297 

Gonzalez Vila F J 08.1-297 

Gooday A J 08.1-266 

Goss K U 08.1-3 , 08.1-207 

Gottfried M 08.1-108 

Goudswaard P C 08.1-284 

Gove J H 08.1-300 

Govers G 08.1-446 

Grabherr G 08.1-108 

Grabner M 08.1-372 

Graf A 08.1-334 

Graf R F 08.1-121 

Graf U 08.1-114 , 08.1-143 

Graham C H 08.1-124 

Grajcar M 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 

Grangeon S 08.1-222 

Granin N G 08.1-276 

Grannas A M 08.1-224 

Grant A N 08.1-62 

Graser N 08.1-253 

Graves A R 08.1-151 

Green S R 08.1-210 

Gret Regamey A 08.1-440 

Grey D 08.1-388 

Griffin R E M 08.1-73 

Griffin R J 08.1-79 

Griffis T J 08.1-135 

Grimm V 08.1-121 

Grisa E 08.1-312 

Grobety B 08.1-46 

Gröhn I 08.1-23 

Gronholm T 08.1-229 

Groom G B 08.1-97 

Grosjean M 08.1-315 , 08.1-316 

Groza C 08.1-88 


Gruber E 08.1-391 

Gruber N 08.1-256 , 08.1-296 , 

08.1-301 

Gruber S 08.1-231 , 08.1-234 

Gruber U 08.1-225 

Grübler M U 08.1-122 

Grundl T 08.1-341 

Grunwaldt J D 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 

Gschwend P M 08.1-297 

Guan C 08.1-331 

Gubser S 08.1-23 

Guerova G 08.1-30 

Gueydon A 08.1-100 

Gugerli F 08.1-130 , 08.1-189 

Guggenberger G 08.1-297 

Guglielmetti M 08.1-123 

Guillemin M T 08.1-372 

Guilyardi E 08.1-69 

Guisan A 08.1-124 , 08.1-156 , 

08.1-157 

Gujer E 08.1-420 

Gulitski G 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 

08.1-33 

Gumnior M 08.1-332 

Gunning C 08.1-92 

Gunst L 08.1-143 

Günthardt Goerg M S 08.1-145 

Gurk C 08.1-304 

Gurtz J 08.1-281 

Güsewell S 08.1-125 , 08.1-238 

Gustafsson O 08.1-297 

Gutermann T 08.1-23 

Güthe F 08.1-413 

Gutierrez E 08.1-372 

Gutirrez E 08.1-181 

Guyer M 08.1-396 

Guzman M I 08.1-224 

Gysel M 08.1-14 

Haag S 08.1-159 

Häberli C 08.1-23 

Hachikubo A 08.1-220 

Haeberli W 08.1-221 , 08.1-227 

Hagedorn F 08.1-333 

Hagemann S 08.1-298 

Hahn D 08.1-143 

Hajdas I 08.1-333 , 08.1-344 

Hak C 08.1-44 

Hakansson L 08.1-334 

Halada L 08.1-97 

Hale B W 08.1-171 

Hall A M 08.1-310 

Haller L 08.1-252 

Häller Scharnhorst E 08.1-23 

Halliday A N 08.1-236 , 08.1-272 

Halmann M 08.1-419 

Hammes K 08.1-297 

Hammill A 08.1-393


Hanisco T F 08.1-21 

Hannigan R 08.1-308 

Hansen G 08.1-60 

Hansen G H 08.1-70 

Hansson M 08.1-325 

Harder H 08.1-304 

Hartkopf Fröder C 08.1-297 

Harwood R S 08.1-39 

Hatakeyama S 08.1-79 

Hatcher P G 08.1-297 

Haug G H 08.1-327 , 08.1-352 

Haupt M 08.1-372 

Hauser A 08.1-57 , 08.1-223 

Hauser C 08.1-138 

Hawthorne W D 08.1-152 

Hayden K 08.1-49 

Haye S 08.1-436 

Haylock M R 08.1-19 

He J W 08.1-2 

Heard D E 08.1-224 

Heck T 08.1-434 

Hector A 08.1-126 

Hedderson T A 08.1-314 

Heeb N V 08.1-420 

Hegner E 08.1-369 

Heimann M 08.1-300 

Hein S 08.1-127 

Heintzenberg J 08.1-8 

Heiri O 08.1-311 , 08.1-324 

Helander M 08.1-128 

Heldstab J 08.1-40 , 08.1-395 

Helle G 08.1-372 

Helleis F 08.1-8 

Hellweg S 08.1-433 

Helmig D 08.1-224 

Hemmes K 08.1-421 

Henderson Sellers A 08.1-299 

Hendricks J 08.1-42 , 08.1-55 

Hendrickx F 08.1-107 

Henne S 08.1-362 

Henning S 08.1-16 

Henriques M O 08.1-104 

Herber A 08.1-70 

Hermann M 08.1-8 

Hermle S 08.1-145 

Herrmann B 08.1-305 

Herzog F 08.1-84 , 08.1-105 , 

08.1-107 , 08.1-151 

Heymsfield A J 08.1-12 

Hieber M 08.1-274 

Hilasvuori E 08.1-372 

Hillamo R 08.1-70 

Hinden H 08.1-264 

Hinneri S 08.1-128 

Hinz H L 08.1-144 

Hirschi M 08.1-298 

Hirzel A H 08.1-129 , 08.1-166 , 

08.1-180 

Hjort C 08.1-334 

Hoch S W 08.1-293 

Hochuli P A 08.1-328 

Hockaday W C 08.1-297 

Hocke K 08.1-34 

Hodell D A 08.1-196 

Hoebee S E 08.1-130 

Hoegger B 08.1-63 

Hoehne N 08.1-404 

Hofer G 08.1-97 

Hoffman H 08.1-61 

Hoffmann G 08.1-338 

Hoffmann H 08.1-100 

Hoffmann M R 08.1-224 

Hoffmann V 08.1-389 

Hofmeister J 08.1-206 

Hofstetter P 08.1-100 

Hofstetter T B 08.1-279 , 08.1-280 

Hogrefe O 08.1-4 

Hohenegger C 08.1-35 , 08.1-36 

Höhener P 08.1-205 

Hoinka K P 08.1-37 

Holderegger R 08.1-130 , 08.1-177 , 

08.1-189 

Holliger C 08.1-263 

Hollinger D Y 08.1-300 

Hollingsworth P M 08.1-133 

Hollis J M 08.1-277 

Holten J I 08.1-108 

Holzgang O 08.1-83 

Hölzle M 08.1-231 

Holzner C P 08.1-253 

Honegger P 08.1-420 

Honrath R E 08.1-224 

Hoose C 08.1-45 

Hopke P K 08.1-4 

Hoppel W 08.1-72 

Höppner C 08.1-390 

Horacek M 08.1-335 

Hori M 08.1-220 

Horvath L 08.1-305 

Houel S 08.1-297 

Houlahan J E 08.1-160 

Howard D C 08.1-97 

Hruska J 08.1-206 

Hu A 08.1-69 

Huang L 08.1-297 

Huang P 08.1-29 , 08.1-38 

Huebert B J 08.1-297 

Huey L G 08.1-224 

Hug W 08.1-373 

Hugentobler M 08.1-231 

Hui D 08.1-300 

Huijbregts M A J 08.1-433 

Humair P F 08.1-399

216 

Hungerbühler K 08.1-232 , 08.1-431 

Hunkeler D 08.1-205 

Huntrieser H 08.1-55 

Hunziker M 08.1-410 

Hurkmans R 08.1-215 

Hurni H 08.1-228 

Huss Danell K 08.1-126 

Huss M 08.1-226 

Hutterli M 08.1-224 

Hutterli M A 08.1-325 

Huybrechts P 08.1-364 , 08.1-367 

Ibelings B W 08.1-254 

Indermühle N 08.1-264 

Irannejad P 08.1-299 

Iriarte M 08.1-432 

Isaksen I S A 08.1-44 

Issembe Y A 08.1-152 

Ivits E 08.1-187 

Ivy Ochs S 08.1-334 

Jaccard S L 08.1-327 

Jacobeit J 08.1-56 

Jacobi H W 08.1-224 

Jacquat O 08.1-202 , 08.1-357 

Jaffre T 08.1-133 

Jäger J 08.1-131 , 08.1-160 , 

08.1-437 

Jäggi M 08.1-132 , 08.1-216 

Jahn C 08.1-61 

Jankovska V 08.1-336 

Jankowski T 08.1-239 , 08.1-283 

Jarnot R F 08.1-39 

Jarro R 08.1-432 

Jarvinen M 08.1-239 

Jarvis A J 08.1-300 

Jaun L 08.1-250 , 08.1-255 

Jayne J T 08.1-79 

Jeanneret P 08.1-84 

Jenk T M 08.1-337 

Jenni L 08.1-83 , 08.1-146 

Jennings E 08.1-239 , 08.1-283 

Jeppesen E 08.1-283 

Jiang Y B 08.1-39 

Jimenez C 08.1-12 

Jimenez Carceles F J 08.1-242 

Jimenez J L 08.1-79 

Jin X 08.1-301 

Jochem E 08.1-391 

Joeckel P 08.1-42 

Joergensen R G 08.1-218 

John V O 08.1-12 

Johns T 08.1-404 

Johnsen S 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 

Johnson B 08.1-39 

Johnson B J 08.1-60 , 08.1-63 

Johnson G C 08.1-256 

Johst K 08.1-91 

Jokela J 08.1-172 


Jonas T 08.1-142 

Jones A E 08.1-224 

Jones G 08.1-221 

Jones N 08.1-30 

Jones P D 08.1-10 , 08.1-11 , 

08.1-56 

Jones S 08.1-305 

Jongman R H G 08.1-97 

Jonsell U 08.1-325 

Joos F 08.1-301 

Jörgensen R G 08.1-190 

Joseph E 08.1-60 

Joshi J 08.1-126 

Jouda F 08.1-399 

Jouzel J 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 

08.1-359 , 08.1-361 

Jumpponen A 08.1-126 

Jung J Y 08.1-68 

Jungbluth N 08.1-434 

Jungclaus J H 08.1-69 

Jungner H 08.1-372 

Junker B 08.1-392 

Junkermann W 08.1-44 

Jürgens N 08.1-74 

Jurgensen M F 08.1-158 

Juschus O 08.1-339 

Kägi R 08.1-46 

Kahn R 08.1-15 

Kaiser H P 08.1-247 

Kaiser K 08.1-297 

Kalela Brundin M 08.1-372 

Kalin Arroyo M T 08.1-138 

Kamdem M N D 08.1-152 

Kamenik C 08.1-257 , 08.1-366 

Kaminski J W 08.1-29 

Kämpfer N 08.1-25 , 08.1-34 

Kan C 08.1-290 

Kanka R 08.1-108 

Kapitanov V A 08.1-276 

Kaplan J O 08.1-111 , 08.1-378 

Karni J 08.1-428 

Käser G 08.1-221 

Kasper M 08.1-420 

Katsouyanni K 08.1-403 

Kattge J 08.1-300 

Kaufmann P 08.1-325 , 08.1-364 , 

08.1-367 

Kavanaugh J L 08.1-307 

Kawamura K 08.1-359 

Keel S G 08.1-132 

Keidel D 08.1-383 , 08.1-395 

Kelder H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Kellenberger D 08.1-434 

Keller A 08.1-213 

Keller F 08.1-227 

Keller G 08.1-356 

Keller J 08.1-40 , 08.1-44


Keller M 08.1-40 

Keller R 08.1-383 

Kery M 08.1-162 

Kesik M 08.1-305 

Kettle C J 08.1-133 

Khayesi M 08.1-405 

Kholmyansky M 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 

08.1-33 

Kholodov A L 08.1-329 

Kiczka M 08.1-203 

Kienast F 08.1-149 , 08.1-175 

Kim K R 08.1-68 

Kindlmann P 08.1-85 

Kinnison D E 08.1-24 

Kinzelbach W 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 

08.1-33 , 08.1-289 

Kipfer R 08.1-253 , 08.1-340 , 

08.1-341 

Kipfstuhl S 08.1-364 

Kirschbaum M U F 08.1-404 

Kisa M 08.1-134 

Kishe Machumu M 08.1-284 

Klan P 08.1-224 

Klank C 08.1-437 

Klar N 08.1-160 

Klausenn J 08.1-68 

Kläy A 08.1-396 

Kleffmann J 08.1-66 

Kleijn D 08.1-80 

Klein R J T 08.1-393 

Kleinbauer I 08.1-108 

Klettner C 08.1-108 

Kljun N 08.1-135 

Kloster S 08.1-45 

Klotz S 08.1-107 

Klump S 08.1-340 , 08.1-341 

Kneisel C 08.1-227 

Knoepfel P 08.1-385 , 08.1-386 

Knosp B W 08.1-39 

Kock H H 08.1-8 

Koenig Langlo G 08.1-39 

Koeppel C 08.1-8 

Koetz R 08.1-414 

Kohler M 08.1-420 

Kohls K 08.1-261 

Köllner T 08.1-136 , 08.1-438 

Kondo Y 08.1-79 

König Langlo G 08.1-60 

Konz M 08.1-258 

Koptsik G 08.1-204 

Körner C 08.1-132 , 08.1-137 , 

08.1-138 , 08.1-140 , 

08.1-141 , 08.1-164 

Korup O 08.1-342 

Kosnik M 08.1-403 

Kouame F N 08.1-152 

Kouka L A 08.1-152 

Kovar P 08.1-97 

Kram P 08.1-206 

Krämer S M 08.1-203 

Kramer Schadt S 08.1-121 , 08.1-160 

Kramers J D 08.1-309 , 08.1-368 , 

08.1-369 

Krapiec M 08.1-372 

Kräuchi N 08.1-54 

Krebs P 08.1-320 

Kretzschmar R 08.1-197 , 08.1-202 , 

08.1-203 

Kreuzer M 08.1-184 

Kriaa S 08.1-289 

Kruesmann T 08.1-380 

Krumeich R 08.1-416 

Krüsi B O 08.1-149 

Krystyn L 08.1-308 , 08.1-335 

Kubik P W 08.1-310 , 08.1-313 , 

08.1-334 , 08.1-345 , 

08.1-380 , 08.1-435 , 

08.1-446 

Kubistin D 08.1-304 

Küchler M 08.1-187 

Kuechler M 08.1-114 

Kuenzli N 08.1-383 

Kuhlman U 08.1-247 

Kulakowski D 08.1-159 

Kulawik S 08.1-60 

Kulmala M 08.1-18 , 08.1-229 

Kunes P 08.1-336 

Kunz H 08.1-41 

Künzli N 08.1-395 

Kupper J 08.1-146 

Kurz Besson C 08.1-104 

Kurz D 08.1-206 

Kuypers M M M 08.1-261 

Kypreos S 08.1-394 

Kyro E 08.1-39 

Kyroe E 08.1-60 

Kyrola E 08.1-34 

Kytzia S 08.1-440 

Labat A 08.1-404 

Labba N 08.1-100 

Lachavanne J B 08.1-260 

Läderach C 08.1-214 

Laemmle C 08.1-417 

Lai X 08.1-381 

Laivao M O 08.1-101 

Laloui L 08.1-201 

Lambert A 08.1-39 

Lambert F 08.1-325 , 08.1-367 

Lambrecht A 08.1-364 

Lancini A 08.1-237 

Landais A 08.1-343 

Landry C 08.1-2

218 

Laneve G 08.1-39 

Langnickel U 08.1-428 

Lanz V A 08.1-1 

Largeau C 08.1-297 

Lark R M 08.1-198 

Larson T V 08.1-76 

Lauer A 08.1-42 , 08.1-55 

Laurent D 08.1-414 

Laville P 08.1-305 

Law K 08.1-55 

Lawrence G A 08.1-259 

Lazarev V E 08.1-329 

Le Meur E 08.1-233 

Leadley P W 08.1-126 

Leaitch W R 08.1-49 

Leal M E 08.1-152 

Leblanc T 08.1-39 

Lecroq B 08.1-266 

Lee G 08.1-68 

Lee M H 08.1-68 

Leeder M R 08.1-309 

Leel Ossy Sz 08.1-369 

Lefebvre E 08.1-233 

Lefer B 08.1-224 

Legreid G 08.1-43 

Lehmann A 08.1-175 

Lehning M 08.1-229 

Lehr P 08.1-49 

Leifeld J 08.1-139 

Lejoly J 08.1-152 

Lelieveld J 08.1-8 , 08.1-304 

Leme N P 08.1-39 

Lemieux Dudon B 08.1-359 

Leong C P 08.1-60 

Lepage M 08.1-134 

Lepper K 08.1-344 

Leser H 08.1-439 

Lesins G 08.1-59 

Leuenberger H 08.1-184 

Leuenberger M 08.1-8 , 08.1-338 , 

08.1-343 , 08.1-372 

Leuenberger P 08.1-383 

Leuzinger S 08.1-140 , 08.1-141 

Levelt P F 08.1-60 

Levy P 08.1-305 

Lewis S L 08.1-152 

Li W 08.1-220 

Li Y F 08.1-29 

Liebst B 08.1-170 

Lihavainen H 08.1-70 

Liira J 08.1-107 

Lin N H 08.1-68 

Linder H P 08.1-314 

Lindsay K 08.1-301 

Liniger H P 08.1-262 

Liniger M A 08.1-41 


Lips M 08.1-182 

Lischke H 08.1-111 , 08.1-156 , 

08.1-157 

Lister D 08.1-11 

Littot G 08.1-325 

Liu L 08.1-44 

Liu L J S 08.1-76 , 08.1-383 , 

08.1-395 

Livesey N J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Livingstone D M 08.1-239 , 08.1-267 , 

08.1-316 

Ljung K 08.1-345 

Loader N J 08.1-346 , 08.1-372 

Lods Crozet B 08.1-274 

Logvinovich D 08.1-348 

Lohmann U 08.1-12 , 08.1-15 , 

08.1-42 , 08.1-45 , 

08.1-49 , 08.1-59 , 

08.1-292 

Longet D 08.1-266 

Lopez Capel E 08.1-297 

Lopez D 08.1-11 

Loreau M 08.1-126 

Lorenzo R 08.1-46 

Lorke A 08.1-267 

Lotter A F 08.1-324 , 08.1-371 

Louanchi F 08.1-301 

Loubet B 08.1-305 

Louchouarn P 08.1-297 

Louis Schmid B 08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 

08.1-349 , 08.1-360 

Loulergue L 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-359 

Lowell T V 08.1-344 

Lowry P P Ii 08.1-101 

Luckman B 08.1-379 

Lueer B 08.1-297 

Luetscher M 08.1-351 

Luka H 08.1-155 

Lundstroem C 08.1-440 

Lundstroem T 08.1-142 

Lupi A 08.1-70 

Lüscher A 08.1-174 

Luterbacher J 08.1-19 , 08.1-20 , 

08.1-317 , 08.1-323 , 

08.1-353 

Lüthi B 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 

08.1-33 

Lüthi D 08.1-22 , 08.1-200 , 

08.1-338 

Macmillan L 08.1-262 

Mäder P 08.1-112 , 08.1-143 

Madole R 08.1-313 

Maelfait J P 08.1-107 

Magand O 08.1-318 

Magne P A 08.1-414


Maibach M 08.1-396 

Maier Reimer E 08.1-301 

Malhi Y 08.1-152 

Mancini E 08.1-24 

Mang Y 08.1-331 

Mann M E 08.1-47 

Manning D A C 08.1-297 

Manzi V 08.1-78 

Manzini E 08.1-24 

Marchetto A 08.1-319 

Marcolli C 08.1-48 

Marechal F 08.1-412 

Marechal F M A 08.1-422 , 08.1-426 

Margaritoulis D 08.1-291 

Marland G 08.1-404 

Marsh D R 08.1-24 

Marshall J 08.1-49 

Martinez Harder M 08.1-304 

Martinsson B G 08.1-8 

Martius O 08.1-50 

Martucci G 08.1-51 

Marty P 08.1-241 

Martynenko A V 08.1-2 

Masamvu K 08.1-82 

Mascle J 08.1-321 

Maselli D 08.1-228 

Masiello C A 08.1-297 

Masson Delmotte V 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 

08.1-359 , 08.1-372 

Matear R J 08.1-301 

Matera V 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 

Matsueda H 08.1-68 

Matsumoto K 08.1-301 

Matter A 08.1-368 

Matthaei S 08.1-275 

Matthes S 08.1-24 

Matthey R 08.1-51 

Matzinger A 08.1-259 

Mätzler C 08.1-123 

Mayer A 08.1-420 

Mayer J 08.1-190 , 08.1-218 

Mazza C 08.1-118 

Mc Connell J 08.1-224 

Mcardell B W 08.1-271 

Mccarroll D 08.1-346 

Mccaughey J H 08.1-135 

Mccracken K G 08.1-294 

Mcdermid I S 08.1-39 

Mcdonald R 08.1-313 

Mcginnis D F 08.1-276 

Mckenney J L 08.1-144 

Meckler N A 08.1-352 

Meier N 08.1-353 

Meisser M 08.1-116 

Meister R 08.1-223 

Melieres M A 08.1-318 

219 

Melles M 08.1-339 

Menetrey N 08.1-260 

Meneveau C 08.1-13 

Menon M 08.1-145 

Merlin O 08.1-215 

Merrill J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Mertes S 08.1-52 , 08.1-71 

Merzouki A 08.1-108 

Metzger M J 08.1-97 

Meurer M 08.1-320 

Meyer H 08.1-329 

Michaelowa A 08.1-397 , 08.1-398 , 

08.1-401 , 08.1-402 , 

08.1-404 

Michaelowa K 08.1-397 , 08.1-398 

Michna P 08.1-113 

Middlebrook A M 08.1-79 

Miemczyk S 08.1-8 

Migeon S 08.1-321 

Mills T M 08.1-210 

Milne R 08.1-305 

Milow B 08.1-428 

Minikus Stary N 08.1-333 

Minster B 08.1-338 

Mirabella A 08.1-192 , 08.1-199 

Mishchenko M 08.1-15 

Mitchell E A D 08.1-147 

Mitev V 08.1-51 

Mitra S 08.1-297 

Miyoshi T 08.1-79 

Mizandrontsev I B 08.1-276 

Mkumbo O C 08.1-284 

Mobbs D C 08.1-305 

Moberg A 08.1-11 , 08.1-56 

Moffat A M 08.1-300 

Mohr M 08.1-1 

Moiseev P 08.1-108 

Moisen G G 08.1-194 

Molau U 08.1-108 

Molina A 08.1-446 

Mondeshka M 08.1-213 

Monegato G 08.1-354 

Monfray P 08.1-301 

Monnet C 08.1-355 

Montanarella L 08.1-404 

Montani A 08.1-281 

Moore D 08.1-60 

Moran B 08.1-133 

Moran Cadenas F 08.1-399 

Morand M 08.1-122 

Morasch B 08.1-205 

Moreira M B 08.1-100 

Moret H P 08.1-8 

Moret J 08.1-399 

Morganti A 08.1-325 , 08.1-364 , 

08.1-367

220 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Authors 

Morgenstern K 08.1-135 

Morris G 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Morse D L 08.1-307 

Mort H 08.1-357 

Mort H P 08.1-356 

Moser C 08.1-438 

Mosimann T 08.1-420 

Motik E 08.1-100 

Motoyoshi H 08.1-220 

Mouchet A 08.1-301 

Moutinho P 08.1-404 

Mozurkewich M 08.1-72 

Mucher C A 08.1-97 

Mukai H 08.1-68 

Mukhala E 08.1-82 

Mulder C P H 08.1-126 

Mulder T 08.1-321 

Müller A 08.1-407 , 08.1-444 

Müller B 08.1-250 

Müller Böker U 08.1-392 

Müller C 08.1-80 

Müller C B 08.1-81 

Müller D C A 08.1-422 

Müller Fürstenberger G 08.1-400 

Müller M 08.1-131 , 08.1-139 

Müller M D 08.1-53 

Müller R 08.1-211 , 08.1-423 

Müller S 08.1-25 

Müller S W 08.1-89 

Müller T 08.1-190 , 08.1-218 

Mulvaney R 08.1-325 

Munari Probst M C 08.1-424 

Münkemüller T 08.1-91 

Murat A 08.1-321 

Murdiyarso D 08.1-404 

Murdoch W W 08.1-129 

Muscheler R 08.1-345 

Musial W 08.1-100 

Myers J H 08.1-106 

Myhre C L 08.1-70 

Naef Dänzer B 08.1-122 

Naert C 08.1-146 

Naess L O 08.1-393 

Nagashima T 08.1-24 

Nagel P 08.1-282 

Nägeli H 08.1-146 

Nagy L 08.1-108 

Najjar R G 08.1-301 

Nakajima Y 08.1-220 

Narcisi B 08.1-359 

Nater M 08.1-199 

Navarro L 08.1-432 

Navratil T 08.1-206 

Ndour M 08.1-66 

Neary L 08.1-38 

Neff C 08.1-320 

Neftel A 08.1-96 , 08.1-302 , 

08.1-305 

Nekrasova V 08.1-263 

Nelson F E 08.1-234 

Nelson R K 08.1-244 

Nemecek T 08.1-434 

Nemitz E 08.1-305 

Neretin L N 08.1-261 

Nesic Z 08.1-135 

Nesshoever C 08.1-126 

Neu U 08.1-47 

Newchurch M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Newman P A 08.1-24 

Nguyen H N 08.1-8 

Nguyen T H 08.1-297 

Nguyen Viet H 08.1-147 

Niederer C 08.1-207 

Niederer P 08.1-228 

Nieke J 08.1-220 

Nielsen E H 08.1-371 

Nielsen J E 08.1-24 

Niggli U 08.1-143 

Nikolskiy P A 08.1-329 

Nisbet R M 08.1-129 

Niu T 08.1-29 

Noges P 08.1-283 

Noges T 08.1-239 , 08.1-283 

Nogues Bravo D 08.1-138 

Nolte E 08.1-329 

Noormets Asko 08.1-300 

Norina E S 08.1-217 

Northam T 08.1-63 

Norton K P 08.1-380 

Notter B 08.1-262 

Nouet J 08.1-338 

Novak K 08.1-54 

Nowack B 08.1-219 , 08.1-441 

Nozhevnikova A N 08.1-263 

Nunes J 08.1-104 

Nusbaumer L 08.1-152 

Nyeki S 08.1-16 

Nyenhuis M 08.1-230 

Nyfeler P 08.1-8 

O‘brien K L 08.1-393 

Oberdoerster C 08.1-123 

Oberson A 08.1-212 

Obrist D 08.1-222 

Obzhirov A I 08.1-276 

Oehme M 08.1-143 

Oerter H 08.1-338 , 08.1-364 , 

08.1-377 

Oertli B 08.1-240 , 08.1-260 , 

08.1-264 

Oesch D 08.1-223 

Ohmura A 08.1-15 , 08.1-293 

Okumura Y 08.1-69


Olesen J E 08.1-305 

Oliva C 08.1-416 

Olsommer D 08.1-414 

Oltmans S J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 , 

08.1-63 

Onasch T 08.1-79 

Opal C 08.1-425 

Opelt K 08.1-148 

Oram D 08.1-8 

Ordonez C 08.1-44 

Orr J C 08.1-301 

Orsini D 08.1-4 

Ortega Calvo J J 08.1-208 

Ortiz P 08.1-70 

Osullivan D 08.1-8 

Otto R 08.1-149 

Ou Yang C F 08.1-68 

Oukarroum A 08.1-150 

Padoa Schioppa E 08.1-97 

Paelinx D 08.1-97 

Paganelli G 08.1-414 

Paillex A 08.1-265 

Palazzi F 08.1-412 , 08.1-426 

Palma J 08.1-151 

Palmborg C 08.1-126 

Palo A 08.1-97 

Panciera R 08.1-215 

Pantet A 08.1-209 

Papale D 08.1-300 

Parisod C 08.1-358 

Parlange M B 08.1-13 

Parlow E 08.1-53 , 08.1-295 

Parmentier I 08.1-152 , 08.1-153 

Parren M P E 08.1-152 

Parrenin F 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-359 , 08.1-364 , 

08.1-367 

Parreno J C 08.1-408 

Parriaux A 08.1-209 

Parrish A 08.1-34 

Parrondos M C 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Pauli H 08.1-108 

Pautasso M 08.1-153 

Pawelczyk S 08.1-372 

Pawlowski J 08.1-266 , 08.1-270 

Pawson S 08.1-24 

Payet J 08.1-436 

Payette S 08.1-379 

Pazdur A 08.1-372 

Peacock E E 08.1-244 

Pearman P B 08.1-154 

Pedersen T F 08.1-327 

Peeters F 08.1-267 

Peh K S H 08.1-152 

Peintinger M 08.1-94 , 08.1-268 

Pellenard P 08.1-347 

221 

Peloquin J A 08.1-269 

Pena N 08.1-404 

Peng P 08.1-297 

Penkett S 08.1-8 

Penuelas J 08.1-305 

Pereira J S 08.1-104 

Perez Soba M 08.1-97 

Perun V S 08.1-39 

Petelski T 08.1-70 

Peter A 08.1-249 

Peter T 08.1-5 , 08.1-48 

Petermann J L 08.1-420 

Peterson A T 08.1-124 

Peterson L C 08.1-352 

Petit J R 08.1-359 

Petrasch J 08.1-427 

Pettke T 08.1-363 

Petzold A 08.1-55 

Pfiffner L 08.1-155 

Pfister C 08.1-353 

Philipona R 08.1-293 

Philipp A 08.1-56 

Phillips O L 08.1-152 

Phillips S 08.1-124 

Phillips W 08.1-310 

Pierre M 08.1-372 

Pieters R 08.1-259 

Pilegaard K 08.1-305 

Pingoud K 08.1-404 

Pini R 08.1-354 , 08.1-374 

Pitari G 08.1-24 

Pitz P R 08.1-428 

Plane J 08.1-224 

Planells O 08.1-372 

Platt U 08.1-8 

Plattner G K 08.1-301 

Plessen B 08.1-352 

Ploetze M 08.1-363 

Pluess A 08.1-437 

Plummer D A 08.1-24 

Pochanart P 08.1-68 

Pochon X 08.1-270 

Poesen J 08.1-446 

Poethke H J 08.1-127 

Pohl M 08.1-125 

Polyakov A V 08.1-34 

Poon S 08.1-68 

Popel O 08.1-428 

Popp C 08.1-57 

Porcelli D 08.1-236 , 08.1-272 

Portman C 08.1-309 

Posny F 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 , 

08.1-63 

Possenti P 08.1-233 

Possingham H P 08.1-186 

Pote J 08.1-252


Potvin C 08.1-168 

Prati D 08.1-268 

Preusser F 08.1-332 , 08.1-339 

Prevot A S H 08.1-1 , 08.1-6 , 

08.1-40 , 08.1-44 

Price W J 08.1-144 

Prin Y 08.1-134 

Probst Hensch N M 08.1-383 

Pronk W 08.1-64 

Pszenny A A P 08.1-62 

Pukiene R 08.1-372 

Pupek M 08.1-8 

Purohita P 08.1-401 

Purtschert R 08.1-341 

Radionov V 08.1-70 

Radoux J 08.1-180 

Radtke U 08.1-339 

Raharimampionona J 08.1-101 

Raible C C 08.1-317 

Raimondi S 08.1-199 

Rais O 08.1-399 

Rais P 08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 

08.1-349 , 08.1-360 

Raisbeck G 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-359 

Raisbeck G M 08.1-361 

Rakonczay Z 08.1-404 

Rametsteiner E 08.1-404 

Raminosoa T 08.1-101 

Ramonet M 08.1-8 

Ramos I L 08.1-97 

Randa B 08.1-8 

Ranzi R 08.1-58 

Rappenglück B 08.1-61 

Rasmus K 08.1-229 

Rasmus S 08.1-229 

Ratheiser G 08.1-23 

Rautiainen J 08.1-79 

Ravazzi C 08.1-354 , 08.1-374 

Raynaud D 08.1-338 , 08.1-359 

Read D J 08.1-126 

Read W G 08.1-39 

Real E 08.1-55 

Rechsteiner C 08.1-417 

Reddy C M 08.1-244 

Redecker D 08.1-178 

Redondas A 08.1-60 

Rehkamper M 08.1-272 

Reichelt M 08.1-8 

Reichert P 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 

Reichstein M 08.1-300 

Reimann S 08.1-43 , 08.1-44 , 

08.1-74 

Reis S 08.1-305 

Reiter K 08.1-108 

Rellstab C 08.1-237 

Renold M 08.1-69 

Restuti D 08.1-402 

Reynolds Henne C E 08.1-362 , 08.1-372 

Rhee T S 08.1-8 

Rhoads K 08.1-4 

Ribstein P 08.1-221 

Richardson A D 08.1-300 

Richardson D M 08.1-185 

Richner H 08.1-23 , 08.1-51 

Richner W 08.1-105 

Richoz S 08.1-335 

Richter K 08.1-447 

Rickebusch S 08.1-156 , 08.1-157 

Rickenmann D 08.1-271 

Rieke Zapp D 08.1-214 

Rieu R 08.1-363 

Rigling A 08.1-188 

Rigo G 08.1-295 

Rinne K T 08.1-372 

Ripperger S 08.1-272 

Risch A C 08.1-158 , 08.1-303 

Riseth J A 08.1-100 

Rivera A 08.1-221 , 08.1-221 

Rixen C 08.1-159 

Robertson I 08.1-346 

Robinson B H 08.1-210 

Robinson C T 08.1-273 , 08.1-274 , 

08.1-275 

Robledo C 08.1-393 

Rochat T 08.1-383 

Roche P 08.1-97 

Rock J 08.1-404 

Röckner E 08.1-45 

Rodewald R 08.1-385 , 08.1-386 

Rodionov A 08.1-297 

Roecker C 08.1-424 

Roedenbeck I A 08.1-160 

Roeder N 08.1-100 

Roer I 08.1-230 

Rohwer J 08.1-8 

Roiger A 08.1-55 

Rosch M 08.1-110 

Roscher C 08.1-161 

Rosenfeld K 08.1-8 

Rosenmeier M F 08.1-196 

Rossi G 08.1-108 

Rotach A 08.1-246 

Rotach M W 08.1-75 

Rotach P 08.1-130 

Roth M 08.1-366 

Rothenbühler C 08.1-227 

Röthlisberger R 08.1-325 

Roux P J 08.1-422 

Rouzaud J N 08.1-297 

Rowe H 08.1-308 

Rowe P J 08.1-309


Roy D 08.1-172 

Royle J A 08.1-162 

Rozanov E 08.1-24 

Rudel T K 08.1-165 

Rudmann Maurer K 08.1-163 

Ruffieux D 08.1-23 , 08.1-34 

Ruggiero A 08.1-241 

Rummler H 08.1-118 

Rumpel C 08.1-297 

Ruth U 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 

08.1-364 , 08.1-367 

Rutishauser T 08.1-353 

Rybak O 08.1-364 

Rydberg B 08.1-12 

Sabbatelli T A 08.1-47 

Sadoff C W 08.1-388 

Sahsuvar L 08.1-29 

Saikkonen K 08.1-128 

Saladie O 08.1-11 

Salam A 08.1-59 

Salcedo D 08.1-79 

Salzmann N 08.1-231 

Samankassou E 08.1-322 , 08.1-331 

Samoli E 08.1-403 

Sander R 08.1-224 , 08.1-304 

Sandradewi J 08.1-1 

Sanon A 08.1-134 

Sanz M J 08.1-404 

Sapkota A 08.1-365 

Saracino A 08.1-181 , 08.1-372 

Sarmiento J L 08.1-301 

Sarris D 08.1-164 

Sartori M 08.1-260 

Satake A 08.1-165 

Sattler T 08.1-166 

Saurer M 08.1-54 , 08.1-87 , 

08.1-337 , 08.1-362 , 

08.1-372 

Savarino J 08.1-224 

Sawa Y 08.1-68 

Schäfer K 08.1-61 

Schäffer B 08.1-211 

Schäffer E 08.1-250 

Schäffer P 08.1-349 

Schansker G 08.1-150 

Schär C 08.1-27 , 08.1-35 , 

08.1-36 , 08.1-67 , 

08.1-200 , 08.1-281 , 

08.1-298 

Schärer M 08.1-212 

Scharffe D 08.1-8 

Scharnhorst W 08.1-442 

Schatz G E 08.1-101 

Schaub M 08.1-54 , 08.1-167 

Scheidegger C 08.1-90 , 08.1-187 , 

08.1-189 

223 

Scherer Lorenzen M 08.1-126 , 08.1-168 , 

08.1-169 

Scheringer M 08.1-232 

Scherrer L 08.1-46 

Scherrer S C 08.1-41 

Schier W 08.1-110 

Schileyko A A 08.1-88 

Schiller C 08.1-304 

Schilt A 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 

Schindler C 08.1-383 , 08.1-395 , 

08.1-403 

Schippers A 08.1-261 

Schirrmeister L 08.1-329 

Schjoerring J K 08.1-305 

Schlaepfer D R 08.1-246 

Schlager H 08.1-8 , 08.1-55 

Schlamadinger B 08.1-404 

Schleser G H 08.1-372 

Schlitzer R 08.1-301 

Schloter M 08.1-112 

Schlüchter C 08.1-334 

Schlumpf N 08.1-333 

Schlunegger F 08.1-214 , 08.1-342 

Schmid B 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 

08.1-126 , 08.1-161 

Schmid M 08.1-250 , 08.1-251 , 

08.1-276 

Schmid P 08.1-420 

Schmid S 08.1-183 

Schmidlin F 08.1-39 

Schmidlin F J 08.1-60 , 08.1-63 

Schmidt Lüttman M 08.1-131 

Schmidt M W I 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 , 

08.1-297 , 08.1-333 

Schmidt R 08.1-257 , 08.1-366 

Schmidt T 08.1-107 

Schmutz C 08.1-53 

Schneider C 08.1-221 

Schneider H 08.1-143 

Schneider J 08.1-52 , 08.1-79 

Schneider M K 08.1-277 , 08.1-278 

Schneider U A 08.1-404 

Schneller J 08.1-170 

Schneuwly D M 08.1-95 

Schnitzler A 08.1-171 

Schoch W 08.1-333 

Schoeberl M R 08.1-60 

Scholz R W 08.1-136 , 08.1-438 

Schönmann S 08.1-148 

Schotterer U 08.1-351 

Schraner M 08.1-24 

Schreiber D 08.1-1 

Schroeder B 08.1-127 

Schroth M H 08.1-217 , 08.1-245 

Schubert C J 08.1-261


Schulin R 08.1-145 , 08.1-198 , 

08.1-208 , 08.1-211 , 

08.1-213 , 08.1-219 

Schulte D 08.1-377 

Schultz M 08.1-44 

Schulz T 08.1-64 

Schulze E D 08.1-161 , 08.1-169 

Schumacher J 08.1-161 , 08.1-169 

Schumann U 08.1-8 

Schüpbach B 08.1-84 

Schürmann G 08.1-61 

Schurter M 08.1-255 

Schwab F J 08.1-4 

Schwab M 08.1-214 

Schwander J 08.1-338 , 08.1-359 

Schwank M 08.1-123 

Schwartz J 08.1-383 , 08.1-403 

Schwartz M J 08.1-39 

Schwarz M 08.1-187 

Schwarz von Raumer H G 08.1-131 

Schwarzenbach R P 08.1-3 , 08.1-207 , 

08.1-279 , 08.1-280 

Schwarzlaender M 08.1-144 

Schweiger O 08.1-107 

Schwierz C 08.1-17 , 08.1-50 

Schwikowski M 08.1-337 , 08.1-351 

Scinocca J F 08.1-24 

Seehausen O 08.1-172 , 08.1-284 

Seidel T M 08.1-62 

Seinfeld J H 08.1-2 

Seiz G 08.1-23 

Selmo E 08.1-338 

Semeniuk K 08.1-24 

Semple K T 08.1-208 

Seneviratne S I 08.1-200 , 08.1-298 

Senterre B 08.1-152 

Settele J 08.1-127 

Severi M 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 

08.1-364 , 08.1-367 

Severinghaus J P 08.1-307 

Shakun J D 08.1-368 

Sharma S 08.1-70 

Sheil D 08.1-152 

Shepherd T G 08.1-24 

Shepson P B 08.1-224 

Shibata K 08.1-24 

Shimono A 08.1-79 

Shisanya C A 08.1-405 

Shiyatov S G 08.1-173 

Shotyk W 08.1-365 

Shrestha A 08.1-258 

Shuidenko A 08.1-404 

Siamantziouras A S D 08.1-126 

Sieber T N 08.1-128 

Siegfried T 08.1-289 

Siegwolf R 08.1-104 

Siegwolf R T W 08.1-87 , 08.1-132 , 

08.1-216 , 08.1-362 

Sierro A 08.1-167 

Siggaard Andersen M L 08.1-325 

Sigman D M 08.1-327 , 08.1-352 

Signarbieux C 08.1-115 

Sigro J 08.1-11 

Siklosy Z 08.1-369 

Simpson W R 08.1-224 

Sinaj S 08.1-212 

Six D 08.1-233 

Sjogren S 08.1-14 

Skanes H 08.1-97 

Skelly J M 08.1-54 

Skiba U 08.1-305 

Skjemstad J O 08.1-109 , 08.1-297 

Skorkovsky J 08.1-403 

Skrivankova P 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Skutsch M 08.1-404 

Slater R D 08.1-301 

Slaveykova V I 08.1-436 

Slemr F 08.1-8 

Smart P L 08.1-351 

Smernik R J 08.1-297 

Smit H G J 08.1-63 

Smith Dwight M 08.1-297 

Smith J U 08.1-305 

Smith P 08.1-305 , 08.1-404 

Smith W O Jr 08.1-269 

Snyder W V 08.1-39 

Soberon J 08.1-138 

Sodeau J R 08.1-224 

Soliva R 08.1-406 , 08.1-443 

Soltic P 08.1-417 

Somogyi Z 08.1-404 

Song J 08.1-297 

Sonke B 08.1-152 

Sonninen E 08.1-372 

Sosef M S M 08.1-152 

Souchez R 08.1-338 

Soussana J F 08.1-174 , 08.1-305 

Southon J R 08.1-327 

Spahni R 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-359 

Sparks D L 08.1-197 

Spatzierer M 08.1-23 

Speelmans M 08.1-107 

Speers L 08.1-138 

Spehn E M 08.1-126 , 08.1-138 

Spezzaferri S 08.1-370 

Spichiger R 08.1-134 

Spichtinger P 08.1-292 

Spiess E 08.1-105 

Spirig C 08.1-96 

Spoetl C 08.1-335 

Sprung D 08.1-8


Sreerekha T R 08.1-12 

Stahel W A 08.1-432 

Stähelin J 08.1-43 , 08.1-73 

Stamm C 08.1-212 , 08.1-277 , 

08.1-278 

Stamnes K 08.1-220 

Stanisci A 08.1-108 

Starinsky A 08.1-375 

Stauber M 08.1-211 

Stauch V J 08.1-300 

Stauffer B 08.1-338 

Stauffer F 08.1-247 

Stebel K 08.1-70 

Steck C E 08.1-175 , 08.1-176 

Steck T 08.1-34 

Stefanopoulou A 08.1-429 , 08.1-430 

Steffensen J P 08.1-325 , 08.1-338 , 

08.1-359 , 08.1-367 

Stehlik I 08.1-177 

Steil B 08.1-24 

Stein M 08.1-375 

Steinacker R 08.1-23 

Steinbacher M 08.1-43 , 08.1-74 

Steiner D 08.1-250 

Steiner M 08.1-64 

Steinfeld A 08.1-77 , 08.1-419 , 

08.1-423 , 08.1-427 , 

08.1-428 

Steinhage D 08.1-377 

Steinle P 08.1-65 

Steinmann P 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 

Stek P C 08.1-39 

Stemmler K 08.1-43 , 08.1-66 

Stenni B 08.1-338 

Stephan G 08.1-400 

Steppe K 08.1-195 

Sterck F J 08.1-195 

Sterner T 08.1-407 

Stickler A 08.1-304 

Stier P 08.1-45 

Stievenard M 08.1-372 

Stirling C H 08.1-236 

Stock P 08.1-8 

Stocker J 08.1-232 

Stocker M 08.1-444 , 08.1-445 

Stocker T F 08.1-69 , 08.1-317 , 

08.1-338 , 08.1-361 

Stöckli R 08.1-67 

Stöckli V 08.1-142 

Stöcklin J 08.1-163 

Stofer S 08.1-90 , 08.1-187 

Stoffel M 08.1-95 

Stohl A 08.1-55 

Stolarski R S 08.1-24 

Stoll A 08.1-264 

Stone R S 08.1-70 

225 

Storvold R 08.1-220 

Stouffer R J 08.1-69 

Straeter W 08.1-63 

Strahan S 08.1-60 

Straile D 08.1-239 , 08.1-267 , 

08.1-283 

Strasky S 08.1-334 

Strasser A 08.1-373 

Strasser R 08.1-99 

Strasser R J 08.1-150 

Straub K L 08.1-280 

Strehler C 08.1-125 

Stroem J 08.1-70 

Stropp J 08.1-152 

Strumia S 08.1-87 

Stüben D 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 

Stubenrauch C J 08.1-12 

Stubi R 08.1-39 , 08.1-63 

Stuebi R 08.1-60 

Sturm M 08.1-237 , 08.1-315 , 

08.1-316 

Sugiura K 08.1-220 

Sugiyama S 08.1-226 

Suh S 08.1-438 

Sullivan W 08.1-72 

Sun B 08.1-331 

Sun B L 08.1-331 

Sun G 08.1-444 

Sun H 08.1-138 

Sun J Y 08.1-79 

Sun Y L 08.1-79 

Sunderland T C H 08.1-152 

Sundstrom O 08.1-429 , 08.1-430 

Suter M 08.1-86 , 08.1-435 , 

08.1-444 , 08.1-445 

Sutter C 08.1-408 

Sutton M A 08.1-305 

Sutton R 08.1-69 

Svensson A 08.1-359 

Swaine M D 08.1-152 

Swart P K 08.1-285 

Switsur V R 08.1-372 

Sykorova Z 08.1-178 

Sylla S 08.1-134 

Synal H A 08.1-337 , 08.1-435 , 

08.1-444 , 08.1-445 

Szczepanek M 08.1-372 

Szeroczynska K 08.1-257 

Szidat S 08.1-337 

Szidatt S 08.1-1 

Szychowska Krapiec E 08.1-372 

Taalas P 08.1-18 

Tacher L 08.1-201 

Takahashi F 08.1-220 

Takami A 08.1-79 

Takegawa N 08.1-79

226 

Takimoto G 08.1-172 

Tang Y S 08.1-305 

Tanikawa T 08.1-220 

Tanimoto H 08.1-68 

Tanner T M 08.1-393 

Tarasick D 08.1-39 

Tarasick D W 08.1-60 , 08.1-63 

Targino A 08.1-14 

Tchouto M G P 08.1-152 

Tellez F 08.1-428 

Ter Steege H 08.1-152 

Terentev M M 08.1-173 

Terry A C 08.1-126 

Teubner K 08.1-239 

Teuling A J 08.1-215 

Thaler R 08.1-8 

Thalmann P 08.1-409 

Theis D E 08.1-216 

Thelin P 08.1-209 

Theobald M R 08.1-305 

Theurillat J P 08.1-108 

Thierstein H R 08.1-352 

Thioulouse J 08.1-134 

Thlix L 08.1-18 

Thompson A 08.1-39 

Thompson A M 08.1-60 , 08.1-63 

Thornton P E 08.1-179 

Thouret V 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Thurstans R P 08.1-39 

Tian W 08.1-24 

Tielbörger K 08.1-248 

Tietema A 08.1-305 

Timmermann A 08.1-69 

Timofeyev Y M 08.1-34 

Tinguely M 08.1-40 

Tinner W 08.1-311 , 08.1-312 , 

08.1-319 , 08.1-324 , 

08.1-371 , 08.1-374 , 

08.1-376 

Tison J L 08.1-338 

Titeux N 08.1-180 

Tobler N B 08.1-279 , 08.1-280 

Tockner K 08.1-246 

Todaro L 08.1-181 , 08.1-372 

Toledano C 08.1-70 

Tomaselli M 08.1-108 

Tomasi C 08.1-70 

Tong C 08.1-2 

Torriani D S 08.1-182 , 08.1-183 

Torrico A 08.1-432 

Touloumi G 08.1-403 

Traversi R 08.1-367 

Travis J M J 08.1-91 

Treffeisen R 08.1-70 

Treydte K 08.1-372 

Treydte K S 08.1-362 


Tribsch A 08.1-138 

Triguero V 08.1-201 

Trines E 08.1-404 

Troch P A 08.1-215 

Troumbis A Y 08.1-126 

Tschannett S 08.1-23 

Tschopp J M 08.1-383 

Tsinober A 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 

08.1-33 

Tsuboi K 08.1-68 

Tsukada A 08.1-414 

Tumskoy V E 08.1-329 

Twarloh B 08.1-325 

Twigg M 08.1-305 

Tykarski P 08.1-138 

Tyran E 08.1-100 

Udisti R 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 

08.1-364 , 08.1-367 

Uehlinger U 08.1-246 

Uhlenbrook S 08.1-258 

Uijlenhoet R 08.1-215 

Ulbrich I 08.1-79 

Ulrich A 08.1-420 

Unterlugauer P 08.1-108 

Urmann K 08.1-217 

Urquieta E 08.1-432 

Valente F 08.1-104 

Valentino F 08.1-8 

Valsecchi V 08.1-324 , 08.1-374 

van den Bergh H 08.1-78 

van der Grift E A 08.1-160 

van der Knaap W O 08.1-336 , 08.1-346 

van der Vorst G 08.1-433 

van der Werf W 08.1-151 

van Dorland H A 08.1-184 

van Gemerden Barend S 08.1-152 

van Herle J 08.1-412 

van Hout R 08.1-13 

van Kleunen M 08.1-185 , 08.1-191 

van Langenhove H 08.1-433 

van Peteghem C 08.1-146 

van Valkenburg J L C H 08.1-152 

van Velthoven P 08.1-8 

van Wingerden W K R E 08.1-107 

Vanacker V 08.1-446 

Vanderborght J 08.1-123 

Varenne P 08.1-414 

Vassere S 08.1-320 

Vaz M 08.1-104 

Veblen T T 08.1-92 

Vedrine S 08.1-373 

Velimirov A 08.1-143 

Venkatachari P 08.1-4 

Vennemann T W 08.1-369 

Verbunt M 08.1-281 

Verel R 08.1-199


Verheggen B 08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 

08.1-52 , 08.1-71 , 

08.1-72 

Vernooij M G C 08.1-26 

Verstege A 08.1-323 

Vesala T 08.1-305 

Vescovi E 08.1-374 

Viatte P 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Vidale P L 08.1-67 , 08.1-200 

Vigotti M A 08.1-403 

Vigran J O 08.1-328 

Vincent C 08.1-233 

Viovy N 08.1-305 

Virkkula A 08.1-70 

Vitale V 08.1-70 

Vittoz P 08.1-108 

Viviroli D 08.1-262 

Voemel H 08.1-60 

Vögelin A 08.1-202 

Vogler C 08.1-10 , 08.1-73 

Vogt S 08.1-23 

Volk M 08.1-86 

Vollmer M K 08.1-74 

Vollmer T 08.1-212 

Vomel H 08.1-39 

von Blanckenburg F 08.1-380 , 08.1-446 

von Clarmann T 08.1-34 

von der Gathen P 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

von Fumetti S 08.1-282 

von Glasow R 08.1-224 

von Hildebrand A 08.1-384 

von Hoyningen Huene W 08.1-70 

von Weissenfluh H 08.1-20 

Vonk J 08.1-403 

Vose R 08.1-379 

Vuichard N 08.1-305 

Vuilleumier S 08.1-186 

Wacker L 08.1-126 , 08.1-337 , 

08.1-435 , 08.1-444 

Waelbroeck C 08.1-359 

Wagenbach D 08.1-325 

Wagner A 08.1-260 

Wagner H H 08.1-189 

Wagner P A 08.1-39 

Waibel A 08.1-8 

Waldmann N 08.1-375 

Walker J P 08.1-215 

Walker S 08.1-82 

Wallner A 08.1-410 

Walser A 08.1-281 

Walser D 08.1-414 

Walter S 08.1-52 

Walther A 08.1-11 

Walz A 08.1-440 

Wandel A 08.1-8 

Wang J L 08.1-68 

227 

Wang T 08.1-68 

Wanink J H 08.1-284 

Wanner H 08.1-19 , 08.1-20 , 

08.1-56 , 08.1-317 , 

08.1-353 

Ward M 08.1-404 

Waschitschek K 08.1-8 

Waser L 08.1-114 

Waser L T 08.1-187 

Waterhouse J S 08.1-372 

Waters J W 08.1-39 

Waugh D W 08.1-24 

Weber C 08.1-249 

Weber D 08.1-154 

Weber O 08.1-438 

Weber P 08.1-188 

Wegelin M 08.1-432 

Wegmann F 08.1-232 

Wegner A 08.1-325 

Wehrli B 08.1-249 , 08.1-263 

Wehrli C 08.1-70 

Wehrli M 08.1-376 

Weigel A P 08.1-75 

Weigl M 08.1-372 

Weilenmann M 08.1-74 , 08.1-126 

Weimer A 08.1-4 

Weimer S 08.1-1 , 08.1-79 

Weinbruch S 08.1-52 

Weingartner E 08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 

08.1-52 , 08.1-55 , 

08.1-71 

Weingartner R 08.1-262 

Weinzierl B 08.1-55 

Weirig M F 08.1-301 

Weisser W W 08.1-161 

Weissert H 08.1-328 , 08.1-347 , 

08.1-348 , 08.1-349 , 

08.1-360 

Weller E 08.1-169 

Weller R 08.1-224 

Weng L 08.1-219 

Wenger D 08.1-420 

Wenzelides V 08.1-274 

Werner F 08.1-447 

Werner M 08.1-338 

Werner R 08.1-23 

Werth S 08.1-189 

Wesche C 08.1-377 

Westberg H H 08.1-76 

Wettstein H R 08.1-184 

Weyand A 08.1-163 

Weyhenmeyer G A 08.1-239 , 08.1-283 

Whitehead J 08.1-305 

Whittaker R J 08.1-152 

Wichern F 08.1-190 , 08.1-218 

Wichser A 08.1-420


Wick L 08.1-354 , 08.1-374 

Wick L Y 08.1-208 

Wiedensohler A 08.1-8 

Wiederhold J G 08.1-203 

Wiemken A 08.1-178 

Wilcox C 08.1-186 

Wildi W 08.1-252 

Wilhelms F 08.1-364 

Willems J H 08.1-238 

Willi Y 08.1-191 

Williams J 08.1-304 

Williams J W 08.1-378 

Williams P 08.1-79 

Williamson J 08.1-76 

Wilson R 08.1-379 

Winkler E 08.1-268 

Wirth L 08.1-177 

Witte F 08.1-284 

Witte J C 08.1-60 , 08.1-63 

Wittmann H 08.1-380 

Wolewinski T 08.1-422 

Wolff E 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 

08.1-364 , 08.1-367 

Wolff E W 08.1-224 , 08.1-338 

Wöll H 08.1-152 

Wong A 08.1-68 

Woodruff R 08.1-384 

Worsnop D R 08.1-79 

Wortmann U G 08.1-285 

Wrbka T 08.1-97 

Wu C F 08.1-68 , 08.1-76 

Wu S Y 08.1-76 

Wüest A 08.1-250 , 08.1-251 , 

08.1-255 , 08.1-259 , 

08.1-276 

Wunderle S 08.1-57 , 08.1-223 

Xie S 08.1-381 

Xie S P 08.1-69 

Xoplaki E 08.1-20 

Xueref Remy I 08.1-8 

Yamagata Y 08.1-404 

Yamanaka Y 08.1-301 

Yamanouchi T 08.1-70 

Yang H 08.1-286 , 08.1-287 

Yang J 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 

Yanko Hombach V 08.1-370 

Yassaa N 08.1-304 

Yasunari T J 08.1-220 

Yela M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Yerokhin S 08.1-228 

Yin H 08.1-381 

Yin J 08.1-69 

Yiou F 08.1-361 

Yonemura S 08.1-68 

Yongli Z Baoliang S 08.1-322 

Yool A 08.1-301 

Yorish S 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 

08.1-33 

Yoshiki M 08.1-24 

Young D 08.1-43 

Youngblut D 08.1-379 

Yu Qin 08.1-111 

Z‘graggen A 08.1-77 

Zablocki G 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 

Zachariah Wolff J L 08.1-421 

Zahn A 08.1-8 

Zammouri M 08.1-289 

Zanelli R 08.1-192 

Zängl G 08.1-23 

Zappa M 08.1-58 , 08.1-290 

Zarate E 08.1-78 

Zarza E 08.1-428 

Zbinden J A 08.1-291 

Zbinden N 08.1-138 

Zbinden R 08.1-40 

Zech U 08.1-8 

Zeeman M 08.1-113 

Zeh M 08.1-250 , 08.1-255 

Zehnder A 08.1-286 

Zehnder A J B 08.1-263 

Zellweger J P 08.1-383 

Zellwegern C 08.1-68 

Zennegg M 08.1-420 

Zeyer J 08.1-217 , 08.1-245 

Zeyer K 08.1-113 , 08.1-302 , 

08.1-420 

Zhang J 08.1-45 

Zhang Q 08.1-4 , 08.1-79 

Zhang T 08.1-234 

Zhang W 08.1-297 

Zhang Y M 08.1-79 

Zhao L Y L 08.1-219 

Zhao T L 08.1-29 , 08.1-38 

Zhu T 08.1-224 

Zielinski T 08.1-70 

Ziemke J R 08.1-60 

Ziereis H 08.1-8 

Zierhofer W 08.1-411 

Zierl B 08.1-306 

Zimmermann F 08.1-193 

Zimmermann N E 08.1-119 , 08.1-124 , 

08.1-156 , 08.1-157 , 

08.1-173 , 08.1-179 , 

08.1-194 

Zingg A 08.1-113 

Zobel M 08.1-107 

Zobrist B 08.1-48 

Zopfi J 08.1-252 

Zweifel R 08.1-195

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines 229 

Index of Disciplines 

Agriculture, Soil Sciences 08.1-80 – 08.1-85 , 08.1-94 , 08.1-96 , 08.1-100 , 

08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-109 , 08.1-112 , 

08.1-116 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-125 , 08.1-134 , 

08.1-136 , 08.1-139 , 08.1-143 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-147 , 

08.1-149 , 08.1-150 , 08.1-151 , 08.1-155 , 08.1-156 , 

08.1-158 , 08.1-163 , 08.1-174 – 08.1-177 , 08.1-182 , 

08.1-183 , 08.1-184 , 08.1-190 , 08.1-192 , 08.1-196 – 

08.1-200 , 08.1-202 , 08.1-203 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-206 , 

08.1-207 , 08.1-208 , 08.1-210 – 08.1-213 , 08.1-215 – 

08.1-219 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-241 , 08.1-242 , 08.1-277 , 

08.1-278 , 08.1-297 , 08.1-298 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-302 , 

08.1-303 , 08.1-305 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-371 , 

08.1-404 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-436 , 08.1-440 , 08.1-443 , 

08.1-446 

Biodiversity 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 08.1-84 , 08.1-85 , 08.1-86 , 

08.1-88 , 08.1-90 , 08.1-91 , 08.1-93 , 08.1-94 , 

08.1-97 , 08.1-100 , 08.1-101 , 08.1-106 , 08.1-107 , 

08.1-112 , 08.1-116 , 08.1-120 , 08.1-125 – 08.1-131 , 

08.1-133 , 08.1-136 , 08.1-137 , 08.1-138 , 08.1-140 , 

08.1-141 , 08.1-144 , 08.1-147 , 08.1-148 , 08.1-151 – 

08.1-154 , 08.1-159 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-161 , 08.1-163 , 

08.1-166 – 08.1-172 , 08.1-175 – 08.1-178 , 08.1-180 , 

08.1-181 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-185 , 08.1-186 , 08.1-187 , 

08.1-189 , 08.1-191 , 08.1-193 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-240 , 

08.1-241 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-264 , 08.1-265 , 08.1-266 , 

08.1-267 , 08.1-270 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-284 , 08.1-291 , 

08.1-355 

Cryology / Glaciology 08.1-159 , 08.1-220 – 08.1-234 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-292 , 

08.1-307 , 08.1-310 , 08.1-325 , 08.1-329 , 08.1-334 , 

08.1-337 , 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-344 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-351 , 08.1-354 , 08.1-358 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-361 , 

08.1-363 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367 , 08.1-374 , 08.1-377 , 

08.1-380 

Ecology 08.1-80 – 08.1-86 , 08.1-88 – 08.1-94 , 08.1-96 – 

08.1-102 , 08.1-106 – 08.1-109 , 08.1-111 – 08.1-116 , 

08.1-118 , 08.1-120 , 08.1-121 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-124 – 

08.1-131 , 08.1-133 , 08.1-135 – 08.1-141 , 08.1-144 , 

08.1-145 , 08.1-147 – 08.1-158 , 08.1-159 – 08.1-163 , 

08.1-165 – 08.1-183 , 08.1-185 – 08.1-189 , 08.1-191 – 

08.1-194 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-216 , 08.1-238 – 08.1-244 , 

08.1-246 , 08.1-249 , 08.1-250 , 08.1-255 , 08.1-257 , 

08.1-264 – 08.1-267 , 08.1-270 , 08.1-273 , 08.1-282 , 

08.1-284 , 08.1-291 , 08.1-296 , 08.1-303 , 08.1-306 , 

08.1-319 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-331 , 08.1-371 , 08.1-385 , 

08.1-386 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-410 , 08.1-433 , 08.1-436 , 

08.1-438 , 08.1-439 

Economics 08.1-151 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-286 , 08.1-382 , 08.1-388 , 

08.1-389 , 08.1-391 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-396 , 

08.1-397 , 08.1-398 , 08.1-400 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-402 , 

08.1-405 , 08.1-407 , 08.1-408 , 08.1-411 , 08.1-422 , 

08.1-431 , 08.1-434 , 08.1-438 , 08.1-440 , 08.1-442 , 

08.1-443

230 

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines 

Energy + Fuels 08.1-391 , 08.1-400 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-402 , 08.1-412 , 

08.1-413 , 08.1-414 , 08.1-417 , 08.1-418 , 08.1-419 , 

08.1-421 , 08.1-422 , 08.1-424 , 08.1-425 , 08.1-426 , 

08.1-428 , 08.1-429 , 08.1-430 , 08.1-433 , 08.1-447 

Engineering 08.1-3 , 08.1-77 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-412 – 08.1-432 , 

08.1-435 , 08.1-441 , 08.1-442 , 08.1-444 , 08.1-445 , 

08.1-447 

Forestry 08.1-13 , 08.1-54 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-80 , 08.1-87 , 

08.1-90 , 08.1-92 , 08.1-95 , 08.1-98 , 08.1-99 , 

08.1-101 , 08.1-104 , 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 , 08.1-113 , 

08.1-114 , 08.1-117 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-124 , 

08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-132– 08.1-135 , 08.1-140 , 

08.1-141 , 08.1-142 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-152 , 08.1-157 , 

08.1-159 , 08.1-164 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-168 , 08.1-169 , 

08.1-171 , 08.1-173 , 08.1-179 , 08.1-181 , 08.1-188 , 

08.1-189 , 08.1-194 , 08.1-195 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-206 , 

08.1-219 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-312 , 08.1-319 , 

08.1-323 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-336 , 08.1-346 , 08.1-362 , 

08.1-379 , 08.1-387 , 08.1-437 

Geochemistry & Geophysics 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33 , 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 

08.1-139 , 08.1-190 , 08.1-192 , 08.1-197 , 08.1-199 , 

08.1-202 – 08.1-207 , 08.1-213 , 08.1-216 – 08.1-219 , 

08.1-232 , 08.1-235 , 08.1-236 , 08.1-245 , 08.1-253 , 

08.1-259 , 08.1-261 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-272 , 08.1-276 , 

08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-296 , 

08.1-297 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-308 , 08.1-309 , 08.1-315 , 

08.1-325 , 08.1-330 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-335 , 08.1-337 , 

08.1-339 , 08.1-340 , 08.1-341 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-345 , 

08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-356 , 

08.1-368 , 08.1-369 , 08.1-423 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 , 

08.1-445 

Geology 08.1-196 , 08.1-199 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-205 , 08.1-209 , 

08.1-214 , 08.1-227 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-297 , 

08.1-308 , 08.1-309 , 08.1-311 , 08.1-313 , 08.1-315 , 

08.1-316 , 08.1-318 , 08.1-321 , 08.1-328 , 08.1-330 , 

08.1-332 , 08.1-334 , 08.1-335 , 08.1-339 , 08.1-342 , 

08.1-344 – 08.1-348 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-355 , 08.1-356 , 

08.1-357 , 08.1-360 , 08.1-365 , 08.1-368 , 08.1-369 , 

08.1-373 , 08.1-374 , 08.1-375 , 08.1-380 , 08.1-381 , 

08.1-446 

Geomorphology 08.1-95 , 08.1-196 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-209 , 08.1-214 , 

08.1-227 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-246 , 08.1-271 , 

08.1-310 , 08.1-313 , 08.1-318 , 08.1-342 , 08.1-354 , 

08.1-377 , 08.1-446 

History 08.1-9 , 08.1-98 , 08.1-110 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-374 , 

08.1-376 , 08.1-389 

Human & Public Health 08.1-254 , 08.1-383 , 08.1-384 , 08.1-395 , 08.1-403 , 

08.1-420


Hydrology 08.1-58 , 08.1-67 , 08.1-212 , 08.1-215 , 08.1-235 , 

08.1-236 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-246 – 08.1-251 , 

08.1-255 , 08.1-258 , 08.1-271 , 08.1-274 , 08.1-275 , 

08.1-277 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 , 

08.1-289 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-298 , 08.1-299 , 08.1-332 , 

08.1-341 , 08.1-392 

Instruments & Instrumentation 08.1-8 , 08.1-46 , 08.1-48 , 08.1-51 , 08.1-77 , 

08.1-162 , 08.1-209 , 08.1-225 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-231 , 

08.1-243 , 08.1-288 , 08.1-337 , 08.1-372 , 08.1-409 , 

08.1-435 , 08.1-444 , 08.1-445 

International Relations 08.1-65 , 08.1-68 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-407 

Limnology 08.1-237 , 08.1-239 , 08.1-250 , 08.1-252 , 08.1-253 , 

08.1-255 , 08.1-257 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-268 , 

08.1-274 , 08.1-275 , 08.1-276 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-311 , 

08.1-315 , 08.1-316 , 08.1-366 

Marine & Freshwater Biology 08.1-239 – 08.1-245 , 08.1-249 – 08.1-252 , 08.1-254 , 

08.1-255 , 08.1-257 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-261 , 

08.1-263 – 08.1-270 , 08.1-272 , 08.1-273 , 08.1-274 , 

08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-284 , 

08.1-291 , 08.1-322 , 08.1-331 , 08.1-355 , 08.1-366 , 

08.1-370 

Medicine 08.1-383 , 08.1-395 , 08.1-399 , 08.1-403 

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 08.1-1 – 08.1-79 , 08.1-82 , 08.1-86 , 08.1-87 , 08.1-91 , 

08.1-96 , 08.1-111 , 08.1-115 , 08.1-132 , 08.1-152 , 

08.1-157 , 08.1-164 , 08.1-173 , 08.1-174 , 08.1-183 , 

08.1-195 , 08.1-200 , 08.1-221 , 08.1-222 , 08.1-224 , 

08.1-226 , 08.1-228 , 08.1-233 , 08.1-234 , 08.1-239 , 

08.1-257 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-290 , 

08.1-292 – 08.1-299 , 08.1-302 , 08.1-304 , 08.1-305 , 

08.1-313 , 08.1-314 , 08.1-317 , 08.1-319 , 08.1-323 – 

08.1-328 , 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-350 , 

08.1-353 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-361 , 08.1-363 , 08.1-366 , 

08.1-373 , 08.1-375 , 08.1-376 , 08.1-378 , 08.1-379 , 

08.1-382 , 08.1-383 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-396 – 

08.1-400 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-405 , 08.1-408 , 08.1-409 , 

08.1-414 , 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 , 08.1-420 

Microbiology 08.1-112 , 08.1-118 , 08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-134 , 

08.1-147 , 08.1-148 , 08.1-189 , 08.1-205 , 08.1-252 , 

08.1-261 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-285 , 

08.1-314 , 08.1-358 , 08.1-432 

231

232 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines 

Modelling 08.1-2 , 08.1-7 , 08.1-12 , 08.1-15 , 08.1-18 , 08.1-21 , 

08.1-22 , 08.1-24 , 08.1-27– 08.1-30 , 08.1-36 , 

08.1-38 , 08.1-39 , 08.1-40 , 08.1-42 , 08.1-44 , 

08.1-45 , 08.1-53 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-58 , 08.1-60 , 

08.1-63 , 08.1-64 , 08.1-67 , 08.1-69 , 08.1-70 , 

08.1-72 , 08.1-74 , 08.1-76 , 08.1-78 , 08.1-85 , 

08.1-91 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-108 , 08.1-111 , 08.1-114 , 

08.1-119 , 08.1-121 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-124 , 

08.1-127 , 08.1-129 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-157 , 08.1-162 , 

08.1-165 , 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 , 08.1-179 , 08.1-180 , 

08.1-182 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-186 , 08.1-187 , 08.1-194 , 

08.1-195 , 08.1-198 , 08.1-200 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-206 , 

08.1-219 , 08.1-220 , 08.1-225 , 08.1-226 , 08.1-227 , 

08.1-229 , 08.1-231 , 08.1-232 , 08.1-247 , 08.1-251 , 

08.1-258 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-268 , 08.1-276 , 

08.1-277 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 , 

08.1-289 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-292 , 08.1-293 , 08.1-295 , 

08.1-298 , 08.1-299 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-304 , 

08.1-305 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-317 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-363 , 

08.1-378 , 08.1-382 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-409 , 08.1-421 , 

08.1-426 , 08.1-427 , 08.1-432 , 08.1-438 , 08.1-439 , 

08.1-440 

Multidisciplinary Sciences 08.1-9 , 08.1-396 , 08.1-443 

Oceanography 08.1-17 , 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33 , 08.1-47 , 

08.1-69 , 08.1-236 , 08.1-256 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-269 , 

08.1-272 , 08.1-296 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-327 , 08.1-335 , 

08.1-345 , 08.1-347 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 , 

08.1-360 

Paleontology 08.1-196 , 08.1-307 – 08.1-381 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 , 

08.1-445 

Plant Sciences 08.1-13 , 08.1-54 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-80 , 08.1-86 – 

08.1-90 , 08.1-92 , 08.1-94 , 08.1-95 , 08.1-96 , 

08.1-98 , 08.1-99 , 08.1-101 – 08.1-104 , 08.1-106 – 

08.1-110 , 08.1-112 – 08.1-117 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-123 – 

08.1-126 , 08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-132 , 08.1-133 , 

08.1-134 , 08.1-135 , 08.1-137 , 08.1-140 – 08.1-145 , 

08.1-148 , 08.1-150 , 08.1-152 , 08.1-153 , 08.1-154 , 

08.1-157 , 08.1-158 , 08.1-159 , 08.1-161 , 08.1-163 , 

08.1-164 , 08.1-168 , 08.1-169 , 08.1-170 , 08.1-171 , 

08.1-173 , 08.1-174 , 08.1-177 , 08.1-178 , 08.1-179 , 

08.1-181 , 08.1-182 , 08.1-185 , 08.1-187 – 08.1-191 , 

08.1-194 , 08.1-195 , 08.1-203 , 08.1-206 , 08.1-210 , 

08.1-216 , 08.1-218 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-268 , 08.1-300 , 

08.1-303 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-311 , 08.1-312 , 08.1-314 , 

08.1-319 , 08.1-323 , 08.1-324 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-336 , 

08.1-346 , 08.1-353 , 08.1-358 , 08.1-362 , 08.1-371 , 

08.1-372 , 08.1-376 , 08.1-378 , 08.1-379 , 08.1-387 , 

08.1-427 , 08.1-437 

Political Sciences 08.1-286 , 08.1-391 , 08.1-392 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-397 , 

08.1-398 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-407 , 08.1-409 , 08.1-443


Remote Sensing 08.1-57 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-187 , 08.1-194 , 08.1-220 , 

08.1-223 , 08.1-243 , 08.1-295 

Social Sciences 08.1-82 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-384 – 08.1-388 , 

08.1-390 , 08.1-405 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-410 , 08.1-411 , 

08.1-437 

Toxicology 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-146 , 08.1-147 , 

08.1-197 , 08.1-202 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-208 , 08.1-210 , 

08.1-212 , 08.1-213 , 08.1-217 , 08.1-244 , 08.1-254 , 

08.1-436 

Urban Studies 08.1-1 , 08.1-4 , 08.1-6 , 08.1-40 , 08.1-66 , 08.1-73 , 

08.1-76 , 08.1-78 , 08.1-79 , 08.1-131 , 08.1-153 , 

08.1-177 , 08.1-295 

Water Resources 08.1-105 , 08.1-212 , 08.1-217 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-245 , 

08.1-247 , 08.1-248 , 08.1-250 , 08.1-251 , 08.1-255 , 

08.1-260 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-275 , 08.1-278 , 08.1-286 , 

08.1-289 , 08.1-388 , 08.1-392 , 08.1-432 

Zoology 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 08.1-83 , 08.1-85 , 08.1-88 , 

08.1-100 , 08.1-107 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-127 , 08.1-146 , 

08.1-154 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-162 , 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 , 

08.1-175 , 08.1-176 , 08.1-180 , 08.1-184 , 08.1-193 , 

08.1-239 , 08.1-241 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-264 , 08.1-265 , 

08.1-273 , 08.1-274 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-284 , 08.1-291 , 

08.1-399 

233

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